Update access model for operator|

The operator | can access the matrix either by directly changing
the values (by reference, mm::mutate(M)) or by creating first a
a copy of the matrix (mm::clone(M)).

ToDo:

The order of destruction of the mutate object is not yet well defined,
and therefore it is not yet deterministic enough to work with
expressions like (pseudocode)

  matrix m = a * b * (a | mm::alg::invert)

because operator| (defaults to mutate), should not but could, change
the value of a before the product a * b gets evaluated.

3 files changed, 233 insertions, 93 deletions

diff --git a/include/mm/mmmatrix.hpp b/include/mm/mmmatrix.hpp
index d653d72..0f8833e 100644
--- a/include/mm/mmmatrix.hpp
+++ b/include/mm/mmmatrix.hpp
@@ -11,13 +11,19 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
+#include "mm/debug.hpp"
+
 #include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <array>
 #include <memory>
 
 
+/*
+ * Forward declarations
+ */
 namespace mm {
     using index = std::size_t;
 
@@ -29,46 +35,96 @@ namespace mm {
     class matrix;
 
     template<typename T, std::size_t N>
+    class vector;
+
+    template<typename T, std::size_t N>
     class square_matrix;
 
     template<typename T, std::size_t N>
     class diagonal_matrix;
+
 }
 
 /*
- * Matrix class, no access methods
+ * Matrix Classes
  */
 namespace mm {
     template<typename T, std::size_t Rows, std::size_t Cols>
-    class basic_matrix
+    struct basic_matrix
     {
     public:
         using type = T;
 
+        static constexpr std::size_t rows = Rows;
+        static constexpr std::size_t cols = Cols;
+
+
         template<typename U, std::size_t ORows, std::size_t OCols>
-        friend class mm::matrix;
+        friend class mm::basic_matrix;
+
+        virtual ~basic_matrix() {};
 
         // copy from another matrix
-        template<std::size_t ORows, std::size_t OCols>
-        matrix(const basic_matrix<T, ORows, OCols>& other);
+        // template<std::std::size_t ORows, std::size_t OCols>
+        // basic_matrix(const basic_matrix<T, ORows, OCols>& other) {
+        //     static_assert(ORows <= Rows);
+        //     static_assert(OCols <= Cols);
+
+        //     for (index row = 0; row < Rows; row++)
+        //         for (index col = 0; col < Cols; col++)
+        //             at(row, col) = other.at(row, col);
+        // }
 
         virtual T& at(index row, index col) = 0;
-        virtual const T& at(index row, index col) const = 0;
+        virtual const T& at(index row, index col) const  = 0;
+
+        // constexpr std::size_t rows() { return Rows; }
+        // constexpr std::size_t cols() { return Cols; }
+
+    protected:
+        basic_matrix() {
+            npdebug("default construtor");
+        }
+
+        basic_matrix(const basic_matrix<T, Rows, Cols>& other) {
+            npdebug("copy constructor");
+        }
+
+        basic_matrix(basic_matrix<T, Rows, Cols>&& other) {
+            npdebug("move constructor");
+        }
     };
 
 
+
     /* Specializations */
 
     template<typename T, std::size_t Rows, std::size_t Cols>
-    struct matrix : public basic_matrix<T, N>
+    struct matrix : public basic_matrix<T, Rows, Cols>
     {
     public:
+        // aggregate initialization
+        template<typename ...E,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_convertible<E, T>::value
+            >::type... 
+        >
+        matrix(E ...e) : m_data({{std::forward<E>(e)...}}) {}
+
+        matrix(const matrix<T, Rows, Cols>& o) 
+            : basic_matrix<T, Rows, Cols>(o), m_data(o.m_data) {}
+
+        matrix(matrix<T, Rows, Cols>&& o)
+            : basic_matrix<T, Rows, Cols>(std::move(o)), m_data(std::move(o.m_data)) {}
+
+        virtual ~matrix() = default;
+
         virtual T& at(index row, index col) override {
             return m_data[row * Cols + col];
         }
 
         virtual const T& at(index row, index col) const override {
-            return at(row, col);
+            return m_data[row * Cols + col];
         }
 
     private:
@@ -80,20 +136,8 @@ namespace mm {
     struct vector : public matrix<T, 1, N> {};
 
     template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-    struct square_matrix : public basic_matrix<T, N>
-    {
-    public:
-        virtual T& at(index row, index col) override {
-            return m_data[row * N + col];
-        }
-
-        virtual const T& at(index row, index col) const override {
-            return at(row, col);
-        }
-
-    private:
-        std::array<T, N*N> m_data;
-    };
+    struct square_matrix : public matrix<T, N, N>
+    {};
 
     template<typename T, std::size_t N>
     struct identity_matrix : public basic_matrix<T, N, N>
@@ -104,17 +148,17 @@ namespace mm {
         }
 
     private:
-        T m_useless;
-        T& at(index row, index col) { return m_useless; }
-    }
+        // not allowed
+        T& at(index row, index col) { return static_cast<T>(0); }
+    };
 
     template<typename T, std::size_t N>
     struct diagonal_matrix : public basic_matrix<T, N, N>
     {
     public:
         T& at(index row, index col) override {
-            n_null_element = static_cast<T>(0);
-            return (row != col) ? m_data[row] : n_null_element;
+            m_null_element = static_cast<T>(0);
+            return (row != col) ? m_data[row] : m_null_element;
         }
 
         const T& at(index row, index col) const override {
@@ -124,5 +168,27 @@ namespace mm {
     private:
         T m_null_element;
         std::array<T, N> m_data;
+    };
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Matrix Opertors
+ */
+
+namespace mm {
+}
+
+
+template<typename T, std::size_t Rows, std::size_t Cols, unsigned NumW = 3>
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const mm::basic_matrix<T, Rows, Cols>& m) {
+    for (mm::index row = 0; row < Rows; row++) {
+        os << "[ ";
+        for (mm::index col = 0; col < (Cols -1); col++) {
+            os << std::setw(NumW) << m.at(row, col) << ", ";
+        }
+        os << std::setw(NumW) << m.at(row, (Cols -1)) << " ]\n";
     }
+
+    return os;
 }
+   
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/mm/view.hpp b/include/mm/view.hpp
index 910c16a..e701a78 100644
--- a/include/mm/view.hpp
+++ b/include/mm/view.hpp
@@ -1,66 +1,112 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <mmmatrix.hpp>
+#include "mm/mmmatrix.hpp"
 
+#include <variant>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <functional>
 
-namespace mm::alg {
 
-	template <
-		template<typename, std::size_t, std::size_t> typename Matrix,
-		typename T, std::size_t Rows, std::size_t Cols
-	>
-	struct visitor
-	{
-		using type = T;
+namespace mm {
+ 
+	namespace algorithm {
+		// does nothing
+		struct visit
+		{
+			visit() = default;
 
-		// copy constructible
-		visitor(const visitor& other) = default;
+			template<typename Matrix>
+			void operator()(Matrix& m) {}
+		};
 
-		T& operator()(const Matrix<T, Rows, Cols>& m, index row, index col) {
-			return m.at(row, col);
-		}
+		struct transpose : public visit
+		{
+			/// does not work with non-square matrices
+			template<typename Matrix>
+			void operator()(Matrix& m) {
+				static_assert(Matrix::rows == Matrix::cols);
+				// naiive impl
+				for (index r = 0; r < m.rows / 2; r++)
+					for (index c = 0; c < m.cols; c++)
+						if (c != r)
+							std::swap(m.at(r, c), m.at(c, r));
+			}
+		};
 
-		const T& operator()(const Matrix<T, Rows, Cols>& m, index row, index col) {
-			return operator()(m, row, col);
-		}
-	};
+		/// algorithm aliases
+		using tr = transpose;
+	}
+
+	/// namespace alias
+	namespace alg = algorithm;
 
-	template <
-		template<typename, std::size_t, std::size_t> typename Matrix,
-		typename T, std::size_t Rows, std::size_t Cols
-	>
-	struct transpose : public visitor<Matrix, T, Rows, Cols>
+	template<typename Matrix>
+	struct clone
 	{
-		T& operator()(const Matrix<T, Rows, Cols> m, index row, index col) {
-			// assert(col < Rows)
-			// assert(row < Cols)
-			return m.at(col, row);
+		Matrix matrix;
+
+		explicit clone(Matrix&& m) : matrix(m) {}
+		explicit clone(const Matrix& m) : matrix(m) {}
+
+		operator Matrix() {
+			return std::move(matrix);
 		}
 	};
-}
 
-namespace mm {
-	template <
-		template<typename, std::size_t, std::size_t> typename Matrix,
-		typename T, std::size_t Rows, std::size_t Cols
-	>
-	struct view
+	template<typename Matrix, typename ...Algs>
+	struct mutate
 	{
-		Matrix<T, Rows, Cols>& m;
-		// std::stack<std::unique_ptr<alg::visitor>> visitors;
-		std::unique_ptr<alg::visitor> visitor;
+		Matrix& matrix;
+		std::tuple<Algs...> visitors;
+
+		explicit mutate(Matrix& m) : matrix(m) {}
+
+		template<typename ...OAlgs, typename Alg>
+		explicit mutate(Matrix& m, std::tuple<OAlgs...>&& t, Alg&& v)
+			: matrix(m)
+		{
+			/// append the new operator
+			visitors = std::tuple_cat(t, std::make_tuple(v));
+		}
+
+		~mutate() {
+			visit();
+		}
 
-		T& at(index row, index col) {
-			return visitor(m, row, col);
+		void visit() {
+			std::apply([this](auto&&... v) {
+				(v(matrix),...);
+			}, visitors);
 		}
 
-		view& operator|=(const alg::visitor& other) {
-			// visitors.push(std::move(std::make_unique<alg::visitor>(other)));
-			visitor = std::make_unique<alg::visistor>(other);
+		operator Matrix() {
+			return std::move(matrix);
 		}
 	};
 
-	view operator|(const view& left, const alg::visitor& right) {
-		return left |= right;
+	template<typename Matrix, typename Alg>
+	clone<Matrix> operator|(clone<Matrix>&& cl, Alg&& v) {
+		static_assert(std::is_convertible<Alg, alg::visit>::value);
+		/// apply alg operator
+		v(cl.matrix);
+		/// forward to next alg
+		return clone<Matrix>(std::move(cl));
+	}
+
+	template<typename Matrix, typename ...Algs, typename Alg>
+	mutate<Matrix, Algs..., Alg> operator|(mutate<Matrix, Algs...>&& mut, Alg&& v) {
+		static_assert(std::is_convertible<Alg, alg::visit>::value);
+		/// append alg to the visitors tuple
+		return mutate<Matrix, Algs..., Alg>(
+			mut.matrix,
+			std::move(mut.visitors),
+			v
+		);
+	}
+
+	template<typename Matrix, typename Alg>
+	mutate<Matrix, Alg> operator|(Matrix& m, Alg&& v) {
+		return mutate(m) | std::move(v);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/test/matrix_example.cpp b/test/matrix_example.cpp
index 96ba67d..af95a00 100644
--- a/test/matrix_example.cpp
+++ b/test/matrix_example.cpp
@@ -1,36 +1,64 @@
 #include "mm/mmmatrix.hpp"
+#include "mm/view.hpp"
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <complex>
 
-int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-	std::cout << "MxN dimensional (int) matrices" << std::endl;
-    mm::matrix<int, 3, 2> a {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}};
-    mm::matrix<int, 3, 2> b {{4, 3}, {9, 1}, {2, 5}};
-    mm::matrix<int, 2, 4> c {{1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8}};
-    auto ct = c.t();
+// int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+int main() {
+	// std::cout << "MxN dimensional (int) matrices" << std::endl;
 
-    std::cout << "a = \n" << a;
-    std::cout << "b = \n" << b;
-    std::cout << "c = \n" << c;
-    std::cout << "c^t = \n" << ct;
-    std::cout << std::endl; 
+    mm::matrix<int, 2, 2> a { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
+
+    // mm::matrix<int, 3, 2> a {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}};
+    // mm::matrix<int, 3, 2> a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
+
+    // mm::matrix<int, 3, 2> b {4, 3, 9, 1, 2, 5};
+    // mm::matrix<int, 2, 4> c {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
+
+    // std::cout << "a = \n" << a;
+    // std::cout << "b = \n" << b;
+    // std::cout << "c = \n" << c;
+    // std::cout << std::endl;
     
     // access elements
-    std::cout << "Access elements" << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "a.at(2,0) = " << a.at(2, 0) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "a[2][0]   = " << a[2][0] << std::endl;;
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    // std::cout << "Access elements" << std::endl;
+    // std::cout << "a.at(2,0) = " << a.at(2, 0) << std::endl;
+    // std::cout << "a[2][0]   = " << a[2][0] << std::endl;;
+    // std::cout << std::endl;
     
     // basic operations
-    std::cout << "Basic operations" << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "a + b = \n" << a + b;
-    std::cout << "a - b = \n" << a - b;
-    std::cout << "a * c = \n" << a * c;
-    std::cout << "a * 2 = \n" << a * 2;
-    std::cout << "2 * a = \n" << 2 * a;
-    std::cout << "a.td() = \n" << a.t(); // or a.trasposed();
+    // std::cout << "Basic operations" << std::endl;
+    // std::cout << "a + b = \n" << a + b;
+    // std::cout << "a - b = \n" << a - b;
+    // std::cout << "a * c = \n" << a * c;
+    // std::cout << "a * 2 = \n" << a * 2;
+    // std::cout << "2 * a = \n" << 2 * a;
+    // std::cout << "a.td() = \n" << a.t(); // or a.trasposed();
+    // std::cout << std::endl;
+
+    std::cout << "a = \n" << a;
+
+    std::cout << "Cloning a" << std::endl;
+    decltype(a) e = mm::clone(a) | mm::alg::transpose();
+    std::cout << "e = \n" << e;
     std::cout << std::endl;
 
+    std::cout << "Mutating a" << std::endl;
+    mm::mutate(a) | mm::alg::transpose();
+    std::cout << "a = \n" << a;
+    std::cout << std::endl;
+
+    a | mm::alg::tr();
+    std::cout << "a = \n" << a;
+
+    // std::cout << "Converting clone object" << std::endl;
+    // mm::matrix<int, 2, 2> g = e;
+    // std::cout << std::endl;
+
+    // std::cout << "Converting mutate object" << std::endl;
+    // mm::matrix<int, 2, 2> h = f;
+    // std::cout << std::endl;
+
 	return 0;
 }