diff options
Diffstat (limited to '')
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/Makefile | 25 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/castle.jpeg | bin | 0 -> 148054 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.pdf | bin | 0 -> 487946 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.tex | 112 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.pdf | bin | 0 -> 26755 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.tex | 189 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.pdf | bin | 0 -> 72789 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.tex | 93 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.pdf | bin | 0 -> 24544 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.tex | 157 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.pdf | bin | 0 -> 27116 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.tex | 146 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.png | bin | 0 -> 456476 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.pov | 189 |
14 files changed, 911 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/Makefile b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ed39e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +# +# Makefile +# +# (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# +all: phasenraum.pdf kartenkreis.pdf karten.pdf sl2.pdf scherungen.pdf + +phasenraum.pdf: phasenraum.tex + pdflatex phasenraum.tex + +kartenkreis.pdf: kartenkreis.tex + pdflatex kartenkreis.tex + +torus.png: torus.pov + povray +A0.1 -W1920 -H1080 -Otorus.png torus.pov + +karten.pdf: karten.tex torus.png + pdflatex karten.tex + +sl2.pdf: sl2.tex + pdflatex sl2.tex + +scherungen.pdf: scherungen.tex + pdflatex scherungen.tex + diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/castle.jpeg b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/castle.jpeg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf90a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/castle.jpeg diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.pdf b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d769cca --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.pdf diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.tex b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8eb4a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/karten.tex @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +% +% karten.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=10cm]{torus.png}}; + +\def\s{3} + +\node at (-3.5,-0.4) {$U_\alpha$}; +\node at (2.0,-0.4) {$U_\beta$}; + +\draw[->] (-2,-2.2) -- (-3,-4.3); +\node at (-2.5,-3.25) [left] {$\varphi_\alpha$}; + +\draw[->] (1.4,-1.7) -- (3,-4.3); +\node at (2.5,-3.25) [right] {$\varphi_\beta$}; + +\begin{scope}[xshift=-4.5cm,yshift=-8cm] + \begin{scope} + \clip (0,{-0.2*\s}) rectangle ({1*\s},{1.2*\s}); + \begin{scope}[xshift=1.8cm,yshift=0.6cm,rotate=30] + \fill[color=gray!20] + (0,{-0.2*\s}) rectangle ({1*\s},{1.2*\s}); + \foreach \x in {0,0.2,...,1}{ + \draw[color=darkgreen] + ({\x*\s},{-0.2*\s}) + -- + ({\x*\s},{1.2*\s}); + } + \foreach \y in {-0.2,0,...,1.2}{ + \draw[color=orange] + (0,{\y*\s}) + -- + ({1*\s},{\y*\s}); + } + \end{scope} + \end{scope} + + \foreach \x in {0,0.2,...,1}{ + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] + ({\x*\s},{-0.2*\s}) -- ({\x*\s},{1.2*\s}); + } + \foreach \y in {-0.2,0,...,1.2}{ + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] + (0,{\y*\s}) -- ({1*\s},{\y*\s}); + } + + \draw[->] ({\s*(-0.1)},0) -- ({1.1*\s},0) coordinate[label={$x_1$}]; + \draw[->] (0,{-0.3*\s}) -- (0,{1.3*\s}) coordinate[label={left:$x_2$}]; + + \node at ({1*\s},{1.2*\s}) [above right] {$\mathbb{R}^2$}; + +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope}[xshift=1.5cm,yshift=-8cm] + \begin{scope} + \clip (0,{-0.2*\s}) rectangle ({1*\s},{1.2*\s}); + % x = - [ (sqrt(3)/2)*0.6+(1/2)*0.2 ] = -0.6196 + % y = - [ (-1/2)*0.6 + (sqrt(3)/2)*0.2 ] = + \begin{scope}[xshift=-1.8588cm,yshift=0.3804cm,rotate=-30] + \fill[color=gray!20] + (0,{-0.2*\s}) rectangle ({1*\s},{1.2*\s}); + \foreach \x in {0,0.2,...,1}{ + \draw[color=blue] + ({\x*\s},{-0.2*\s}) + -- + ({\x*\s},{1.2*\s}); + } + \foreach \y in {-0.2,0,...,1.2}{ + \draw[color=red] + (0,{\y*\s}) + -- + ({1*\s},{\y*\s}); + } + \end{scope} + \end{scope} + + \foreach \x in {0,0.2,...,1}{ + \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] + ({\x*\s},{-0.2*\s}) -- ({\x*\s},{1.2*\s}); + } + \foreach \y in {-0.2,0,...,1.2}{ + \draw[color=orange,line width=1.4pt] (0,{\y*\s}) -- ({1*\s},{\y*\s}); + } + \draw[->] ({\s*(-0.1)},0) -- ({1.1*\s},0) coordinate[label={$x_1$}]; + \draw[->] (0,{-0.3*\s}) -- (0,{1.3*\s}) coordinate[label={left:$x_2$}]; + \node at ({1*\s},{1.2*\s}) [above right] {$\mathbb{R}^2$}; +\end{scope} + +\draw[<-,color=white,opacity=0.8,line width=5pt] (2.5,-6.5) arc (55:100:6.5); +\draw[<-,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] (2.5,-6.5) arc (55:100:6.5); + +\node at (0,-5.9) + {$\varphi_{\beta\alpha}=\varphi_\beta\circ\varphi_\alpha^{-1}$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.pdf b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4619b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.pdf diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.tex b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f19937 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/kartenkreis.tex @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +% +% kartenkreis.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{3} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\fill[color=red!20] (0,-1) rectangle (1.5,1); +\fill[color=blue!20] (-1.5,-1) rectangle (0,1); +\fill[color=darkgreen!40,opacity=0.5] (-1,0) rectangle (1,1.5); +\fill[color=orange!40,opacity=0.5] (-1,-1.5) rectangle (1,0); +\fill[color=white] (0,0) circle[radius=1]; + +\fill[color=gray!20] + (0,-1.5) -- (0.02,-1.6) -- (0.5,-1.8) -- (0.98,-1.6) -- (1,-1.5) + -- cycle; +\fill[color=gray!20] + (0,1.5) -- (0.02,1.6) -- (0.5,1.8) -- (0.98,1.6) -- (1,1.5) + -- cycle; +\fill[color=gray!20] + (0,-1.5) -- (-0.02,-1.6) -- (-0.5,-1.8) -- (-0.98,-1.6) -- (-1,-1.5) + -- cycle; +\fill[color=gray!20] + (0,1.5) -- (-0.02,1.6) -- (-0.5,1.8) -- (-0.98,1.6) -- (-1,1.5) + -- cycle; + +\fill[color=gray!20] + (1.5,0) -- (1.6,0.02) -- (1.8,0.5) -- (1.6,0.98) -- (1.5,1) + -- cycle; +\fill[color=gray!20] + (-1.5,0) -- (-1.6,0.02) -- (-1.8,0.5) -- (-1.6,0.98) -- (-1.5,1) + -- cycle; +\fill[color=gray!20] + (1.5,0) -- (1.6,-0.02) -- (1.8,-0.5) -- (1.6,-0.98) -- (1.5,-1) + -- cycle; +\fill[color=gray!20] + (-1.5,0) -- (-1.6,-0.02) -- (-1.8,-0.5) -- (-1.6,-0.98) -- (-1.5,-1) + -- cycle; + +\draw[->] (0.5,-1.8) arc (-180:-90:0.1) arc (-90:0:1.3) arc (0:90:0.1); +\draw[->] (1.8,0.5) arc (-90:0:0.1) arc (0:90:1.3) arc (90:180:0.1); +\draw[->] (-0.5,1.8) arc (0:90:0.1) arc (90:180:1.3) arc (180:270:0.1); +\draw[->] (-1.8,-0.5) arc (90:180:0.1) arc (180:270:1.3) arc (270:360:0.1); + +\node at (1.01,1.32) + [right] {$\varphi_3\circ \varphi_1^{-1}(y)=\sqrt{1-y^2}$}; +\node at (1.6,1.6) {$\varphi_{31}$}; + +\node at (1.01,-1.28) + [right] {$\varphi_1\circ \varphi_4^{-1}(x)=-\sqrt{1-x^2}$}; +\node at (1.6,-1.6) {$\varphi_{14}$}; + +\node at (-1.24,1.32) + [left] {$\varphi_2\circ\varphi_3^{-1}(x)=\sqrt{1-x^2}$}; +\node at (-1.6,1.6) {$\varphi_{23}$}; + +\node at (-1.18,-1.28) + [left] {$\varphi_4\circ\varphi_2^{-1}(y)=-\sqrt{1-y^2}$}; +\node at (-1.6,-1.6) {$\varphi_{42}$}; + + +\foreach \y in {0.1,0.3,...,0.9}{ + \draw[->,color=red,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({sqrt(1-\y*\y)},{\y}) -- (1.5,\y); + \draw[->,color=red,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({sqrt(1-\y*\y)},{-\y}) -- (1.5,-\y); + \draw[->,color=blue,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({-sqrt(1-\y*\y)},{\y}) -- (-1.5,\y); + \draw[->,color=blue,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({-sqrt(1-\y*\y)},{-\y}) -- (-1.5,-\y); +} +\foreach \x in {0.1,0.3,...,0.9}{ + \draw[->,color=darkgreen,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({\x},{sqrt(1-\x*\x)}) -- ({\x},1.5); + \draw[->,color=darkgreen,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({-\x},{sqrt(1-\x*\x)}) -- ({-\x},1.5); + \draw[->,color=orange,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({\x},{-sqrt(1-\x*\x)}) -- ({\x},-1.5); + \draw[->,color=orange,shorten >= 0.1cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] + ({-\x},{-sqrt(1-\x*\x)}) -- ({-\x},-1.5); +} + +%\draw[color=gray!50,line width=3pt] (0,0) circle[radius=1]; +\draw[color=yellow!30,line width=3pt] (0,0) circle[radius=1]; +\node[color=yellow] at ({1/sqrt(2)},{1/sqrt(2)}) [above right] {$S^1$}; + +\def\r{1.02} + +\begin{scope} + \clip (0,-1.1) rectangle (1.1,1.1); + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] (-89:\r) arc (-89:89:\r); + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] (0,-\r) circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] (0,\r) circle[radius=0.02]; +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope} + \clip (-1.1,-1.1) rectangle (0,1.1); + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] (91:\r) arc (91:269:\r); + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] (0,-\r) circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] (0,\r) circle[radius=0.02]; +\end{scope} + +\xdef\r{0.98} + +\begin{scope} + \clip (-1.1,0) rectangle (1.1,1.1); + \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] (1:\r) arc (1:179:\r); + \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] (\r,0) circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] (-\r,0) circle[radius=0.02]; +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope} + \clip (-1.1,-1.1) rectangle (1.1,0); + \draw[color=orange,line width=1.4pt] (181:\r) arc (181:359:\r); + \draw[color=orange,line width=1.4pt] (\r,0) circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=orange,line width=1.4pt] (-\r,0) circle[radius=0.02]; +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope}[yshift=1.5cm] + \draw[->] (-1.1,0) -- (1.15,0) coordinate[label={$\mathbb{R}$}]; + \begin{scope} + \clip (-1,-0.1) rectangle (1,0.1); + \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] (-0.98,0) -- (0.98,0); + \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] (-1,0) + circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] (1,0) + circle[radius=0.02]; + \end{scope} +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope}[yshift=-1.5cm] + \draw[->] (-1.1,0) -- (1.15,0) coordinate[label={below:$\mathbb{R}$}]; + \begin{scope} + \clip (-1,-0.1) rectangle (1,0.1); + \draw[color=orange,line width=1.4pt] (-0.98,0) -- (0.98,0); + \draw[color=orange,line width=1.4pt] (-1,0) circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=orange,line width=1.4pt] (1,0) circle[radius=0.02]; + \end{scope} +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope}[xshift=1.5cm] + \draw[->] (0,-1.1) -- (0,1.15) coordinate[label={right:$\mathbb{R}$}]; + \begin{scope} + \clip (-0.1,-1) rectangle (0.1,1); + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] (0,-0.98) -- (0,0.98); + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] (0,-1) circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] (0,1) circle[radius=0.02]; + \end{scope} +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope}[xshift=-1.5cm] + \draw[->] (0,-1.1) -- (0,1.15) coordinate[label={left:$\mathbb{R}$}]; + \begin{scope} + \clip (-0.1,-1) rectangle (0.1,1); + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] (0,-0.98) -- (0,0.98); + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] (0,-1) circle[radius=0.02]; + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] (0,1) circle[radius=0.02]; + \end{scope} +\end{scope} + +\node[color=red] at (23:1) [right] {$U_{x>0}$}; +\node[color=red] at (1.25,0) [right] {$\varphi_1$}; + +\node[color=blue] at (157:1) [left] {$U_{x<0}$}; +\node[color=blue] at (-1.25,0) [left] {$\varphi_2$}; + +\node[color=darkgreen] at (115:1) [below right] {$U_{y>0}$}; +\node[color=darkgreen] at (0,1.25) [above] {$\varphi_3$}; + +\node[color=orange] at (-115:1) [above right] {$U_{y<0}$}; +\node[color=orange] at (0,-1.25) [below] {$\varphi_4$}; + +\draw[->] (-1.1,0) -- (1.15,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-1.1) -- (0,1.15) coordinate[label={right:$y$}]; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.pdf b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..adfb0c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.pdf diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.tex b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2bccc27 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/phasenraum.tex @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +% +% phasenraum.tex -- +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\def\m{1} +\def\K{0.444} + +\pgfmathparse{sqrt(\K/\m)} +\xdef\o{\pgfmathresult} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ ({#2*cos(#1)},{\o*#2*sin(#1)}) } + +\foreach \r in {0.5,1,...,6}{ + \draw plot[domain=0:359,samples=360] + ({\r*cos(\x)},{\o*\r*sin(\x)}) -- cycle; +} + +\def\tangente#1#2{ + \pgfmathparse{#2/\m} + \xdef\u{\pgfmathresult} + + \pgfmathparse{-#1*\K} + \xdef\v{\pgfmathresult} + + \pgfmathparse{sqrt(\u*\u+\v*\v)} + \xdef\l{\pgfmathresult} + + \fill[color=blue] (#1,#2) circle[radius=0.03]; + \draw[color=blue,line width=0.5pt] + ({#1-0.2*\u/\l},{#2-0.2*\v/\l}) + -- + ({#1+0.2*\u/\l},{#2+0.2*\v/\l}); +} + +\foreach \x in {-6.25,-5.75,...,6.3}{ + \foreach \y in {-4.25,-3.75,...,4.3}{ + \tangente{\x}{\y} + } +} + +%\foreach \x in {0.5,1,...,5.5,6}{ +% \tangente{\x}{0} +% \tangente{-\x}{0} +% \foreach \y in {0.5,1,...,4}{ +% \tangente{\x}{\y} +% \tangente{-\x}{\y} +% \tangente{\x}{-\y} +% \tangente{-\x}{-\y} +% } +%} +%\foreach \y in {0.5,1,...,4}{ +% \tangente{0}{\y} +% \tangente{0}{-\y} +%} + +\fill[color=white,opacity=0.7] \punkt{60}{4} rectangle \punkt{59}{5.8}; +\fill[color=white,opacity=0.7] \punkt{0}{4} rectangle \punkt{18}{4.9}; + +\draw[->,color=red,line width=1.4pt] + plot[domain=0:60,samples=360] + ({4*cos(\x)},{\o*4*sin(\x)}); + +\draw[->] (-6.5,0) -- (6.7,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-4.5) -- (0,4.7) coordinate[label={right:$p$}]; + +\fill[color=red] \punkt{60}{4} circle[radius=0.08]; +\node[color=red] at \punkt{60}{4} [above right] + {$\begin{pmatrix}x(t)\\p(t)\end{pmatrix}$}; + +\fill[color=red] \punkt{0}{4} circle[radius=0.08]; +\node[color=red] at \punkt{0}{4} [above right] + {$\begin{pmatrix}x_0\\0\end{pmatrix}$}; + +\fill[color=white] (4,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +\node at (3.9,0) [below right] {$x_0$}; +\fill (0,{\o*4}) circle[radius=0.05]; +\node at (0.1,{\o*4+0.05}) [below left] {$\omega x_0$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.pdf b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7f4988 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.pdf diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.tex b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..893bd12 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/scherungen.tex @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +% +% scherungen.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\definecolor{blau}{rgb}{0,0.8,1} +\definecolor{blau}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} +\def\s{1.1} + +\begin{scope}[xshift=-4.6cm] + + \fill[color=blue!20] (0,0) rectangle (2,2); + \fill[color=red!40,opacity=0.5] (0,0) -- (2,\s) -- (2,{2+\s}) -- (0,2) + -- cycle; + + \foreach \x in {-1,...,3}{ + \draw[color=blau] (\x,-1) -- (\x,3); + \draw[color=blau] (-1,\x) -- (3,\x); + } + + \begin{scope} + \clip (-1,-1) rectangle (3,3); + \foreach \x in {-1,...,3}{ + \draw[color=orange] (\x,-1) -- (\x,3); + \draw[color=orange] (-1,{\x-0.5*\s}) -- (3,{\x+1.5*\s}); + } + \end{scope} + + \draw[->] (-1.1,0) -- (3.3,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-1.1) -- (0,3.5) coordinate[label={right:$y$}]; + + \node[color=blue] at (0,2) [above left] {$1$}; + \node[color=blue] at (2,0) [below right] {$1$}; + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (2,0); + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (0,2); + + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (2,\s); + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (0,2); + + \node[color=red] at (2,\s) [below right] {$(1,t)$}; + + \node at (0,0) [below right] {$O$}; + \node at (1,-1.1) [below] {$\displaystyle + \begin{aligned} + M &= \begin{pmatrix}0&0\\1&0 \end{pmatrix} + \\ + e^{Mt} + &= + \begin{pmatrix}1&0\\t&1 \end{pmatrix} + \end{aligned} + $}; +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope} + \fill[color=blue!20] (0,0) rectangle (2,2); + \fill[color=red!40,opacity=0.5] (0,0) -- (2,0) -- ({2+\s},2) -- (\s,2) + -- cycle; + + \foreach \x in {-1,...,3}{ + \draw[color=blau] (\x,-1) -- (\x,3); + \draw[color=blau] (-1,\x) -- (3,\x); + } + + \begin{scope} + \clip (-1,-1) rectangle (3,3); + \foreach \x in {-1,...,3}{ + \draw[color=orange] (-1,\x) -- (3,\x); + \draw[color=orange] ({\x-0.5*\s},-1) -- ({\x+1.5*\s},3); + } + \end{scope} + + \draw[->] (-1.1,0) -- (3.3,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-1.1) -- (0,3.5) coordinate[label={right:$y$}]; + + \node[color=blue] at (0,2) [above left] {$1$}; + \node[color=blue] at (2,0) [below right] {$1$}; + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (2,0); + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (0,2); + + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (2,0); + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (\s,2); + + \node[color=red] at (\s,2) [above left] {$(t,1)$}; + + \node at (0,0) [below right] {$O$}; + + \node at (1,-1.1) [below] {$\displaystyle + \begin{aligned} N &= \begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0 \end{pmatrix} + \\ + e^{Nt} + &= + \begin{pmatrix}1&t\\0&1 \end{pmatrix} + \end{aligned} + $}; +\end{scope} + +\begin{scope}[xshift=3.6cm,yshift=0cm] + \def\punkt#1#2{({1.6005*(#1)+0.4114*(#2)},{-0.2057*(#1)+0.5719*(#2)})} + \fill[color=blue!20] (0,0) rectangle (2,2); + \fill[color=red!40,opacity=0.5] + (0,0) -- \punkt{2}{0} -- \punkt{2}{2} -- \punkt{0}{2} -- cycle; + + \foreach \x in {0,...,4}{ + \draw[color=blau] (\x,-1) -- (\x,3); + } + \foreach \y in {-1,...,3}{ + \draw[color=blau] (0,\y) -- (4,\y); + } + + \begin{scope} + \clip (-0,-1) rectangle (4,3); + \foreach \x in {-1,...,6}{ + \draw[color=orange] \punkt{\x}{-3} -- \punkt{\x}{6}; + \draw[color=orange] \punkt{-3}{\x} -- \punkt{6}{\x}; + } + \end{scope} + + \draw[->] (-0.1,0) -- (4.3,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-1.1) -- (0,3.5) coordinate[label={right:$y$}]; + + \node[color=blue] at (0,2) [above left] {$1$}; + \node[color=blue] at (2,0) [below right] {$1$}; + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (2,0); + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (0,2); + + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- \punkt{2}{0}; + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- \punkt{0}{2}; + + \node at (0,0) [below right] {$O$}; + + \node at (2,-1.1) [below] {$\displaystyle + \begin{aligned} D &= \begin{pmatrix}0.5&0.4\\-0.2&-0.5 \end{pmatrix} + \\ + e^{D\cdot 1} + &= + \begin{pmatrix} + 1.6005 & 0.4114\\ + -0.2057 & 0.5719 + \end{pmatrix} + \end{aligned} + $}; +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.pdf b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffc0759 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.pdf diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.tex b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e44aa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/sl2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +% +% sl2.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\begin{scope}[xshift=-4.5cm] + \fill[color=blue!20] + (1.4,0) -- (0,1.4) -- (-1.4,0) -- (0,-1.4) -- cycle; + \fill[color=red!40,opacity=0.5] + (1.96,0) -- (0,1) -- (-1.96,0) -- (0,-1) -- cycle; + + \begin{scope} + \clip (-2.1,-2.1) rectangle (2.3,2.3); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] + ({(1/1.4)*exp(\x)},{(1/1.4)*exp(-\x)}); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] + ({(1/1.4)*exp(\x)},{-(1/1.4)*exp(-\x)}); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] + ({-(1/1.4)*exp(\x)},{(1/1.4)*exp(-\x)}); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] + ({-(1/1.4)*exp(\x)},{-(1/1.4)*exp(-\x)}); + \end{scope} + + \draw[->] (-2.1,0) -- (2.3,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-2.1) -- (0,2.3) coordinate[label={right:$y$}]; + + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (1.4,0); + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (0,1.4); + + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (1.96,0); + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (0,1); + \node at (0,-3.2) + {$\displaystyle + \begin{aligned} + A&=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix} + \\ + e^{At} + &=\begin{pmatrix}e^t&0\\0&e^{-t}\end{pmatrix} + \end{aligned} + $}; + +\end{scope} + + +\begin{scope} + \fill[color=blue!20] + (0:1.4) -- (90:1.4) -- (180:1.4) -- (270:1.4) -- cycle; + \fill[color=red!40,opacity=0.5] + (33:1.4) -- (123:1.4) -- (213:1.4) -- (303:1.4) -- cycle; + + \draw[color=darkgreen] (0,0) circle[radius=1.4]; + + \draw[->] (-2.1,0) -- (2.3,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-2.1) -- (0,2.3) coordinate[label={right:$y$}]; + + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (1.4,0); + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (0,1.4); + + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (33:1.4); + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- (123:1.4); + + \node at (0,-3.2) + {$\displaystyle + \begin{aligned} + B + &=\begin{pmatrix}0&-1\\1&0 \end{pmatrix} + \\ + e^{Bt} + &= + \begin{pmatrix} + \cos t&-\sin t\\ + \sin t& \cos t + \end{pmatrix} + \end{aligned}$}; +\end{scope} + + +\begin{scope}[xshift=4.5cm] + \fill[color=blue!20] + (0:1.4) -- (90:1.4) -- (180:1.4) -- (270:1.4) -- cycle; + \def\x{0.5} + \fill[color=red!40,opacity=0.5] + ({1.4*cosh(\x)},{1.4*sinh(\x}) + -- + ({1.4*sinh(\x},{1.4*cosh(\x)}) + -- + ({-1.4*cosh(\x)},{-1.4*sinh(\x}) + -- + ({-1.4*sinh(\x},{-1.4*cosh(\x)}) + -- cycle; + + \begin{scope} + \clip (-2.1,-2.1) rectangle (2.2,2.2); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] ({1.4*cosh(\x)},{1.4*sinh(\x)}); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] ({1.4*sinh(\x)},{1.4*cosh(\x)}); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] ({-1.4*cosh(\x)},{1.4*sinh(\x)}); + \draw[color=darkgreen] + plot[domain=-1:1,samples=100] ({1.4*sinh(\x)},{-1.4*cosh(\x)}); + \end{scope} + + \draw[->] (-2.1,0) -- (2.3,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-2.1) -- (0,2.3) coordinate[label={right:$y$}]; + + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (1.4,0); + \draw[->,color=blue] (0,0) -- (0,1.4); + + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- ({1.4*cosh(\x)},{1.4*sinh(\x)}); + \draw[->,color=red] (0,0) -- ({1.4*sinh(\x)},{1.4*cosh(\x)}); + + \node at (0,-3.2) {$\displaystyle + \begin{aligned} + C&=\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix} + \\ + e^{Ct} + &= + \begin{pmatrix} + \cosh t&\sinh t\\ + \sinh t&\cosh t + \end{pmatrix} + \end{aligned} + $}; +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.png b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c42440f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.png diff --git a/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.pov b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a8e327 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/chapters/60-gruppen/images/torus.pov @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +// +// diffusion.pov +// +// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostscheizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.034; +#declare N = 100; +#declare r = 0.43; +#declare R = 1; + +camera { + location <43, 25, -20> + look_at <0, -0.01, 0> + right 16/9 * x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <10, 20, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +#macro rotiere(phi, vv) + < cos(phi) * vv.x - sin(phi) * vv.z, vv.y, sin(phi) * vv.x + cos(phi) * vv.z > +#end + +#macro punkt(phi,theta) + rotiere(phi, < R + r * cos(theta), r * sin(theta), 0 >) +#end + +mesh { + #declare phistep = 2 * pi / N; + #declare thetastep = 2 * 2 * pi / N; + #declare phi = 0; + #while (phi < 2 * pi - phistep/2) + #declare theta = 0; + #while (theta < 2 * pi - thetastep/2) + triangle { + punkt(phi , theta ), + punkt(phi + phistep, theta ), + punkt(phi + phistep, theta + thetastep) + } + triangle { + punkt(phi , theta ), + punkt(phi + phistep, theta + thetastep), + punkt(phi , theta + thetastep) + } + #declare theta = theta + thetastep; + #end + #declare phi = phi + phistep; + #end + pigment { + color Gray + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} + +#declare thetastart = -0.2; +#declare thetaend = 1.2; +#declare phistart = 5; +#declare phiend = 6; + +union { + #declare thetastep = 0.2; + #declare theta = thetastart; + #while (theta < thetaend + thetastep/2) + #declare phistep = (phiend-phistart)/N; + #declare phi = phistart; + #while (phi < phiend - phistep/2) + sphere { punkt(phi,theta), 0.01 } + cylinder { + punkt(phi,theta), + punkt(phi+phistep,theta), + 0.01 + } + #declare phi = phi + phistep; + #end + sphere { punkt(phi,theta), 0.01 } + #declare theta = theta + thetastep; + #end + + pigment { + color Red + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} + +union { + #declare phistep = 0.2; + #declare phi = phistart; + #while (phi < phiend + phistep/2) + #declare thetastep = (thetaend-thetastart)/N; + #declare theta = thetastart; + #while (theta < thetaend - thetastep/2) + sphere { punkt(phi,theta), 0.01 } + cylinder { + punkt(phi,theta), + punkt(phi,theta+thetastep), + 0.01 + } + #declare theta = theta + thetastep; + #end + sphere { punkt(phi,theta), 0.01 } + #declare phi = phi + phistep; + #end + pigment { + color Blue + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} + +#macro punkt2(a,b) + punkt(5.6+a*sqrt(3)/2-b/2,0.2+a/2 + b*sqrt(3)/2) +#end + +#declare darkgreen = rgb<0,0.6,0>; + +#declare astart = 0; +#declare aend = 1; +#declare bstart = -0.2; +#declare bend = 1.2; +union { + #declare a = astart; + #declare astep = 0.2; + #while (a < aend + astep/2) + #declare b = bstart; + #declare bstep = (bend - bstart)/N; + #while (b < bend - bstep/2) + sphere { punkt2(a,b), 0.01 } + cylinder { punkt2(a,b), punkt2(a,b+bstep), 0.01 } + #declare b = b + bstep; + #end + sphere { punkt2(a,b), 0.01 } + #declare a = a + astep; + #end + pigment { + color darkgreen + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +union { + #declare b = bstart; + #declare bstep = 0.2; + #while (b < bend + bstep/2) + #declare a = astart; + #declare astep = (aend - astart)/N; + #while (a < aend - astep/2) + sphere { punkt2(a,b), 0.01 } + cylinder { punkt2(a,b), punkt2(a+astep,b), 0.01 } + #declare a = a + astep; + #end + sphere { punkt2(a,b), 0.01 } + #declare b = b + bstep; + #end + pigment { + color Orange + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} |
