diff options
Diffstat (limited to '')
24 files changed, 1340 insertions, 13 deletions
diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/Makefile.inc b/vorlesungen/slides/7/Makefile.inc index 7afeea1..4d291ed 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/Makefile.inc +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/Makefile.inc @@ -16,7 +16,19 @@ chapter5 = \ ../slides/7/einparameter.tex \ ../slides/7/ableitung.tex \ ../slides/7/liealgebra.tex \ + ../slides/7/liealgbeispiel.tex \ + ../slides/7/vektorlie.tex \ ../slides/7/kommutator.tex \ + ../slides/7/bch.tex \ ../slides/7/dg.tex \ + ../slides/7/interpolation.tex \ + ../slides/7/exponentialreihe.tex \ + ../slides/7/zusammenhang.tex \ + ../slides/7/quaternionen.tex \ + ../slides/7/qdreh.tex \ + ../slides/7/ueberlagerung.tex \ + ../slides/7/hopf.tex \ + ../slides/7/haar.tex \ + ../slides/7/integration.tex \ ../slides/7/chapter.tex diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/bch.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/bch.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0148dc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/bch.tex @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +% +% bch.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff-Formel} +$g(t),h(t)\in G +\uncover<2->{\Rightarrow \exists A,B\in LG\text{ mit } +g(t)=\exp At, h(t)=\exp Bt}$ +\uncover<3->{% +\begin{align*} +g(t) +&= +I + At + \frac{A^2t^2}{2!} + \frac{A^3t^3}{3!} + \dots, +& +h(t) +&= +I + Bt + \frac{B^2t^2}{2!} + \frac{B^3t^3}{3!} + \dots +\end{align*}} +\uncover<5->{% +\begin{block}{Kommutator in G: $c(t) = g(t)h(t)g(t)^{-1}h(t)^{-1}$} +\begin{align*} +\uncover<6->{c(t) +&= +\biggl( + {\color<7,9-11,13-15,19-21>{red}I} + + {\color<8,16-19>{red}A}t + + \frac{{\color<12>{red}A^2}t^2}{2!} + + \dots +\biggr) +\biggl( + {\color<7,8,10-12,14-15,17-18,21>{red}I} + + {\color<9,16,19-20>{red}B}t + + \frac{{\color<13>{red}B^2}t^2}{2!} + + \dots +\biggr) +\exp(-{\color<10,14,17,19,21>{red}A}t) +\exp(-{\color<11,15,18,20-21>{red}B}t) +} +\\ +&\uncover<7->{={\color<7>{red}I}} +\uncover<8->{+t( + \uncover<8->{ {\color<8>{red}A}} + \uncover<9->{+ {\color<9>{red}B}} + \uncover<10->{- {\color<10>{red}A}} + \uncover<11->{- {\color<11>{red}B}} +)} +\uncover<12->{+\frac{t^2}{2!}( + \uncover<12->{ {\color<12>{red}A^2}} + \uncover<13->{+ {\color<13>{red}B^2}} + \uncover<14->{+ {\color<14>{red}A^2}} + \uncover<15->{+ {\color<15>{red}B^2}} +)} +\\ +&\phantom{\mathstrut=I} +\uncover<12->{+t^2( + \uncover<16->{ {\color<16>{red}AB}} + \uncover<17->{- {\color<17>{red}A^2}} + \uncover<18->{- {\color<18>{red}AB}} + \uncover<19->{- {\color<19>{red}BA}} + \uncover<20->{- {\color<20>{red}B^2}} + \uncover<21->{+ {\color<21>{red}AB}} +)} +\uncover<22->{+t^3(\dots)+\dots} +\\ +&\uncover<23->{= +I + \frac{t^2}{2}[A,B] + o(t^3) +} +\end{align*}} +\end{block} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/chapter.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/chapter.tex index 079cf16..36e0bb1 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/chapter.tex +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/chapter.tex @@ -15,5 +15,17 @@ \folie{7/einparameter.tex} \folie{7/ableitung.tex} \folie{7/liealgebra.tex} +\folie{7/liealgbeispiel.tex} +\folie{7/vektorlie.tex} \folie{7/kommutator.tex} +\folie{7/bch.tex} \folie{7/dg.tex} +\folie{7/interpolation.tex} +\folie{7/exponentialreihe.tex} +\folie{7/zusammenhang.tex} +\folie{7/quaternionen.tex} +\folie{7/qdreh.tex} +\folie{7/ueberlagerung.tex} +\folie{7/hopf.tex} +\folie{7/haar.tex} +\folie{7/integration.tex} diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/dg.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/dg.tex index 4447bac..f9528a4 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/dg.tex +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/dg.tex @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Ableitung von $\gamma(t)$ an der Stelle $t$: \vspace{-10pt} \uncover<7->{% \begin{block}{Differentialgleichung} -\vspace{-10pt} +%\vspace{-10pt} \[ \dot{\gamma}(t) = \gamma(t) A \quad @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Exponentialfunktion \vspace{-5pt} \uncover<9->{% \begin{block}{Kontrolle: Tangentialvektor berechnen} -\vspace{-10pt} +%\vspace{-10pt} \begin{align*} \frac{d}{dt}e^{At} &\uncover<10->{= diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/drehung.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/drehung.tex index 2d7b317..02201d4 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/drehung.tex +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/drehung.tex @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ D_{60^\circ} \begin{column}{0.58\textwidth} \uncover<4->{% \begin{block}{Ansatz} -\vspace{-12pt} +%\vspace{-12pt} \begin{align*} DST &= @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ c^{-1}&0\\ \vspace{-10pt} \uncover<7->{% \begin{block}{Koeffizientenvergleich} -\vspace{-15pt} +%\vspace{-15pt} \begin{align*} \uncover<8->{ {\color{red} c} diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/einparameter.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/einparameter.tex index 5171085..a32affd 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/einparameter.tex +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/einparameter.tex @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ D_{x,t+s} \begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} \uncover<5->{% \begin{block}{Scherungen in $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})$} -\vspace{-12pt} +%\vspace{-12pt} \[ \begin{pmatrix} 1&s\\ @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ D_{x,t+s} \vspace{-12pt} \uncover<6->{% \begin{block}{Skalierungen in $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})$} -\vspace{-12pt} +%\vspace{-12pt} \[ \begin{pmatrix} e^s&0\\0&e^{-s} @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ e^{t+s}&0\\0&e^{-(t+s)} \vspace{-12pt} \uncover<7->{% \begin{block}{Gemischt} -\vspace{-12pt} +%\vspace{-12pt} \begin{gather*} A_t = I \cosh t + \begin{pmatrix}1&a\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}\sinh t \\ diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/haar.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/haar.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..454dd69 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/haar.tex @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +% +% haar.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Haar-Mass} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Invariantes Mass} +Auf jeder lokalkompakten Gruppe $G$ gibt es ein \only<2->{invariantes }% +Integral +\begin{align*} +\uncover<2->{\text{rechts:}}&& +\int_G f(g)\,d\mu(g) +&\uncover<2->{= +\int_G f(gh)\,d\mu(g)} +\\ +\uncover<3->{ +\text{links:}&& +\int_G f(g)\,d\mu(g) +&= +\int_G f(hg)\,d\mu(g)} +\end{align*} + +\end{block} +\uncover<7->{% +\begin{block}{Modulus-Funktion} +$\mu$ linksinvariant, dann ist die Rechtsverschiebung ebenfalls +linksinvariant +\[ +\int_G f(gh) \, d\mu(g) +\uncover<8->{ += +\int_G f(g) \Delta(h)\, d\mu(g) +} +\] +\uncover<9->{$\Delta(h)$ heisst Modulus-Funktion} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\uncover<4->{% +\begin{block}{Beispiel: $G=\mathbb{R}$} +\[ +\int_Gf(g)\,d\mu(g) += +\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)\,dx +\] +\end{block}} +\vspace{-10pt} +\uncover<5->{% +\begin{block}{Beispiel: $\operatorname{SO}(2)$} +\[ +\int_{\operatorname{SO}(2)} +f(g)\,d\mu(g) += +\frac{1}{2\pi} +\int_{0}^{2\pi} f(D_{\alpha})\,d\alpha +\] +\end{block}} +\vspace{-10pt} +\uncover<6->{% +\begin{block}{Beispiel: $G$ endlich} +\[ +\int_G f(g)\,d\mu(g) = \frac{1}{|G|}\sum_{g\in G}f(g) +\] +\end{block}} +\vspace{-10pt} +\uncover<10->{% +\begin{block}{Unimodular} +$\Delta(h)=1$ heisst rechtsinvariant = linksinvariant +\\ +\uncover<11->{% +$G$ kompakt $\Rightarrow$ unimodular +} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/hopf.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/hopf.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a90737f --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/hopf.tex @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +% +% hopf.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Orbit-Räume} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Aktion von $\operatorname{SO}(3)$ auf $S^2$} +\begin{align*} +S^2 &= \{x\in\mathbb{R}^3\;|\; |x|=1\} +\\ +\operatorname{SO}(3) \times S^2 &\to S^2: (g, x) \mapsto gx +\end{align*} +\uncover<2->{% +Allgemein: Aktion von $G$ auf $X$ +\begin{align*} +\text{links:}&& +G\times X \to X &: (g,x) \mapsto gx +\\ +\text{rechts:}&& +X\times G \to X &: (x,g) \mapsto xg +\end{align*}} +\end{block} +\vspace{-10pt} +\uncover<3->{% +\begin{block}{Stabilisator} +Zu $x\in X$ gibt es eine Untergruppe +\begin{align*} +G_x = \{g\in G\;|\; gx=x\}, +\end{align*} +der {\em Stabilisator} von $x$. + +\uncover<4->{% +Der Stabilisator von $v\in S^2$ ist die Gruppe der Drehungen um +die Achse $v$} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\uncover<5->{% +\begin{block}{Quotient} +$G$ operiert von rechts auf $X$ +\[ +X/G = \{ xG \;|\; x\in X\} +\] +heisst Quotient +\end{block}} +\uncover<6->{ +\begin{block}{$\operatorname{SO}(3)/\operatorname{SO}(2)$} +Wähle $\operatorname{SO}(2)$ als Drehungen um die $z$-Achse: +\[ +\operatorname{SO}(3) \to S^2 +: +g \mapsto \text{letzte Spalte von $g$} +\] +\uncover<7->{Daher +\[ +S^2 \cong \operatorname{SO}(3) / \operatorname{SO}(2) +\]} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/Makefile b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/Makefile index cc67c8a..6f99bc3 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/Makefile +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/Makefile @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ # # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # -all: rodriguez.jpg +all: rodriguez.jpg test.png rodriguez.png: rodriguez.pov povray +A0.1 -W1920 -H1080 -Orodriguez.png rodriguez.pov @@ -16,4 +16,14 @@ commutator: commutator.ini commutator.pov common.inc jpg: for f in c/c*.png; do convert $${f} c/`basename $${f} .png`.jpg; done +dreibein/timestamp: interpolation.m + octave interpolation.m + touch dreibein/timestamp +test.png: test.pov drehung.inc dreibein/d025.inc dreibein/timestamp + povray +A0.1 -W1080 -H1080 -Otest.png test.pov + +dreibein/d025.inc: dreibein/timestamp + +animation: + povray +A0.1 -W1080 -H1080 -Ointerpolation/i.png interpolation.ini diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/drehung.inc b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/drehung.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9b4bb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/drehung.inc @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +// +// common.inc +// +// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.23; +#declare O = <0, 0, 0>; +#declare at = 0.02; + +camera { + location <8.5, 2, 6.5> + look_at <0, 0, 0> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +//light_source { +// <-14, 20, -50> color White +// area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 +// adaptive 1 +// jitter +//} + +light_source { + <41, 20, 10> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c) +#declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from); +#declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from); +union { + sphere { + from, 1.0 * arrowthickness + } + cylinder { + from, + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + arrowthickness + } + cone { + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + 2 * arrowthickness, + to, + 0 + } + pigment { + color c + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +#end +#declare r = 1.0; + +arrow(< -r-0.2, 0.0, 0 >, < r+0.2, 0.0, 0.0 >, at, Gray) +arrow(< 0.0, 0.0, -r-0.2>, < 0.0, 0.0, r+0.2 >, at, Gray) +arrow(< 0.0, -r-0.2, 0 >, < 0.0, r+0.2, 0.0 >, at, Gray) + +#declare farbeX = rgb<1.0,0.2,0.6>; +#declare farbeY = rgb<0.0,0.8,0.4>; +#declare farbeZ = rgb<0.4,0.6,1.0>; + +#declare farbex = rgb<1.0,0.0,0.0>; +#declare farbey = rgb<0.0,0.6,0.0>; +#declare farbez = rgb<0.0,0.0,1.0>; + +#macro quadrant(X, Y, Z) + intersection { + sphere { O, 0.5 } + plane { -X, 0 } + plane { -Y, 0 } + plane { -Z, 0 } + pigment { + color rgb<1.0,0.6,0.2> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } + } + arrow(O, X, 1.1*at, farbex) + arrow(O, Y, 1.1*at, farbey) + arrow(O, Z, 1.1*at, farbez) +#end + +#macro drehung(X, Y, Z) +// intersection { +// sphere { O, 0.5 } +// plane { -X, 0 } +// plane { -Y, 0 } +// plane { -Z, 0 } +// pigment { +// color Gray +// } +// finish { +// specular 0.95 +// metallic +// } +// } + arrow(O, 1.1*X, 0.9*at, farbeX) + arrow(O, 1.1*Y, 0.9*at, farbeY) + arrow(O, 1.1*Z, 0.9*at, farbeZ) +#end + +#macro achse(H) + cylinder { H, -H, at + pigment { + color rgb<0.6,0.4,0.2> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } + } + cylinder { 0.003 * H, -0.003 * H, 1 + pigment { + color rgbt<0.6,0.4,0.2,0.5> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } + } +#end diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.ini b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.ini new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f07c079 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.ini @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Input_File_Name=interpolation.pov +Initial_Frame=0 +Final_Frame=50 +Initial_Clock=0 +Final_Clock=50 +Cyclic_Animation=off +Pause_when_Done=off + diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.m b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31554e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.m @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +# +# interpolation.m +# +# (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# +global N; +N = 50; +global A; +global B; + +A = (pi / 2) * [ + 0, 0, 0; + 0, 0, -1; + 0, 1, 0 +]; +g0 = expm(A) + +B = (pi / 2) * [ + 0, 0, 1; + 0, 0, 0; + -1, 0, 0 +]; +g1 = expm(B) + +function retval = g(t) + global A; + global B; + retval = expm((1-t)*A+t*B); +endfunction + +function dreibein(fn, M, funktion) + fprintf(fn, "%s(<%.4f,%.4f,%.4f>, <%.4f,%.4f,%.4f>, <%.4f,%.4f,%.4f>)\n", + funktion, + M(1,1), M(3,1), M(2,1), + M(1,2), M(3,2), M(2,2), + M(1,3), M(3,3), M(2,3)); +endfunction + +G = g1 * inverse(g0); +[V, lambda] = eig(G); +H = real(V(:,3)); + +D = logm(g1*inverse(g0)); + +for i = (0:N) + filename = sprintf("dreibein/d%03d.inc", i); + fn = fopen(filename, "w"); + t = i/N; + dreibein(fn, g(t), "quadrant"); + dreibein(fn, expm(t*D)*g0, "drehung"); + fprintf(fn, "achse(<%.4f,%.4f,%.4f>)\n", H(1,1), H(3,1), H(2,1)); + fclose(fn); +endfor + diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.pov b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71e0257 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/interpolation.pov @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// +// commutator.pov +// +// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "drehung.inc" + +#declare filename = concat("dreibein/d", str(clock, -3, 0), ".inc"); +#include filename + diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/test.pov b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/test.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5707be1 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/images/test.pov @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// +// test.pov +// +// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "drehung.inc" +#include "dreibein/d025.inc" diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/integration.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/integration.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..525e6de --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/integration.tex @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +% +% integration.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Invariante Integration} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Koordinatenwechsel} +Die Koordinatentransformation +$f\colon\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^n:x\to y$ +hat die Ableitungsmatrix +\[ +t_{ij} += +\frac{\partial y_i}{\partial x_j} +\] +\uncover<2->{% +$n$-faches Integral +\begin{gather*} +\int\dots\int +h(f(x)) +\det +\biggl( +\frac{\partial y_i}{\partial x_j} +\biggr) +\,dx_1\,\dots dx_n +\\ += +\int\dots\int +h(y) +\,dy_1\,\dots dy_n +\end{gather*}} +\end{block} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\uncover<3->{% +\begin{block}{auf einer Lie-Gruppe} +Koordinatenwechsel sind Multiplikationen mit einer +Matrix $g\in G$ +\end{block}} +\uncover<4->{% +\begin{block}{Volumenelement in $I$} +Man muss nur das Volumenelement in $I$ in einem beliebigen +Koordinatensystem definieren: +\[ +dV = dy_1\,\dots\,dy_n +\] +\end{block}} +\uncover<5->{% +\begin{block}{Volumenelement in $g$} +\[ +\text{``\strut}g\cdot dV\text{\strut''} += +\det(g) \, dy_1\,\dots\,dy_n +\] +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/interpolation.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/interpolation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..249ee26 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/interpolation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +% +% interpolation.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\def\bild#1#2{\only<#1|handout:0>{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{../slides/7/images/interpolation/#2.png}}} +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Interpolation} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Aufgabe} +Finde einen Weg $g(t)\in \operatorname{SO}(3)$ zwischen +$g_0\in\operatorname{SO}(3)$ +und +$g_1\in\operatorname{SO}(3)$: +\[ +g_0=g(0) +\quad\wedge\quad +g_1=g(1) +\] +\end{block} +\vspace{-10pt} +\uncover<2->{% +\begin{block}{Lösung} +$g_i=\exp(A_i) \uncover<3->{\Rightarrow A_i^t=-A_i}$ +\begin{align*} +\uncover<4->{A(t) &= (1-t)A_0 + tA_1}\uncover<8->{ \in \operatorname{so}(3)} +\\ +\uncover<5->{A(t)^t +&=(1-t)A_0^t + tA_1^t} +\\ +&\uncover<6->{= +-(1-t)A_0 - t A_1} +\uncover<7->{= +-A(t)} +\\ +\uncover<9->{\Rightarrow +g(t) &= \exp A(t) \in \operatorname{SO}(3)} +\\ +&\uncover<10->{\ne +\exp (\log(g_1g_0^{-1})t) g_0} +\end{align*} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\uncover<11->{% +\begin{block}{Animation} +\centering +\ifthenelse{\boolean{presentation}}{ +\bild{12}{i00} +\bild{13}{i01} +\bild{14}{i02} +\bild{15}{i03} +\bild{16}{i04} +\bild{17}{i05} +\bild{18}{i06} +\bild{19}{i07} +\bild{20}{i08} +\bild{21}{i09} +\bild{22}{i10} +\bild{23}{i11} +\bild{24}{i12} +\bild{25}{i13} +\bild{26}{i14} +\bild{27}{i15} +\bild{28}{i16} +\bild{29}{i17} +\bild{30}{i18} +\bild{31}{i19} +\bild{32}{i20} +\bild{33}{i21} +\bild{34}{i22} +\bild{35}{i23} +\bild{36}{i24} +\bild{37}{i25} +\bild{38}{i26} +\bild{39}{i27} +\bild{40}{i28} +\bild{41}{i29} +\bild{42}{i30} +\bild{43}{i31} +\bild{44}{i32} +\bild{45}{i33} +\bild{46}{i34} +\bild{47}{i35} +\bild{48}{i36} +\bild{49}{i37} +\bild{50}{i38} +\bild{51}{i39} +\bild{52}{i40} +\bild{53}{i41} +\bild{54}{i42} +\bild{55}{i43} +\bild{56}{i44} +\bild{57}{i45} +\bild{58}{i46} +\bild{59}{i47} +\bild{60}{i48} +\bild{61}{i49} +\bild{62}{i50} +}{ +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{../slides/7/images/interpolation/i25.png} +} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/liealgbeispiel.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/liealgbeispiel.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a17de40 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/liealgbeispiel.tex @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +% +% liealgbeispiel.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Lie-Algebra Beispiele} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{$\operatorname{sl}_2(\mathbb{R})$} +Spurlose Matrizen: +\[ +\operatorname{sl}_2(\mathbb{R}) += +\{A\in M_n(\mathbb{R})\;|\; \operatorname{Spur}A=0\} +\] +\end{block} +\begin{block}{Lie-Algebra?} +Nachrechnen: $[A,B]\in \operatorname{sl}_2(\mathbb{R})$: +\begin{align*} +\operatorname{Spur}([A,B]) +&= +\operatorname{Spur}(AB-BA) +\\ +&= +\operatorname{Spur}(AB)-\operatorname{Spur}(BA) +\\ +&= +\operatorname{Spur}(AB)-\operatorname{Spur}(AB) +\\ +&=0 +\end{align*} +$\Rightarrow$ $\operatorname{sl}_2(\mathbb{R})$ ist eine Lie-Algebra +\end{block} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{$\operatorname{so}(n)$} +Antisymmetrische Matrizen: +\[ +\operatorname{so}(n) += +\{A\in M_n(\mathbb{R}) +\;|\; +A=-A^t +\} +\] +\end{block} +\begin{block}{Lie-Algebra?} +Nachrechnen: $A,B\in \operatorname{so}(n)$ +\begin{align*} +[A,B]^t +&= +(AB-BA)^t +\\ +&= +B^tA^t - A^tB^t +\\ +&= +(-B)(-A)-(-A)(-B) +\\ +&= +BA-AB += +-(AB-BA) +\\ +&= +-[A,B] +\end{align*} +$\Rightarrow$ $\operatorname{so}(n)$ ist eine Lie-Algebra +\end{block} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/parameter.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/parameter.tex index 52c8e4a..f3579a3 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/parameter.tex +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/parameter.tex @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ \begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth} \begin{block}{Drehung um Achsen} -\vspace{-12pt} +%\vspace{-12pt} \begin{align*} \uncover<2->{ D_{x,\alpha} diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/qdreh.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/qdreh.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ed512a --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/qdreh.tex @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +% +% template.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Drehungen mit Quaternionen} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Drehung?} +Abbildung von $\vec{x}$ mit $\operatorname{Re}\vec{x}=0$: +\[ +\varrho_{q} +\colon +\vec{x}\mapsto q\vec{x}q^{-1} = q\vec{x}\overline{q} +\] +\end{block} +\uncover<2->{% +\begin{block}{Achse} +\begin{align*} +\varrho_q(q) +&= +qq\overline{q} +\uncover<3->{= +q(qq^{-1})} +\uncover<4->{= +q} +\end{align*} +\end{block}} +\uncover<4->{% +\begin{block}{Norm} +\begin{align*} +|\varrho_q(\vec{x})|^2 +&= +q\vec{x}\overline{q}\overline{(q\vec{x}\overline{q})} +\uncover<5->{= +q\vec{x}\overline{q}\overline{\overline{q}}\overline{\vec{x}}\overline{q} +} +\\ +&\uncover<6->{= +q\vec{x}(\overline{q}q)\overline{\vec{x}}\overline{q}} +\uncover<7->{= +q(\vec{x}\overline{\vec{x}})\overline{q}} +\uncover<8->{= +q\overline{q}|\vec{x}|^2} +\\ +&\uncover<9->{= +|\vec{x}|^2} +\end{align*} +\uncover<10->{% +$\Rightarrow$ $\varrho_q\in\operatorname{O}(3)$} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\uncover<11->{% +\begin{block}{Drehung!} +$\vec{a},\vec{b},\vec{n}$ bilden ein on.~Rechtssystem +\begin{align*} +\uncover<12->{ +qa +&= +c\vec{a}+s\vec{n}\times \vec{a}} +\uncover<13->{= +c\vec{a} + s\vec{b}} +\\ +\uncover<14->{ +q\vec{a}\overline{q} +&= +(c\vec{a}+s\vec{b}) c +-(c\vec{a}+s\vec{b})\times s\vec{n}} +\\ +&\uncover<15->{= +c^2 \vec{a}+ sc\vec{b} ++sc\vec{b} - s^2 \vec{a}} +\\ +&\uncover<16->{= +\vec{a} \cos\alpha +\vec{b} \sin\alpha } +\end{align*} +\vspace{-5pt} +\uncover<17->{wegen +%\vspace{-5pt} +\[ +\begin{aligned} +\cos\alpha &= \cos^2\frac{\alpha}2 - \sin^2\frac{\alpha}2 &&=c^2-s^2 +\\ +\sin\alpha &= 2\cos\frac{\alpha}2\sin\frac{\alpha}2&&=2cs +\end{aligned}\]} +\end{block}} +\vspace{-18pt} +\uncover<18->{% +\begin{block}{Matrix} +\[ +D += +\tiny +\begin{pmatrix} +1-2(q_2^2+q_3^2)&-2q_0q_3+2q_1q_2&-2q_0q_2+2q_1q_3\\ + 2q_0q_3+2q_1q_2&1-2(q_1^2+q_3^2)&-2q_0q_1+2q_2q_3\\ +-2q_0q_2+2q_1q_3& 2q_0q_1+2q_2q_3&1-2(q_1^2+q_2^2) +\end{pmatrix} +\] +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/quaternionen.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/quaternionen.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f526366 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/quaternionen.tex @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +% +% quaternionen.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Quaternionen} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Quaternionen} +$4$-dimensionaler $\mathbb{R}$-Vektorraum +\[ +\mathbb{H} += +\langle 1,i,j,k\rangle_{\mathbb{R}} +\] +mit Rechenregeln +\[ +i^2=j^2=k^2=ijk=-1 +\] +$x=x_0+x_1i+x_2j+x_3k\in\mathbb{H}$ +\begin{itemize} +\item<2-> Realteil: $\operatorname{Re}x=x_0$ +\item<3-> Vektorteil: $\operatorname{Im}x=x_1i+x_2j+x_3k$ +\item<4-> Konjugation: $\overline{x}=\operatorname{Re}x-\operatorname{Im}x$ +\item<5-> Norm: $|x|^2 = x\overline{x} = x_0^2+x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2$ +\item<6-> Inverse: $x^{1}= \overline{x}/x\overline{x}$ +\end{itemize} +\end{block} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} +\uncover<7->{% +\begin{block}{Skalarprodukt und Vektorprodukt} +\begin{align*} +pq +&= +\operatorname{Re}p \operatorname{Re}q +- +\operatorname{Im}p\cdot \operatorname{Im}q +\\ +&\phantom{=} ++ +\operatorname{Re}p\operatorname{Im}q ++ +\operatorname{Im}p\operatorname{Re}q ++ +\operatorname{Im}p\times\operatorname{Im}q +\end{align*} +\end{block}} +\uncover<8->{% +\begin{block}{Einheitsquaternionen} +$q\in \mathbb{H}$, $|q|=1, q^{-1}=\overline{q}$ +\end{block}} +\uncover<9->{% +\begin{block}{Polardarstellung} +\[ +q = \cos\frac{\alpha}2 + \vec{n} \sin\frac{\alpha}2 +\] +\vspace{-8pt} +\begin{itemize} +\item<10-> +Drehmatrix: 9 Parameter, 6 Bedingungen +\item<11-> +Quaternionen: 4 Parameter, 1 Bedingung +\end{itemize} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/semi.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/semi.tex index 66b8d27..cd974c9 100644 --- a/vorlesungen/slides/7/semi.tex +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/semi.tex @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Wirkung auf $\mathbb{R}^2$: \begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} \uncover<3->{% \begin{block}{Verknüpfung} -\vspace{-15pt} +%\vspace{-15pt} \begin{align*} (e^{s_1},t_1)(e^{s_2},t_2)x &\uncover<4->{= @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ e^{s_1+s_2}x + e^{s_1}t_2+t_1} \begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} \uncover<7->{% \begin{block}{Verknüpfung} -\vspace{-15pt} +%\vspace{-15pt} \begin{align*} (\alpha_1,\vec{t}_1) (\alpha_2,\vec{t}_2) @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ e^{s_1+s_2}x + e^{s_1}t_2+t_1} \begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} \uncover<11->{% \begin{block}{Matrixschreibweise} -\vspace{-12pt} +%\vspace{-12pt} \[ g=(e^s,t) = \begin{pmatrix} @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ e^s&t\\ \begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} \uncover<12->{% \begin{block}{Matrixschreibweise} -\vspace{-12pt} +%\vspace{-12pt} \[ g=(\alpha,\vec{t}) = \begin{pmatrix} diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/ueberlagerung.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/ueberlagerung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..426641a --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/ueberlagerung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +% +% ueberlagerung.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{$S^3$, $\operatorname{SU}(2)$ und $\operatorname{SO}(3)$} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.38\textwidth} +\uncover<6->{% +\begin{block}{Überlagerung} +\begin{center} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] +\coordinate (A) at (0,0); +\coordinate (B) at (2,0); +\coordinate (C) at (2,-2); +\coordinate (D) at (0,-2); + +\uncover<7->{ +\node at (A) {$\{\pm 1\}\mathstrut$}; +} +\uncover<6->{ +\node at (B) {$S^3\mathstrut$}; +\node at ($(B)+(0.1,0)$) [right] {$=\operatorname{SU}(2)\mathstrut$}; +} +\uncover<7->{ +\node at (C) {$\operatorname{SO}(3)\mathstrut$}; +\node at (D) {$\{I\}\mathstrut$}; +} + +\uncover<7->{ +\draw[->,shorten >= 0.3cm,shorten <= 0.5cm] (A) -- (B); +\draw[->,shorten >= 0.3cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] (A) -- (D); +\draw[->,shorten >= 0.3cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] (B) -- (C); +\draw[->,shorten >= 0.6cm,shorten <= 0.3cm] (D) -- (C); +} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{center} +\begin{itemize} +\item<7-> +$\pm q\in S^3$ $\Rightarrow$ $\varrho_{q}=\varrho_{-q}$ +\item<8-> +In der Nähe von $I$ sehen die Gruppen +$\operatorname{SO}(3)$ +und +$\operatorname{SU}(2)$ +``gleich'' aus +\item<9-> +$\operatorname{SU}(2)$ ist geometrisch ``einfacher'' +\end{itemize} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.58\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Pauli-Matrizen} +Quaternionen als $2\times 2$-Matrizen schreiben +\begin{align*} +1&=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}=\sigma_0, +& +i&=\begin{pmatrix}0&i\\i&0\end{pmatrix}=-i\sigma_1 +\\ +j&=\begin{pmatrix}0&-1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}=-i\sigma_2, +& +k&=\begin{pmatrix}i&0\\0&-i\end{pmatrix}=-i\sigma_3 +\end{align*} +\uncover<2->{% +erfüllen $i^2=j^2=k^2=ijk=-1$.} +\end{block} +\uncover<3->{% +\begin{block}{$S^3 = \operatorname{SU}(2)$} +\[ +a+bi+cj+dk += +\begin{pmatrix} +a+id&-c+bi\\ +c+ib&a-id +\end{pmatrix} += +A +\] +\begin{align*} +\uncover<4->{ +\det A &= a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = 1 +} +\\ +\uncover<5->{ +A^* &= a - ib - jc - kd +} +\end{align*} +\end{block}} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/vektorlie.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/vektorlie.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..621a832 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/vektorlie.tex @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +% +% viktorlie.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Vektorprodukt als Lie-Algebra} +%\vspace{-10pt} +\centering +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] +\arraycolsep=2.4pt +\def\Ax{0} +\def\Ux{4.1} +\def\Kx{7.2} +\def\Rx{13.1} + +\def\Lx{2.2} +\def\Ly{0} +\def\Lz{-2.2} + +\fill[color=red!20] (\Ax,{\Lx-1.55}) rectangle ({\Ux-0.1},{\Lx+0.55}); +\fill[color=red!20] (\Ux,{\Lx-1.55}) rectangle ({\Kx-0.1},{\Lx+0.55}); +\fill[color=red!20] (\Kx,{\Lx-1.55}) rectangle ({\Rx},{\Lx+0.55}); + +\fill[color=darkgreen!20] (\Ax,{\Ly-1.55}) rectangle ({\Ux-0.1},{\Ly+0.55}); +\fill[color=darkgreen!20] (\Ux,{\Ly-1.55}) rectangle ({\Kx-0.1},{\Ly+0.55}); +\fill[color=darkgreen!20] (\Kx,{\Ly-1.55}) rectangle ({\Rx},{\Ly+0.55}); + +\fill[color=blue!20] (\Ax,{\Lz-1.55}) rectangle ({\Ux-0.1},{\Lz+0.55}); +\fill[color=blue!20] (\Ux,{\Lz-1.55}) rectangle ({\Kx-0.1},{\Lz+0.55}); +\fill[color=blue!20] (\Kx,{\Lz-1.55}) rectangle ({\Rx},{\Lz+0.55}); + +\coordinate (A) at (\Ax,3.2); +\coordinate (Ax) at (\Ax,\Lx); +\coordinate (Ay) at (\Ax,\Ly); +\coordinate (Az) at (\Ax,\Lz); + +\node at (A) [right] + {\usebeamercolor[fg]{title}Drehmatrix, $\operatorname{SO}(n)$\strut}; + +\node at (Ax) [right] {$\displaystyle\tiny +D_{x,\alpha}=\begin{pmatrix} +1&0&0\\ +0&\cos\alpha&-\sin\alpha\\ +0&\sin\alpha&\cos\alpha +\end{pmatrix}$}; + +\node at (Ay) [right] {$\displaystyle\tiny +D_{y,\alpha}=\begin{pmatrix} +\cos\alpha&0&\sin\alpha\\ +0&1&0\\ +-\sin\alpha&0&\cos\alpha +\end{pmatrix}$}; + +\node at (Az) [right] {$\displaystyle\tiny +D_{z,\alpha}=\begin{pmatrix} +\cos\alpha&-\sin\alpha&0\\ +\sin\alpha&\cos\alpha&0\\ +0&0&1 +\end{pmatrix}$}; + +\coordinate (U) at (\Ux,3.2); +\coordinate (Ux) at (\Ux,\Lx); +\coordinate (Uy) at (\Ux,\Ly); +\coordinate (Uz) at (\Ux,\Lz); +\coordinate (Ex) at (\Ux,{\Lx-1}); +\coordinate (Ey) at (\Ux,{\Ly-1}); +\coordinate (Ez) at (\Ux,{\Lz-1}); + +\uncover<2->{ +\node at (U) [right] + {\usebeamercolor[fg]{title}Ableitung, $\operatorname{so}(n)$\strut}; + +\node at (Ux) [right] {$\displaystyle\tiny +U_x=\begin{pmatrix*}[r] +0&0&0\\ +0&0&-1\\ +0&1&0 +\end{pmatrix*} +$}; + +\node at (Uy) [right] {$\displaystyle\tiny +U_y=\begin{pmatrix*}[r] +0&0&1\\ +0&0&0\\ +-1&0&0 +\end{pmatrix*} +$}; + +\node at (Uz) [right] {$\displaystyle\tiny +U_z=\begin{pmatrix*}[r] +0&-1&0\\ +1&0&0\\ +0&0&0 +\end{pmatrix*} +$}; +} + +\uncover<9->{ +\node at (Ex) [right] {$\displaystyle +\, e_x = \tiny\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix} +$}; + +\node at (Ey) [right] {$\displaystyle +\, e_y = \tiny\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix} +$}; + +\node at (Ez) [right] {$\displaystyle +\, e_z = \tiny\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix} +$}; +} + +\coordinate (K) at (\Kx,3.2); +\coordinate (Kx) at (\Kx,\Lx); +\coordinate (Ky) at (\Kx,\Ly); +\coordinate (Kz) at (\Kx,\Lz); +\coordinate (Vx) at (\Kx,{\Lx-1}); +\coordinate (Vy) at (\Kx,{\Ly-1}); +\coordinate (Vz) at (\Kx,{\Lz-1}); + +\uncover<3->{ +\node at (K) [right] + {\usebeamercolor[fg]{title}Kommutator\strut}; + +\node at (Kx) [right] {$\displaystyle +\begin{aligned} +[U_y,U_z] &\uncover<4->{= +{\tiny +\begin{pmatrix} +0&0&0\\ +0&0&0\\ +0&1&0 +\end{pmatrix}} +\uncover<5->{\mathstrut- +\tiny +\begin{pmatrix} +0&0&0\\ +0&0&1\\ +0&0&0 +\end{pmatrix}}} +\uncover<6->{=U_x} +\end{aligned} +$}; +} + +\uncover<7->{ +\node at (Ky) [right] {$\displaystyle +\begin{aligned} +[U_z,U_x] &= +{\tiny +\begin{pmatrix} +0&0&1\\ +0&0&0\\ +0&0&0 +\end{pmatrix} +- +\begin{pmatrix} +0&0&0\\ +0&0&0\\ +1&0&0 +\end{pmatrix}} +=U_y +\end{aligned} +$}; +} + +\uncover<8->{ +\node at (Kz) [right] {$\displaystyle +\begin{aligned} +[U_x,U_y] &= +{\tiny +\begin{pmatrix} +0&0&0\\ +1&0&0\\ +0&0&0 +\end{pmatrix} +- +\begin{pmatrix} +0&1&0\\ +0&0&0\\ +0&0&0 +\end{pmatrix}} +=U_z +\end{aligned} +$}; +} + +\uncover<10->{ +\node at (Vx) [right] {$\displaystyle \phantom{]}e_y\times e_z = e_x$}; +} + +\uncover<11->{ +\node at (Vy) [right] {$\displaystyle \phantom{]}e_z\times e_x = e_y$}; +} + +\uncover<12->{ +\node at (Vz) [right] {$\displaystyle \phantom{]}e_x\times e_y = e_z$}; +} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{frame} +\egroup diff --git a/vorlesungen/slides/7/zusammenhang.tex b/vorlesungen/slides/7/zusammenhang.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a43cd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/vorlesungen/slides/7/zusammenhang.tex @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +% +% template.tex -- slide template +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\bgroup +\begin{frame}[t] +\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{5pt} +\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{5pt} +\frametitle{Zusammenhang} +\vspace{-20pt} +\begin{columns}[t,onlytextwidth] +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Zusammenhängend --- oder nicht} +\begin{center} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] +\def\ds{2.4} +\coordinate (A) at (0,0); +\coordinate (B) at (\ds,0); +\coordinate (C) at ({2*\ds},0); + +\node at (A) {$\operatorname{SO}(n)$}; +\node at (B) {$\operatorname{O}(n)$}; +\node at (C) {$\{\pm 1\}$}; + +\draw[->,shorten <= 0.6cm,shorten >= 0.5cm] (A) -- (B); +\draw[->,shorten <= 0.5cm,shorten >= 0.5cm] (B) -- (C); +\node at ($0.5*(B)+0.5*(C)$) [above] {$\det$}; + +\coordinate (A2) at (0,-1.0); +\coordinate (B2) at (\ds,-1.0); +\coordinate (C2) at ({2*\ds},-1.0); + +\draw[color=blue] (A2) ellipse (1cm and 0.3cm); +\draw[color=blue] (B2) ellipse (1cm and 0.3cm); +\node[color=blue] at (C2) {$+1$}; + +\coordinate (A3) at (0,-1.7); +\coordinate (B3) at (\ds,-1.7); +\coordinate (C3) at ({2*\ds},-1.7); + +\draw[->,shorten <= 1.1cm,shorten >= 0.3cm] (B2) -- (C2); +\draw[->,shorten <= 1.1cm,shorten >= 0.3cm] (B3) -- (C3); + +\draw[color=red] (B3) ellipse (1cm and 0.3cm); +\node[color=red] at (C3) {$-1$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{center} +\end{block} +\begin{block}{Zusammenhangskomponente von $e$} +$G_e\subset G$ grösste zusammenhängende Menge, die $e$ enthält: +\begin{align*} +\operatorname{SO}(n)&\subset \operatorname{O}(n) +\\ +\{A\in\operatorname{GL}_n(\mathbb{R})\,|\, \det A > 0\} + &\subset \operatorname{GL}_n(\mathbb{R}) +\end{align*} +\end{block} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.48\textwidth} +\begin{block}{Eigenschaften} +\begin{itemize} +\item +{\bf Untergruppe}: $\gamma_i(t)$ Weg von $e$ nach $g_i$, +dann ist +\begin{itemize} +\item +$\gamma_1(t)\gamma_2(t)$ ein Weg von $e$ nach $g_1g_2$ +\item +$\gamma_1(t)^{-1}$ Weg von $e$ nach $g_1^{-1}$ +\end{itemize} +\item +{\bf Normalteiler}: $\gamma(t)$ ein Weg von $e$ nach $g$, dann +ist $h\gamma(t)h^{-1}$ ein Weg von $h$ nach $hgh^{-1}$ +$\Rightarrow hG_eh^{-1}\subset G_e$ +\end{itemize} +\end{block} +\begin{block}{Quotient} +$G/G_e$ ist eine diskrete Gruppe +\begin{center} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] +\coordinate (A) at (0,0); +\coordinate (B) at (2,0); +\coordinate (C) at (4,0); +\node at (A) {$G_e$}; +\node at (B) {$G$}; +\node at (C) {$G/G_e$}; +\draw [->,shorten <= 0.3cm,shorten >= 0.3cm] (A) -- (B); +\draw [->,shorten <= 0.3cm,shorten >= 0.5cm] (B) -- (C); +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{center} +\vspace{-7pt} +$\Rightarrow$ $G_e$ und $G/G_e$ separat studieren +\end{block} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} +\egroup |