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+\usetheme{Hannover} +\begin{document} + \author{Joshua Bär und Michael Steiner} + \title{Reed-Solomon-Code} + \subtitle{} + \logo{} + \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} + \date{26.04.2021} + \subject{Mathematisches Seminar} + \setbeamercovered{transparent} + \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} + \begin{frame}[plain] + \maketitle + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Test} + Ich mag Züge. + \end{frame} +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4cd1c86 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +\babel@toc {ngerman}{} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/Thumbs.db b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/Thumbs.db new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1626e26 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/Thumbs.db differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 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presentation/RS.pdf index 459d7e8..10719b7 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz index fe8adf5..2fe95de 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 3d2be8f..fb822da 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{tikz} \usetheme{Hannover} + \begin{document} \author{Joshua Bär und Michael Steiner} \title{Reed-Solomon-Code} @@ -17,9 +19,51 @@ \begin{frame}[plain] \maketitle \end{frame} - + \section{Introduction} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Idee} + + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Test} - Ich mag Züge. + \begin{figure} + \only<1>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig1.pdf} + } + \only<2>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig2.pdf} + } + \only<3>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig3.pdf} + } + \only<4>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig4.pdf} + } + \only<5>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig5.pdf} + } + \only<6>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig6.pdf} + } + \only<7>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig7.pdf} + } + \end{figure} \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + Übertragen von den Zahlen + \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5} + als $ p(x) = \textcolor{blue}{2}x^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}x + \textcolor{blue}{5} $.\newline + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, + \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \only<1>{ + \includegraphics[]{images/polynom1.pdf}} + \only<2>{ + \includegraphics[]{images/polynom2.pdf}} + \end{frame} + + \end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc index 4cd1c86..32e7e8d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc @@ -1 +1,2 @@ \babel@toc {ngerman}{} +\beamer@sectionintoc {1}{Introduction}{2}{0}{1} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/Thumbs.db b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/Thumbs.db deleted file mode 100644 index 1626e26..0000000 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/Thumbs.db and /dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/images/fig1.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/images/fig1.pdf index 5cff7fe..abde60c 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\textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + + + \begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + + \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] + plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] + ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); + \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (8,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,150/\teiler) coordinate[label={right:$p(x)$}]; + \def\punkt#1{ + \fill[color=green] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} + %\punkt{(2,15/\teiler)} + %\punkt{(3,26/\teiler)} + \punkt{(4,41/\teiler)} + \punkt{(5,60/\teiler)} + \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} + \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} + \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] + plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] + ({\x},{(0.1958*\x^2-1.2875*\x+3.0417)}); + \def\erpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + \erpunkt{(2,50/\teiler)} + \erpunkt{(3,0.9414)} + + + \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; + \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; + + + + + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 10f3cdb829c001c341ea31415efb44ff6a2878b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 17:30:50 +0200 Subject: Persentation stand 17:30 --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.aux | 37 +++++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.log | 145 +++++++++++---------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.nav | 26 +++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.out | 4 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf | Bin 117082 -> 132691 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.snm | 1 + .../reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz | Bin 6763 -> 19501 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 109 ++++++++++++++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc | 4 +- 9 files changed, 235 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.aux b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS 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--git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz index 2fe95de..96af4cc 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index fb822da..9bdf947 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -19,10 +19,15 @@ \begin{frame}[plain] \maketitle \end{frame} - \section{Introduction} + \section{Einführung} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Idee} - + \begin{itemize} + \item Reed-Solomon-Code beschäftigt sich mit der Übertragung von Daten + und deren Fehler Erkennung. + \item Idee Fourier Transformieren und dann senden. + \item Danach Empfangen und Rücktransformieren. + \end{itemize} \end{frame} \begin{frame} @@ -50,20 +55,100 @@ } \end{figure} \end{frame} + \begin{frame} - Übertragen von den Zahlen - \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5} - als $ p(x) = \textcolor{blue}{2}x^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}x + \textcolor{blue}{5} $.\newline - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, - \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \uncover<1->{ + Wie ist die Anzahl 0 definiert zum mitgeben? + Indem die Polymereigenschaft genutzt werden. + } + \uncover<2->{ + Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? + Indem in einem Endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. + } + + \end{frame} + +\section{Polynom Ansatz} + \begin{frame} + Die Diskrite Fouren Transformation ist so gegeben + \[ + \label{ft_discrete} + \hat{c}_{k} + = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} + {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} + \]. + + \[ + w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} + \] + Wenn $N$ konstant: + \[ + \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) + \] + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + Beispiel 2, 1, 5 Versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern. + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + Übertragen von + ${f}_2=$\textcolor{blue}{2}, ${f}_1$\textcolor{blue}{1}, ${f}_0$\textcolor{blue}{5} + als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. + \only<1>{ - \includegraphics[]{images/polynom1.pdf}} + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, + \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} \only<2>{ - \includegraphics[]{images/polynom2.pdf}} + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, + \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} + \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Parameter} + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ c c c } + \hline + "Nutzlast" & Fehler & Versenden \\ + \hline + 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ + 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + &&\\ + k & t & k+2t Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad k-1 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + \end{frame} +\section{Diskrete Fourien Transformation} + \begin{frame} + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + \hat{c}_1 \\\hat{c}_2 \\\hat{c}_3 \\ \vdots \\\hat{c}_n + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + w^0 & w^0 & w^0 & \dots &w^0 \\ + w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^n \\ + w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2n} \\ + \vdots & \vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\ + w^0 & w^{1n}&w^{2n}& \dots &w^{n} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \textcolor{blue}{5} \\ + \textcolor{blue}{1} \\ + \textcolor{blue}{2} \\ + \vdots \\ + 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] \end{frame} - \end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc index 32e7e8d..ff200c6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc @@ -1,2 +1,4 @@ \babel@toc {ngerman}{} -\beamer@sectionintoc {1}{Introduction}{2}{0}{1} +\beamer@sectionintoc {1}{Einführung}{2}{0}{1} +\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{Polynom Ansatz}{12}{0}{2} +\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{Diskrete Fourien Transformation}{17}{0}{3} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7c0937851938305c2bb760f3cd4c2084c4493217 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 18:18:22 +0200 Subject: Presentation neu arangiert --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 186 +++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 96 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 9bdf947..1a1cefd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -21,12 +21,60 @@ \end{frame} \section{Einführung} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Idee} + \frametitle{Einführung} \begin{itemize} \item Reed-Solomon-Code beschäftigt sich mit der Übertragung von Daten und deren Fehler Erkennung. - \item Idee Fourier Transformieren und dann senden. - \item Danach Empfangen und Rücktransformieren. + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} +\section{Polynom Ansatz} + \begin{frame} + Beispiel 2, 1, 5 Versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern. + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + Übertragen von + ${f}_2=$\textcolor{blue}{2}, ${f}_1$\textcolor{blue}{1}, ${f}_0$\textcolor{blue}{5} + als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. + + \only<1>{ + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, + \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} + \only<2>{ + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, + \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} + \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Parameter} + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ c c c } + \hline + "Nutzlast" & Fehler & Versenden \\ + \hline + 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ + 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + &&\\ + k & t & k+2t Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad k-1 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + + Ausserdem können bis zu 2t Fehler erkannt werden! + \end{frame} +\section{Fourier Transformation} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Idee} + \begin{itemize} + \item Idee mit Fourier Transformieren und dann senden. + \item Danach Empfangen und Rücktransformieren. \end{itemize} \end{frame} @@ -56,99 +104,57 @@ \end{figure} \end{frame} - +\section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \begin{frame} - \uncover<1->{ - Wie ist die Anzahl 0 definiert zum mitgeben? - Indem die Polymereigenschaft genutzt werden. - } - \uncover<2->{ - Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? - Indem in einem Endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. - } - + \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} + Die Diskrete Fourier Transformation ist so gegeben: + \[ + \label{ft_discrete} + \hat{c}_{k} + = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} + {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} + \]. + + \[ + w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} + \] + Wenn $N$ konstant: + \[ + \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) + \] \end{frame} -\section{Polynom Ansatz} - \begin{frame} - Die Diskrite Fouren Transformation ist so gegeben - \[ - \label{ft_discrete} - \hat{c}_{k} - = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} - {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} - \]. - - \[ - w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} - \] - Wenn $N$ konstant: - \[ - \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) - \] - \end{frame} - - \begin{frame} - Beispiel 2, 1, 5 Versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern. - \end{frame} - \begin{frame} - Übertragen von - ${f}_2=$\textcolor{blue}{2}, ${f}_1$\textcolor{blue}{1}, ${f}_0$\textcolor{blue}{5} - als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. - \only<1>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, - \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ - \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} - \only<2>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, - \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ - \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} - \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} - \end{frame} - - \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Parameter} - \begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ c c c } - \hline - "Nutzlast" & Fehler & Versenden \\ - \hline - 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ - 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ - 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ - &&\\ - k & t & k+2t Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad k-1 \\ - \hline - \end{tabular} - \end{center} - \end{frame} -\section{Diskrete Fourien Transformation} \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \[ - \begin{pmatrix} - \hat{c}_1 \\\hat{c}_2 \\\hat{c}_3 \\ \vdots \\\hat{c}_n - \end{pmatrix} - = - \begin{pmatrix} - w^0 & w^0 & w^0 & \dots &w^0 \\ - w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^n \\ - w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2n} \\ - \vdots & \vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\ - w^0 & w^{1n}&w^{2n}& \dots &w^{n} \\ - \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} - \textcolor{blue}{5} \\ - \textcolor{blue}{1} \\ - \textcolor{blue}{2} \\ - \vdots \\ - 0 \\ - \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \hat{c}_1 \\\hat{c}_2 \\\hat{c}_3 \\ \vdots \\\hat{c}_n + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + w^0 & w^0 & w^0 & \dots &w^0 \\ + w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^n \\ + w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2n} \\ + \vdots & \vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\ + w^0 & w^{1n}&w^{2n}& \dots &w^{n} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \textcolor{blue}{f_0} \\ + \textcolor{blue}{f_1} \\ + \textcolor{blue}{f_2} \\ + \vdots \\ + 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} \] \end{frame} - +\section{Probleme und Fragen} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Probleme und Fragen} + + Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? + \only<2>{ + Indem in einem Endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. + } + \end{frame} \end{document} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 264bd585ba37fcf0a8fed6c83b38edfe2495daef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 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@@ -17,9 +17,715 @@ \begin{frame}[plain] \maketitle \end{frame} - +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Test} Ich mag Züge. \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Warum Endliche Körper? + + \qquad bessere Laufzeit + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Nachricht = Nutzdaten + Fehlerkorrekturteil + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item den Fehlerkorrekturteil brauchen wir im Optimalfall nicht + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Im Fehlerfall sollen wir aus der Nachricht ein Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, welches die Fehlerhaften Stellen beinhaltet + +% Wir sollten im Fehlerfall in der Lage sein, aus der Nachricht ein Lokatorpolynom zu berechnen, welches die Fehlerhaften Stellen beinhaltet + + \end{itemize} + +% TODO + +% erklärung und einführung der endlichen körper, was wollen wir erreichen? + +% wir versenden im endefekt mehr daten als unsere nachricht umfasst, damit die korrektur sichergestellt werden kann + +% sollten wir fehler bekommen, was uns die korrekturstellen mitgeteilt wird, dann ist es unsere aufgabe ein lokatorpolynom zu finden, welches uns verrät, auf welchen zeilen der Fehler aufgetreten ist + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Definition eines Beispiels} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item Endlicher Körper $q = 11$ + + \only<1->{ist eine Primzahl} + + \only<1->{beinhaltet die Zahlen $\mathbb{Z}_{11} = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$} + + \vspace{10pt} + + \only<1->{\item Nachrichtenblock $n = q-1$} + + wird an den Empfänger gesendet + + \vspace{10pt} + + \only<1->{\item max. Fehler $z = 2$} + + maximale Anzahl von Fehler, die wir noch korrigieren können + + \vspace{10pt} + + \only<1->{\item Nutzlast $k = n -2t = 6$ Zahlen} + + Fehlerstellen $2t = 4$ Zahlen + + \only<1->{Nachricht $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$} + + \only<1->{als Polynom $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$} + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Codierung} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Ansatz aus den Komplexen Zahlen mit der Fouriertransformation + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $\mathrm{e}$ existiert nicht in $\mathbb{Z}_{11}$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item wir suchen $a$ so, dass $a^i$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{Z}_{11}$ abdeckt + + $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = [a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9]$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item wir wählen $a = 8$ + + $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = [1,8,9,6,4,10,3,2,5,7]$ + + 8 ist eine Primitive Einheitswurzel + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $m(8^0) = 4\cdot1 + 7\cdot1 + 2\cdot1 + 5\cdot1 + 8\cdot1 + 1 = 5$ + + $\Rightarrow$ \qquad können wir auch als Matrix schreiben + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Codierung} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Übertragungsvektor $V$ + + \item $V = A \cdot m$ + + \end{itemize} + + \[ + V = \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + 8^0& 8^3& 8^6& 8^9& 8^{12}& 8^{15}& 8^{18}& 8^{21}& 8^{24}& 8^{27}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + 8^0& 8^8& 8^{16}& 8^{24}& 8^{32}& 8^{40}& 8^{48}& 8^{56}& 8^{64}& 8^{72}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 1 \\ 8 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Decodierung ohne Fehler} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Der Empfänger erhält den unveränderten Vektor $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Wir suchen die Inverse der Matrix A + + \end{itemize} + + \begin{columns}[t] + \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} + + Inverse der Fouriertransformation + \vspace{10pt} + \[ + F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \mathrm{e}^{-j\omega t} dt + \] + \vspace{10pt} + \[ + f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega + \] + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} + + Inverse von a + \vspace{10pt} + \[ + 8^{1} \Rightarrow 8^{-1} + \] + + Inverse finden wir über den Eulkidischen Algorithmus + \vspace{10pt} + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Der Euklidische Algorithmus} + + \begin{columns}[t] + \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} + + Recap aus der Vorlesung: + + Gegeben $a \in \mathbb{F}_p$, finde $b = a^{-1} \in \mathbb{F}_p$ + + \begin{tabular}{rcl} + $a b$ &$\equiv$& $1 \mod p$\\ + $a b$ &$=$& $1 + n p$\\ + $a b - n p$ &$=$& $1$\\ + &&\\ + $\operatorname{ggT}(a,p)$&$=$& $1$\\ + $sa + tp$&$=$& $1$\\ + $b$&$=$&$s$\\ + $n$&$=$&$-t$ + \end{tabular} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + + \begin{tabular}{| c | c c | c | c c |} + \hline + $k$ & $a_i$ & $b_i$ & $q_i$ & $c_i$ & $d_i$\\ + \hline + & & & & $1$& $0$\\ + $0$& $8$& $11$& $0$& $0$& $1$\\ + $1$& $11$& $8$& $1$& $1$& $0$\\ + $2$& $8$& $3$& $2$& $-1$& $1$\\ + $3$& $3$& $2$& $1$& $3$& $-2$\\ + $4$& $2$& $1$& $2$& $-4$& $3$\\ + $5$& $1$& $0$& & $11$& $-8$\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + + \vspace{10pt} + + \begin{tabular}{rcl} + $-4\cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ + $7 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ + $8^{-1}$ &$=$& $7$ + + \end{tabular} + + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Decodirung mit Inverser Matrix} + + \begin{itemize} + \item $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + + \item $m = 1/10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot V$ + + \item $m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot V$ + + \end{itemize} + + \[ + m = \begin{pmatrix} + 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ + 7^0& 7^1& 7^2& 7^3& 7^4& 7^5& 7^6& 7^7& 7^8& 7^9\\ + 7^0& 7^2& 7^4& 7^6& 7^8& 7^{10}& 7^{12}& 7^{14}& 7^{16}& 7^{18}\\ + 7^0& 7^3& 7^6& 7^9& 7^{12}& 7^{15}& 7^{18}& 7^{21}& 7^{24}& 7^{27}\\ + 7^0& 7^4& 7^8& 7^{12}& 7^{16}& 7^{20}& 7^{24}& 7^{28}& 7^{32}& 7^{36}\\ + 7^0& 7^5& 7^{10}& 7^{15}& 7^{20}& 7^{25}& 7^{30}& 7^{35}& 7^{40}& 7^{45}\\ + 7^0& 7^6& 7^{12}& 7^{18}& 7^{24}& 7^{30}& 7^{36}& 7^{42}& 7^{48}& 7^{54}\\ + 7^0& 7^7& 7^{14}& 7^{21}& 7^{28}& 7^{35}& 7^{42}& 7^{49}& 7^{56}& 7^{63}\\ + 7^0& 7^8& 7^{16}& 7^{24}& 7^{32}& 7^{40}& 7^{48}& 7^{56}& 7^{64}& 7^{72}\\ + 7^0& 7^9& 7^{18}& 7^{27}& 7^{36}& 7^{45}& 7^{54}& 7^{63}& 7^{72}& 7^{81}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 10 \\ 4 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$ + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Decodierung mit Fehler - Ansatz} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Gesendet: $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + + \item Empfangen: $W = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$ + + \item Rücktransformation: $r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerstellen}5,4,5,7,6,7]$ + \end{itemize} + + Wie finden wir die Fehler? + + \begin{itemize} + \item $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$ + + \item $r(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7$ + + \item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ + \end{itemize} + + \begin{center} + + \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} + \hline + $i$& $0$& $1$& $2$& $3$& $4$& $5$& $6$& $7$& $8$& $9$\\ + \hline + $r(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$\\ + $m(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$\\ + $e(a^{i})$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + + \end{center} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Alle Stellen, die nicht Null sind, sind Fehler + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Nullstellen des Fehlerpolynoms finden} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $\operatorname{ggT}$ gibt uns eine Liste der Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9)$ + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Nullstellen des Fehlerpolynoms finden} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $\operatorname{kgV}$ gibt uns eine Liste von aller Nullstellen, die wir in $e$ und $d$ zerlegen können + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot $ + + \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9) \cdot q(X)$ + + $= d(X) \cdot e(X)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Lokatorpolynom $d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$ + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{kennen wir $e$?} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item $e$ ist unbekannt auf der Empfängerseite + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ \qquad $\rightarrow$ \qquad $m(X)$ ist unbekannt? + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $m$ ist nicht gänzlich unbekannt: $m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]$ + + In den bekannten Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo es Fehler gegeben hat + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item daraus folgt $e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item jetzt können wir den $\operatorname{ggT}$ von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Der Euklidische Algorithmus (nochmal)} + + $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X))$ hat den Grad 8 + + \[ + \arraycolsep=1.4pt + \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} + X^{10}& & & & & & &+& 10& & & & &:&5X^9&+&7X^8&+& 4X^7&+&10X^6&+&p(X)&=&9X&+&5\\ + X^{10}&+& 8X^9&+& 3X^8&+&2X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-9} + && 3X^9&+& 8X^8&+& 9X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ + && 3X^9&+& 2X^8&+& 9X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-9} + & & & &6X^8&+&0X^7&+&p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ + \end{array} + \] + + \[ + \arraycolsep=1.4pt + \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} + 5X^9&+& 7X^8&+& 4X^7&+& 10X^6&+& p(X)& & & & &:&6X^8&+&0X^7& & & & & & &=&10X&+&3\\ + 5X^9&+& 0X^8&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-5} + && 7X^8&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ + \end{array} + \] + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{kgV}$ durch den erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen + + \end{frame} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Der Erweiterte Euklidische Algorithmus} + + \begin{center} + + \begin{tabular}{| c | c | c c |} + \hline + $k$ & $q_i$ & $e_i$ & $f_i$\\ + \hline + & & $0$& $1$\\ + $0$& $9X + 5$& $1$& $0$\\ + $1$& $10X + 3$& $9X+5$& $1$\\ + $2$& & $2X^2 + 0X + 5$& $10X + 3$\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + + \end{center} + + \vspace{10pt} + + \begin{tabular}{ll} + Somit erhalten wir den Faktor& $d(X) = 2X^2 + 5$\\ + Faktorisiert erhalten wir& $d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6)$\\ + Lokatorpolynom& $d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i)$ + \end{tabular} + + \vspace{10pt} + + \begin{center} + $a^i = 5 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 3$ + + $a^i = 6 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 8$ + \end{center} + + $D = [3,8]$ + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item $W = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$ + + \item $D = [3,8]$ + + \end{itemize} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 8 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 1 \\ 4 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + 8^0& 8^3& 8^6& 8^9& 8^{12}& 8^{15}& 8^{18}& 8^{21}& 8^{24}& 8^{27}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + 8^0& 8^8& 8^{16}& 8^{24}& 8^{32}& 8^{40}& 8^{48}& 8^{56}& 8^{64}& 8^{72}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item Fehlerstellen entfernen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item Nullstellen entfernen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \vspace{5pt} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Matrix in eine Quadratische Form bringen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \vspace{5pt} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Matrix Invertieren + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 1& 1& 1& 1& 1& 1\\ + 1& 8& 9& 6& 4& 10\\ + 1& 9& 4& 3& 5& 1\\ + 1& 4& 5& 9& 3& 1\\ + 1& 10& 1& 10& 1& 10\\ + 1& 3& 9& 5& 4& 1\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{center} + $\Downarrow$ + \end{center} + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 6& 4& 4& 6& 2& 1\\ + 2& 7& 10& 3& 4& 7\\ + 1& 8& 9& 8& 3& 4\\ + 3& 6& 6& 4& 5& 9\\ + 10& 10& 9& 8& 1& 6\\ + 1& 9& 6& 4& 7& 6\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 6& 4& 4& 6& 2& 1\\ + 2& 7& 10& 3& 4& 7\\ + 1& 8& 9& 8& 3& 4\\ + 3& 6& 6& 4& 5& 9\\ + 10& 10& 9& 8& 1& 6\\ + 1& 9& 6& 4& 7& 6\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item $m = [4,7,2,5,8,1]$ + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \end{document} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8473571bc77425cd198b4bba515a3f5fe10c8cd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 22:53:49 +0200 Subject: Style verbessert --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 17 +++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 1a1cefd..65f8431 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -64,12 +64,16 @@ &&\\ k & t & k+2t Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad k-1 \\ \hline + &&\\ + &&\\ + &Ausserdem können bis zu 2t Fehler erkannt werden!\\ \end{tabular} \end{center} - Ausserdem können bis zu 2t Fehler erkannt werden! + + \end{frame} -\section{Fourier Transformation} +\section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Idee} \begin{itemize} @@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ \end{figure} \end{frame} -\section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} + \begin{frame} \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} Die Diskrete Fourier Transformation ist so gegeben: @@ -134,10 +138,10 @@ = \begin{pmatrix} w^0 & w^0 & w^0 & \dots &w^0 \\ - w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^n \\ - w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2n} \\ + w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^N \\ + w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2N} \\ \vdots & \vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\ - w^0 & w^{1n}&w^{2n}& \dots &w^{n} \\ + w^0 & w^{1(N-1)}&w^{2(N-1)}& \dots &w^{(N-1)(N-1)} \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \textcolor{blue}{f_0} \\ @@ -154,6 +158,7 @@ Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? \only<2>{ + \newline Indem in einem Endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. } \end{frame} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 38d0c69842308be5f096375ff070c5233b395c4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 16:01:46 +0200 Subject: kleine korrekturen --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 45 +++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index eecd66b..618121c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -19,14 +19,18 @@ \begin{frame}[plain] \maketitle \end{frame} - \section{Einführung} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Einführung} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Einführung} \begin{itemize} \item Reed-Solomon-Code beschäftigt sich mit der Übertragung von Daten und deren Fehler Erkennung. + \item Wird verwendet in: + \only<2>{CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc.} \end{itemize} \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Polynom Ansatz} \begin{frame} Beispiel 2, 1, 5 Versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern. @@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} \end{frame} - +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Parameter} \begin{center} @@ -59,20 +63,24 @@ "Nutzlast" & Fehler & Versenden \\ \hline 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ - 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ - 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ +\only<2->{3}& +\only<2->{2}& +\only<2->{7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ &&\\ - k & t & k+2t Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad k-1 \\ +\only<3->{k} & +\only<3->{t} & +\only<3->{k+2t Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad k-1} \\ \hline &&\\ &&\\ - &Ausserdem können bis zu 2t Fehler erkannt werden!\\ + \multicolumn{3}{l} { + \only<4>{Ausserdem können bis zu 2t Fehler erkannt werden!} + } \end{tabular} - \end{center} - - - + \end{center} \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Idee} @@ -81,7 +89,7 @@ \item Danach Empfangen und Rücktransformieren. \end{itemize} \end{frame} - +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \begin{figure} \only<1>{ @@ -107,8 +115,7 @@ } \end{figure} \end{frame} - - +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} Die Diskrete Fourier Transformation ist so gegeben: @@ -117,8 +124,8 @@ \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} - \]. - + \] + Ersetzten als: \[ w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} \] @@ -128,14 +135,14 @@ \] \end{frame} - +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \[ \begin{pmatrix} \hat{c}_1 \\\hat{c}_2 \\\hat{c}_3 \\ \vdots \\\hat{c}_n \end{pmatrix} - = + = \frac{1}{N} \begin{pmatrix} w^0 & w^0 & w^0 & \dots &w^0 \\ w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^N \\ @@ -152,7 +159,7 @@ \end{pmatrix} \] \end{frame} - +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Probleme und Fragen} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Probleme und Fragen} @@ -163,7 +170,7 @@ Indem in einem Endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. } \end{frame} - +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 9ce4fb55792c297989d1c001a621793303f31689 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 22:13:29 +0200 Subject: Verbesserungen und anmerkungen umgesetzt --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 56 ++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 618121c..9811cf6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -22,36 +22,38 @@ %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Einführung} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Einführung} + \frametitle{Reed-Solomon-Code:} \begin{itemize} - \item Reed-Solomon-Code beschäftigt sich mit der Übertragung von Daten - und deren Fehler Erkennung. - \item Wird verwendet in: - \only<2>{CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc.} + \item \only<1>{Für Übertragung von Daten} + \item \only<2->{Ermöglicht Korrektur von Übertragungsfehler} + \item \only<3->{Wird verwendet in: CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc.} \end{itemize} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Polynom Ansatz} \begin{frame} - Beispiel 2, 1, 5 Versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern. + \begin{itemize} + \item Beispiel $2, 1, 5$ versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern + \end{itemize} \end{frame} \begin{frame} Übertragen von - ${f}_2=$\textcolor{blue}{2}, ${f}_1$\textcolor{blue}{1}, ${f}_0$\textcolor{blue}{5} + ${f}_2=\textcolor{blue}{2}$, ${f}_1=\textcolor{blue}{1}$, ${f}_0=\textcolor{blue}{5}$ als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. \only<1>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, - \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} \only<2>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, - \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} + \newline \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -60,22 +62,22 @@ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ c c c } \hline - "Nutzlast" & Fehler & Versenden \\ + ``Nutzlas´´ & Fehler & Versenden \\ \hline 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ \only<2->{3}& -\only<2->{2}& -\only<2->{7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ +\only<2->{3}& +\only<3->{9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ &&\\ -\only<3->{k} & -\only<3->{t} & -\only<3->{k+2t Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad k-1} \\ +\only<4->{$k$} & +\only<4->{$t$} & +\only<4->{$k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$} \\ \hline &&\\ &&\\ \multicolumn{3}{l} { - \only<4>{Ausserdem können bis zu 2t Fehler erkannt werden!} + \only<4>{Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden!} } \end{tabular} \end{center} @@ -85,8 +87,9 @@ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Idee} \begin{itemize} - \item Idee mit Fourier Transformieren und dann senden. - \item Danach Empfangen und Rücktransformieren. + \item Fourier-transformieren + \item Übertragung + \item Rücktransformieren \end{itemize} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -118,14 +121,16 @@ %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} - Die Diskrete Fourier Transformation ist so gegeben: + \begin{itemize} + \item Diskrete Fourier-Transformation gegeben durch: + \[ \label{ft_discrete} \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} \] - Ersetzten als: + \item Ersetzte \[ w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} \] @@ -133,6 +138,7 @@ \[ \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) \] + \end{itemize} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -145,8 +151,8 @@ = \frac{1}{N} \begin{pmatrix} w^0 & w^0 & w^0 & \dots &w^0 \\ - w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^N \\ - w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2N} \\ + w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^{N-1} \\ + w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2(N-1)} \\ \vdots & \vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\ w^0 & w^{1(N-1)}&w^{2(N-1)}& \dots &w^{(N-1)(N-1)} \\ \end{pmatrix} @@ -167,7 +173,7 @@ Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? \only<2>{ \newline - Indem in einem Endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. + Indem in einem endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. } \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5bca0960f8c9635375d2ca53c93d2bc5a2e37c10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 22:59:07 +0200 Subject: Animation verbessert --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 37 ++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 9811cf6..732cee5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Reed-Solomon-Code:} \begin{itemize} - \item \only<1>{Für Übertragung von Daten} - \item \only<2->{Ermöglicht Korrektur von Übertragungsfehler} - \item \only<3->{Wird verwendet in: CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc.} + \visible<1->{\item Für Übertragung von Daten} + \visible<2->{\item Ermöglicht Korrektur von Übertragungsfehler} + \visible<3->{\item Wird verwendet in: CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc.} \end{itemize} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ \end{itemize} \end{frame} \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Beispiel} Übertragen von ${f}_2=\textcolor{blue}{2}$, ${f}_1=\textcolor{blue}{1}$, ${f}_0=\textcolor{blue}{5}$ als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. @@ -66,18 +67,18 @@ \hline 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ -\only<2->{3}& -\only<2->{3}& -\only<3->{9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ +\visible<2->{3}& +\visible<2->{3}& +\visible<3->{9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ &&\\ -\only<4->{$k$} & -\only<4->{$t$} & -\only<4->{$k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$} \\ +\visible<4->{$k$} & +\visible<4->{$t$} & +\visible<4->{$k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$} \\ \hline &&\\ &&\\ \multicolumn{3}{l} { - \only<4>{Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden!} + \visible<4>{Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden!} } \end{tabular} \end{center} @@ -123,21 +124,23 @@ \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \begin{itemize} \item Diskrete Fourier-Transformation gegeben durch: - + \visible<1->{ \[ \label{ft_discrete} \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} - \] + \]} + \visible<2->{ \item Ersetzte \[ w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} - \] - Wenn $N$ konstant: + \]} + \visible<3->{ + \item Wenn $N$ konstant: \[ \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) - \] + \]} \end{itemize} \end{frame} @@ -166,12 +169,12 @@ \] \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\section{Probleme und Fragen} + \begin{frame} \frametitle{Probleme und Fragen} Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? - \only<2>{ + \visible<2>{ \newline Indem in einem endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. } -- cgit v1.2.1 From 967ff1f33d3faaa1e344ff687aff6c07cde29b77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 23:33:02 +0200 Subject: Update RS.tex --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 288 ++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 165 insertions(+), 123 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 732cee5..61324f7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ \date{26.04.2021} \subject{Mathematisches Seminar} \setbeamercovered{transparent} + %\setbeamercovered{invisible} \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} \begin{frame}[plain] \maketitle @@ -83,7 +84,11 @@ \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{frame} +<<<<<<< Updated upstream %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +======= + +>>>>>>> Stashed changes \section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Idee} @@ -179,26 +184,38 @@ Indem in einem endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. } \end{frame} +<<<<<<< Updated upstream %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +======= + +\section{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} + +>>>>>>> Stashed changes \begin{frame} \frametitle{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} \begin{itemize} - \item Warum Endliche Körper? + \onslide<1->{\item Warum endliche Körper?} - \qquad bessere Laufzeit + \onslide<1->{\qquad konkrete Zahlen $\rightarrow$ keine Rundungsfehler} - \vspace{10pt} + \onslide<1->{\qquad digitale Fehlerkorrektur} - \item Nachricht = Nutzdaten + Fehlerkorrekturteil + \onslide<1->{\qquad bessere Laufzeit} \vspace{10pt} - \item den Fehlerkorrekturteil brauchen wir im Optimalfall nicht + \onslide<1->{\item Nachricht = Nutzdaten + Fehlerkorrekturteil} \vspace{10pt} - \item Im Fehlerfall sollen wir aus der Nachricht ein Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, welches die Fehlerhaften Stellen beinhaltet + \onslide<1->{\item aus Fehlerkorrekturteil die Fehlerstellen finden} + + \onslide<1->{\qquad $\Rightarrow$ gesucht ist ein Lokatorpolynom} + +% \vspace{10pt} + +% \onslide<1->{\item Im Fehlerfall sollen wir aus der Nachricht ein Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, welches die fehlerhaften Stellen beinhaltet} % Wir sollten im Fehlerfall in der Lage sein, aus der Nachricht ein Lokatorpolynom zu berechnen, welches die Fehlerhaften Stellen beinhaltet @@ -212,35 +229,35 @@ % sollten wir fehler bekommen, was uns die korrekturstellen mitgeteilt wird, dann ist es unsere aufgabe ein lokatorpolynom zu finden, welches uns verrät, auf welchen zeilen der Fehler aufgetreten ist \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Definition eines Beispiels} \begin{itemize} - \item Endlicher Körper $q = 11$ + \only<1->{\item endlicher Körper $q = 11$} \only<1->{ist eine Primzahl} - \only<1->{beinhaltet die Zahlen $\mathbb{Z}_{11} = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$} + \only<1->{beinhaltet die Zahlen $\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Nachrichtenblock $n = q-1$} + \only<1->{\item Nachrichtenblock $=$ Nutzlast $+$ Fehlerkorrekturstellen - wird an den Empfänger gesendet + $n = q - 1 = 10$ Zahlen} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item max. Fehler $z = 2$} + \only<1->{\item Max.~Fehler $z = 2$ - maximale Anzahl von Fehler, die wir noch korrigieren können + maximale Anzahl von Fehler, die wir noch korrigieren können} \vspace{10pt} \only<1->{\item Nutzlast $k = n -2t = 6$ Zahlen} - Fehlerstellen $2t = 4$ Zahlen + \only<1->{Fehlerkorrkturstellen $2t = 4$ Zahlen} \only<1->{Nachricht $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$} @@ -250,52 +267,54 @@ \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Codierung eines Beispiels} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Codierung} \begin{itemize} - \item Ansatz aus den Komplexen Zahlen mit der Fouriertransformation + \only<1->{\item Ansatz aus den komplexen Zahlen mit der diskreten Fouriertransformation} \vspace{10pt} - \item $\mathrm{e}$ existiert nicht in $\mathbb{Z}_{11}$ + \only<1->{\item Eulersche Zahl $\mathrm{e}$ existiert nicht in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$} \vspace{10pt} - \item wir suchen $a$ so, dass $a^i$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{Z}_{11}$ abdeckt + \only<1->{\item Wir suchen $a$ so, dass $a^i$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken - $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = [a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9]$ + $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}$} \vspace{10pt} - \item wir wählen $a = 8$ + \only<1->{\item Wir wählen $a = 8$} - $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = [1,8,9,6,4,10,3,2,5,7]$ + \only<1->{$\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1,8,9,6,4,10,3,2,5,7\}$} - 8 ist eine Primitive Einheitswurzel + \only<1->{$8$ ist eine primitive Einheitswurzel} \vspace{10pt} - \item $m(8^0) = 4\cdot1 + 7\cdot1 + 2\cdot1 + 5\cdot1 + 8\cdot1 + 1 = 5$ + \only<1->{\item $m(8^0) = 4\cdot1 + 7\cdot1 + 2\cdot1 + 5\cdot1 + 8\cdot1 + 1 = 5$} - $\Rightarrow$ \qquad können wir auch als Matrix schreiben + \only<1->{$\Rightarrow$ \qquad können wir auch als Matrix schreiben} \end{itemize} \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Codierung} \begin{itemize} - \item Übertragungsvektor $V$ + \only<1->{\item Übertragungsvektor $v$} - \item $V = A \cdot m$ + \only<1->{\item $v = A \cdot m$} \end{itemize} \[ - V = \begin{pmatrix} + \only<1->{ + v = \begin{pmatrix} 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ @@ -311,29 +330,34 @@ \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} + } \] - + \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} - \item $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + \item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ \end{itemize} - + } \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Decodierung ohne Fehler} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Decodierung ohne Fehler} \begin{itemize} - \item Der Empfänger erhält den unveränderten Vektor $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + \only<1->{\item Der Empfänger erhält den unveränderten Vektor + $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} \vspace{10pt} - \item Wir suchen die Inverse der Matrix A + \only<1->{\item Wir suchen die Inverse der Matrix $A$} + + \vspace{10pt} \end{itemize} \begin{columns}[t] \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} - + \only<1->{ Inverse der Fouriertransformation \vspace{10pt} \[ @@ -341,25 +365,26 @@ \] \vspace{10pt} \[ - f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega + \mathfrak{F}^{-1}(F(\omega)) = f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega \] - + } \end{column} \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} - - Inverse von a + \only<1->{ + Inverse von $a$} \vspace{10pt} + \only<1->{ \[ 8^{1} \Rightarrow 8^{-1} \] - - Inverse finden wir über den Eulkidischen Algorithmus + } + \only<1->{Inverse finden wir über den Eulkidischen Algorithmus} \vspace{10pt} \end{column} \end{columns} \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Der Euklidische Algorithmus} @@ -385,8 +410,8 @@ \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} \begin{center} - - \begin{tabular}{| c | c c | c | c c |} + \only<1->{ + \begin{tabular}{| c | c c | c | r r |} \hline $k$ & $a_i$ & $b_i$ & $q_i$ & $c_i$ & $d_i$\\ \hline @@ -395,17 +420,17 @@ $1$& $11$& $8$& $1$& $1$& $0$\\ $2$& $8$& $3$& $2$& $-1$& $1$\\ $3$& $3$& $2$& $1$& $3$& $-2$\\ - $4$& $2$& $1$& $2$& $-4$& $3$\\ + $4$& $2$& $1$& $2$& \textcolor<3->{blue}{$-4$}& \textcolor<3->{red}{$3$}\\ $5$& $1$& $0$& & $11$& $-8$\\ \hline \end{tabular} - + } \vspace{10pt} \begin{tabular}{rcl} - $-4\cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ - $7 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ - $8^{-1}$ &$=$& $7$ + \only<1->{$\textcolor{blue}{-4} \cdot 8 + \textcolor{red}{3} \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$}\\ + \only<1->{$7 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$}\\ + \only<1->{$8^{-1}$ &$=$& $7$} \end{tabular} @@ -417,17 +442,17 @@ \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Decodirung mit Inverser Matrix} + \frametitle{Decodierung mit Inverser Matrix} \begin{itemize} - \item $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + \only<1->{\item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} - \item $m = 1/10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot V$ + \only<1->{\item $m = 1/10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$} - \item $m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot V$ + \only<1->{\item $m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$} \end{itemize} - + \only<1->{ \[ m = \begin{pmatrix} 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ @@ -446,85 +471,95 @@ 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 10 \\ 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \] - + } + \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} \item $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$ \end{itemize} - + } \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Decodierung mit Fehler} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Decodierung mit Fehler - Ansatz} \begin{itemize} - \item Gesendet: $V = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + \only<1->{\item Gesendet: $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} - \item Empfangen: $W = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$ + \only<1->{\item Empfangen: $w = [5,3,6,\textcolor{red}{8},2,10,2,7,\textcolor{red}{1},4]$} + + \only<1->{\item Rücktransformation: $r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]$} - \item Rücktransformation: $r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerstellen}5,4,5,7,6,7]$ \end{itemize} - Wie finden wir die Fehler? + \only<1->{Wie finden wir die Fehler?} + \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} \item $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$ \item $r(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7$ + %\only<7->{\item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$} + \item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ + \end{itemize} - + } + \begin{center} - + \only<1->{ \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline $i$& $0$& $1$& $2$& $3$& $4$& $5$& $6$& $7$& $8$& $9$\\ \hline - $r(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$\\ - $m(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$\\ - $e(a^{i})$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$\\ + $r(a^{i})$& \only<1->{$5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$}\\ + $m(a^{i})$& \only<1->{$5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$}\\ + $e(a^{i})$& \only<1->{$0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$}\\ \hline \end{tabular} - + } \end{center} - + + \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} \item Alle Stellen, die nicht Null sind, sind Fehler \end{itemize} - + } + \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Nullstellen des Fehlerpolynoms finden} \begin{itemize} - \item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$ + \only<1->{\item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$ + \only<1->{\item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \only<1->{\item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ - \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$ + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \only<1->{\item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ - \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$ + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $\operatorname{ggT}$ gibt uns eine Liste der Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat + \only<1->{\item $\operatorname{ggT}$ gibt uns eine Liste der Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat} \vspace{10pt} - $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \only<1->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ - \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9)$ + \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9)$} \end{itemize} @@ -574,33 +609,33 @@ \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} - \frametitle{kennen wir $e$?} + \frametitle{Kennen wir $e(X)$?} \begin{itemize} - \item $e$ ist unbekannt auf der Empfängerseite + \only<1->{\item $e(X)$ ist unbekannt auf der Empfängerseite} \vspace{10pt} - \item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ \qquad $\rightarrow$ \qquad $m(X)$ ist unbekannt? + \only<1->{\item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ \qquad $\rightarrow$ \qquad $m(X)$ ist unbekannt?} \vspace{10pt} - \item $m$ ist nicht gänzlich unbekannt: $m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]$ + \only<1->{\item $m$ ist nicht gänzlich unbekannt: $m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]$ - In den bekannten Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo es Fehler gegeben hat + In den bekannten Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo es Fehler gegeben hat} \vspace{10pt} - \item daraus folgt $e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X)$ + \only<1->{\item Daraus folgt $e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X)$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10$ + \only<1->{\item $f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10$} \vspace{10pt} - \item jetzt können wir den $\operatorname{ggT}$ von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen + \only<1->{\item Jetzt können wir den $\operatorname{ggT}$ von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen} \end{itemize} \end{frame} @@ -608,8 +643,8 @@ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Der Euklidische Algorithmus (nochmal)} - $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X))$ hat den Grad 8 - + \only<1->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X))$ hat den Grad $8$} + \only<1->{ \[ \arraycolsep=1.4pt \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} @@ -620,7 +655,8 @@ & & & &6X^8&+&0X^7&+&p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \end{array} \] - + } + \only<1->{ \[ \arraycolsep=1.4pt \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} @@ -629,14 +665,14 @@ && 7X^8&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \end{array} \] - + } \vspace{10pt} - $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8$ + \only<1->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8$} \vspace{10pt} - $\operatorname{kgV}$ durch den erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen + \only<1->{ $\operatorname{kgV}$ durch den erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen } \end{frame} @@ -653,7 +689,7 @@ & & $0$& $1$\\ $0$& $9X + 5$& $1$& $0$\\ $1$& $10X + 3$& $9X+5$& $1$\\ - $2$& & $2X^2 + 0X + 5$& $10X + 3$\\ + $2$& & \textcolor<2->{blue}{$2X^2 + 0X + 5$}& $10X + 3$\\ \hline \end{tabular} @@ -662,49 +698,54 @@ \vspace{10pt} \begin{tabular}{ll} - Somit erhalten wir den Faktor& $d(X) = 2X^2 + 5$\\ - Faktorisiert erhalten wir& $d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6)$\\ - Lokatorpolynom& $d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i)$ + \only<1->{Somit erhalten wir den Faktor& $d(X) = 2X^2 + 5$\\} + \only<1->{Faktorisiert erhalten wir& $d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6)$\\} + \only<1->{Lokatorpolynom& $d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i)$} \end{tabular} \vspace{10pt} - + \only<1->{ \begin{center} $a^i = 5 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 3$ $a^i = 6 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 8$ \end{center} - - $D = [3,8]$ + } + \only<1->{$d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$} \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} \begin{itemize} - \item $W = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$ + \only<1->{\item $w = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$} - \item $D = [3,8]$ + \only<1->{\item $d(X) = (X-\textcolor<4->{red}{a^3})(X-\textcolor<4->{red}{a^8})$} \end{itemize} - + \only<1->{ \[ + \textcolor{gray}{ \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 8 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 1 \\ 4 \\ + a^0 \\ a^1 \\ a^2 \\ \textcolor<4->{red}{a^3} \\ a^4 \\ a^5 \\ a^6 \\ a^7 \\ \textcolor<4->{red}{a^8} \\ a^9 \\ + \end{pmatrix}} + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ \textcolor<4->{red}{8} \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ \textcolor<4->{red}{1} \\ 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ - 8^0& 8^3& 8^6& 8^9& 8^{12}& 8^{15}& 8^{18}& 8^{21}& 8^{24}& 8^{27}\\ + \textcolor<4->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^3}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^6}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^9}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{12}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{15}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{24}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{27}}\\ 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ - 8^0& 8^8& 8^{16}& 8^{24}& 8^{32}& 8^{40}& 8^{48}& 8^{56}& 8^{64}& 8^{72}\\ + \textcolor<4->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^8}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{16}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{24}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{32}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{40}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{48}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{56}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{64}}& \textcolor<4->{red}{8^{72}}\\ 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ \end{pmatrix} \cdot @@ -712,13 +753,14 @@ m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ \end{pmatrix} \] - + } + \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} \item Fehlerstellen entfernen \end{itemize} - + } \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} @@ -728,25 +770,25 @@ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ - 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ - 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ - 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ - 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ - 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ - 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ - 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^6}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^7}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^8}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^9}\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{12}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{14}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{16}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{18}}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{24}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{28}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{32}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{36}}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{30}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{35}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{40}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{45}}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{36}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{48}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{54}}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{49}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{56}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{63}}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{54}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{63}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{72}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{81}}\\ \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} - m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_6} \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_7} \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_8} \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_9} \\ \end{pmatrix} \] - + \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} \item Nullstellen entfernen \end{itemize} - + } \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} @@ -754,7 +796,7 @@ \[ \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \textcolor<2->{red}{7} \\ \textcolor<2->{red}{4} \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} @@ -764,8 +806,8 @@ 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ - 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}\\ - 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}\\ + \textcolor<2->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^7}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{14}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{28}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{35}}\\ + \textcolor<2->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^9}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{27}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{36}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{45}}\\ \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} @@ -774,11 +816,11 @@ \] \vspace{5pt} - + \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} \item Matrix in eine Quadratische Form bringen \end{itemize} - + } \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8c6a8e56c125c238dc64c21d1269fcdc7542c5cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 23:45:32 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?merge=20lines=20gel=C3=B6scht?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 9 +++------ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 61324f7..943f2da 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -84,11 +84,9 @@ \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{frame} -<<<<<<< Updated upstream + %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -======= ->>>>>>> Stashed changes \section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Idee} @@ -184,13 +182,12 @@ Indem in einem endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. } \end{frame} -<<<<<<< Updated upstream + %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -======= + \section{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} ->>>>>>> Stashed changes \begin{frame} \frametitle{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 179ea16b001b6640e9b720d53ffc06f3e2389ff2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 00:30:36 +0200 Subject: appostroph verbessert --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 943f2da..d09d77d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ c c c } \hline - ``Nutzlas´´ & Fehler & Versenden \\ + ``Nutzlast'' & Fehler & Versenden \\ \hline 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ -- cgit v1.2.1 From ded210e33924d4c078e5a0d899c0585d7f987565 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 12:58:40 +0200 Subject: Folien Verbesserungen animation --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.aux | 167 +++++++++++----- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.log | 212 ++++++++++++++++----- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.nav | 117 ++++++++---- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.out | 9 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf | Bin 135643 -> 207741 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.snm | 2 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[2][]{Outline0.3}{Diskrete\040Fourier\040Transformation}{}% 3 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.4}{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern}{}% 4 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.5}{Codierung\040eines\040Beispiels}{}% 5 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.6}{Decodierung\040ohne\040Fehler}{}% 6 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.7}{Decodierung\040mit\040Fehler}{}% 7 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.8}{Nachricht\040Rekonstruieren}{}% 8 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf index 913bc42..d9d6693 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.snm b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.snm index 6607ea8..86859c9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.snm +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.snm @@ -1 +1 @@ -\beamer@slide {ft_discrete}{15} +\beamer@slide {ft_discrete}{21} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz index 001b5c8..04bd239 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index d09d77d..7b2c4da 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -43,18 +43,18 @@ ${f}_2=\textcolor{blue}{2}$, ${f}_1=\textcolor{blue}{1}$, ${f}_0=\textcolor{blue}{5}$ als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. - \only<1>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, - \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ - \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} - \only<2>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, - \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ - \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} + + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7))$ + \visible<2->{ = (\textcolor{green}{8},} + \only<2>{\textcolor{green}{15},} + \only<3>{\textcolor{red}{50},} + \only<2>{\textcolor{green}{26},} + \only<3>{\textcolor{red}{37},} + \visible<2->{\textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})} + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} + \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf}} + \visible<3>{ \newline \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} \end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc index 44c06ab..095b5e6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.toc @@ -1,6 +1,9 @@ \babel@toc {ngerman}{} \beamer@sectionintoc {1}{Einführung}{2}{0}{1} -\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{Polynom Ansatz}{3}{0}{2} -\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{Fourier Transformation}{7}{0}{3} -\beamer@sectionintoc {4}{Diskrete Fourier Transformation}{15}{0}{4} -\beamer@sectionintoc {5}{Probleme und Fragen}{17}{0}{5} +\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{Polynom Ansatz}{5}{0}{2} +\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{Diskrete Fourier Transformation}{13}{0}{3} +\beamer@sectionintoc {4}{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern}{27}{0}{4} +\beamer@sectionintoc {5}{Codierung eines Beispiels}{29}{0}{5} +\beamer@sectionintoc {6}{Decodierung ohne Fehler}{31}{0}{6} +\beamer@sectionintoc {7}{Decodierung mit Fehler}{36}{0}{7} +\beamer@sectionintoc {8}{Nachricht Rekonstruieren}{43}{0}{8} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 0a80be4477602e2d909e5eda40dae485ec6acd56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 13:02:38 +0200 Subject: Read me erstellt --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/README.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/README.txt (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/README.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d0620f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Dies ist die Presentation des Reed-Solomon-Code \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From d1b6d92a02d9c44b3860b73d5660c5c6863de0df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 23 Apr 2021 21:19:34 +0200 Subject: handout added --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex | 290 +++---- .../reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex | 921 +++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 1069 insertions(+), 142 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex index 943f2da..c215e66 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS.tex @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} \date{26.04.2021} \subject{Mathematisches Seminar} - \setbeamercovered{transparent} - %\setbeamercovered{invisible} + %\setbeamercovered{transparent} + \setbeamercovered{invisible} \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} \begin{frame}[plain] \maketitle @@ -64,22 +64,22 @@ \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ c c c } \hline - ``Nutzlas´´ & Fehler & Versenden \\ + Nutzlas & Fehler & Versenden \\ \hline 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ -\visible<2->{3}& -\visible<2->{3}& -\visible<3->{9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ +\visible<1->{3}& +\visible<1->{3}& +\visible<1->{9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ &&\\ -\visible<4->{$k$} & -\visible<4->{$t$} & -\visible<4->{$k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$} \\ +\visible<1->{$k$} & +\visible<1->{$t$} & +\visible<1->{$k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$} \\ \hline &&\\ &&\\ \multicolumn{3}{l} { - \visible<4>{Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden!} + \visible<1>{Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden!} } \end{tabular} \end{center} @@ -194,21 +194,21 @@ \begin{itemize} \onslide<1->{\item Warum endliche Körper?} - \onslide<1->{\qquad konkrete Zahlen $\rightarrow$ keine Rundungsfehler} + \onslide<2->{\qquad konkrete Zahlen $\rightarrow$ keine Rundungsfehler} - \onslide<1->{\qquad digitale Fehlerkorrektur} + \onslide<3->{\qquad digitale Fehlerkorrektur} - \onslide<1->{\qquad bessere Laufzeit} + %\onslide<4->{\qquad bessere Laufzeit} \vspace{10pt} - \onslide<1->{\item Nachricht = Nutzdaten + Fehlerkorrekturteil} + \onslide<4->{\item Nachricht = Nutzdaten + Fehlerkorrekturteil} \vspace{10pt} - \onslide<1->{\item aus Fehlerkorrekturteil die Fehlerstellen finden} + \onslide<5->{\item aus Fehlerkorrekturteil die Fehlerstellen finden} - \onslide<1->{\qquad $\Rightarrow$ gesucht ist ein Lokatorpolynom} + \onslide<6->{\qquad $\Rightarrow$ gesucht ist ein Lokatorpolynom} % \vspace{10pt} @@ -232,33 +232,33 @@ \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item endlicher Körper $q = 11$} + \onslide<1->{\item endlicher Körper $q = 11$} - \only<1->{ist eine Primzahl} + \onslide<2->{ist eine Primzahl} - \only<1->{beinhaltet die Zahlen $\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$} + \onslide<3->{beinhaltet die Zahlen $\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Nachrichtenblock $=$ Nutzlast $+$ Fehlerkorrekturstellen + \onslide<4->{\item Nachrichtenblock $=$ Nutzlast $+$ Fehlerkorrekturstellen} - $n = q - 1 = 10$ Zahlen} + \onslide<5->{$n = q - 1 = 10$ Zahlen} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Max.~Fehler $z = 2$ + \onslide<6->{\item Max.~Fehler $t = 2$} - maximale Anzahl von Fehler, die wir noch korrigieren können} + \onslide<7->{maximale Anzahl von Fehler, die wir noch korrigieren können} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Nutzlast $k = n -2t = 6$ Zahlen} + \onslide<8->{\item Nutzlast $k = n -2t = 6$ Zahlen} - \only<1->{Fehlerkorrkturstellen $2t = 4$ Zahlen} + \onslide<9->{Fehlerkorrkturstellen $2t = 4$ Zahlen} - \only<1->{Nachricht $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$} + \onslide<10->{Nachricht $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$} - \only<1->{als Polynom $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$} + \onslide<11->{als Polynom $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$} \end{itemize} @@ -269,31 +269,31 @@ \frametitle{Codierung} \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item Ansatz aus den komplexen Zahlen mit der diskreten Fouriertransformation} + \onslide<1->{\item Ansatz aus den komplexen Zahlen mit der diskreten Fouriertransformation} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Eulersche Zahl $\mathrm{e}$ existiert nicht in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$} + \onslide<2->{\item Eulersche Zahl $\mathrm{e}$ existiert nicht in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Wir suchen $a$ so, dass $a^i$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken + \onslide<3->{\item Wir suchen $a$ so, dass $a^i$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken} - $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}$} + \onslide<4->{$\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Wir wählen $a = 8$} + \onslide<5->{\item Wir wählen $a = 8$} - \only<1->{$\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1,8,9,6,4,10,3,2,5,7\}$} + \onslide<6->{$\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1,8,9,6,4,10,3,2,5,7\}$} - \only<1->{$8$ ist eine primitive Einheitswurzel} + \onslide<7->{$8$ ist eine primitive Einheitswurzel} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $m(8^0) = 4\cdot1 + 7\cdot1 + 2\cdot1 + 5\cdot1 + 8\cdot1 + 1 = 5$} + \onslide<8->{\item $m(8^0) = 4\cdot1 + 7\cdot1 + 2\cdot1 + 5\cdot1 + 8\cdot1 + 1 = 5$} - \only<1->{$\Rightarrow$ \qquad können wir auch als Matrix schreiben} + \onslide<9->{$\Rightarrow$ \qquad können wir auch als Matrix schreiben} \end{itemize} @@ -303,14 +303,14 @@ \frametitle{Codierung} \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item Übertragungsvektor $v$} + \onslide<1->{\item Übertragungsvektor $v$} - \only<1->{\item $v = A \cdot m$} + \onslide<2->{\item $v = A \cdot m$} \end{itemize} \[ - \only<1->{ + \onslide<3->{ v = \begin{pmatrix} 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ @@ -329,11 +329,11 @@ \end{pmatrix} } \] - \only<1->{ + \begin{itemize} - \item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + \onslide<4->{\item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} \end{itemize} - } + \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Decodierung ohne Fehler} @@ -341,41 +341,44 @@ \frametitle{Decodierung ohne Fehler} \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item Der Empfänger erhält den unveränderten Vektor - $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} + \onslide<1->{\item Der Empfänger erhält den unveränderten Vektor $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Wir suchen die Inverse der Matrix $A$} + \onslide<2->{\item Wir suchen die Inverse der Matrix $A$} \vspace{10pt} \end{itemize} \begin{columns}[t] - \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} - \only<1->{ - Inverse der Fouriertransformation + \begin{column}{0.55\textwidth} + \onslide<3->{ Inverse der Fouriertransformation} \vspace{10pt} + \onslide<4->{ \[ F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \mathrm{e}^{-j\omega t} dt \] + } \vspace{10pt} + \onslide<5->{ \[ \mathfrak{F}^{-1}(F(\omega)) = f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega \] } \end{column} - \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} - \only<1->{ - Inverse von $a$} + \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth} + \onslide<6->{Inverse von $a$} + \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{ + + \onslide<7->{ \[ 8^{1} \Rightarrow 8^{-1} \] } - \only<1->{Inverse finden wir über den Eulkidischen Algorithmus} + + \onslide<8->{Inverse finden wir über den Eulkidischen Algorithmus} \vspace{10pt} \end{column} \end{columns} @@ -407,7 +410,7 @@ \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} \begin{center} - \only<1->{ + \onslide<1->{ \begin{tabular}{| c | c c | c | r r |} \hline $k$ & $a_i$ & $b_i$ & $q_i$ & $c_i$ & $d_i$\\ @@ -417,17 +420,18 @@ $1$& $11$& $8$& $1$& $1$& $0$\\ $2$& $8$& $3$& $2$& $-1$& $1$\\ $3$& $3$& $2$& $1$& $3$& $-2$\\ - $4$& $2$& $1$& $2$& \textcolor<3->{blue}{$-4$}& \textcolor<3->{red}{$3$}\\ + $4$& $2$& $1$& $2$& \textcolor<2->{blue}{$-4$}& \textcolor<2->{red}{$3$}\\ $5$& $1$& $0$& & $11$& $-8$\\ \hline \end{tabular} } + \vspace{10pt} \begin{tabular}{rcl} - \only<1->{$\textcolor{blue}{-4} \cdot 8 + \textcolor{red}{3} \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$}\\ - \only<1->{$7 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$}\\ - \only<1->{$8^{-1}$ &$=$& $7$} + \onslide<3->{$\textcolor{blue}{-4} \cdot 8 + \textcolor{red}{3} \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$}\\ + \onslide<4->{$7 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$}\\ + \onslide<5->{$8^{-1}$ &$=$& $7$} \end{tabular} @@ -442,16 +446,16 @@ \frametitle{Decodierung mit Inverser Matrix} \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} + \onslide<1->{\item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} - \only<1->{\item $m = 1/10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$} + \onslide<2->{\item $m = 1/10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$} - \only<1->{\item $m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$} + \onslide<3->{\item $m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$} \end{itemize} - \only<1->{ + \onslide<4->{ \[ - m = \begin{pmatrix} + m = 10 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ 7^0& 7^1& 7^2& 7^3& 7^4& 7^5& 7^6& 7^7& 7^8& 7^9\\ 7^0& 7^2& 7^4& 7^6& 7^8& 7^{10}& 7^{12}& 7^{14}& 7^{16}& 7^{18}\\ @@ -469,11 +473,11 @@ \end{pmatrix} \] } - \only<1->{ + \begin{itemize} - \item $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$ + \onslide<5->{\item $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$} \end{itemize} - } + \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Decodierung mit Fehler} @@ -481,48 +485,46 @@ \frametitle{Decodierung mit Fehler - Ansatz} \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item Gesendet: $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} + \onslide<1->{\item Gesendet: $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$} - \only<1->{\item Empfangen: $w = [5,3,6,\textcolor{red}{8},2,10,2,7,\textcolor{red}{1},4]$} + \onslide<2->{\item Empfangen: $w = [5,3,6,\textcolor{red}{8},2,10,2,7,\textcolor{red}{1},4]$} - \only<1->{\item Rücktransformation: $r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]$} + \onslide<3->{\item Rücktransformation: $r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]$} \end{itemize} - \only<1->{Wie finden wir die Fehler?} + \onslide<4->{Wie finden wir die Fehler?} - \only<1->{ \begin{itemize} - \item $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$ + \onslide<5->{\item $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$} - \item $r(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7$ + \onslide<6->{\item $r(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7$} %\only<7->{\item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$} - \item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ + \onslide<7->{\item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$} \end{itemize} - } \begin{center} - \only<1->{ + \onslide<8->{ \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline $i$& $0$& $1$& $2$& $3$& $4$& $5$& $6$& $7$& $8$& $9$\\ \hline - $r(a^{i})$& \only<1->{$5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$}\\ - $m(a^{i})$& \only<1->{$5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$}\\ - $e(a^{i})$& \only<1->{$0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$}\\ + $r(a^{i})$& \onslide<9->{$5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$}\\ + $m(a^{i})$& \onslide<10->{$5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$}\\ + $e(a^{i})$& \onslide<11->{$0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$}\\ \hline \end{tabular} } \end{center} - \only<1->{ + \begin{itemize} - \item Alle Stellen, die nicht Null sind, sind Fehler + \onslide<12->{\item Alle Stellen, die nicht Null sind, sind Fehler} \end{itemize} - } + \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -530,31 +532,31 @@ \frametitle{Nullstellen des Fehlerpolynoms finden} \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$} + \onslide<1->{\item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$} + \onslide<2->{\item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \onslide<3->{\item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \onslide<4->{\item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $\operatorname{ggT}$ gibt uns eine Liste der Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat} + \onslide<5->{\item $\operatorname{ggT}$ gibt uns eine Liste der Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \onslide<6->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9)$} @@ -567,39 +569,39 @@ \begin{itemize} - \item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$ + \onslide<1->{\item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$ + \onslide<1->{\item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \onslide<1->{\item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ - \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$ + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + \onslide<1->{\item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ - \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$ + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$} \vspace{10pt} - \item $\operatorname{kgV}$ gibt uns eine Liste von aller Nullstellen, die wir in $e$ und $d$ zerlegen können + \onslide<1->{\item $\operatorname{kgV}$ gibt uns eine Liste von aller Nullstellen, die wir in $e$ und $d$ zerlegen können} \vspace{10pt} - $\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot $ + \onslide<2->{$\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot $ - \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9) \cdot q(X)$ + \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9) \cdot q(X)$} - $= d(X) \cdot e(X)$ + \onslide<3->{$= d(X) \cdot e(X)$} \vspace{10pt} - \item Lokatorpolynom $d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$ + \onslide<4->{\item Lokatorpolynom $d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$} \end{itemize} @@ -610,29 +612,29 @@ \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item $e(X)$ ist unbekannt auf der Empfängerseite} + \onslide<1->{\item $e(X)$ ist unbekannt auf der Empfängerseite} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ \qquad $\rightarrow$ \qquad $m(X)$ ist unbekannt?} + \onslide<2->{\item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ \qquad $\rightarrow$ \qquad $m(X)$ ist unbekannt?} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $m$ ist nicht gänzlich unbekannt: $m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]$ + \onslide<3->{\item $m$ ist nicht gänzlich unbekannt: $m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]$ In den bekannten Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo es Fehler gegeben hat} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Daraus folgt $e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X)$} + \onslide<4->{\item Daraus folgt $e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X)$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item $f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10$} + \onslide<5->{\item $f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{\item Jetzt können wir den $\operatorname{ggT}$ von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen} + \onslide<6->{\item Jetzt können wir den $\operatorname{ggT}$ von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen} \end{itemize} \end{frame} @@ -640,8 +642,8 @@ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Der Euklidische Algorithmus (nochmal)} - \only<1->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X))$ hat den Grad $8$} - \only<1->{ + \onslide<1->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X))$ hat den Grad $8$} + \onslide<2->{ \[ \arraycolsep=1.4pt \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} @@ -653,7 +655,7 @@ \end{array} \] } - \only<1->{ + \onslide<3->{ \[ \arraycolsep=1.4pt \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} @@ -665,11 +667,11 @@ } \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8$} + \onslide<4->{$\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8$} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{ $\operatorname{kgV}$ durch den erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen } + \onslide<5->{ $\operatorname{kgV}$ durch den erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen } \end{frame} @@ -695,20 +697,22 @@ \vspace{10pt} \begin{tabular}{ll} - \only<1->{Somit erhalten wir den Faktor& $d(X) = 2X^2 + 5$\\} - \only<1->{Faktorisiert erhalten wir& $d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6)$\\} - \only<1->{Lokatorpolynom& $d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i)$} + \onslide<3->{Somit erhalten wir den Faktor& $d(X) = 2X^2 + 5$\\} + \onslide<4->{Faktorisiert erhalten wir& $d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6)$\\} + \onslide<5->{Lokatorpolynom& $d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i)$} \end{tabular} \vspace{10pt} - \only<1->{ + + \onslide<6->{ \begin{center} $a^i = 5 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 3$ $a^i = 6 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 8$ \end{center} - } - \only<1->{$d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$} + } + + \onslide<7->{$d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -718,12 +722,12 @@ \begin{itemize} - \only<1->{\item $w = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$} + \onslide<1->{\item $w = [5,3,6,\textcolor{red}{8},2,10,2,7,\textcolor{red}{1},4]$} - \only<1->{\item $d(X) = (X-\textcolor<4->{red}{a^3})(X-\textcolor<4->{red}{a^8})$} + \onslide<2->{\item $d(X) = (X-\textcolor<4->{red}{a^3})(X-\textcolor<4->{red}{a^8})$} \end{itemize} - \only<1->{ + \onslide<3->{ \[ \textcolor{gray}{ \begin{pmatrix} @@ -751,11 +755,11 @@ \end{pmatrix} \] } - \only<1->{ + \begin{itemize} - \item Fehlerstellen entfernen + \onslide<5->{\item Fehlerstellen entfernen} \end{itemize} - } + \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} @@ -767,25 +771,25 @@ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^0}\\ - 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^6}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^7}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^8}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^9}\\ - 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{12}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{14}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{16}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{18}}\\ - 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{24}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{28}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{32}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{36}}\\ - 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{30}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{35}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{40}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{45}}\\ - 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{36}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{48}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{54}}\\ - 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{49}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{56}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{63}}\\ - 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{54}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{63}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{72}}& \textcolor<3->{green}{8^{81}}\\ + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^0}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^0}\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^6}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^7}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^8}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^9}\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{12}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{14}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{16}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{18}}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{24}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{28}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{32}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{36}}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{30}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{35}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{40}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{45}}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{36}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{48}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{54}}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{49}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{56}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{63}}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{54}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{63}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{72}}& \textcolor<4->{green}{8^{81}}\\ \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_6} \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_7} \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_8} \\ \textcolor<2->{green}{m_9} \\ \end{pmatrix} \] - \only<1->{ + \begin{itemize} - \item Nullstellen entfernen + \onslide<3->{\item Nullstellen entfernen} \end{itemize} - } + \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} @@ -793,7 +797,7 @@ \[ \begin{pmatrix} - 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \textcolor<2->{red}{7} \\ \textcolor<2->{red}{4} \\ + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \textcolor<3->{red}{7} \\ \textcolor<3->{red}{4} \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} @@ -803,8 +807,8 @@ 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ - \textcolor<2->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^7}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{14}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{28}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{35}}\\ - \textcolor<2->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^9}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{27}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{36}}& \textcolor<2->{red}{8^{45}}\\ + \textcolor<3->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^7}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{14}}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{28}}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{35}}\\ + \textcolor<3->{red}{8^0}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^9}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{27}}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{36}}& \textcolor<3->{red}{8^{45}}\\ \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} @@ -813,11 +817,11 @@ \] \vspace{5pt} - \only<1->{ + \begin{itemize} - \item Matrix in eine Quadratische Form bringen + \onslide<2->{\item Matrix in eine Quadratische Form bringen} \end{itemize} - } + \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} @@ -845,7 +849,7 @@ \vspace{5pt} \begin{itemize} - \item Matrix Invertieren + \onslide<2->{\item Matrix Invertieren} \end{itemize} \end{frame} @@ -873,9 +877,10 @@ \] \begin{center} - $\Downarrow$ + \onslide<2->{$\Downarrow$} \end{center} \[ + \onslide<3->{ \begin{pmatrix} m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \end{pmatrix} @@ -892,6 +897,7 @@ \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} + } \] \end{frame} @@ -919,7 +925,7 @@ \] \begin{itemize} - \item $m = [4,7,2,5,8,1]$ + \onslide<2->{\item $m = [4,7,2,5,8,1]$} \end{itemize} \end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..863b3a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex @@ -0,0 +1,921 @@ +\documentclass[11pt,aspectratio=169]{beamer} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{lmodern} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetheme{Hannover} + +\begin{document} + \author{Joshua Bär und Michael Steiner} + \title{Reed-Solomon-Code} + \subtitle{} + \logo{} + \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} + \date{26.04.2021} + \subject{Mathematisches Seminar} + %\setbeamercovered{transparent} + \setbeamercovered{invisible} + \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} + \begin{frame}[plain] + \maketitle + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Einführung} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Reed-Solomon-Code:} + \begin{itemize} + \visible<1->{\item Für Übertragung von Daten} + \visible<2->{\item Ermöglicht Korrektur von Übertragungsfehler} + \visible<3->{\item Wird verwendet in: CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc.} + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Polynom Ansatz} + \begin{frame} + \begin{itemize} + \item Beispiel $2, 1, 5$ versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Beispiel} + Übertragen von + ${f}_2=\textcolor{blue}{2}$, ${f}_1=\textcolor{blue}{1}$, ${f}_0=\textcolor{blue}{5}$ + als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. + + \only<1>{ + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, + \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} + \only<2>{ + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, + \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} + \newline + \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Parameter} + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ c c c } + \hline + Nutzlas & Fehler & Versenden \\ + \hline + 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ +\visible<1->{3}& +\visible<1->{3}& +\visible<1->{9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ + &&\\ +\visible<1->{$k$} & +\visible<1->{$t$} & +\visible<1->{$k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$} \\ + \hline + &&\\ + &&\\ + \multicolumn{3}{l} { + \visible<1>{Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden!} + } + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +\section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Idee} + \begin{itemize} + \item Fourier-transformieren + \item Übertragung + \item Rücktransformieren + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \begin{figure} + \only<1>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig1.pdf} + } + \only<2>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig2.pdf} + } + \only<3>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig3.pdf} + } + \only<4>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig4.pdf} + } + \only<5>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig5.pdf} + } + \only<6>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig6.pdf} + } + \only<7>{ + \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/fig7.pdf} + } + \end{figure} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} + \begin{itemize} + \item Diskrete Fourier-Transformation gegeben durch: + \visible<1->{ + \[ + \label{ft_discrete} + \hat{c}_{k} + = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} + {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} + \]} + \visible<2->{ + \item Ersetzte + \[ + w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} + \]} + \visible<3->{ + \item Wenn $N$ konstant: + \[ + \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) + \]} + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + \hat{c}_1 \\\hat{c}_2 \\\hat{c}_3 \\ \vdots \\\hat{c}_n + \end{pmatrix} + = \frac{1}{N} + \begin{pmatrix} + w^0 & w^0 & w^0 & \dots &w^0 \\ + w^0 & w^1 &w^2 & \dots &w^{N-1} \\ + w^0 & w^2 &w^4 & \dots &w^{2(N-1)} \\ + \vdots & \vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\ + w^0 & w^{1(N-1)}&w^{2(N-1)}& \dots &w^{(N-1)(N-1)} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \textcolor{blue}{f_0} \\ + \textcolor{blue}{f_1} \\ + \textcolor{blue}{f_2} \\ + \vdots \\ + 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Probleme und Fragen} + + Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? + \visible<2>{ + \newline + Indem in einem endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. + } + \end{frame} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\section{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Warum endliche Körper? + + \qquad konkrete Zahlen $\rightarrow$ keine Rundungsfehler + + \qquad digitale Fehlerkorrektur + + %\onslide<4->{\qquad bessere Laufzeit} + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Nachricht = Nutzdaten + Fehlerkorrekturteil + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item aus Fehlerkorrekturteil die Fehlerstellen finden + + \qquad $\Rightarrow$ gesucht ist ein Lokatorpolynom + +% \vspace{10pt} + +% \onslide<1->{\item Im Fehlerfall sollen wir aus der Nachricht ein Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, welches die fehlerhaften Stellen beinhaltet} + +% Wir sollten im Fehlerfall in der Lage sein, aus der Nachricht ein Lokatorpolynom zu berechnen, welches die Fehlerhaften Stellen beinhaltet + + \end{itemize} + +% TODO + +% erklärung und einführung der endlichen körper, was wollen wir erreichen? + +% wir versenden im endefekt mehr daten als unsere nachricht umfasst, damit die korrektur sichergestellt werden kann + +% sollten wir fehler bekommen, was uns die korrekturstellen mitgeteilt wird, dann ist es unsere aufgabe ein lokatorpolynom zu finden, welches uns verrät, auf welchen zeilen der Fehler aufgetreten ist + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Definition eines Beispiels} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item endlicher Körper $q = 11$ + + ist eine Primzahl + + beinhaltet die Zahlen $\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Nachrichtenblock $=$ Nutzlast $+$ Fehlerkorrekturstellen + + $n = q - 1 = 10$ Zahlen + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Max.~Fehler $t = 2$ + + maximale Anzahl von Fehler, die wir noch korrigieren können + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Nutzlast $k = n -2t = 6$ Zahlen + + Fehlerkorrkturstellen $2t = 4$ Zahlen + + Nachricht $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$ + + als Polynom $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$ + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Codierung eines Beispiels} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Codierung} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Ansatz aus den komplexen Zahlen mit der diskreten Fouriertransformation + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Eulersche Zahl $\mathrm{e}$ existiert nicht in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Wir suchen $a$ so, dass $a^i$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken + + $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Wir wählen $a = 8$ + + $\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1,8,9,6,4,10,3,2,5,7\}$ + + $8$ ist eine primitive Einheitswurzel + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $m(8^0) = 4\cdot1 + 7\cdot1 + 2\cdot1 + 5\cdot1 + 8\cdot1 + 1 = 5$ + + $\Rightarrow$ \qquad können wir auch als Matrix schreiben + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Codierung} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Übertragungsvektor $v$ + + \item $v = A \cdot m$ + + \end{itemize} + + \[ + v = \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + 8^0& 8^3& 8^6& 8^9& 8^{12}& 8^{15}& 8^{18}& 8^{21}& 8^{24}& 8^{27}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + 8^0& 8^8& 8^{16}& 8^{24}& 8^{32}& 8^{40}& 8^{48}& 8^{56}& 8^{64}& 8^{72}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 1 \\ 8 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Decodierung ohne Fehler} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Decodierung ohne Fehler} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Der Empfänger erhält den unveränderten Vektor $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Wir suchen die Inverse der Matrix $A$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \end{itemize} + + \begin{columns}[t] + \begin{column}{0.55\textwidth} + Inverse der Fouriertransformation + \vspace{10pt} + + \[ + F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \mathrm{e}^{-j\omega t} dt + \] + + \vspace{10pt} + + \[ + \mathfrak{F}^{-1}(F(\omega)) = f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega + \] + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth} + Inverse von $a$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \[ + 8^{1} \Rightarrow 8^{-1} + \] + + Inverse finden wir über den Eulkidischen Algorithmus + \vspace{10pt} + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Der Euklidische Algorithmus} + + \begin{columns}[t] + \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} + + Recap aus der Vorlesung: + + Gegeben $a \in \mathbb{F}_p$, finde $b = a^{-1} \in \mathbb{F}_p$ + + \begin{tabular}{rcl} + $a b$ &$\equiv$& $1 \mod p$\\ + $a b$ &$=$& $1 + n p$\\ + $a b - n p$ &$=$& $1$\\ + &&\\ + $\operatorname{ggT}(a,p)$&$=$& $1$\\ + $sa + tp$&$=$& $1$\\ + $b$&$=$&$s$\\ + $n$&$=$&$-t$ + \end{tabular} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.50\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + + \begin{tabular}{| c | c c | c | r r |} + \hline + $k$ & $a_i$ & $b_i$ & $q_i$ & $c_i$ & $d_i$\\ + \hline + & & & & $1$& $0$\\ + $0$& $8$& $11$& $0$& $0$& $1$\\ + $1$& $11$& $8$& $1$& $1$& $0$\\ + $2$& $8$& $3$& $2$& $-1$& $1$\\ + $3$& $3$& $2$& $1$& $3$& $-2$\\ + $4$& $2$& $1$& $2$& \textcolor{blue}{$-4$}& \textcolor{red}{$3$}\\ + $5$& $1$& $0$& & $11$& $-8$\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + + + \vspace{10pt} + + \begin{tabular}{rcl} + $\textcolor{blue}{-4} \cdot 8 + \textcolor{red}{3} \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ + $7 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ + $8^{-1}$ &$=$& $7$ + + \end{tabular} + + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Decodierung mit Inverser Matrix} + + \begin{itemize} + \item $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + + \item $m = 1/10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$ + + \item $m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v$ + + \end{itemize} + + \[ + m = 10 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} + 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ + 7^0& 7^1& 7^2& 7^3& 7^4& 7^5& 7^6& 7^7& 7^8& 7^9\\ + 7^0& 7^2& 7^4& 7^6& 7^8& 7^{10}& 7^{12}& 7^{14}& 7^{16}& 7^{18}\\ + 7^0& 7^3& 7^6& 7^9& 7^{12}& 7^{15}& 7^{18}& 7^{21}& 7^{24}& 7^{27}\\ + 7^0& 7^4& 7^8& 7^{12}& 7^{16}& 7^{20}& 7^{24}& 7^{28}& 7^{32}& 7^{36}\\ + 7^0& 7^5& 7^{10}& 7^{15}& 7^{20}& 7^{25}& 7^{30}& 7^{35}& 7^{40}& 7^{45}\\ + 7^0& 7^6& 7^{12}& 7^{18}& 7^{24}& 7^{30}& 7^{36}& 7^{42}& 7^{48}& 7^{54}\\ + 7^0& 7^7& 7^{14}& 7^{21}& 7^{28}& 7^{35}& 7^{42}& 7^{49}& 7^{56}& 7^{63}\\ + 7^0& 7^8& 7^{16}& 7^{24}& 7^{32}& 7^{40}& 7^{48}& 7^{56}& 7^{64}& 7^{72}\\ + 7^0& 7^9& 7^{18}& 7^{27}& 7^{36}& 7^{45}& 7^{54}& 7^{63}& 7^{72}& 7^{81}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 10 \\ 4 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item $m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1]$ + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Decodierung mit Fehler} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Decodierung mit Fehler - Ansatz} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Gesendet: $v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$ + + \item Empfangen: $w = [5,3,6,\textcolor{red}{8},2,10,2,7,\textcolor{red}{1},4]$ + + \item Rücktransformation: $r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]$ + + \end{itemize} + + Wie finden wir die Fehler? + + \begin{itemize} + \item $m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$ + + \item $r(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7$ + + \item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ + + \end{itemize} + + \begin{center} + + \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} + \hline + $i$& $0$& $1$& $2$& $3$& $4$& $5$& $6$& $7$& $8$& $9$\\ + \hline + $r(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$\\ + $m(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$\\ + $e(a^{i})$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + + \end{center} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Alle Stellen, die nicht Null sind, sind Fehler + \end{itemize} + + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Nullstellen des Fehlerpolynoms finden} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $\operatorname{ggT}$ gibt uns eine Liste der Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9)$ + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Nullstellen des Fehlerpolynoms finden} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item Satz von Fermat: $f(X) = X^{q-1}-1=0$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0$ \qquad für $X = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot$ + + \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $\operatorname{kgV}$ gibt uns eine Liste von aller Nullstellen, die wir in $e$ und $d$ zerlegen können + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6) \cdot $ + + \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9) \cdot q(X)$ + + $= d(X) \cdot e(X)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Lokatorpolynom $d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$ + + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Kennen wir $e(X)$?} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item $e(X)$ ist unbekannt auf der Empfängerseite + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $e(X) = r(X) - m(X)$ \qquad $\rightarrow$ \qquad $m(X)$ ist unbekannt? + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $m$ ist nicht gänzlich unbekannt: $m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]$ + + In den bekannten Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo es Fehler gegeben hat + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Daraus folgt $e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X)$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item $f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + \item Jetzt können wir den $\operatorname{ggT}$ von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Der Euklidische Algorithmus (nochmal)} + + $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X))$ hat den Grad $8$ + + \[ + \arraycolsep=1.4pt + \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} + X^{10}& & & & & & &+& 10& & & & &:&5X^9&+&7X^8&+& 4X^7&+&10X^6&+&p(X)&=&9X&+&5\\ + X^{10}&+& 8X^9&+& 3X^8&+&2X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-9} + && 3X^9&+& 8X^8&+& 9X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ + && 3X^9&+& 2X^8&+& 9X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-9} + & & & &6X^8&+&0X^7&+&p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ + \end{array} + \] + + \[ + \arraycolsep=1.4pt + \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} + 5X^9&+& 7X^8&+& 4X^7&+& 10X^6&+& p(X)& & & & &:&6X^8&+&0X^7& & & & & & &=&10X&+&3\\ + 5X^9&+& 0X^8&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-5} + && 7X^8&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ + \end{array} + \] + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8$ + + \vspace{10pt} + + $\operatorname{kgV}$ durch den erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen + + \end{frame} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Der Erweiterte Euklidische Algorithmus} + + \begin{center} + + \begin{tabular}{| c | c | c c |} + \hline + $k$ & $q_i$ & $e_i$ & $f_i$\\ + \hline + & & $0$& $1$\\ + $0$& $9X + 5$& $1$& $0$\\ + $1$& $10X + 3$& $9X+5$& $1$\\ + $2$& & \textcolor{blue}{$2X^2 + 0X + 5$}& $10X + 3$\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + + \end{center} + + \vspace{10pt} + + \begin{tabular}{ll} + Somit erhalten wir den Faktor& $d(X) = 2X^2 + 5$\\ + Faktorisiert erhalten wir& $d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6)$\\ + Lokatorpolynom& $d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i)$ + \end{tabular} + + \vspace{10pt} + + \begin{center} + $a^i = 5 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 3$ + + $a^i = 6 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 8$ + \end{center} + + + $d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8)$ + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \begin{itemize} + + \item $w = [5,3,6,\textcolor{red}{8},2,10,2,7,\textcolor{red}{1},4]$ + + \item $d(X) = (X-\textcolor{red}{a^3})(X-\textcolor{red}{a^8})$ + + \end{itemize} + + \[ + \textcolor{gray}{ + \begin{pmatrix} + a^0 \\ a^1 \\ a^2 \\ \textcolor{red}{a^3} \\ a^4 \\ a^5 \\ a^6 \\ a^7 \\ \textcolor{red}{a^8} \\ a^9 \\ + \end{pmatrix}} + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ \textcolor{red}{8} \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ \textcolor{red}{1} \\ 4 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^3}& \textcolor{red}{8^6}& \textcolor{red}{8^9}& \textcolor{red}{8^{12}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{15}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{27}}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^8}& \textcolor{red}{8^{16}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{32}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{40}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{48}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{56}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{64}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{72}}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item Fehlerstellen entfernen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& \textcolor{green}{8^6}& \textcolor{green}{8^7}& \textcolor{green}{8^8}& \textcolor{green}{8^9}\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& \textcolor{green}{8^{12}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{14}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{16}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{18}}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& \textcolor{green}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{28}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{32}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{36}}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& \textcolor{green}{8^{30}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{35}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{40}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{45}}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& \textcolor{green}{8^{36}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{48}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{54}}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& \textcolor{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{49}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{56}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{63}}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& \textcolor{green}{8^{54}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{63}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{72}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{81}}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \textcolor{green}{m_6} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_7} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_8} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_9} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item Nullstellen entfernen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \textcolor{red}{7} \\ \textcolor{red}{4} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^7}& \textcolor{red}{8^{14}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{28}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{35}}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^9}& \textcolor{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{27}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{36}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{45}}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \vspace{5pt} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Matrix in eine Quadratische Form bringen + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \vspace{5pt} + + \begin{itemize} + \item Matrix Invertieren + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 1& 1& 1& 1& 1& 1\\ + 1& 8& 9& 6& 4& 10\\ + 1& 9& 4& 3& 5& 1\\ + 1& 4& 5& 9& 3& 1\\ + 1& 10& 1& 10& 1& 10\\ + 1& 3& 9& 5& 4& 1\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{center} + $\Downarrow$ + \end{center} + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 6& 4& 4& 6& 2& 1\\ + 2& 7& 10& 3& 4& 7\\ + 1& 8& 9& 8& 3& 4\\ + 3& 6& 6& 4& 5& 9\\ + 10& 10& 9& 8& 1& 6\\ + 1& 9& 6& 4& 7& 6\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} + + \[ + \begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 6& 4& 4& 6& 2& 1\\ + 2& 7& 10& 3& 4& 7\\ + 1& 8& 9& 8& 3& 4\\ + 3& 6& 6& 4& 5& 9\\ + 10& 10& 9& 8& 1& 6\\ + 1& 9& 6& 4& 7& 6\\ + \end{pmatrix} + \cdot + \begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \] + + \begin{itemize} + \item $m = [4,7,2,5,8,1]$ + \end{itemize} + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From df810d1315cfb1c4b876d5145846d6ea70753141 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Sat, 24 Apr 2021 15:27:05 +0200 Subject: Handout animation deleted --- .../reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.aux | 143 +++ 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a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.out b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..364319e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.out @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.1}{Einführung}{}% 1 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.2}{Polynom\040Ansatz}{}% 2 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.3}{Diskrete\040Fourier\040Transformation}{}% 3 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.4}{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern}{}% 4 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.5}{Codierung\040eines\040Beispiels}{}% 5 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.6}{Decodierung\040ohne\040Fehler}{}% 6 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.7}{Decodierung\040mit\040Fehler}{}% 7 +\BOOKMARK [2][]{Outline0.8}{Nachricht\040Rekonstruieren}{}% 8 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..382049d Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.snm b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.snm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1796304 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.snm @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +\beamer@slide {ft_discrete}{13} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.synctex.gz b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.synctex.gz new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c28a28a Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex index 863b3a2..1cbb6ef 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.tex @@ -25,38 +25,29 @@ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Reed-Solomon-Code:} \begin{itemize} - \visible<1->{\item Für Übertragung von Daten} - \visible<2->{\item Ermöglicht Korrektur von Übertragungsfehler} - \visible<3->{\item Wird verwendet in: CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc.} + \item Für Übertragung von Daten + \item Ermöglicht Korrektur von Übertragungsfehler + \item Wird verwendet in: CD, QR-Codes, Voyager-Sonde, etc. \end{itemize} \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \section{Polynom Ansatz} \begin{frame} \begin{itemize} - \item Beispiel $2, 1, 5$ versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern + \item $2, 1, 5$ versenden und auf 2 Fehler absichern \end{itemize} - \end{frame} - \begin{frame} \frametitle{Beispiel} Übertragen von ${f}_2=\textcolor{blue}{2}$, ${f}_1=\textcolor{blue}{1}$, ${f}_0=\textcolor{blue}{5}$ als $ p(w) = \textcolor{blue}{2}w^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}w + \textcolor{blue}{5} $. - - \only<1>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, - \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ - \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom1.pdf}} - \only<2>{ - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, - \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ - \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} - \newline - \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern.} + \newline + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),\dots,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{red}{50}, \textcolor{red}{37}, + \textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + \includegraphics[scale = 1.2]{images/polynom2.pdf} + \newline + \textcolor{green}{7} Zahlen versenden, um \textcolor{blue}{3} Zahlen gegen \textcolor{red}{2} Fehlern abzusichern. \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \begin{frame} @@ -68,18 +59,14 @@ \hline 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ -\visible<1->{3}& -\visible<1->{3}& -\visible<1->{9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2} \\ + 3& 3& 9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ &&\\ -\visible<1->{$k$} & -\visible<1->{$t$} & -\visible<1->{$k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$} \\ + $k$ & $t$ & $k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$ \\ \hline &&\\ &&\\ \multicolumn{3}{l} { - \visible<1>{Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden!} + Ausserdem können bis zu $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden! } \end{tabular} \end{center} @@ -127,23 +114,23 @@ \frametitle{Diskrete Fourier Transformation} \begin{itemize} \item Diskrete Fourier-Transformation gegeben durch: - \visible<1->{ + \[ \label{ft_discrete} \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} - \]} - \visible<2->{ + \] + \item Ersetzte \[ w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} - \]} - \visible<3->{ + \] + \item Wenn $N$ konstant: \[ \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) - \]} + \] \end{itemize} \end{frame} @@ -177,10 +164,9 @@ \frametitle{Probleme und Fragen} Wie wird der Fehler lokalisiert? - \visible<2>{ \newline Indem in einem endlichen Körper gerechnet wird. - } + \end{frame} %------------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.toc b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.toc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce1bdc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/RS_handout.toc @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +\babel@toc {ngerman}{} +\beamer@sectionintoc {1}{Einführung}{2}{0}{1} +\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{Polynom Ansatz}{3}{0}{2} +\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{Diskrete Fourier Transformation}{5}{0}{3} +\beamer@sectionintoc {4}{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern}{16}{0}{4} +\beamer@sectionintoc {5}{Codierung eines Beispiels}{18}{0}{5} +\beamer@sectionintoc {6}{Decodierung ohne Fehler}{20}{0}{6} +\beamer@sectionintoc {7}{Decodierung mit Fehler}{23}{0}{7} +\beamer@sectionintoc {8}{Nachricht Rekonstruieren}{29}{0}{8} -- cgit v1.2.1 From dd7bd6ca3b6517435dfc6b740ab96f51aa15ac2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 16 May 2021 16:03:36 +0200 Subject: edit main.tex add chapters --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 10 +++++++++- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index 8219b63..a7485cd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:reedsolomon}} +\chapter{Reed-Solomon-Code\label{chapter:reedsolomon}} \lhead{Thema} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Joshua Bär und Michael Steiner} @@ -27,10 +27,18 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. \end{itemize} +% Joshua \input{papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex} +% Michael +\input{papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/codebsp} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion} + \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 898274b6cb5f825fe710eec58349799cdc5f6bc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 16 May 2021 16:04:13 +0200 Subject: create endlichekoerper.tex added chapter description --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ccd918 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +% +% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern +\label{reedsolomon:section:endlichekoerper}} +\rhead{Problemstellung} + +TODO: + +Das rechnen in endlichen Körpern bietet einige Vorteile: + +\begin{itemize} + \item Konkrete Zahlen: In endlichen Körpern gibt es weder rationale noch komplexe Zahlen. Zudem beschränken sich die möglichen Rechenoperationen auf das Addieren und Multiplizieren. Somit können wir nur ganze Zahlen als Resultat erhalten. + + \item Digitale Fehlerkorrektur: lässt sich nur in endlichen Körpern umsetzen. + +\end{itemize} + +Um jetzt eine Nachricht in den endlichen Körpern zu konstruieren legen wir fest, dass diese Nachricht aus einem Nutzdatenteil und einem Fehlerkorrekturteil bestehen muss. Somit ist die zu übertragende Nachricht immer grösser als die Daten, die wir übertragen wollen. Zudem müssen wir einen Weg finden, den Fehlerkorrekturteil so aus den Nutzdaten zu berechnen, dass wir die Nutzdaten auf der Empfängerseite wieder rekonstruieren können, sollte es zu einer fehlerhaften Übertragung kommen. + +Nun stellt sich die Frage, wie wir eine Fehlerhafte Nachricht korrigieren können, ohne ihren ursprünglichen Inhalt zu kennen. Der Reed-Solomon-Code erzielt dies, indem aus dem Fehlerkorrekturteil ein sogenanntes "Lokatorpolynom" generiert werden kann. Dieses Polynom gibt dem Emfänger an, welche Stellen in der Nachricht feherhaft sind. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 46fa4763d730b1312741eefb8a2981c73389ccae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 17 May 2021 19:32:32 +0200 Subject: update of codebsp started, restetabelle 1&2 created --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 71 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex | 24 +++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex | 24 +++++++++++ 3 files changed, 119 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9359f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Codierung eines Beispiels +\label{reedsolomon:section:codebsp}} +\rhead{Koerper Festlegen} + +Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen werden wir die einzelnen Probleme und ihre Lösungen anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. +Da wir in Endlichen Körpern Rechnen werden wir zuerst solch ein Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. +Wir legen für unser Beispiel den endlichen Körper $q = 11$ fest. +Alle folgenden Berechnungen wurden mit den beiden Restetabellen \textcolor{red}{xx} und \textcolor{red}{yy} durchgeführt. + +% die beiden Restetabellen von F_11 +%\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1} +%\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2} + + + + + +\textbf{DUMP} + +Da Körper laut der \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6} eine Primzahl sein muss, + + +Dieser Körper sollte jedoch über eine nullteilerfreie Restetabelle verfügen. Somit kommen nur Primzahlen als Körper in frage. + + + Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $11$. + + uns zu aller erst auf ein sochen Körper festlegen. + +Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen werden wir dies anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. + +Um die Nachfolgende Rechenwege besser zu verstehen, werden wir die einzelnen Rechenschritte anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. + + + + +Als erstes muss festgelegt werden, in welchem endlichen Körper gerechnet werden soll. +Da die Restetabelle eines Körpers nullteilerfrei sein soll, kommen so nur Primzahlen in Frage. +Für das Beispiel verwenden wir den Körper $\mathbb{F}_{11}$. So wählen wir + + +$q = 11$ + + +und beinhaltet die Zahlen + + +$Z_{11} = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]$ + +\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} +At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis +est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis +est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime +placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor +repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut +rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae +sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a +sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias +consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5055c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +% created by Michael Steiner +% +% Restetabelle von F_11: Addition +\begin{figure} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}|} +\hline ++&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +\hline +0&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +1&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0\\ +2&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1\\ +3&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2\\ +4&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3\\ +5&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4\\ +6&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5\\ +7&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6\\ +8&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7\\ +9&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8\\ +10&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..887c981 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +% created by Michael Steiner +% +% Restetabelle von F_11: Multiplikation +\begin{figure} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}|} +\hline +\cdot&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +\hline +0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\ +1&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +2&0&2&4&6&8&10&1&3&5&7&9\\ +3&0&3&6&9&1&4&7&10&2&5&8\\ +4&0&4&8&1&5&9&2&6&10&3&7\\ +5&0&5&10&4&9&3&8&2&7&1&6\\ +6&0&6&1&7&2&8&3&9&4&10&5\\ +7&0&7&3&10&6&2&9&5&1&8&4\\ +8&0&8&5&2&10&7&4&1&9&6&3\\ +9&0&9&7&5&3&1&10&8&6&4&2\\ +10&0&10&9&8&7&6&5&4&3&2&1\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 55fc006b2133da4f79eb6eb5179d584c130824a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 18 May 2021 18:29:59 +0200 Subject: updated codebsp.tex, created decohnefehler.tex (with blindtext) --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 174 +++++++++++++++++++++--------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex | 40 +++++++ 2 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex index e9359f9..5b67c43 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -11,61 +11,129 @@ Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen werden wir di Da wir in Endlichen Körpern Rechnen werden wir zuerst solch ein Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. Wir legen für unser Beispiel den endlichen Körper $q = 11$ fest. Alle folgenden Berechnungen wurden mit den beiden Restetabellen \textcolor{red}{xx} und \textcolor{red}{yy} durchgeführt. +Aus den Tabellen folgt auch, dass uns nur die Zahlen \[\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}\] zur Verfügung stehen. % die beiden Restetabellen von F_11 %\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1} %\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2} - - - - -\textbf{DUMP} - -Da Körper laut der \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6} eine Primzahl sein muss, - - -Dieser Körper sollte jedoch über eine nullteilerfreie Restetabelle verfügen. Somit kommen nur Primzahlen als Körper in frage. - - - Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $11$. - - uns zu aller erst auf ein sochen Körper festlegen. - -Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen werden wir dies anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. - -Um die Nachfolgende Rechenwege besser zu verstehen, werden wir die einzelnen Rechenschritte anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. - - - - -Als erstes muss festgelegt werden, in welchem endlichen Körper gerechnet werden soll. -Da die Restetabelle eines Körpers nullteilerfrei sein soll, kommen so nur Primzahlen in Frage. -Für das Beispiel verwenden wir den Körper $\mathbb{F}_{11}$. So wählen wir - - -$q = 11$ - - -und beinhaltet die Zahlen - - -$Z_{11} = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]$ - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - +Die grösse des endlichen Körpers legt auch fest, wie gross unsere Nachricht $n$ bestehend aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil sein kann und beträgt in unserem Beispiel +\[ +n = q - 1 = 10 \text{ Zahlen}. +\] + +Im nächsten Schritt bestimmen wir, wie viele Fehler $t$ maximal während der Übertragung auftreten dürfen, damit wir sie noch korrigieren können. +Unser Beispielcode sollte in der Lage sein +\[ +t = 2 +\] +Fehlerstellen korrigieren zu können. + +Die Grösse des Nutzdatenteils hängt von der Grösse der Nachricht sowie der Anzahl der Fehlerkorrekturstellen. Je robuster der Code sein muss, desto weniger Platz für Nutzdaten $k$ bleibt in der Nachricht übrig. +Bei maximal 2 Fehler können wir noch +\[ +k = n - 2t = 6\text{ Zahlen} +\] +übertragen. + +Zusammenfassend haben wir einen Codeblock mit der Länge von 10 Zahlen definiert, der 6 Zahlen als Nutzlast beinhaltet und in der Lage ist aus 2 fehlerhafte Stellen im Block die ursprünglichen Nutzdaten rekonstruieren kann. Zudem werden wir im weiteren feststellen, dass dieser Code maximal 4 Fehlerstellen erkennen, diese aber nicht rekonstruieren kann. + +Wir legen nun die Nachricht +\[ +m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1] +\] +fest, die wir gerne an einen Empfänger übertragen möchten, wobei die vorderen vier Nullstellen für die Fehlerkorrektur zuständig sind. +Die Nachricht können wir auch als Polynom +\[ +m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 +\] +darstellen. + +\subsection{Der Ansatz der diskreten Fouriertransformation + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:diskFT}} + +In einem vorherigen Kapitel (???) haben wir schon einmal die diskrete Fouriertransformation zum Codieren einer Nachricht verwendet. In den endlichen Körpern wird dies jedoch nicht gelingen, da die Eulerische Zahl $\mathrm{e}$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ nicht existiert. +Wir suchen also eine Zahl $a^i$, die in endlichen Körpern existiert und den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken kann. +Dazu schreiben wir +\[ +\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} +\] +um in +\[ +\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}. +\] + +Wenn wir alle möglichen Werte für $a$ einsetzen, also + +%\begin{align} +%a = 0 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\} \\ +%a = 1 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\} \\ +%a = 2 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6\} \\ +%a = 3 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 3, 9, 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 5, 4\} \\ +%a = 4 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 4, 5, 9, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, 3\} \\ +%a = 5 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 5, 3, 4, 9, 1, 5, 3, 4, 9\} \\ +%a = 6 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 6, 3, 7, 9, 10, 5, 8, 4, 2\} \\ +%a = 7 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 7, 5, 2, 3, 10, 4, 6, 9, 8\} \\ +%a = 8 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 8, 9, 6, 4, 10, 3, 2, 5, 7\} \\ +%a = 9 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 1, 9, 4, 3, 5\} \\ +%a = 10 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\} +%\end{align} + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{c r c l} +%$a = 0 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}$ \\ +$a = 1 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\}$ \\ +$a = 2 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6\}$ \\ +$a = 3 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 3, 9, 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 5, 4\}$ \\ +$a = 4 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 4, 5, 9, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, 3\}$ \\ +$a = 5 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 5, 3, 4, 9, 1, 5, 3, 4, 9\}$ \\ +$a = 6 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 6, 3, 7, 9, 10, 5, 8, 4, 2\}$ \\ +$a = 7 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 7, 5, 2, 3, 10, 4, 6, 9, 8\}$ \\ +$a = 8 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 8, 9, 6, 4, 10, 3, 2, 5, 7\}$ \\ +$a = 9 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 1, 9, 4, 3, 5\}$ \\ +$a = 10 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +so fällt uns auf, dass die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em Primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. +Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a^i = 8$. +Damit wir unsere Nachricht codieren können, müssen wir $8^i$ in $m(X)$ einsetzen. + +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{c} + $m(8^0) = 4 \cdot 1 + 7 \cdot 1 + 2 \cdot 1 + 5 \cdot 1 + 8 \cdot 1 + 1 = 5$ \\ + $m(8^1) = 4 \cdot 8 + 7 \cdot 8 + 2 \cdot 8 + 5 \cdot 8 + 8 \cdot 8 + 1 = 3$ \\ + \vdots + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + +Für eine elegantere Formulierung stellen wir das ganze als Matrix dar, wobei $m$ unser Nachrichtenvektor, $A$ die Transformationsmatrix und $v$ unser Übertragungsvektor ist. + +\[ +v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad v = \begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + 8^0& 8^3& 8^6& 8^9& 8^{12}& 8^{15}& 8^{18}& 8^{21}& 8^{24}& 8^{27}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + 8^0& 8^8& 8^{16}& 8^{24}& 8^{32}& 8^{40}& 8^{48}& 8^{56}& 8^{64}& 8^{72}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + 1 \\ 8 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\] + +Somit bekommen wir für unseren Übertragungsvektor +\[ +v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4], +\] +den wir jetzt über einen beliebigen Nachrichtenkanal versenden können. + +\textbf{NOTES} + +warum wird 0 weggelassen? diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..832d63f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Decodierung ohne Fehler +\label{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler}} +\rhead{Teil 3} +Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa +quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae +dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit +aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores +eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam +est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci +velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore +et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima +veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, +nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure +reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae +consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla +pariatur? + +\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} +At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis +est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis +est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime +placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor +repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut +rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae +sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a +sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias +consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. + + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 9c25485518e7f80050a8ee2a12b94abb009c9a58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 18 May 2021 21:14:36 +0200 Subject: finished first final version of decohnefehler.tex --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex | 128 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex index 832d63f..90f8ba8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex @@ -5,36 +5,102 @@ % \section{Decodierung ohne Fehler \label{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\rhead{fehlerlose rekonstruktion} +Im ersten Teil zur Decodierung des Übertragungsvektor betrachten wir den Übertragungskanal als fehlerfrei. +Wir erhalten also unseren Übertragungsvektor +\[ +v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]. +\] +Gesucht ist nun einen Weg, mit dem wir auf unseren Nachrichtenvektor zurückrechnen können. +Ein banaler Ansatz ist das Invertieren der Glechung +\[ +v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad m = A^{-1} \cdot v. +\] +Nur stellt sich dann die Frage, wie wir auf die Inverse der Matix $A$ kommen. +Dazu können wir wiederum den Ansatz der Fouriertransformation uns zur Hilfe nehmen, +jedoch betrachten wir jetzt deren Inverse. +Definiert ist sie als +\[ +F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \mathrm{e}^{-j\omega t} dt \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad \mathfrak{F}^{-1}(F(\omega)) = f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega. +\] + +In unserem Fall suchen wir also eine inverse für die Primitive Einheitswurzel $a$, also +\[ +8^1 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad 8^{-1}. +\] + +Im Abschnitt \textcolor{red}{4.1} haben wir den euklidischen Algorithmus kennengelernt, den wir auf unseren Fall anwenden können. + +\subsection{Der Euklidische Algorithmus +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:eukAlgo}} + +Die Funktionsweise des euklidischen Algorithmus ist im Kapitel \textcolor{red}{4.1} ausführlich beschrieben. +Für unsere Anwendung wählen wir die Parameter $a_i = 8$ und $b_i = 11$. +Daraus erhalten wir + +\begin{center} + +\begin{tabular}{| c | c c | c | r r |} + \hline + $k$ & $a_i$ & $b_i$ & $q_i$ & $c_i$ & $d_i$\\ + \hline + & & & & $1$& $0$\\ + $0$& $8$& $11$& $0$& $0$& $1$\\ + $1$& $11$& $8$& $1$& $1$& $0$\\ + $2$& $8$& $3$& $2$& $-1$& $1$\\ + $3$& $3$& $2$& $1$& $3$& $-2$\\ + $4$& $2$& $1$& $2$& \textcolor{blue}{$-4$}& \textcolor{red}{$3$}\\ + $5$& $1$& $0$& & $11$& $-8$\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} + +\end{center} +\begin{center} + +\begin{tabular}{rcl} + $\textcolor{blue}{-4} \cdot 8 + \textcolor{red}{3} \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ + $7 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 11$ &$=$& $1$\\ + $8^{-1}$ &$=$& $7$ + +\end{tabular} + +\end{center} + +als Inverse der Primitiven Einheitswurzel. + +Nun haben wir fast alles für die Rücktransformation beisammen. Wie auch bei der Inversen Fouriertransformation haben wir nun einen Vorfaktor +\[ +m = \textcolor{red}{s} \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v +\] +den wir noch bestimmen müssen. +Glücklicherweise lässt der sich analog wie bei der Inversen Fouriertransformation bestimmen und beträgt +\[ +s = \frac{1}{10}. +\] +Da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht können wir $s$ ebenfalls mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ ergibt. +Somit lässt sich den Nachrichtenvektor einfach bestimmen mit +\[ +m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad m = 10 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} + 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ + 7^0& 7^1& 7^2& 7^3& 7^4& 7^5& 7^6& 7^7& 7^8& 7^9\\ + 7^0& 7^2& 7^4& 7^6& 7^8& 7^{10}& 7^{12}& 7^{14}& 7^{16}& 7^{18}\\ + 7^0& 7^3& 7^6& 7^9& 7^{12}& 7^{15}& 7^{18}& 7^{21}& 7^{24}& 7^{27}\\ + 7^0& 7^4& 7^8& 7^{12}& 7^{16}& 7^{20}& 7^{24}& 7^{28}& 7^{32}& 7^{36}\\ + 7^0& 7^5& 7^{10}& 7^{15}& 7^{20}& 7^{25}& 7^{30}& 7^{35}& 7^{40}& 7^{45}\\ + 7^0& 7^6& 7^{12}& 7^{18}& 7^{24}& 7^{30}& 7^{36}& 7^{42}& 7^{48}& 7^{54}\\ + 7^0& 7^7& 7^{14}& 7^{21}& 7^{28}& 7^{35}& 7^{42}& 7^{49}& 7^{56}& 7^{63}\\ + 7^0& 7^8& 7^{16}& 7^{24}& 7^{32}& 7^{40}& 7^{48}& 7^{56}& 7^{64}& 7^{72}\\ + 7^0& 7^9& 7^{18}& 7^{27}& 7^{36}& 7^{45}& 7^{54}& 7^{63}& 7^{72}& 7^{81}\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 10 \\ 4 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\] +und wir erhalten +\[ +m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1] +\] +als unsere Nachricht zurück. \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5294c40d558e93a034d43846e98176291fb32692 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 24 May 2021 14:28:24 +0200 Subject: update decohnefehler.tex, create decmitfehler.tex --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 16 ++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex | 2 +- 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fead10e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Decodierung mit Fehler +\label{reedsolomon:section:decmitfehler}} +\rhead{fehlerhafte rekonstruktion} +moin + + +\subsection{Der Satz von Fermat +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:fermat}} +wer ist fermat? + + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex index 90f8ba8..6ca577a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Glücklicherweise lässt der sich analog wie bei der Inversen Fouriertransformat s = \frac{1}{10}. \] Da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht können wir $s$ ebenfalls mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ ergibt. -Somit lässt sich den Nachrichtenvektor einfach bestimmen mit +Somit lässt sich der Nachrichtenvektor einfach bestimmen mit \[ m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad m = 10 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 60bfb41261f51cf20ce65a9242c2624b31d74e75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 24 May 2021 17:17:56 +0200 Subject: decmitfehler.tex updated --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 185 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 183 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex index fead10e..923c1c5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -6,11 +6,192 @@ \section{Decodierung mit Fehler \label{reedsolomon:section:decmitfehler}} \rhead{fehlerhafte rekonstruktion} -moin +Im zweiten Teil zur Decodierung betrachten wir den Fall, dass unser Übertragungskanal nicht fehlerfrei ist. +Wir legen daher den Fehlervektor +\[ +u = [0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0] +\] +fest, den wir zu unserem Übertragungsvektor als Fehler dazu addieren und somit +\begin{center} + +\begin{tabular}{c | c r } + $v$ & & $[5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$\\ + $u$ & $+$ & $[0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0]$\\ + \hline + $w$ & & $[5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$\\ +\end{tabular} + +% alternative design +%\begin{tabular}{c | c cccccccccccc } +% $v$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$5,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$10,$&$4$&$]$\\ +% $u$ & $+$ & $[$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$3,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$2,$&$0$&$]$\\ +% \hline +% $w$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$8,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$1,$&$4$&$]$\\ +%\end{tabular} + +\end{center} +als Übertragungsvektor auf der Empfängerseite erhalten. + +Wenn wir den Übertragungsvektor jetzt Rücktransformieren wie im vorherigen Kapitel erhalten wir +\[ +r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]. +\] +Im Vergleich zum vorherigen Kapitel sind die Fehlerkorrekturstellen jetzt $\neq 0$, was bedeutet, dass wir diesen Übertragungsvektor fehlerhaft empfangen haben und sich die Nachricht jetzt nicht mehr so einfach decodieren lässt. + +% warum wir die fehler suchen +Da Reed-Solomon-Codes in der Lage sind, eine Nachricht aus weniger Stellen zu rekonstruieren als wir ursprünglich haben, so müssen wir nur die Fehlerhaften Stellen finden und eliminieren, damit wir unsere Nutzdaten rekonstruieren können. +Damit stellt sich die Frage, wie wir die Fehlerstellen $e$ finden. +Dafür wählen wir einen Primitiven Ansatz mit +\begin{align} + m(X) & = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 \\ + r(X) & = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7 \\ + e(X) & = r(X) - m(X). +\end{align} +Setzen wir jetzt unsere Einheitswurzel für $X$ ein, so erhalten wir +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} + \hline + $i$& $0$& $1$& $2$& $3$& $4$& $5$& $6$& $7$& $8$& $9$\\ + \hline + $r(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$\\ + $m(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$\\ + $e(a^{i})$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$\\ + \hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +und damit die Information, dass an allen Stellen, die nicht Null sind, Fehler enthalten. +Um jetzt alle nicht Nullstellen zu finden, wenden wir den Satz von Fermat an. \subsection{Der Satz von Fermat \label{reedsolomon:subsection:fermat}} -wer ist fermat? +Der Satz von Fermat besagt, dass für +\[ +f(X) = X^{q-1} -1 = 0 +\] +gilt, egal was wir für $q$ einsetzen. + +Für unser Beispiel erhalten wir +\[ +f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0 \qquad \text{für } X = \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} +\] +und können $f(X)$ auch umschreiben in +\[ +f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9). +\] +Zur Überprüfung können wir unsere Einheitswurzel in $a$ einsetzen und werden sehen, dass wir für $f(X) = 0$ erhalten werden. +Nach der gleichen Überlegung können wir jetzt auch $e(X)$ darstellen als +\[ +e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x), +\] +wobei $p(X)$ das Restpolynom ist und die Fehlerstellen beinhaltet. +Wenn wir jetzt den grössten gemeinsamen Teiler von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen, so erhalten wir mit +\[ +\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) +\] +eine Liste von Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat. +Da wir uns jedoch für eine Liste mit Nullstellen interessieren, an denen es Fehler gegeben hat berechnen wir stattdessen das kgV von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ als +\[ +\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9) \cdot q(X). +\] +Wir können das Resultat noch zerlegen in +\[ +\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = d(X) \cdot e(X). +\] +Somit muss $d(X)$ eine Liste von Nullstellen enthalten an denen es Fehler gegeben hat. +\[ +d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8) +\] + + +und ist damit unser gesuchtes Lokatorpolynom. + +Das einzige Problem was jetzt noch bleibt ist, dass wir $e(X)$ berechnet haben aus +\[ +e(X) = r(X) - m(X), +\] +wobei $m(X)$ auf der Empfängerseite unbekannt ist. +Es sieht danach aus, das wir diesen Lösungsansatz nicht verwenden können, da uns ein entscheidender Teil fehlt. +Bei einer näheren Betrachtung von $m(X)$ fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über $m(X)$ wissen. +Wir kennen nämlich die ersten vier Stellen, da diese für die Fehlerkorrektur zuständig sind und daher Null sein müssen. +\[ +m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?] +\] +An genau diesen Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo unsere Fehlerstellen liegen, was uns ermöglicht, den Teil von $e(X)$ zu berechnen, der uns auch interessiert. + +Wir können $e(X)$ also bestimmen als +\[ +e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X) +\] +wobei $p(X)$ wiederum ein unbekanntes Restpolynom ist und +\[ +f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10 +\] +ist können wir so in einer ersten Instanz den grössten gemeinsamen Teiler von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen. +Dafür nehmen wir uns wiederum den Euklidischen Algorithmus zur Hilfe und berechnen so + +\[ +\arraycolsep=1.4pt +\begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} + X^{10}& & & & & & &+& 10& & & & &:&5X^9&+&7X^8&+& 4X^7&+&10X^6&+&p(X)&=&9X&+&5\\ + X^{10}&+& 8X^9&+& 3X^8&+&2X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-9} + && 3X^9&+& 8X^8&+& 9X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ + && 3X^9&+& 2X^8&+& 9X^7&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-9} + & & & &6X^8&+&0X^7&+&p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & \\ +\end{array} +\] + +\[ +\arraycolsep=1.4pt +\begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} + 5X^9&+& 7X^8&+& 4X^7&+& 10X^6&+& p(X)& & & & &:&6X^8&+&0X^7& & & & & & &=&10X&+&3\\ + 5X^9&+& 0X^8&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-5} + && 7X^8&+& p(X)& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ +\end{array} +\] +und erhalten +\[ +\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8 +\] +Mit den Resultaten, die wir vom Rechenweg des grössten gemeinsamen Teiler erhalten haben können wir jetzt auch das kleinste Gemeinsame Vielfache berechnen. Eine detailliertere Vorgehensweise findet man in Kapitel ???. +Aus diesem erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus erhalten wir +\begin{center} + + \begin{tabular}{| c | c | c c |} + \hline + $k$ & $q_i$ & $e_i$ & $f_i$\\ + \hline + & & $0$& $1$\\ + $0$& $9X + 5$& $1$& $0$\\ + $1$& $10X + 3$& $9X+5$& $1$\\ + $2$& & \textcolor{blue}{$2X^2 + 0X + 5$}& $10X + 3$\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + +\end{center} +und erhalten auf diesem Weg den Faktor +\[ +d(X) = 2X^2 + 5, +\] +den wir in +\[ +d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6) +\] +zerlegen können. +Da die unbekannten Stellen im Lokatorpolynom +\[ +d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i) +\] +sind, müssen wir nur noch $i$ berechnen als +\begin{center} + $a^i = 5 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 3$ + + $a^i = 6 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 8$. +\end{center} +Somit erhalten wir schliesslich +\[ +d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8) +\] +als unser Lokatorpolynom mit den Fehlerhaften Stellen. \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 81527bd39cb20969fa3a84c85a843bca511dcb51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 24 May 2021 17:18:21 +0200 Subject: created rekonstruktion.tex --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3edba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren +\label{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion}} +\rhead{Teil 3} +Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa +quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae +dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit +aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores +eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam +est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci +velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore +et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima +veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, +nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure +reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae +consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla +pariatur? + +\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} +At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis +est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis +est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime +placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor +repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut +rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae +sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a +sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias +consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. + + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 337c10d8861718c88b1c8e4d365a4dd7d678153a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 12:08:46 +0200 Subject: initeur --- buch/papers/ifs/main.log | 6045 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/main.tex | 6 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex | 18 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 11 +- 4 files changed, 6056 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/main.log (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/main.log b/buch/papers/ifs/main.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b818dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/main.log @@ -0,0 +1,6045 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.20 (TeX Live 2019/W32TeX) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2019.9.25) 27 MAR 2021 11:43 +entering extended mode + restricted \write18 enabled. + %&-line parsing enabled. +**main.tex +(./main.tex +LaTeX2e <2018-12-01> +! 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+Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 14--17 +\/cmr/m/n/10 ^^?a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.55557pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 14--17 +\/cmr/m/n/10 ^^?u + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.49991pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 14--17 +[][]\OT1/cmtt/m/n/10 \\ + [] + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 17--21 +\/cmr/m/n/10 ^^?o + [] + +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no j in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 21--26 +\/cmr/m/n/10 ^^?o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.50002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 21--26 +[]\/cmr/m/n/10 A + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 21--26 +\/cmr/m/n/10 ^^?a + [] + +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (5.55557pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 26--28 +\/cmr/m/n/10 ^^?u + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.50002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 26--28 +[]\/cmr/m/n/10 U + [] + +(./teil0.tex +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Teil 0\label{ifs:section:teil0}} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 0 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.7 \rhead + {Teil 0} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 0 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no [ in font nullfont! +\citation{ifs:bibtex} +! Undefined control sequence. + ...: Citation `\@citeb ' on page \thepage + \space undefined\on@line . +l.10 erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{ifs:bibtex} + . +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +LaTeX Warning: Citation `ifs:bibtex' on page undefined on input line 10. + +Missing character: There is no ] in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no j in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--14 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.43053pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--14 +[] + [] + +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no j in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 15--21 +[] + [] + +) (./teil1.tex +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Teil 1 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.8 \rhead + {Problemstellung} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no Q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 28--33 +[] + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.34 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.40 animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref + {000tempmlate:equation1}. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no 0 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 0 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 0 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 34--41 +[] + [] + +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. + ...`ifs:section:loesung' on page \thepage + \space undefined\on@line . +l.43 \ref{ifs:section:loesung} + . +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `ifs:section:loesung' on page undefined on input line + 43. + +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--23 +[] + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 24--39 +[] + [] + +) (./teil3.tex +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Teil 3 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 3 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.8 \rhead + {Teil 3} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 3 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--23 +[] + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.35 \printbibliography + [heading=subbibliography] +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{refsection}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.36 \end{refsection} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I to replace it with another command, +or to continue without it. + +) +! Emergency stop. +<*> main.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 37 strings out of 492609 + 427 string characters out of 6132818 + 62613 words of memory out of 5000000 + 4043 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 4116 words of font info for 16 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 20i,3n,22p,104b,180s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex index 8d70951..48c38f9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:ifs}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Iterierte Funktionsschemata\label{chapter:ifs}} +\lhead{Iterierte Funktionschemata und ihre Anwendungen} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{Alain Keller} Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes \begin{itemize} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex index b605bfe..7e3d344 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex @@ -4,19 +4,11 @@ % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Teil 0\label{ifs:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{ifs:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. +\rhead{Was ist ein Iteriertes Funktionsschema} +Mit der Hilfe von Iterierten Funktionsschemata mit nur wenigen Funktionen, komplexe Bilder beschreiben. +In der Regel sind diese Bilder Fraktale. +Wie es dazu kommt, und wie man mit IFS auch Bilder komprimieren kann, wollen wir im folgenden Kapitel untersuchen. -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. +\subsection{Metrische Räume} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index c824cb4..76bc828 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -3,16 +3,11 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 +\section{Fraktale \label{ifs:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt +Bevor wir die IFS genauer ansehen, schauen wir uns Fraktale genauer an. + \begin{equation} \int_a^b x^2\, dx = -- cgit v1.2.1 From a1a45cd5bd0e487cb69916f8c3e636a5e326c935 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 17:41:38 +0200 Subject: Fraktale Kapitel Fertig --- buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0.eps | 1004 ++ buch/papers/ifs/images/koch1.eps | 1073 ++ buch/papers/ifs/images/koch2.eps | 1085 ++ buch/papers/ifs/images/koch8.eps | 26780 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex | 2 - buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 116 +- 6 files changed, 30023 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0.eps create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch1.eps create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch2.eps create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch8.eps (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0.eps b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..16e0d6b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0.eps @@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: (MATLAB, The Mathworks, Inc. 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Wie es dazu kommt, und wie man mit IFS auch Bilder komprimieren kann, wollen wir im folgenden Kapitel untersuchen. -\subsection{Metrische Räume} - diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index 76bc828..327a082 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -8,43 +8,89 @@ \rhead{Problemstellung} Bevor wir die IFS genauer ansehen, schauen wir uns Fraktale genauer an. -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{ifs:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +\subsection{Was sind Fraktale? +\label{ifs:subsection:finibus}} +Über die genaue Definition von Fraktalen sind sich die Mathematiker noch nicht einig. +In diesem Kapitel orientieren wir uns an den Eigneschaften welche Kenneth Flaconer in seinem Buch Fractal Geometry beschreibt. +Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigneschaften erwarten: +\begin{enumerate} + \item $F$ hat eine unendlich feine Struktur + \item $F$ kann nicht mit der klassischen Geometrie beschrieben werden. + \item Oftmals haf $F$ eine Form von Selbstähnlichkeit. + \item Die 'fraktale Dimension' ist grösser als die Topologische Dimension + \item Viele Fraktale lassen sich einfach beschrieben +\end{enumerate} +\subsection{Koch Kurve + \label{ifs:subsection:lilkoch}} +Diese Eigenschaften möchten wir nun anhand der Koch Kurve näher anschauen. +In \ref{ifs:kochkurve8} sehen wir die Koch Kurve. Wie man schon erahnen kann, besteht die aus lauter kleineren Kopien von sich selber. +Den Konstruktionvorgang sehen wir in \ref{ifs:kochconst}. +Gestartet wird mit einer einzelnen Strecke der Länge $a$. +Diese wird in ersten Schritt mit vier gleich langen Streckenabschnitte der Länge $\frac{a}{3}$ ersetzt. +In \ref{ifs:kochconstb} ist die Anordnung dieser vier Streckenabschnitte ersichtilich. +Dieser Schritt wird nun für jeden der resultierten Streckenabschnitten wiederholt. +Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien von der ganzen Kurve, was auch unter Selbstähnlichkeit bekannt ist. -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ifs:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:kochkurve8} + \centering + \includegraphics{papers/ifs/images/koch8} + \caption{Koch Kurve} +\end{figure} -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{ifs:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{ifs:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:kochconst} + \centering + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:kochconsta} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/koch0}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:kochconstb} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/koch1}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{kochconstc} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/koch2}} + \caption{(a) Start (b) 1. Iteration (c) 2. Iteration} + \label{fig:foobar} +\end{figure} +Die resultierende Kurve hat ein paar interessante Eigenschaften. +Die Länge der Kurve lasst sich einfach berechnen. +\begin{align*} + l_0 = a ,\quad l_1 = a \frac{4}{3} ,\quad l_2 = a \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^2 , \quad ... , \quad + l_n = a * \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^n \quad + \Rightarrow \quad + \lim_{n\to\infty} a \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^n = \infty +\end{align*} +In jedem Schritt wird die Länge um den Faktor $\frac{4}{3}$ verglängert. Somit divergiert die Länge gegen Unendlich. +Die Fläche unter der Kurve lässt sich folgendermassen berechnen +\begin{align*} + A_0 = 0 , \quad A_1 = \left( \frac{a}{3}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36}\\ + A_2 = A_1 + 4\left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 \\ + A_3 = A_1 + A_2 + 4^2 \left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 + \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^2 A_1 +\end{align*} +Wir sehen, dass mit jedem Schritt die neu dazugekommene Fläche um $\frac{4}{9}$ kleiner ist. +Daraus resultiert eine konvergierende Geometrische Rheie. +\begin{align*} + A_n = A_1 \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n \\ + \lim_{n\to\infty} a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{20} a^2 +\end{align*} +Wie wir sehen ist die Kochkurve ein Konstrukt mit endlicher Fläche, aber unendlichem Umfang. +Zu guter letzt bestimmen wir die Dimension der Kurve. +Es gibt viele verschidene Arten die Dimension zu definieren. Diese können dann auch unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. +Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Fraktalen findet man in der Literatur viele verschiedene Arten. +In diesem Beispiel werden wir die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension. +\begin{align*} + D = - \frac{log(N)}{log(\epsilon)} +\end{align*} +Mit ihr kann man einfach die Dimension selbstähnlicher Mengen bestimmen. +Als Beispiel nehmen wir ein gleichseitiges Dreieck. Dieses besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit halber ($\epsilon = 1/2$) Kantenlänge. +Somit hat das Dreieck die Dimension $D = 2$. +Die Koch Kurve besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit Kantenlänge $\epsilon = 1/3$. +\begin{align*} + D = - \frac{log(N)}{log(\epsilon)} = - \frac{log(4)}{log(1/3)} \approx 1.2619 +\end{align*} +Wie wir nun sehen besitzt die Kochkurve alle oben beschriebenen Eigenschaften von Fraktalen. +Dies muss jedoch nicht bei allen Fraktalen der Fall. Sonst wäre die Frage nach einer 'richtigen' Definition einfach zu beantworten. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 18b269406626959a171c4db0dd5fd5cd8cfebb0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Wed, 26 May 2021 21:38:36 +0200 Subject: Start working on feedback --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 29 ++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index db05ff5..330cf51 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -11,11 +11,6 @@ präzise Bedeutung. bestimmten Operation invariant ist. \end{definition} -Wenn der Leser noch nicht mit der Gruppentheorie in Berührung gekommen ist, ist -vielleicht nicht ganz klar, was eine Operation ist, aber die Definition sollte -trotzdem Sinn machen. Die Formalisierung dieser Idee wird bald kommen, aber -zunächst wollen wir eine Intuition aufbauen. - \begin{figure}[h] \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[ @@ -68,12 +63,15 @@ zunächst wollen wir eine Intuition aufbauen. } \end{figure} +\subsection{Geometrische Symmetrien} + Die intuitivsten Beispiele kommen aus der Geometrie, daher werden wir mit einigen geometrischen Beispielen beginnen. Wie wir jedoch später sehen werden, -ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. In Abbildung -\ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, die -offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat ein Quadrat viele Achsen, um -die es gedreht werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige +ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. + +In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, +die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat Gerade, an +deren gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) sie unverändert lässt. @@ -95,14 +93,15 @@ Mit dem oben Gesagten können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. Wenn wir \[ C_n = \langle r \rangle = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} - = \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}, \] -die Zyklische Gruppe heisst. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als wiederholte -Komposition gemeint, d.h. \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). Die -Schreibweise mit den spitzen Klammern wird als Erzeugendensystem bezeichnet. +die zyklische Gruppe heisst. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als wiederholte +Komposition gemeint, d.h. \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). + +Die Schreibweise mit den spitzen Klammern wird als Erzeugendensystem bezeichnet. Das liegt daran, dass alle Elemente der Symmetriegruppe aus Kombinationen einer -Teilmenge erzeugt werden, die als erzeugende Elemente bezeichnet werden. Die -Reflexionssymmetriegruppe ist nicht so interessant, da sie nur +Teilmenge erzeugt werden, die als erzeugende Elemente bezeichnet werden. + +Die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe ist nicht so interessant, da sie nur \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\) enthält. Kombiniert man sie jedoch mit der Rotation, erhält man die so genannte Diedergruppe \[ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 9644d3426ba9ce0ad9365cb020f8137d733e7854 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Thu, 27 May 2021 00:55:38 +0200 Subject: Restructure --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 330cf51..a3ccbed 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -10,8 +10,11 @@ präzise Bedeutung. Ein mathematisches Objekt wird als symmetrisch bezeichnet, wenn es unter einer bestimmten Operation invariant ist. \end{definition} +Die intuitivsten Beispiele kommen aus der Geometrie, daher werden wir mit +einigen geometrischen Beispielen beginnen. Wie wir jedoch später sehen werden, +ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. -\begin{figure}[h] +\begin{figure} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[ node distance = 2cm, @@ -65,17 +68,13 @@ präzise Bedeutung. \subsection{Geometrische Symmetrien} -Die intuitivsten Beispiele kommen aus der Geometrie, daher werden wir mit -einigen geometrischen Beispielen beginnen. Wie wir jedoch später sehen werden, -ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. - In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat Gerade, an deren gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige -Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete +Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um -einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) sie unverändert lässt. -Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche +einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert +lässt. Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. Dies ist hoffentlich ausreichend, um die Bedeutung hinter der Notation zu verstehen, die @@ -92,15 +91,16 @@ Mit dem oben Gesagten können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. Wenn wir \(r\) eine Drehung von \(2\pi/n\) sein lassen, gibt es eine wohlbekannte Symmetriegruppe \[ C_n = \langle r \rangle - = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} + = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\}, \] die zyklische Gruppe heisst. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als wiederholte -Komposition gemeint, d.h. \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). - -Die Schreibweise mit den spitzen Klammern wird als Erzeugendensystem bezeichnet. +Komposition gemeint, d.h. \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). Die +Schreibweise mit den spitzen Klammern wird als Erzeugendensystem bezeichnet. Das liegt daran, dass alle Elemente der Symmetriegruppe aus Kombinationen einer Teilmenge erzeugt werden, die als erzeugende Elemente bezeichnet werden. +% TODO: more on generators + Die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe ist nicht so interessant, da sie nur \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\) enthält. Kombiniert man sie jedoch mit der Rotation, erhält man die so genannte Diedergruppe @@ -111,21 +111,53 @@ der Rotation, erhält man die so genannte Diedergruppe \right\}. \] Diesmal muss die Generator-Notation die Beziehungen zwischen den beiden -Operationen beinhalten. Die ersten beiden sind leicht zu erkennen, für die -letzte empfehlen wir, sie an einem 2D-Quadrat auszuprobieren. +Operationen beinhalten. +% TODO +% Die ersten beiden sind leicht zu erkennen, für die +% letzte empfehlen wir, sie an einem 2D-Quadrat auszuprobieren. + +Die Symmetrieoperationen, die wir bis jetzt besprochen haben, haben immer +mindestens einen Punkt gehabt, der wieder auf sich selbst abgebildet wird. Im +Fall der Rotation war es der Drehpunkt, bei der Spiegelung die Punkte der +Spiegelachse. Dies ist jedoch keine Voraussetzung für eine Symmetrie, da es +Symmetrien gibt, die jeden Punkt zu einem anderen Punkt verschieben können. +Diesen Spezialfall, bei dem mindestens ein Punkt unverändert bleibt, nennt man +Punktsymmetrie. +\begin{definition}[Punktgruppe] + Wenn jede Operation in einer Symmetriegruppe die Eigenschaft hat, mindestens + einen Punkt unverändert zu lassen, sagt man, dass die Symmetriegruppe eine + Punktgruppe ist. +\end{definition} + +\subsection{Algebraische Symmetrien} Wir haben nun unseren Operationen Symbole gegeben, mit denen es tatsächlich -möglich ist, eine nicht kommutative Algebra zu erstellen. Die naheliegende -Frage ist dann, könnte es sein, dass wir bereits etwas haben, das dasselbe tut? -Natürlich, ja. Dafür führen wir den Begriff der Darstellung ein. -\begin{definition}[Darstellung einer Gruppe, Gruppenhomomorphismus] +möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. Die naheliegende Frage ist dann, könnte +es sein, dass wir bereits etwas haben, das dasselbe tut? Natürlich, ja. +Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir ein einige Begriffe einführen. +\begin{definition}[Gruppenhomomorphismus] Seien \(G\) und \(H\) Gruppe mit unterschiedlicher Operation \(\diamond\) bzw. \(\star\). Ein Homomorphismus\footnote{ Für eine ausführlichere Diskussion siehe \S\ref{buch:grundlagen:subsection:gruppen} im Buch.} ist eine Funktion \(f: G \to H\), so dass für jedes \(a, b \in G\) gilt \(f(a\diamond b) = f(a) \star f(b)\). Man sagt, dass der Homomorphismus - \(f\) \(G\) in \(H\) transformiert, oder dass \(H\) eine Darstellung von - \(G\) ist. + \(f\) \(G\) in \(H\) transformiert. +\end{definition} +\begin{beispiel} + Die Rotationssymmetrie des Kreises \(C_\infty\), mit einem unendlichen + Kontinuum von Werten \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\), entspricht perfekt dem + komplexen Einheitskreis. Der Homomorphismus \(\phi: C_\infty \to \mathbb{C}\) + ist durch die Eulersche Formel \(\phi(r) = e^{i\alpha}\) gegeben. +\end{beispiel} + +\begin{definition}[Darstellung einer Gruppe] + Die Darstellung einer Gruppe ist ein Homomorphismus, der eine Symmetriegruppe + auf eine Menge von Matrizen abbildet. + \[ + \Phi: G \to \operatorname{GL}_n(\mathbb{R}). + \] + Äquivalent kann man sagen, dass ein Element aus der Symmetriegruppe auf einen + Vektorraum \(V\) wirkt, indem man definiert \(\Phi : G \times V \to V\). \end{definition} \begin{beispiel} Die Elemente \(r^k \in C_n\), wobei \(0 < k < n\), stellen abstrakt eine @@ -141,28 +173,8 @@ Natürlich, ja. Dafür führen wir den Begriff der Darstellung ein. die zweite die Matrixmultiplikation. Man kann überprüfen, dass \(\Phi(r^2 \circ r) = \Phi(r^2)\Phi(r)\). \end{beispiel} -\begin{beispiel} - Die Rotationssymmetrie des Kreises \(C_\infty\), mit einem unendlichen - Kontinuum von Werten \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\), entspricht perfekt dem - komplexen Einheitskreis. Der Homomorphismus \(\phi: C_\infty \to \mathbb{C}\) - ist durch die Eulersche Formel \(\phi(r) = e^{i\alpha}\) gegeben. -\end{beispiel} -Die Symmetrien, die wir bis jetzt besprochen haben, haben immer mindestens -einen Punkt unbesetzt gelassen. Im Fall der Rotation war es der Drehpunkt, bei -der Spiegelung die Achse. Dies ist jedoch keine Voraussetzung für eine -Symmetrie, da es Symmetrien gibt, die jeden Punkt zu einem anderen Punkt -verschieben können. Ein aufmerksamer Leser wird bemerken, dass die -unveränderten Punkte zum Eigenraum\footnote{Zur Erinnerung \(E_\lambda = -\mathrm{null}(\Phi - \lambda I)\), \(\vec{v}\in E_\lambda \implies \Phi \vec{v} -= \lambda\vec{v}\)} der Matrixdarstellung der Symmetrieoperation gehören. -Diesen Spezialfall, bei dem mindestens ein Punkt unverändert bleibt, nennt man -Punktsymmetrie. -\begin{definition}[Punktgruppe] - Wenn jede Operation in einer Symmetriegruppe die Eigenschaft hat, mindestens - einen Punkt unverändert zu lassen, sagt man, dass die Symmetriegruppe eine - Punktgruppe ist. -\end{definition} +%% TODO: title / fix continuity Um das Konzept zu illustrieren, werden wir den umgekehrten Fall diskutieren: eine Symmetrie, die keine Punktsymmetrie ist, die aber in der Physik sehr nützlich ist, nämlich die Translationssymmetrie. Von einem mathematischen -- cgit v1.2.1 From e86e0ad0e4415450a9c8b28917024ee6d0d77da5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 28 May 2021 15:23:51 +0200 Subject: text added --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex | 204 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 174 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex index a3edba4..8cb7744 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex @@ -5,36 +5,180 @@ % \section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren \label{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? +\rhead{Rekonstruktion} +Im letzten Kapitel haben wir eine Möglichkeit gefunden, wie wir die Fehlerhaften Stellen lokalisieren können. +Mit diesen Stellen soll es uns nun möglich sein, aus dem fehlerhaften empfangenen Nachrichtenvektor wieder unsere Nachricht zu rekonstruieren. +Das Lokatorpolynom +\[ +d(X) = (X - a^3)(X-a^8) +\] +markiert dabei diese Fehlerhaften Stellen im Übertragungsvektor +\[ +w = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]. +\] +Als Ausgangslage verwenden wir die Matrix, mit der wir den Nachrichtenvektor ursprünglich codiert haben. +Unser Ziel ist es wie auch schon im Kapitel X.X (Rekonstuktion ohne Fehler) eine Möglichkeit zu finden, wie wir den Übertragungsvektor decodieren können. +Aufgrund der Fehlerstellen müssen wir aber davon ausgehen, das wir nicht mehr den gleichen Weg verfolgen können wie wir im Kapitel X.X angewendet haben. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +Wir stellen also die Matrix auf und markieren gleichzeitig die Fehlerstellen. +\[ +\textcolor{gray}{ + \begin{pmatrix} + a^0 \\ a^1 \\ a^2 \\ \textcolor{red}{a^3} \\ a^4 \\ a^5 \\ a^6 \\ a^7 \\ \textcolor{red}{a^8} \\ a^9 \\ +\end{pmatrix}} +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ \textcolor{red}{8} \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ \textcolor{red}{1} \\ 4 \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^3}& \textcolor{red}{8^6}& \textcolor{red}{8^9}& \textcolor{red}{8^{12}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{15}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{27}}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^8}& \textcolor{red}{8^{16}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{32}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{40}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{48}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{56}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{64}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{72}}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\] +Die rot markierten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor enthalten Fehler und bringt uns daher kein weiterer Nutzen. +Aus diesem Grund werden diese Stellen aus dem Vektor entfernt, was wir hier ohne Probleme machen können, da dieser Code ja über Fehlerkorrekturstellen verfügt, deren Aufgabe es ist, eine bestimmte Anzahl an Fehler kompensieren zu können. +Die dazugehörigen Zeilen in der Matrix werden ebenfalls entfernt, da die Matrix gleich viele Zeilen wie im Übertragungsvektor aufweisen muss, damit man ihn decodieren kann. +Daraus resultiert +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& 8^6& 8^7& 8^8& 8^9\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& 8^{12}& 8^{14}& 8^{16}& 8^{18}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& 8^{24}& 8^{28}& 8^{32}& 8^{36}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& 8^{30}& 8^{35}& 8^{40}& 8^{45}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& 8^{36}& 8^{42}& 8^{48}& 8^{54}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& 8^{42}& 8^{49}& 8^{56}& 8^{63}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& 8^{54}& 8^{63}& 8^{72}& 8^{81}\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +. +\] +Die Matrix ist jedoch nicht mehr quadratisch, was eine Rekonstruktion durch Inversion ausschliesst. +Um die quadratische Form wieder herzustellen müssen wir zwei Spalten aus der Matrix entfernen. +Wir kennen aber das Resultat aus den letzten vier Spalten, da wir wissen, das die Nachricht aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil besteht, wobei der letzteres bekanntlich aus lauter Nullstellen besteht. +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& \textcolor{green}{8^6}& \textcolor{green}{8^7}& \textcolor{green}{8^8}& \textcolor{green}{8^9}\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& \textcolor{green}{8^{12}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{14}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{16}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{18}}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& \textcolor{green}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{28}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{32}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{36}}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& \textcolor{green}{8^{30}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{35}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{40}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{45}}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& \textcolor{green}{8^{36}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{48}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{54}}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& \textcolor{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{49}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{56}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{63}}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& \textcolor{green}{8^{54}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{63}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{72}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{81}}\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \textcolor{green}{m_6} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_7} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_8} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_9} \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\] +Wir nehmen die Entsprechenden Spalten aus der Matrix heraus und erhalten so das Überbestimmte Gleichungssystem +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \textcolor{red}{7} \\ \textcolor{red}{4} \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^7}& \textcolor{red}{8^{14}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{21}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{28}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{35}}\\ + \textcolor{red}{8^0}& \textcolor{red}{8^9}& \textcolor{red}{8^{18}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{27}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{36}}& \textcolor{red}{8^{45}}\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +. +\] +Die roten Zeilen können wir aufgrund der Überbestimmtheit ebenfalls entfernen und erhalten so die gesuchte quadratische Matrix +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +. +\] +Nun können wir den Gauss-Algorithmus anwenden um die Matrix zu Invertieren. +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 1& 1& 1& 1& 1& 1\\ + 1& 8& 9& 6& 4& 10\\ + 1& 9& 4& 3& 5& 1\\ + 1& 4& 5& 9& 3& 1\\ + 1& 10& 1& 10& 1& 10\\ + 1& 3& 9& 5& 4& 1\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\qquad +\Rightarrow +\qquad +\begin{pmatrix} + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 6& 4& 4& 6& 2& 1\\ + 2& 7& 10& 3& 4& 7\\ + 1& 8& 9& 8& 3& 4\\ + 3& 6& 6& 4& 5& 9\\ + 10& 10& 9& 8& 1& 6\\ + 1& 9& 6& 4& 7& 6\\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\] +Multiplizieren wir nun aus, erhalten wir unseren Nutzdatenteil +\[ +m = [4,7,2,5,8,1] +\] +zurück, den wir ursprünglich versendet haben. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 401325ee8d395ec4de27f4dcede73e860f3e28a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "User-PC\\User" Date: Mon, 31 May 2021 10:47:48 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=9Cberarbeitung=20und=20Verbesserung=20der=20Kapitel?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Bearbeitung=20Literaturverzeichnis=20(im=20Literaturverzeich?= =?UTF-8?q?nis=20noch=20nicht=20alles=20korrekt)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex | 81 ++++++++----------- buch/papers/spannung/references.bib | 49 +++++++---- buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex | 70 ++++++++-------- buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex | 37 +++++---- buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex | 156 +++++++++++++++++------------------- buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex | 107 +++++++++++++------------ buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex | 44 ++++++---- 7 files changed, 281 insertions(+), 263 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex index cf6e916..c80db64 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex @@ -1,15 +1,18 @@ \section{Einleitung\label{spannung:section:Einleitung}} +\rhead{Einleitung} +Das Hook'sche Gesetz beschreibt die Beziehung von Spannung und Dehnung von linear-elastischen Materialien im Eindimensionalen. In diesem Kapitel geht es darum das Hook'sche Gesetz im Dreidimensionalen zu beschreiben. -Dieses beschreibt die Beziehung von Spannung und Dehnung von linear elastischen Materialien im Eindimensionalen. Durch variable Krafteinwirkungen entstehen in jedem Punkt des Materials eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Spannungen. -Jeder erdenkliche Punkt im Dreidimensionalen beschreibt daher einen entsprechenden individuellen Spannungszustand. +In jedem erdenklichen Punkt im Dreidimensionalen herrscht daher ein entsprechender individueller Spannungszustand. Um das Hook'sche Gesetz für den 3D Spannungszustand formulieren zu können, reichen Skalare nicht aus. Darum werden Vektoren, Matrizen und Tensoren zur Hilfe gezogen. -Diese allgemeine Spannungsformel ist Grundlage für Computerprogramme und geotechnische Versuche, wie der Oedometer-Versuch. +Mit diesen lässt sich eine Spannungsformel für den 3D Spannungszustand bilden. +Diese Spannungsformel ist Grundlage für Computerprogramme und geotechnische Versuche, wie der Oedometer-Versuch. Um die mathematische Untersuchung vorzunehmen, beschäftigt man sich zuerst mit den spezifischen Gegebenheiten und Voraussetzungen. -Ebenfalls gilt es ein paar wichtige Begriffe und deren mathematischen Zeichen einzuführen, -damit sich den Berechnungen schlüssig folgen lässt. +Ebenfalls gilt es ein paar wichtige Begriffe und deren mathematischen Zeichen einzuführen. +In diesem Kapitel gehen wir auch auf die Zusammenhänge von Spannung, Dehnungen und Verformungen an elastischen Materialien ein, +wie sie in gängigen Lehrbüchern der Mechanik oder der Geotechnik behandelt werden. z. B. [\cite{spannung:Grundlagen der Geotechnik}] \section{Spannungsausbreitung\label{spannung:section:Spannungsausbreitung}} \rhead{Spannungsausbreitung} @@ -21,30 +24,34 @@ Belastet man den Boden mit einer Spannung \sigma = \frac{F}{A} +, \] -, so wird diese in den Boden geleitet und von diesem kompensiert. -Im Boden entstehen unterschiedlich hohe Zusatzspannung. -Die Zusatzspannung scheint sich räumlich und berechenbar im Boden auszubreiten. +so wird diese in den Boden geleitet und von diesem kompensiert. +Im Boden entstehen unterschiedlich hohe Zusatzspannungen. +Diese Zusatzspannung breitet sich räumlich im Boden aus. Im Falle einer konstanten Flächenlast $\sigma$ (siehe Abbildung 1.1) breitet sich die Zusatzspannung zwiebelartig aus. -Mit der Tiefe $t$ nimmt diese permanent ab (siehe Abbildung 1.2). -Wie diese Geometrie der Ausbreitung ist wird durch viele Modelle und Ansätze näherungsweise beschrieben. -Diese Zusatzspannung $\sigma$ ist aber sicher abhängig von $(x,y,t)$. \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild4.png} - \caption{Ausbreitung der Zusatzspannung im Boden} + \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild4.png} + \caption{Ausbreitung der Zusatzspannung im Boden infolge einfacher Flächenlast} \label{fig:Bild4} \end{figure} +Mit der Tiefe $t$ nimmt diese permanent ab (siehe Abbildung 1.2). +Wie diese Geometrie der Ausbreitung ist, kann durch viele Modelle und Ansätze näherungsweise beschrieben werden. +Diese Zusatzspannung $\sigma$ ist im Wesentlichen abhängig von $(x,y,t)$. +Je nach Modell werden noch andere Parameter berücksichtigt. +Das können beispielsweise jenste Bodenkennwerte oder auch der Wassergehalt sein. + \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild5.png} - \caption{Funktionen Spannung und Dehnung} + \includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild5.png} + \caption{Funktionen der Spannung und Dehnung im Zusammenhang mit der Tiefe} \label{fig:Bild5} \end{figure} -Bei jeder dieser Zusatzspannung geht eine entsprechende Zusatzdehnung einher, welche eine Setzung bedeutet. +Bei jeder dieser Zusatzspannung geht eine entsprechende Zusatzdehnung des Bodens einher, welche eine Setzung bedeutet. Im einfachsten Fall kann modellhaft mit \[ \varepsilon @@ -58,43 +65,25 @@ s \int_{0}^{\infty}\varepsilon\enspace dt \] berechnet werden mit: -\[ -\varepsilon -= -\text{Dehnung [$-$]} -\] -\[ -\sigma -= -\text{Spannung [\si{\kilo\pascal}]} -\] -\[ -E -= -\text{Elastizitätsmodul; Young-Modul [\si{\kilo\pascal}]} -\] -\[ -t -= -\text{Tiefe [\si{\meter}]} -\] -\[ -s -= -\text{Setzung, Absenkung [m]} -\] - +\begin{align*} + \varepsilon &= \text{Dehnung [$-$]} \\ + \sigma &= \text{Spannung [\si{\kilo\pascal}]} \\ + E &= \text{Elastizitätsmodul; Young-Modul [\si{\kilo\pascal}]}\\ + t &= \text{Tiefe [\si{\meter}]} \\ + s &= \text{Setzung, Absenkung [m].} +\end{align*} +Diese Zusammenhänge sind wie erwähnt unter anderem im Lehrbuch [\cite{spannung:Grundlagen der Geotechnik}] beschrieben. In der praktischen Geotechnik wird man allerdings weitaus schwierigere Situationen antreffen. Ein Beispiel wäre eine Baugrube mit einem Baugrubenabschluss, wo ein Teil des Bodens abgetragen ist (siehe Abbildung 1.3). Die Ausbreitung der Zusatzspannung $\sigma(x,y,t)$ würde hier deutlich komplizierter ausfallen. Dies bedeutet auch eine komplexere Setzung der Bodenoberfläche infolge einer Flächenlast $\sigma$. -Aus allen zusätzlichen Spannungen müssen die adäquaten Dehnung mit Hilfe einer Spannungsgleichung berechnet werden. -Diese beruht auf Annahmen nach Hooke auf einem linear elastischen Boden. +Aus allen zusätzlichen Spannungen müssen die adäquaten Dehnungen mit Hilfe einer Spannungsgleichung berechnet werden. +Diese beruht auf Annahmen nach Hooke auf einem linear-elastischen Boden. Generell wird im Ingenieurwesen versucht Phänomene möglichst nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz abbilden zu können. \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild3.png} - \caption{Beispiel Lastauftrag auf Boden} + \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild3.png} + \caption{Beispiel eines Lastauftrags auf den Boden bei einer komplexeren Situation, welches kompliziertere Spannungsausbreitung zur Folge hat} \label{fig:Bild3} \end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib b/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib index ed5703c..090e3c3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib @@ -4,27 +4,46 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{spannung:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, +@online{spannung:Tensor, + title = {Tensor}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor}, + date = {2021-05-29}, + year = {2021}, + month = {5}, day = {6} } -@book{spannung:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} +@online{spannung:Voigtsche Notation, + title = {Voigtsche Notation}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voigtsche_Notation}, + date = {2021-05-29}, + year = {2021}, + month = {5}, + day = {6} +} + +@book{spannung:Grundlagen der Geotechnik, + title = {Grundlagen der Geotechnik}, + author = {Hans-Henning Schmidt and Roland F. Buchmaier and Carola Vogt-Breyer}, + publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH}, + year = {2017}, + isbn = {978-3-658-14930-7}, + inseries = {Geotechnik nach Eurocode}, + volume = {5} +} + +@book{spannung:Stoffgesetze und numerische Modellierung in der Geotechnik, + title = {Stoffgesetze und numerische Modellierung in der Geotechnik}, + author = {Carlo Rabaiotti and Alessio Höttges}, + publisher = {Hochschule Rapperswil}, + year = {2021}, + isbn = {}, + inseries = {}, + volume = {} } @article{spannung:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, + author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, year = 2019, diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex index be837ac..ffc9009 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex @@ -1,48 +1,47 @@ -\section{Einachsiger Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Einachsiger Spannungsustand}} -\rhead{Einachsiger Spannungszustand} -Ein Spannungszustand beschreibt alle Spannungen, welche in einem beliebigen Punkt im Körper wirken (siehe Abbildung 1.4). +\section{Der Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Der Spannungsustand}} +\rhead{Der Spannungszustand} +Ein Spannungszustand ist durch alle Spannungen, welche in einem beliebigen Punkt im Körper wirken, definiert (siehe Abbildung 1.4). Änderungen der äusseren Kräfte verändern die inneren Spannungszustände im Material. Um alle Spannungen eines Punktes darstellen zu können, wird ein infinitesimales Bodenelement in Form eines Würfels modellhaft vorgestellt. Man spricht auch von einem Elementarwürfel, da dieser elementar klein ist. \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild2.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild2.png} \caption{Infinitesimales Bodenelement mit den 9 Spannungen} - \label{fig:infintesimaler-wurfel} + \label{fig:Bild2} \end{figure} -Es werden jeweils drei Seiten dieses Würfels betrachtet, wobei die drei gegenüberliegenden Seiten die selben Spannungen aufweisen. -Das infinitesimale Bodenteilchen hat die Koordinaten $1$, $2$, $3$ muss sich zwingend im Gleichgewicht befinden. -So sind insgesamt 9 verschiedene Spannungen möglich, wobei 3 Normal- und 6 Schubspannungen sind. -Normalspannung wirken normal (mit rechtem Winkel) zur angreifenden Fläche und Schubspannungen parallel zur angreifenden Fläche. -Alle Beträge dieser 9 Spannungen am Elementarwürfel bilden den Spannungszustand. +Es werden jeweils drei Seiten dieses Würfels betrachtet, wobei die drei gegenüberliegenden Seiten im Betrag die selben Spannungen aufweisen, +sodass der Elementarwürfel im Gleichgewicht ist. +Wäre dieses Gleichgewicht nicht vorhanden, käme es zu Verschiebungen und Drehungen. +Das infinitesimale Bodenteilchen hat die Koordinaten $1$, $2$, $3$. +Veränderungen der Normalspannungen können durch Schubspannungen kompensiert werden und umgekehrt. +So sind insgesamt neun verschiedene Spannungen möglich, wobei drei Normal- und sechs Schubspannungen sind. +Normalspannungen wirken normal (mit rechtem Winkel) zur angreifenden Fläche und Schubspannungen parallel zur angreifenden Fläche. +Alle Beträge dieser neun Spannungen am Elementarwürfel bilden den Spannungszustand. Daraus können die äquivalenten Dehnungen $\varepsilon$ mit Hilfe des Hook'schen Gesetz berechnet werden. +Daher gibt es auch den entsprechenden Dehnungszustand. -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild1.png} - \caption{1D Spannungszustand aus einer quaderförmigen Bodenprobe} - \label{fig:infintesimaler-wurfel} -\end{figure} -Im einachsigen Spannungszustand herrscht nur die Normalspannung $\sigma_{11}$ (siehe Abbildung). +\section{Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Spannungsustand}} +\rhead{Spannungszustand} + +Im einachsigen Spannungszustand herrscht nur die Normalspannung $\sigma_{11}$ (siehe Abbildung 1.5). Das Hook'sche Gesetz beschreibt genau diesen 1D Spannungszustand. Nach Hooke gilt: \[ F \sim \Delta l -\] . -Teilt man beide Seiten mit den Konstanten $A$ und $l_0$ erhält man +\] +Teilt man beide Seiten durch die Konstanten $A$ und $l_0$, erhält man \[ \frac{F}{A} = \sigma \sim -\] -\[ \varepsilon = \frac{\Delta l}{l_0} @@ -52,22 +51,21 @@ und somit \sigma \sim \varepsilon +, \] -. -Mit: -\[ -l_0 -= -\text{Länge zu Beginn [\si{\meter}]} -\] -\[ -A -= -\text{Fläche [\si{\meter\squared}]} -\] - -Diese Beziehung gilt bei linear elastischen Materialien, welche reversibel sind und nicht dauerhaft verformt werden. +mit +\begin{align*} + l_0 &= \text{Länge zu Beginn [\si{\meter}]} \\ + A &= \text{Fläche [\si{\meter\squared}].} +\end{align*} +Diese Beziehung gilt bei linear-elastischen Materialien, welche reversible Verformungen zulassen. Es ist praktisch die relative Dehnung $\varepsilon$ anzugeben und nicht eine absolute Längenänderung $\Delta l$. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild1.png} + \caption{1D Spannungszustand aus einer quaderförmigen Bodenprobe} + \label{fig:Bild1} +\end{figure} Mithilfe vom Elastizitätsmodul $E$ als Proportionalitätskonstante lässt sich der eindimensionale Fall mit \[ \sigma @@ -75,7 +73,7 @@ Mithilfe vom Elastizitätsmodul $E$ als Proportionalitätskonstante lässt sich E\cdot\varepsilon \] beschreiben. -Im Falle, dass der E-Modul nicht konstant ist, kann dieser näherungsweise mit +Im Falle, dass $E$ nicht konstant ist, kann dieser näherungsweise durch \[ E = diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex index 3b40ee9..2db244e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex @@ -1,17 +1,24 @@ \section{Skalare, Vektoren, Matrizen und Tensoren\label{spannung:section:Skalare,_Vektoren,_Matrizen_und_Tensoren}} \rhead{Skalare, Vektoren, Matrizen und Tensoren} -Tensoren wurden als erstes in der Elastizitätstheorie eingesetzt. (Quelle Herr Müller) -In der Elastizitätstheorie geht es darum viele verschiedene Komponenten zu beschreiben. -Mit einer Matrix oder einem Vektor kann man dies nicht mehr bewerkstelligen. -Wenn man den dreidimensionalen Spannungszustand abbilden möchte, müsste man mehrere Vektoren haben. -Deshalb wurden 1840 von Rowan Hamilton Tensoren in die Mathematik eingeführt. -Woldemar Voigt hat den Begriff in die moderne Bedeutung von Skalar, Matrix und Vektor verallgemeinert. -Albert Einstein hat Tensoren zudem in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie benutzt. -Tensor sind eine Stufe höher als Matrizen. Matrizen sind 2. Stufe. -Da Tensoren eine Stufe höher sind, kann man auch Matrizen, Vektoren und Skalare als Tensoren bezeichnen. -Der Nachteil von den Tensoren ist, dass man die gewohnten Rechenregeln, die man bei Vektoren oder Matrizen kennt, -nicht darauf anwenden kann. Man ist deshalb bestrebt die Tensoren als Vektoren und Matrizen darzustellen, -damit man die gewohnten Rechenregeln darauf anwenden kann. (Quelle Wikipedia) -In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind bereits alle Tensoren als Matrizen 2. Stufe abgebildet. -Trotzdem kann man diese Matrizen wie vorher beschrieben als Tensor bezeichnen. -Da diese als Matrizen abgebildet sind, dürfen wir die bekannten Rechenregeln auf unsere Tensoren anwenden. \ No newline at end of file +Der Begriff Tensor kann als Überbegriff, der mathematischen Objekte Skalar, Vektor und Matrix, betrachtet werden. +Allerdings sind noch höhere Stufen dieser Objekte beinhaltet. +Ein Skalar, ein Vektor oder eine Matrix ist daher auch ein Tensor. +Ein Skalar ist ein Tensor 0. Stufe. +Mit einem Vektor können mehrere Skalare auf einmal beschrieben werden. +Ein Vektor hat daher die Stufe 1 und ist höherstufig als ein Skalar. +Mit einer Matrix können wiederum mehrere Vektoren auf einmal beschrieben werden. +Eine Matrix hat daher die Stufe 2 und ist noch höherstufig als ein Vektor. +Versteht man diese Stufen, so versteht man den Sinn des Begriffs Tensor. + +Jede Stufe von Tensoren verlangt andere Rechenregeln. +So zeigt sich auch der Nachteil von Tensoren mit Stufen höher als 2. +Man ist also bestrebt höherstufige Tensoren mit Skalaren, Vektoren oder Matrizen zu beschreiben. + +Der Begriff Tensor wurde 1840 von Rowan Hamilton in die Mathematik eingeführt. +James Clerk Maxwell hat bereits mit Tensoren operiert, ohne den Begriff Tensor gekannt zu haben. +Erst Woldemar Voigt hat den Begriff in die moderne Bedeutung von Skalar, Matrix und Vektor verallgemeinert. +Er hat in der Elastizitätstheorie als erstes Tensoren eingesetzt und beschrieben. +Auch Albert Einstein hat solche Tensoren eingesetzt, +um in der Relativitätstheorie die Änderung der 4D Raumzeit beschreiben zu können. +\cite{spannung:Tensor} +\cite{spannung:Voigtsche Notation} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex index 8be0bdc..afd2c21 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex @@ -1,16 +1,22 @@ \section{Dreiachsiger Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Dreiachsiger_Spannungszustand}} \rhead{Dreiachsiger Spannungszustand} Durch komplexe Spannungsausbreitungen im Boden entstehen im 3D Spannungszustand unterschiedliche Normal- und Schubspannungen. -Ein Tensor 0.Stufe, sprich ein Skalar, kann lediglich den 1D Spannungszustand beschreiben. -Um den 3D Spannungszustandes als ein mathematisches Objekt darstellen zu können, wird ein Tensor 2.Stufe, sprich eine Matrix, eingesetzt. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/infinitesimalerWuerfel.png} + \caption{Beispiel eines Spannungszustandes; Vergrösserung eines infinitesimalen Bodenteilchen} + \label{fig:infinitesimalerWuerfel} +\end{figure} +Ein Tensor 0. Stufe, sprich ein Skalar, kann lediglich den 1D Spannungszustand beschreiben. +Um den 3D Spannungszustandes als ein mathematisches Objekt darstellen zu können, wird ein Tensor 2. Stufe, sprich eine Matrix, eingesetzt. Die Spannungen sind durch die zwei Indizes \[ i, j\in\left\{1, 2, 3\right\} \] - definiert. -Daher ergeben sich die 9 Spannungen. -Dieser Spannungstensor kann schliesslich mit $3^2$ Einträgen als 3x3 Matrix mit +Daher ergeben sich die neun Spannungen. +Die nachfolgenden Zusammenhänge sind in \cite{spannung:Voigtsche Notation} beschrieben. +Dieser Spannungstensor kann schliesslich mit $3^2$ Einträgen als $3\times3$ Matrix mit \[ \overline{\sigma} = @@ -23,13 +29,12 @@ Dieser Spannungstensor kann schliesslich mit $3^2$ Einträgen als 3x3 Matrix mit \end{pmatrix} \] dargestellt werden und beschreibt somit den gesamten Spannungszustand. -Die Dehnungen wirken adäquat zu den Spannungen und sind durch die zwei Indizes +Die Dehnungen wirken in die gleichen Richtungen wie die korrespondierenden Spannungen und sind durch die zwei Indizes \[ k, l\in\left\{1, 2, 3\right\} \] - definiert. -Der Dehnungstensor ist ebenfalls ein Tensor 2.Stufe und kann somit auch als $3\times3$ Matrix mit +Der Dehnungstensor ist ebenfalls ein Tensor 2. Stufe und kann somit auch als $3\times3$ Matrix mit \[ \overline{\varepsilon} = @@ -43,14 +48,7 @@ Der Dehnungstensor ist ebenfalls ein Tensor 2.Stufe und kann somit auch als $3\t \] dargestellt werden und beschreibt den gesamten Dehnungszustand. -\begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/infinitesimalerWuerfel.png} - \caption{Infinitesimales Bodenteilchen} - \label{fig:infintesimaler-wurfel} -\end{figure} - -Der Spannungs- und Dehnungstensor 2.Stufe kann je in einen Tensor 1. Stufe überführt werden, welches ein Spaltenvektor ist. +Der Spannungs- und Dehnungstensor 2. Stufe kann je in einen Tensor 1. Stufe überführt werden, welches ein Spaltenvektor ist. Gemäss der Hadamard-Algebra dürfen Zeile um Zeile in eine Spalte notiert werden, sodass es einen Spaltenvektor ergibt. So ergibt sich der Spannungsvektor @@ -108,22 +106,22 @@ und Dehnungsvektor \varepsilon_{32} \\ \varepsilon_{33} \end{pmatrix} -\]. - -Um die Beziehung von Spannung und Dehnung, welche mit Tensoren 2.Stufen ausgedrückt werden, zu beschreiben, wird ein Elastizitätstensor 4.Stufe benötigt. -Dieser ist im 1D Spannungszustand ein Tensor 0.Stufe und somit ein Skalar. -Dieses Skalar ist das Elastizitätsmodul $E$. +. +\] +Um die Beziehung von Spannung und Dehnung, welche mit Tensoren 2. Stufe ausgedrückt werden, zu beschreiben, wird ein Elastizitätstensor 4. Stufe benötigt. +Dieser ist im 1D Spannungszustand ein Tensor 0. Stufe und somit ein Skalar, der Elastizitätsmodul $E$. -Dieser Elastizitätstensor 4.Stufe kann als Tensor 2.Stufe, sprich als Matrix, dargestellt werden. -So wird die Spannungsgleichung stark vereinfacht, da nun ein Vektor mit einer Matrix operiert. +Dieser Elastizitätstensor 4. Stufe kann als Tensor 2. Stufe, sprich als Matrix, dargestellt werden. +So wird die Spannungsgleichung stark vereinfacht, da nun eine Matrix auf einen Vektor operiert. Dieser Tensor muss für eine Spannung jeden Einfluss aus allen 9 Dehnungen mit Konstanten erfassen. Dies bedeutet um eine von 9 Spannungen berechnen zu können müssen alle 9 Dehnung mit unterschiedlichen Faktoren summiert werden. Es ergeben sich $9^2$ Einträge, welches mit den 4 Indizes \[ i, j, k, l\in\left\{1, 2, 3\right\} +, \] -, die zueinander verknüpft werden müssen, zu begründen ist. -Es ergeben sich $3^4$ Einträge, sprich eine $9\times9$ Matrix, welche allgemein mit +die zueinander verknüpft werden müssen, zu begründen ist. +Es ergeben sich $3^4$ Einträge, sprich eine $9\times9$ Matrix, welche allgemein \[ \overline{\overline{C}} = @@ -141,25 +139,26 @@ C_{3211} & C_{3212} & C_{3213} & C_{3221} & C_{3222} & C_{3223} & C_{3231} & C_{ C_{3311} & C_{3312} & C_{3313} & C_{3321} & C_{3322} & C_{3323} & C_{3331} & C_{3332} & C_{3333} \end{pmatrix} \] -ausgedrückt wird. +geschrieben werden kann. Dieser Elastizitätstensor muss für isotrope Materialien zwingend symmetrisch sein. Folglich gilt: \[ \overline{\overline{C}} = \overline{\overline{C}}~^{T} -\]. - +. +\] Die allgemeine Spannungsgleichung lautet nun: \[ \vec\sigma = \overline{\overline{C}}\cdot\vec{\varepsilon} -\]. - +. +\] Die Konstanten $C$ werden nun nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz mit Hilfe des Elastizitätsmoduls $E$ definiert. -Da dieser Modul durch die eindimensionale Betrachtung definiert ist muss eine weitere Kennzahl eingeführt werden. -Dies ist die Querdehnungszahl $\nu$ (auch Poisson-Zahl), welche mit +Da dieser Modul durch die eindimensionale Betrachtung definiert ist, +muss für die dreidimensionale Betrachtung eine weitere Kennzahl eingeführt werden. +Dies ist die Querdehnungszahl $\nu$ (auch Poisson-Zahl), welche durch \[ \nu = @@ -168,17 +167,11 @@ Dies ist die Querdehnungszahl $\nu$ (auch Poisson-Zahl), welche mit \frac{\Delta b}{b_0} \] und -\[ -\varepsilon -= -\text{Längsdehnung [$-$]} -\] -\[ -\varepsilon_q -= -\text{Querdehnung [$-$]} -\] -definiert ist. Trägt man die Konstanten in die Matrix ein ergibt sich +\begin{align*} + \varepsilon &= \text{Längsdehnung [$-$]} \\ + \varepsilon_q &= \text{Querdehnung [$-$]} +\end{align*} +definiert ist. Trägt man die Konstanten in die Matrix ein, ergibt sich \[ \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_{11}\\ @@ -215,9 +208,9 @@ definiert ist. Trägt man die Konstanten in die Matrix ein ergibt sich \varepsilon_{32} \\ \varepsilon_{33} \end{pmatrix} +, \] - -, welche ebenfalls als Indexnotation mit +welche ebenfalls als Indexnotation mit \[ \sigma_{ij} = @@ -225,9 +218,8 @@ definiert ist. Trägt man die Konstanten in die Matrix ein ergibt sich \sum_{l=1}^3 C_{ijkl}\cdot\varepsilon_{kl} \] -ausgedrückt werden können. -Die Normalspannung $\sigma_{11}$ lässt sich exemplarisch mit - +ausgedrückt werden kann. +Die Normalspannung $\sigma_{22}$ lässt sich exemplarisch als \[ \sigma_{22} = @@ -247,10 +239,12 @@ Diese Symmetrie setzt daher voraus, dass = \sigma_{21} , +\qquad \sigma_{13} = \sigma_{31} , +\qquad \sigma_{23} = \sigma_{32} @@ -261,16 +255,18 @@ und folglich auch = \varepsilon_{21} , +\qquad \varepsilon_{13} = \varepsilon_{31} , +\qquad \varepsilon_{23} = \varepsilon_{32} \] gilt. -Diese Eigenschaft wird durch die Voigt'sche Notation ausgenutzt um die Gleichung vereinfachen zu können. +Diese Eigenschaft wird durch die Voigt'sche Notation \cite{spannung:Voigtsche Notation} ausgenutzt, um die Gleichung vereinfachen zu können. Durch diese Symmetrie gilt \[ \overline{\sigma} @@ -284,7 +280,7 @@ Durch diese Symmetrie gilt \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_{11} & \sigma_{12} & \sigma_{13} \\ & \sigma_{22} & \sigma_{23} \\ - sym & & \sigma_{33} + \text{sym} & & \sigma_{33} \end{pmatrix} \qquad \Rightarrow @@ -328,9 +324,10 @@ und entsprechend \varepsilon_{13} \\ \varepsilon_{12} \end{pmatrix} -\]. +. +\] -Aus den Vereinfachungen der Voigt'schen Notation lassen sich die Spannungs- und Dehnungstensoren als Spaltenvektoren mit je 6 Einträgen darstellen. +Aus den Vereinfachungen der Voigt'schen Notation lassen sich die Spannungs- und Dehnungstensoren als Spaltenvektoren mit je sechs Einträgen darstellen. Der Elastizitätstensor kann entsprechend auf eine $6\times6$ Matrix reduziert werden. Es lässt sich nun eine reduzierte allgemeine Spannungsgleichung mit \[ @@ -350,12 +347,12 @@ beziehungsweise \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - C_{11} & C_{12} & C_{13} & C_{14} & C_{15} & C_{16} \\ - C_{21} & C_{22} & C_{23} & C_{24} & C_{25} & C_{26} \\ - C_{31} & C_{32} & C_{33} & C_{34} & C_{35} & C_{36} \\ - C_{41} & C_{42} & C_{43} & C_{44} & C_{45} & C_{46} \\ - C_{51} & C_{52} & C_{53} & C_{54} & C_{55} & C_{56} \\ - C_{61} & C_{62} & C_{63} & C_{64} & C_{65} & C_{66} + C_{1111} & C_{1122} & C_{1133} & C_{1123} & C_{1113} & C_{1112} \\ + C_{2211} & C_{2222} & C_{2233} & C_{2223} & C_{2213} & C_{2212} \\ + C_{3311} & C_{3322} & C_{3333} & C_{3323} & C_{3313} & C_{3312} \\ + C_{2311} & C_{2322} & C_{2333} & C_{2323} & C_{2313} & C_{2312} \\ + C_{1311} & C_{1322} & C_{1333} & C_{1323} & C_{1313} & C_{1312} \\ + C_{1211} & C_{1222} & C_{1233} & C_{1223} & C_{1213} & C_{1212} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_{11} \\ @@ -367,9 +364,9 @@ beziehungsweise \end{pmatrix} \] beschreiben. -Die Spannung $\sigma_{11}$ beispielsweise besteht so aus der Summe aller 6 Produkte der Konstanten $C$ und Dehnungen $\varepsilon$. +Die Spannung $\sigma_{11}$ beispielsweise erhält man, wenn man die sechs Produkte aus den Konstanten $C$ und Dehnungen $\varepsilon$ summiert. Die Symmetrieeigenschaft des Elastizitätstensors bleibt auch hier erhalten. -Nun lässt sich die reduzierte allgemeine Spannungsgleichung mit +Somit lässt sich die reduzierte allgemeine Spannungsgleichung mit \[ \begin{pmatrix} @@ -382,12 +379,12 @@ Nun lässt sich die reduzierte allgemeine Spannungsgleichung mit \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - C_{11} & C_{12} & C_{13} & C_{14} & C_{15} & C_{16} \\ - & C_{22} & C_{23} & C_{24} & C_{25} & C_{26} \\ - & & C_{33} & C_{34} & C_{35} & C_{36} \\ - & & & C_{44} & C_{45} & C_{46} \\ - & & & & C_{55} & C_{56} \\ - \text{sym} & & & & & C_{66} + C_{1111} & C_{1122} & C_{1133} & C_{1123} & C_{1113} & C_{1112} \\ + & C_{2222} & C_{2233} & C_{2223} & C_{2213} & C_{2212} \\ + & & C_{3333} & C_{3323} & C_{3313} & C_{3312} \\ + & & & C_{2323} & C_{2313} & C_{2312} \\ + & & & & C_{1313} & C_{1312} \\ + \text{sym} & & & & & C_{1212} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_{11} \\ @@ -399,9 +396,8 @@ Nun lässt sich die reduzierte allgemeine Spannungsgleichung mit \end{pmatrix} \] beschreiben. -Die Konstanten $C$ und $\nu$ werden wieder nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz definiert. +Die Konstanten $C$ werden wieder nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz definiert. Dies ergibt die Spannungsgleichung, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: - \[ \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_{11}\\ @@ -429,10 +425,11 @@ Dies ergibt die Spannungsgleichung, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: \varepsilon_{13}\\ \varepsilon_{12} \end{pmatrix} -\]. +. +\] Im Elastizitätstensor fallen zwei $3\times3$ Blöcke auf, welche nur Einträge mit $0$ haben. Der Tensor besagt also, -dass diese jeweiligen Konstanten keinen Einfluss auf unsere Spannung haben. +dass diese jeweiligen Dehnungen keinen Einfluss auf unsere Spannung haben. Man sieht nun auch ganz gut, dass sich im Vergleich zu der allgemeinen Spannungsgleichung, die Einträge verschoben haben. Da nach Voigt zuerst die Normalspannungen und anschliessend die Schubspannungen notiert worden sind, ergeben sich die $3\times3$ Blöcke. @@ -477,27 +474,18 @@ Dadurch erhält man die Dehnungsgleichung: \sigma_{13}\\ \sigma_{12} \end{pmatrix} -\]. - +. +\] Die zwei $3\times3$ Blöcke links unten und rechts oben sind folglich noch vorhanden. -Um wieder die Einflüsse der Parameter veranschaulichen zu können berechnet man mit +Um wieder die Einflüsse der Parameter veranschaulichen zu können berechnet man die Dehnung \[ \varepsilon_{22} = \frac{1}{E}\sigma_{22} - \frac{\nu}{E}\sigma_{11} - \frac{\nu}{E}\sigma_{33} = \frac{1}{E}\cdot(\sigma_{22}-\nu\cdot\sigma_{11}-\nu\cdot\sigma_{33}) +. \] - -die Dehnung $\varepsilon_{22}$. Diese hängt wieder am meisten von $\sigma_{22}$ ab. Ist die Querdehnung $\nu$ grösser, so wird die Dehnung $\varepsilon_{22}$ reduziert. -Bei inkompressiblen Medien, bei welchen keine Dehnungen und nur identische Normalspannungen auftreten können, ist folglich -\[ -\nu -= -0.5 -\]. - - - +Bei inkompressiblen Medien, bei welchen keine Dehnungen und nur identische Normalspannungen auftreten können, ist folglich $\nu=0.5$. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex index e5574b8..438ac31 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex @@ -1,80 +1,86 @@ -\section{Spannungsausbreitung\label{spannung:section:Invarianten}} -\rhead{Invarianten} -Trotz der Vereinfachung lässt sich mit den Invarianten die Realität adäquat abbilden. -Als erste Bedingung stellt man folgendes Verhältnis auf: +\section{Die geotechnischen Invarianten\label{spannung:section:Die geotechnischen Invarianten}} +\rhead{Die geotechnischen Invarianten} +In vielen Fällen in der Geotechnik und auch in Versuchen hat man gleichmässige Belastungen über eine grössere Fläche. +Durch eine solche Belastung auf den Boden, entstehen gleichermassen Spannungen in Richtung $2$ und $3$, +wenn man von einem isotropen Bodenmaterial ausgeht. +Folglich gilt: \[ \sigma_{22} = \sigma_{33} -\] . - -Dies deshalb, da man von einem isotropen Bodenmaterial ausgeht. -In Achse 22, Richtung 22 hat man den gleichen Boden wie in Achse 33 und Richtung 33. -Das Verhalten bezüglich Kraftaufnahme, Dehnung Spannung ist somit dasselbe. - -Man führt die zwei Werte p als hydrostatische Spannung und q als deviatorische Spannung ein. -Die Berechnung von p und q sieht wie folgt aus: - +\] +Dadurch wird der Spannungszustand vereinfacht. +Diesen vereinfachten Spannungszustand kann man mit den zwei geotechnischen Invarianten abbilden. +Die erste Invariante ist die volumetrische Spannung \[ p = \frac{\sigma_{11}+\sigma_{22}+\sigma_{33}}{3} +, \] - -oder durch Vereinfachung, da $\sigma_{22}=\sigma_{33}$ : - +welche als arithmetisches Mittel aller Normalspannungen im infinitesimalen Würfel definiert ist. +Die zweite Invariante ist die deviatorische Spannung +\[ +q += +\sqrt{\frac{(\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{22})^{2}+(\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33})^{2}+(\sigma_{22}-\sigma_{33})^{2}}{2}} +. +\] +Diese Zusammenhänge werden im Skript [\cite{spannung:Stoffgesetze und numerische Modellierung in der Geotechnik}] aufgezeigt. +Die hydrostatische Spannung $p$ kann gemäss Gleichung (Nr) als \[ p = \frac{\sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33}}{3} \] - +vereinfacht werden. +Die deviatorische Spannung $q$ wird gemäss Gleichung (Nr) als \[ q = \sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33} \] -. - -p ist das arithmetische Mittel von der Spannung im infinitesimalen Würfel. -q ist die Differenz zwischen der Spannung in vertikaler Richtung und der Spannung in Richtung 2 und 3. -Man kann p als Druckspannung und q als Schubspannung anschauen. - -Aus der Formel vom vorherigen Kapitel konnten wir die Spannungen berechnen. -Deshalb kann man nun p und q in die Gleichung einsetzen. -Die Dehnungen werden mit neuen Variablen eingeführt. -Die Deviatorische Dehnung kann mit einer Schubdehnung verglichen werden. -Die hydrostatische Dehnung kann mit einer Kompressionsdehnung verglichen - -\[ -\overbrace{\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33}}^{q} -= -\frac{3E}{2(1+\nu)} \overbrace{\frac{2}{3}(\varepsilon_{11} - \varepsilon_{33})}^{\varepsilon_{\nu}} -\] +vereinfacht. Man kann $p$ als Isotrop und $q$ als Schub betrachten. +Die Invarianten können mit der Spannungsformel (Nr..xxx) berechnet werden. +Durch geschickte Umformung dieser Gleichung, lassen sich die Module als Faktor separieren. +Dabei entstehen spezielle Faktoren mit den Dehnungskomponenten. +So ergibt sich \[ \overbrace{\frac{\sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33}}{3}}^{p} = -\frac{E}{3(1-2\nu)} \overbrace{(\varepsilon_{11} - 2\varepsilon_{33})}^{\varepsilon_{s}} +\frac{E}{3(1-2\nu)} \overbrace{(\varepsilon_{11} - 2\varepsilon_{33})}^{\varepsilon_{v}} \] - +und \[ -\varepsilon_{s} +\overbrace{\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33}}^{q} = -\text{Hydrostatische Dehnung} [-] +\frac{3E}{2(1+\nu)} \overbrace{\frac{2}{3}(\varepsilon_{11} - \varepsilon_{33})}^{\varepsilon_{s}} +. \] - +Die Faktoren mit den Dehnungskomponenten können so mit \[ -\varepsilon_{\nu} +\varepsilon_{v} = -\text{Deviatorische Dehnung} [-] +(\varepsilon_{11} - 2\varepsilon_{33}) +\qquad +\text{und} +\qquad +\varepsilon_{s} += +\frac{2}{3}(\varepsilon_{11} - \varepsilon_{33}) \] - -werden. - -Diese Komponenten kann man nun in die Vereinfachte Matrix +eingeführt werden, mit +\begin{align*} + \varepsilon_{v} &= \text{Hydrostatische Dehnung [-]} \\ + \varepsilon_{s} &= \text{Deviatorische Dehnung [-].} +\end{align*} +Die hydrostatische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{v}$ kann mit einer Kompression verglichen werden. +Die deviatorische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{s}$ kann mit einer Verzerrung verglichen werden. + +Diese zwei Gleichungen kann man durch die Matrixschreibweise \[ \begin{pmatrix} q\\ @@ -87,12 +93,13 @@ Diese Komponenten kann man nun in die Vereinfachte Matrix \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_{s}\\ - \varepsilon_{\nu} + \varepsilon_{v} \end{pmatrix} \] -einsetzen. -Man hat dann eine Matrix multipliziert mit einem Vektor und erhält einen Vektor. +(sollte nummeriert sein) vereinfachen. +Man hat so eine Matrix multipliziert mit einem Vektor und erhält einen Vektor. +Änderungen des Spannungszustandes können mit dieser Gleichung vollumfänglich erfasst werden. -Mit dieser Formel lassen sich verschieden Parameter von Versuchen analysieren und berechnen. -Ein solcher Versuch, den oft in der Geotechnik durchgeführt wird ist der Oedometer-Versuch. +Mit dieser Formel lassen sich verschieden Ergebnisse von Versuchen analysieren und berechnen. +Ein solcher Versuch, den oft in der Geotechnik durchgeführt wird, ist der Oedometer-Versuch. Im nächsten Kapitel wird die Anwendung der Matrix an diesem Versuch beschrieben. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex index 60f2518..d524f13 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ \section{Oedometer-Versuch\label{spannung:section:Oedometer-Versuch}} \rhead{Oedometer-Versuch} -Mit dem Oedometer-Versuch kann der Oedometrische Elastizitätsmodul $E_{OED}$ bestimmt werden. +Mit dem Oedometer-Versuch kann der oedometrische Elastizitätsmodul $E_{OED}$ bestimmt werden. Dieser beschreibt ebenfalls das Verhältnis zwischen Spannung und Dehnung, allerdings unter anderen Bedingungen. Diese Bedingung ist das Verhindern der seitlichen Verformung, sprich der Dehnung in Richtung $1$ und $2$. Es wird ein Probeelement mit immer grösseren Gewichten belastet, welche gleichmässig auf das Material drücken. Die seitliche Verschiebung des Materials wird durch einen Stahlring verhindert. -Die Probe wird sich so steig verdichten. +Die Probe wird sich so stetig verdichten. Das Volumen nimmt ab und die Dehnung nimmt immer mehr zu. -Unter diesen Bedingungen wird das Oedometrische E-Modul mit steigender Dehnung zunehmen. +Unter diesen Bedingungen wird der oedometrische Elastizitätsmodul mit steigender Dehnung zunehmen. -Da im Boden das umgebende Material ähnliche eine seitliche Verformung verhindert, -gibt dieser Oedometrische E-Modul die Realität besser als der gewöhnliche E-Modul wieder. +Da im Boden das umgebende Material ähnlich eine seitliche Verformung verhindert, +bildet dieser oedometrische Elastizitätsmodul die Realität besser ab, als der gewöhnliche Elastizitätsmodul. Durch dieses Verhindern des seitlichen Ausbrechens ist \[ \varepsilon_{22} @@ -25,15 +25,16 @@ aber auch = \sigma_{33} \neq 0 +. \] -Die Spannung $\sigma_{11}$ wird durch durch die aufgebrachte Kraft mit +Die Spannung $\sigma_{11}$ wird durch die aufgebrachte Kraft mit \[ \sigma_{11} = \frac{F}{A} \] und die Dehnung $\varepsilon_{11}$ jeweils mit den entsprechenden Setzungen berechnet. -Diese Randbedingen können in die vereinfachte Gleichung eingesetzt. +Diese Randbedingungen können in die vereinfachte Gleichung (Nrxxx) eingesetzt werden. Diese lautet nun: \[ \begin{pmatrix} @@ -42,21 +43,30 @@ Diese lautet nun: \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - \frac{E_{OED}}{(1+\nu)} & 0 \\ - 0 & \frac{E_{OED}}{(1-2\nu)} + \frac{E_{OED}}{(1+\nu)} & 0 \\ + 0 & \frac{E_{OED}}{3(1-2\nu)} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_{11}\\ \varepsilon_{11} \end{pmatrix} -\] . - -Daraus lässt sich bei jedem Setzungsgrad das Oedometrische E-Modul $E_{OED}$ und die seitlichen Spannungen $\sigma_{33}$ mit den 2 Gleichungen - -GLEICHUNGEN... - +\] +Daraus lässt sich bei jedem Setzungsgrad der oedometrische Elastitzitätsmodul $E_{OED}$ und die seitlichen Spannungen $\sigma_{33}$ mit den 2 Gleichungen +\[ +\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33} += +\frac{E_{OED}}{(1+\nu)}\cdot\varepsilon_{11} +\] +und +\[ +\sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33} += +\frac{E_{OED}}{3(1-2\nu)}\cdot\varepsilon_{11} +\] berechnen. +Mit diesen Gleichungen hat man das Gleichungssystem um $E_{OED}$ und $\sigma_{33}$ zu berechnen. +Die Poisson-Zahl muss als Kennwert gemäss der Bodenklasse gewählt werden. Den Versuch kann man auf einem $\sigma$-$\varepsilon$-Diagramm abtragen (siehe Abbildung 1.7). Durch die Komprimierung nimmt der Boden mehr Spannung auf, und verformt sich zugleich weniger stark. Mit diesem ermittelten $E_{OED}$ kann man nun weitere Berechnungen für die Geotechnik durchführen. @@ -64,6 +74,6 @@ Mit diesem ermittelten $E_{OED}$ kann man nun weitere Berechnungen für die Geot \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/DiagrammOedometer-Versuch.png} - \caption{Diagramm Oedometer-Versuch} - \label{fig:Diagramm Oedometer-Versuch} + \caption{Diagramm Charakteristik verschiedener Elastizitätsmodule bei gleichem Material} + \label{fig:DiagrammOedometer-Versuch} \end{figure} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From b70156cbf2d76d1850ddd1fc6f58e79bdc5c5203 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Wed, 2 Jun 2021 07:53:42 +0200 Subject: Makefile in clifford, references in spannung --- buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc | 20 +++++++++++++------- buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex | 6 +++--- buch/papers/spannung/references.bib | 6 +++--- buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex | 6 +++--- buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex | 4 ++-- 6 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc index 7b941b3..8cdd02e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc @@ -3,12 +3,18 @@ # # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # -dependencies-clifford = \ +dependencies-clifford = \ papers/clifford/packages.tex \ papers/clifford/main.tex \ - papers/clifford/references.bib \ - papers/clifford/teil0.tex \ - papers/clifford/teil1.tex \ - papers/clifford/teil2.tex \ - papers/clifford/teil3.tex - + papers/clifford/references.bib \ + papers/clifford/0_ElevatorPitch.tex \ + papers/clifford/1_Vektordarstellung.tex \ + papers/clifford/2_QuadratVektoren.tex \ + papers/clifford/3_MultiplikationVektoren.tex \ + papers/clifford/4_GeometrischesProdukt.tex \ + papers/clifford/5_PolareDarstellung.tex \ + papers/clifford/6_Dirac-Matrizen.tex \ + papers/clifford/7_Reflektion.tex \ + papers/clifford/8_Rotation.tex \ + papers/clifford/9_KomplexeZahlen.tex \ + papers/clifford/10_Quaternionen.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex index c80db64..0cb1433 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Diese Spannungsformel ist Grundlage für Computerprogramme und geotechnische Ver Um die mathematische Untersuchung vorzunehmen, beschäftigt man sich zuerst mit den spezifischen Gegebenheiten und Voraussetzungen. Ebenfalls gilt es ein paar wichtige Begriffe und deren mathematischen Zeichen einzuführen. In diesem Kapitel gehen wir auch auf die Zusammenhänge von Spannung, Dehnungen und Verformungen an elastischen Materialien ein, -wie sie in gängigen Lehrbüchern der Mechanik oder der Geotechnik behandelt werden. z. B. [\cite{spannung:Grundlagen der Geotechnik}] +wie sie in gängigen Lehrbüchern der Mechanik oder der Geotechnik behandelt werden, z.~B.~\cite{spannung:Grundlagen-der-Geotechnik}. \section{Spannungsausbreitung\label{spannung:section:Spannungsausbreitung}} \rhead{Spannungsausbreitung} @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ berechnet werden mit: t &= \text{Tiefe [\si{\meter}]} \\ s &= \text{Setzung, Absenkung [m].} \end{align*} -Diese Zusammenhänge sind wie erwähnt unter anderem im Lehrbuch [\cite{spannung:Grundlagen der Geotechnik}] beschrieben. +Diese Zusammenhänge sind wie erwähnt unter anderem im Lehrbuch [\cite{spannung:Grundlagen-der-Geotechnik}] beschrieben. In der praktischen Geotechnik wird man allerdings weitaus schwierigere Situationen antreffen. Ein Beispiel wäre eine Baugrube mit einem Baugrubenabschluss, wo ein Teil des Bodens abgetragen ist (siehe Abbildung 1.3). Die Ausbreitung der Zusatzspannung $\sigma(x,y,t)$ würde hier deutlich komplizierter ausfallen. @@ -86,4 +86,4 @@ Generell wird im Ingenieurwesen versucht Phänomene möglichst nach dem Hook'sch \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild3.png} \caption{Beispiel eines Lastauftrags auf den Boden bei einer komplexeren Situation, welches kompliziertere Spannungsausbreitung zur Folge hat} \label{fig:Bild3} -\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib b/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib index 090e3c3..02f8d09 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/references.bib @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ day = {6} } -@online{spannung:Voigtsche Notation, +@online{spannung:Voigtsche-Notation, title = {Voigtsche Notation}, url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voigtsche_Notation}, date = {2021-05-29}, @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ day = {6} } -@book{spannung:Grundlagen der Geotechnik, +@book{spannung:Grundlagen-der-Geotechnik, title = {Grundlagen der Geotechnik}, author = {Hans-Henning Schmidt and Roland F. Buchmaier and Carola Vogt-Breyer}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH}, @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ volume = {5} } -@book{spannung:Stoffgesetze und numerische Modellierung in der Geotechnik, +@book{spannung:Stoffgesetze-und-numerische-Modellierung-in-der-Geotechnik, title = {Stoffgesetze und numerische Modellierung in der Geotechnik}, author = {Carlo Rabaiotti and Alessio Höttges}, publisher = {Hochschule Rapperswil}, diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex index 2db244e..74516c1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex @@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ Er hat in der Elastizitätstheorie als erstes Tensoren eingesetzt und beschriebe Auch Albert Einstein hat solche Tensoren eingesetzt, um in der Relativitätstheorie die Änderung der 4D Raumzeit beschreiben zu können. \cite{spannung:Tensor} -\cite{spannung:Voigtsche Notation} \ No newline at end of file +\cite{spannung:Voigtsche-Notation} diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex index afd2c21..921d2b8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ i, j\in\left\{1, 2, 3\right\} \] definiert. Daher ergeben sich die neun Spannungen. -Die nachfolgenden Zusammenhänge sind in \cite{spannung:Voigtsche Notation} beschrieben. +Die nachfolgenden Zusammenhänge sind in \cite{spannung:Voigtsche-Notation} beschrieben. Dieser Spannungstensor kann schliesslich mit $3^2$ Einträgen als $3\times3$ Matrix mit \[ \overline{\sigma} @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ und folglich auch \varepsilon_{32} \] gilt. -Diese Eigenschaft wird durch die Voigt'sche Notation \cite{spannung:Voigtsche Notation} ausgenutzt, um die Gleichung vereinfachen zu können. +Diese Eigenschaft wird durch die Voigt'sche Notation \cite{spannung:Voigtsche-Notation} ausgenutzt, um die Gleichung vereinfachen zu können. Durch diese Symmetrie gilt \[ \overline{\sigma} @@ -488,4 +488,4 @@ Um wieder die Einflüsse der Parameter veranschaulichen zu können berechnet man \] Diese hängt wieder am meisten von $\sigma_{22}$ ab. Ist die Querdehnung $\nu$ grösser, so wird die Dehnung $\varepsilon_{22}$ reduziert. -Bei inkompressiblen Medien, bei welchen keine Dehnungen und nur identische Normalspannungen auftreten können, ist folglich $\nu=0.5$. \ No newline at end of file +Bei inkompressiblen Medien, bei welchen keine Dehnungen und nur identische Normalspannungen auftreten können, ist folglich $\nu=0.5$. diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex index 438ac31..8d99733 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ q \sqrt{\frac{(\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{22})^{2}+(\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33})^{2}+(\sigma_{22}-\sigma_{33})^{2}}{2}} . \] -Diese Zusammenhänge werden im Skript [\cite{spannung:Stoffgesetze und numerische Modellierung in der Geotechnik}] aufgezeigt. +Diese Zusammenhänge werden im Skript [\cite{spannung:Stoffgesetze-und-numerische-Modellierung-in-der-Geotechnik}] aufgezeigt. Die hydrostatische Spannung $p$ kann gemäss Gleichung (Nr) als \[ p @@ -102,4 +102,4 @@ Man hat so eine Matrix multipliziert mit einem Vektor und erhält einen Vektor. Mit dieser Formel lassen sich verschieden Ergebnisse von Versuchen analysieren und berechnen. Ein solcher Versuch, den oft in der Geotechnik durchgeführt wird, ist der Oedometer-Versuch. -Im nächsten Kapitel wird die Anwendung der Matrix an diesem Versuch beschrieben. \ No newline at end of file +Im nächsten Kapitel wird die Anwendung der Matrix an diesem Versuch beschrieben. -- cgit v1.2.1 From dfb9b5075e428e41f02cdf2d758a02899eea7e1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Fri, 4 Jun 2021 18:55:37 +0200 Subject: New Chapter IFS --- buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 5087 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/koch1-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 5141 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/koch2-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 5210 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/koch8-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 103521 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski.PNG | Bin 0 -> 293448 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski1.PNG | Bin 0 -> 11571 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski2.PNG | Bin 0 -> 12811 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski3.PNG | Bin 0 -> 14204 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski6.PNG | Bin 0 -> 30626 bytes buch/papers/ifs/main.tex | 19 ---- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 128 +++++++++++++++++----- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 46 +++----- 12 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch1-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch2-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/koch8-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski.PNG create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski1.PNG create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski2.PNG create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski3.PNG create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski6.PNG (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..078c399 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch0-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch1-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch1-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81dcf18 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch1-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch2-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch2-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7c7de7 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch2-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch8-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch8-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bafd03 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/koch8-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski.PNG new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e57bf1 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski1.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91195f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski1.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski2.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df57c13 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski2.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski3.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 0000000..055818f Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski3.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski6.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7990497 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/sierpinski6.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex index 48c38f9..8ae0fad 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex @@ -8,25 +8,6 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Alain Keller} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - \input{papers/ifs/teil0.tex} \input{papers/ifs/teil1.tex} \input{papers/ifs/teil2.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index bfd1684..a3d5ee1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,106 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 +\section{Fraktale mit IFS \label{ifs:section:teil2}} \rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? +Wollen wir nun eine bestimmte Art anschauen, wie man Fraktale machen kann. +Zur veranschaulichung dieser Methode nehmen wir das Sierpinski Dreieck. +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:sierpinski10} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/sierpinski} + \caption{Sierpinski-Dreieck} +\end{figure} +Wenn man das Dreieck genau anschaut, erkennt man schnell, dass es aus drei kleineren Kopien seiner selbst besteht. +Es ist also ein Selbstähnliches Konstrukt. +Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns zunutze machen. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ifs:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +Wir definieren das Dreieck mit kantenlänge 1 als Menge $X$. +Ausserdem bestimmen wir drei Funktionen, welche die gesamte Menge auf eine ihrer kleineren Kopien abbildet +\begin{align*} + f_1(x,y) + = + \begin{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{2} & 0 \\ + 0 & \frac{1}{2} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x\\ + y\\ + \end{pmatrix} + ,\quad + f_2(x,y) + = + \begin{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{2} & 0 \\ + 0 & \frac{1}{2} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x\\ + y\\ + \end{pmatrix} + + + \begin{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{2} \\ + 0 + \end{pmatrix} + , \quad + f_3(x,y) + = + \begin{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{2} & 0 \\ + 0 & \frac{1}{2} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x\\ + y\\ + \end{pmatrix} + + + \begin{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{4} \\ + \frac{1}{2} + \end{pmatrix}\\ +\end{align*} +$f_1$ bildet das Dreieck auf das Teilstück unten links ab, $f_2$ auf das Teilstück unten rechts und $f_3$ auf das obere Teilstück. +Wendet man alle drei Funktionen auf das Sierpinski-Dreieck an, entsteht also wieder ein Sierpinski-Dreieck. +\begin{align*} + X = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{3} f_i(X) +\end{align*} +Man kann sogar noch einen Schritt weiter gehen, und sagen: Wenn wir die Funktionen auf eine beliebige Startmenge anwenden, konvergeiert die Menge gegen das Sierpinski-Dreieck. +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:sierpconst} + \centering + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:sierpconsta} + \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/sierpinski1}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:sierpconstb} + \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/sierpinski2}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:sierpconstc} + \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/sierpinski3}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:sierpconstd} + \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/sierpinski6}} + \caption{Konstruktion eines Sierpinski-Dreiecks mit einem Schwarzen Quadrat als Start\\ + (a) 1. Iteration (b) 2. Iteration (c) 3. Iteration (d) 5. Iteration} +\end{figure} +Im Beispiel der Abbildung \ref{ifs:sierpconst} sehen wir, wie das Bild nach jeder Iteration dem Sierpinski-Dreieck ähnlicher wird. +Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert bei unendlich Iterationen gegen null. + +\subsection{Iterierte Funktionensysteme +\label{ifs:subsection:bonorum}} +In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir die Erkenntniss, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck genereieren können, verallgemeinern. +TODO TEXT +$S_1_...,S_n$ sind Kontraktionen auf die Menge $D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Es gilt +\begin{align} + |S_i(x) - S_i(y)| \leq c_i|x - y| +\end{align} +für jedes i mit einem $c_i < 1$. Dann existiert eine eindeutige kompakte Menge $F$ für die gilt +\begin{equation} + F = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{m} S_i(F) +\end{equation} +TODO Text diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index 23fabbc..bba6e32 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -3,38 +3,24 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 3 +\section{Fraktale Bildkomprimierung \label{ifs:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? +\rhead{Fraktale Bildkomprimierung} +Mit dem Prinzip dieser IFS ist es auch möglich Bilder zu Komprimieren. +Diese Idee hatte der Mathematiker Michael Barnsley, welcher mit seinem Buch Fractals Everywhere einen wichtigen beitrag zum verständnis von Fraktalen geiefert hat. +Das Ziel ist es ein IFS zu finden, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat. +In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +\subsection{Titel \label{ifs:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhnag mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen auf die ganze Menge angewendet werden. +Dies muss jedoch nicht so sein. +Es gibt auch einen Attraktor, wenn die Transformationen nur Teile der Menge auf die ganze Menge abbilden. +Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns in der Fraktalen Bildkompression zunutze machen. +Sie ermöglicht uns Ähnlichkeiten zwischen kleineren Teilen des Bildes zunutze machen. +Es ist wohl nicht Falsch zu sagen, dass Ähnlichkeiten zur gesamten Menge, wie wir sie zum Beispiel beim Barnsley Fern gesehen haben, bei Bilder aus dem Alltag eher selten anzutreffen sind. +Doch wie Finden wir die richtigen Affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das Bild als Attraktor haben. + + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 1bfb8ee184dad8fec1aee19cd7d57f62374f9c2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Sat, 5 Jun 2021 14:00:27 +0200 Subject: chap3 a bit --- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index bba6e32..d31eee7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -11,16 +11,78 @@ Diese Idee hatte der Mathematiker Michael Barnsley, welcher mit seinem Buch Frac Das Ziel ist es ein IFS zu finden, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat. In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen. -\subsection{Titel -\label{ifs:subsection:malorum}} + Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhnag mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen auf die ganze Menge angewendet werden. Dies muss jedoch nicht so sein. Es gibt auch einen Attraktor, wenn die Transformationen nur Teile der Menge auf die ganze Menge abbilden. Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns in der Fraktalen Bildkompression zunutze machen. Sie ermöglicht uns Ähnlichkeiten zwischen kleineren Teilen des Bildes zunutze machen. Es ist wohl nicht Falsch zu sagen, dass Ähnlichkeiten zur gesamten Menge, wie wir sie zum Beispiel beim Barnsley Fern gesehen haben, bei Bilder aus dem Alltag eher selten anzutreffen sind. -Doch wie Finden wir die richtigen Affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das Bild als Attraktor haben. +Doch wie Finden wir die richtigen Affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das Bild als Attraktor haben? + +\subsection{Titel +\label{ifs:subsection:malorum}} +In der Beschreibung des Verfahrens wird sich auf Graustufenbilder bezogen. Wie das Verfahren für Farbbilder verwendet werden kann, wird später erläutert. + +In einem ersten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in disjunkte benachbarte $b \times b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese Blöcke nennen wir Range-Blöcke der Menge $R=\{R_0,R_1,...R_m\}$ +Im nächesten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in alle möglichen $2b \times 2b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese sind die Domain-Blöcke der Menge $D = \{D_0,D_1,...D_n\}$. +Im dritten und letzten Schritt wird für jeden Range-Block $R_i$ ein Domain-Block $D_j$ gesucht, welcher ihm am ähnlichsten ist. + +\subsubsection{Finden des ähnlichsten $D_j$} +Zuerst braucen wir die Transformation um ein Element aus $D$ auf ein Element von $R$ Abzubilden. +\begin{align*} + T(x,y,z) = + \begin{pmatrix} + a & b & 0 \\ + c & d & 0 \\ + 0 & 0 & s + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x \\ + y \\ + z + \end{pmatrix} + + + \begin{pmatrix} + \alpha \\ + \beta \\ + g + \end{pmatrix} +\end{align*} +Diese Transformation bildet den Pixel $P$ auf Koordinate $(x,y)$ und Graustufe $z$ auf den Pixel $P'$ ab. +Da wir mit Pixeln arbeiten, sind die Transformationen in der Ebene Beschränkt. +Diese wird durch die Paramenter $a,b,c$ und $d$ bestimmt. +Mögliche Transfomrationen sind auf folgende Liste Beschränkt: +\begin{itemize} + \item Identische Transformation, keine änderung + \item Drehung um 90, 180 oder 270 Grad. + \item Spiegelung an der vertikalen, horizontalen und den Diagonalachsen. +\end{itemize} +$\alpha$ und $\beta$ verschieben den Pixel an die richtige Stelle. +Da wir ein $2b \times 2b$ Feld auf ein $b \times b$ Feld abbilden möcheen, müssen wir zuerst $G_j$ um $1/2$ skalieren. +Dies erreichen wir, indem wir alle disjunkten $2 \times 2$ px Blöcke mit einem Pixel des Grautones deren Mittelwertes ersetzen. +Skaliert und transformiert erhalten wir $\tilde{D_j}$ +Die Parameter $s$ und $g$ beschreiben die Änderung des Grautones. $s$ verändert den Kontrast und $g$ verschiebt die Töne auf die richtige Helligkeit. +$s$ und $g$ werden mit der linearen Regression ermittelt. +\begin{align*} + z' = sz + g \\ + f(\tilde{D_j}) \text{, Funktion um Grauton von Pixel zu erhalten} \\ + s = \frac{cov(f(R_i), f(\tilde{D_j}))}{var(\tilde{D_j})} \\ + g = E(f(R_i)) - s E(f(\tilde{D_j})) +\end{align*} +Mit diesen Parameteren haben wir nun die Transformation vollständig bestimmt. +Um zu beurteilen ob der Domain-Block $D_j$ mit der gefundenen Transfromation $T$ dem Range-Block $R_i$ genügend ähnlich ist, berechnet man den quadratischen Abstand $e$. +\begin{align*} + e = d(f(R_i), f(T(D_j))) +\end{align*} +Dieser Abstand sollte so klein wie möglich sein. +Die beste Kombination von $D_j$ und $T_i$ ist also diese, welche den kleinsten Abstand zum Block $R_i$ hat, und somit am ähnlichsten ist. +Am Ende des Verfahrens haben wir also für jeden $R_i$ einen passenden $D_i$ mit der zugehörigen Abbildung $T_i$ gefunden. +\subsubsection{Rekonstruktion des Bildes} +Mit den Gefundenen Abbildungen lässt sich das Bild generieren. +Wir beginnen wie schon im letzten Kapitel mit einer beliebigen Startmenge. +In unserem Fall ist dieses ein Bild derselben Grösse. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 668b065f377691fde6727ba10fc979a82c1e5c7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Sat, 5 Jun 2021 15:15:57 +0200 Subject: La Reconstruction Text. --- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 11 +++++++++-- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index d31eee7..bc848bc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Die Parameter $s$ und $g$ beschreiben die Änderung des Grautones. $s$ veränder $s$ und $g$ werden mit der linearen Regression ermittelt. \begin{align*} z' = sz + g \\ - f(\tilde{D_j}) \text{, Funktion um Grauton von Pixel zu erhalten} \\ + f(\tilde{D_j}) \text{, Funktion um das Bild eins Blockes zu erhalten} \\ s = \frac{cov(f(R_i), f(\tilde{D_j}))}{var(\tilde{D_j})} \\ g = E(f(R_i)) - s E(f(\tilde{D_j})) \end{align*} @@ -85,4 +85,11 @@ Am Ende des Verfahrens haben wir also für jeden $R_i$ einen passenden $D_i$ mit \subsubsection{Rekonstruktion des Bildes} Mit den Gefundenen Abbildungen lässt sich das Bild generieren. Wir beginnen wie schon im letzten Kapitel mit einer beliebigen Startmenge. -In unserem Fall ist dieses ein Bild derselben Grösse. +In unserem Fall ist dieses ein Bild $f_0$ derselben Grösse. +Nun ersetzen wir jedes $R_i$ mit der Transformierten des zugehörigen Domain-Blocks $T(G_j)$. +Dies wird verkürzt als Operator $W$ geschrieben. +So erhalten wir ein neues Bild $f_1 = W(f_0)$. +Dieses Vorgehen führen wir iteriert aus bis wir von $f_n = W(f_{n-1})$ zu $f_{n-1}$ kaum mehr einen unterschied fesstellen. Die Iteration hat nun ihren Fixpunkt, das Bild, erreicht. + +TODO Bilder Beispiel +TODO Performance und Kompressonsverhältnis -- cgit v1.2.1 From 74bbee4492a76486091554e24625767440018056 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Sun, 6 Jun 2021 14:03:33 +0200 Subject: typos --- buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 16 ++++++++-------- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 10 +++++----- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 22 +++++++++++----------- 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index 327a082..f02aff6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ Bevor wir die IFS genauer ansehen, schauen wir uns Fraktale genauer an. \subsection{Was sind Fraktale? \label{ifs:subsection:finibus}} Über die genaue Definition von Fraktalen sind sich die Mathematiker noch nicht einig. -In diesem Kapitel orientieren wir uns an den Eigneschaften welche Kenneth Flaconer in seinem Buch Fractal Geometry beschreibt. -Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigneschaften erwarten: +In diesem Kapitel orientieren wir uns an den Eigenschaften welche Kenneth Falconer in seinem Buch Fractal Geometry beschreibt. +Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigenschaften erwarten: \begin{enumerate} \item $F$ hat eine unendlich feine Struktur \item $F$ kann nicht mit der klassischen Geometrie beschrieben werden. @@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigneschaften erwarten: \label{ifs:subsection:lilkoch}} Diese Eigenschaften möchten wir nun anhand der Koch Kurve näher anschauen. In \ref{ifs:kochkurve8} sehen wir die Koch Kurve. Wie man schon erahnen kann, besteht die aus lauter kleineren Kopien von sich selber. -Den Konstruktionvorgang sehen wir in \ref{ifs:kochconst}. +Den Konstruktionsvorgang sehen wir in \ref{ifs:kochconst}. Gestartet wird mit einer einzelnen Strecke der Länge $a$. Diese wird in ersten Schritt mit vier gleich langen Streckenabschnitte der Länge $\frac{a}{3}$ ersetzt. -In \ref{ifs:kochconstb} ist die Anordnung dieser vier Streckenabschnitte ersichtilich. +In \ref{ifs:kochconstb} ist die Anordnung dieser vier Streckenabschnitte ersichtlich. Dieser Schritt wird nun für jeden der resultierten Streckenabschnitten wiederholt. Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien von der ganzen Kurve, was auch unter Selbstähnlichkeit bekannt ist. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Die Länge der Kurve lasst sich einfach berechnen. \Rightarrow \quad \lim_{n\to\infty} a \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^n = \infty \end{align*} -In jedem Schritt wird die Länge um den Faktor $\frac{4}{3}$ verglängert. Somit divergiert die Länge gegen Unendlich. +In jedem Schritt wird die Länge um den Faktor $\frac{4}{3}$ verlängert. Somit divergiert die Länge gegen Unendlich. Die Fläche unter der Kurve lässt sich folgendermassen berechnen \begin{align*} A_0 = 0 , \quad A_1 = \left( \frac{a}{3}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36}\\ @@ -71,14 +71,14 @@ Die Fläche unter der Kurve lässt sich folgendermassen berechnen A_3 = A_1 + A_2 + 4^2 \left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 + \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^2 A_1 \end{align*} Wir sehen, dass mit jedem Schritt die neu dazugekommene Fläche um $\frac{4}{9}$ kleiner ist. -Daraus resultiert eine konvergierende Geometrische Rheie. +Daraus resultiert eine konvergierende Geometrische Reihe. \begin{align*} A_n = A_1 \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n \\ \lim_{n\to\infty} a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{20} a^2 \end{align*} Wie wir sehen ist die Kochkurve ein Konstrukt mit endlicher Fläche, aber unendlichem Umfang. -Zu guter letzt bestimmen wir die Dimension der Kurve. -Es gibt viele verschidene Arten die Dimension zu definieren. Diese können dann auch unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. +Zu guter Letzt bestimmen wir die Dimension der Kurve. +Es gibt viele verschiedene Arten die Dimension zu definieren. Diese können dann auch unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Fraktalen findet man in der Literatur viele verschiedene Arten. In diesem Beispiel werden wir die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension. \begin{align*} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index a3d5ee1..a728340 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ \label{ifs:section:teil2}} \rhead{Teil 2} Wollen wir nun eine bestimmte Art anschauen, wie man Fraktale machen kann. -Zur veranschaulichung dieser Methode nehmen wir das Sierpinski Dreieck. +Zur Veranschaulichung dieser Methode nehmen wir das Sierpinski Dreieck. \begin{figure} \label{ifs:sierpinski10} \centering @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Es ist also ein Selbstähnliches Konstrukt. Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns zunutze machen. -Wir definieren das Dreieck mit kantenlänge 1 als Menge $X$. +Wir definieren das Dreieck mit Kantenlänge 1 als Menge $X$. Ausserdem bestimmen wir drei Funktionen, welche die gesamte Menge auf eine ihrer kleineren Kopien abbildet \begin{align*} f_1(x,y) @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Wendet man alle drei Funktionen auf das Sierpinski-Dreieck an, entsteht also wie \begin{align*} X = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{3} f_i(X) \end{align*} -Man kann sogar noch einen Schritt weiter gehen, und sagen: Wenn wir die Funktionen auf eine beliebige Startmenge anwenden, konvergeiert die Menge gegen das Sierpinski-Dreieck. +Man kann sogar noch einen Schritt weiter gehen, und sagen: Wenn wir die Funktionen auf eine beliebige Startmenge anwenden, konvergiert die Menge gegen das Sierpinski-Dreieck. \begin{figure} \label{ifs:sierpconst} \centering @@ -94,10 +94,10 @@ Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert bei unendlich Itera \subsection{Iterierte Funktionensysteme \label{ifs:subsection:bonorum}} -In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir die Erkenntniss, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck genereieren können, verallgemeinern. +In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir die Erkenntnis, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck generieren können, verallgemeinern. TODO TEXT -$S_1_...,S_n$ sind Kontraktionen auf die Menge $D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Es gilt +$S_1,...,S_n$ sind Kontraktionen auf die Menge $D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Es gilt \begin{align} |S_i(x) - S_i(y)| \leq c_i|x - y| \end{align} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index bc848bc..c3e8a65 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ \label{ifs:section:teil3}} \rhead{Fraktale Bildkomprimierung} Mit dem Prinzip dieser IFS ist es auch möglich Bilder zu Komprimieren. -Diese Idee hatte der Mathematiker Michael Barnsley, welcher mit seinem Buch Fractals Everywhere einen wichtigen beitrag zum verständnis von Fraktalen geiefert hat. +Diese Idee hatte der Mathematiker Michael Barnsley, welcher mit seinem Buch Fractals Everywhere einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis von Fraktalen geliefert hat. Das Ziel ist es ein IFS zu finden, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat. In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen. -Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhnag mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen auf die ganze Menge angewendet werden. +Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhang mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen auf die ganze Menge angewendet werden. Dies muss jedoch nicht so sein. Es gibt auch einen Attraktor, wenn die Transformationen nur Teile der Menge auf die ganze Menge abbilden. Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns in der Fraktalen Bildkompression zunutze machen. @@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ Doch wie Finden wir die richtigen Affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das B In der Beschreibung des Verfahrens wird sich auf Graustufenbilder bezogen. Wie das Verfahren für Farbbilder verwendet werden kann, wird später erläutert. In einem ersten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in disjunkte benachbarte $b \times b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese Blöcke nennen wir Range-Blöcke der Menge $R=\{R_0,R_1,...R_m\}$ -Im nächesten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in alle möglichen $2b \times 2b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese sind die Domain-Blöcke der Menge $D = \{D_0,D_1,...D_n\}$. +Im nächsten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in alle möglichen $2b \times 2b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese sind die Domain-Blöcke der Menge $D = \{D_0,D_1,...D_n\}$. Im dritten und letzten Schritt wird für jeden Range-Block $R_i$ ein Domain-Block $D_j$ gesucht, welcher ihm am ähnlichsten ist. \subsubsection{Finden des ähnlichsten $D_j$} -Zuerst braucen wir die Transformation um ein Element aus $D$ auf ein Element von $R$ Abzubilden. +Zuerst brauchen wir die Transformation um ein Element aus $D$ auf ein Element von $R$ Abzubilden. \begin{align*} T(x,y,z) = \begin{pmatrix} @@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ Zuerst braucen wir die Transformation um ein Element aus $D$ auf ein Element von Diese Transformation bildet den Pixel $P$ auf Koordinate $(x,y)$ und Graustufe $z$ auf den Pixel $P'$ ab. Da wir mit Pixeln arbeiten, sind die Transformationen in der Ebene Beschränkt. -Diese wird durch die Paramenter $a,b,c$ und $d$ bestimmt. -Mögliche Transfomrationen sind auf folgende Liste Beschränkt: +Diese wird durch die Parameter $a,b,c$ und $d$ bestimmt. +Mögliche Transformationen sind auf folgende Liste Beschränkt: \begin{itemize} - \item Identische Transformation, keine änderung + \item Identische Transformation, keine Änderung \item Drehung um 90, 180 oder 270 Grad. \item Spiegelung an der vertikalen, horizontalen und den Diagonalachsen. \end{itemize} $\alpha$ und $\beta$ verschieben den Pixel an die richtige Stelle. -Da wir ein $2b \times 2b$ Feld auf ein $b \times b$ Feld abbilden möcheen, müssen wir zuerst $G_j$ um $1/2$ skalieren. +Da wir ein $2b \times 2b$ Feld auf ein $b \times b$ Feld abbilden möchten, müssen wir zuerst $G_j$ um $1/2$ skalieren. Dies erreichen wir, indem wir alle disjunkten $2 \times 2$ px Blöcke mit einem Pixel des Grautones deren Mittelwertes ersetzen. Skaliert und transformiert erhalten wir $\tilde{D_j}$ @@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ $s$ und $g$ werden mit der linearen Regression ermittelt. s = \frac{cov(f(R_i), f(\tilde{D_j}))}{var(\tilde{D_j})} \\ g = E(f(R_i)) - s E(f(\tilde{D_j})) \end{align*} -Mit diesen Parameteren haben wir nun die Transformation vollständig bestimmt. -Um zu beurteilen ob der Domain-Block $D_j$ mit der gefundenen Transfromation $T$ dem Range-Block $R_i$ genügend ähnlich ist, berechnet man den quadratischen Abstand $e$. +Mit diesen Parametern haben wir nun die Transformation vollständig bestimmt. +Um zu beurteilen ob der Domain-Block $D_j$ mit der gefundenen Transformation $T$ dem Range-Block $R_i$ genügend ähnlich ist, berechnet man den quadratischen Abstand $e$. \begin{align*} e = d(f(R_i), f(T(D_j))) \end{align*} @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ In unserem Fall ist dieses ein Bild $f_0$ derselben Grösse. Nun ersetzen wir jedes $R_i$ mit der Transformierten des zugehörigen Domain-Blocks $T(G_j)$. Dies wird verkürzt als Operator $W$ geschrieben. So erhalten wir ein neues Bild $f_1 = W(f_0)$. -Dieses Vorgehen führen wir iteriert aus bis wir von $f_n = W(f_{n-1})$ zu $f_{n-1}$ kaum mehr einen unterschied fesstellen. Die Iteration hat nun ihren Fixpunkt, das Bild, erreicht. +Dieses Vorgehen führen wir iteriert aus bis wir von $f_n = W(f_{n-1})$ zu $f_{n-1}$ kaum mehr einen unterschied feststellen. Die Iteration hat nun ihren Fixpunkt, das Bild, erreicht. TODO Bilder Beispiel TODO Performance und Kompressonsverhältnis -- cgit v1.2.1 From 021d83730d896b7cef1050fbdd4c4c766992a9b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Sun, 6 Jun 2021 17:36:05 +0200 Subject: ifs work --- buch/papers/ifs/images/farn.eps | 2372 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor.eps | 2666 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 26 +- 3 files changed, 5063 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farn.eps create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor.eps (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farn.eps b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farn.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..597745b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farn.eps @@ -0,0 +1,2372 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: (MATLAB, The Mathworks, Inc. Version 9.7.0.1434023 \(R2019b\) Update 6. 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+DIF$m8W>c?0Oh)?;m[dC'hEBbpTD!!jG?/A&C$2pABB9V#X*k0prZ;Kei_0~> + +%AXGEndBitmap +GR +GR +GS +[0.48 0 0 0.48 921.60007 0.39996] CT +[1 0 0 1 0 0] CT +N +-1920 0 M +480 0 L +480 1170 L +-1920 1170 L +-1920 0 L +cp +clip +GS +0 0 translate +480 234 scale +%AXGBeginBitmap: java.awt.image.BufferedImage +{{ +/RawData currentfile /ASCII85Decode filter def +/Data RawData /FlateDecode filter def +/DeviceRGB setcolorspace +<< + /ImageType 1 + /Decode [0 1 0 1 0 1] + /DataSource Data + /Height 234 + /ImageMatrix [480 0 0 234 0 0] + /Width 480 + /BitsPerComponent 8 +>> image +} stopped {handleerror} if + RawData flushfile +} exec +Gb"0;0`_7S!5bE.WTRt%TE"rlzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz +zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz!!!#W#$rcmOo~> + +%AXGEndBitmap +GR +GR +%%Trailer +%%Pages: 1 +%%EOF diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index a728340..8a7f76f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -105,4 +105,28 @@ für jedes i mit einem $c_i < 1$. Dann existiert eine eindeutige kompakte Menge \begin{equation} F = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{m} S_i(F) \end{equation} -TODO Text +Weiter definieren wir die Transformation S auf kompakte Mengen ohne die leere Menge. +\begin{equation} + S(E) = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^m S_i(E) +\end{equation} +Wird diese Transformation Iterativ ausgeführt, das heisst $S^0(E) = E, S^k(E) = S(S^{k-1}(E))$, und für jedes $i$ $S_i(E) \subset E$, gilt +\begin{equation} + F = \bigcap\limits_{k = 1}^{\infty} S^k(E). +\end{equation} +In Worte gefasst bedeutet das, dass jede Gruppe von Kontraktionen iterativ ausgeführt, gegen eine eindeutige Menge konvergiert. +Dies für jede Startmenge, solange diese ihre Transformierten wieder beinhaltet. +Auf den Beweis wird verzichtet. +\subsection{Beispiel: Barnsley-Farn} +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:farn} + \centering + \makebox[\textwidth][c]{ + \includegraphics[width=1.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farn}} + \caption{Barnsley-Farn} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:farncolor} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farncolor} + \caption{Vier Transformationen des Barnsley-Farn} +\end{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1 From f0006b3ae7eb70a1fc33b26f482308a43445969e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Mon, 7 Jun 2021 17:26:10 +0200 Subject: Farn und Compression --- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 12 ++++++++++ 2 files changed, 73 insertions(+) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index 8a7f76f..5e36f97 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -117,6 +117,67 @@ In Worte gefasst bedeutet das, dass jede Gruppe von Kontraktionen iterativ ausge Dies für jede Startmenge, solange diese ihre Transformierten wieder beinhaltet. Auf den Beweis wird verzichtet. \subsection{Beispiel: Barnsley-Farn} +Der Barnsley-Farn, Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, ist ein weiteres Fraktal, welches mit einem IFS generiert werden kann. +Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine grosse Ähnlichkeit zum ganzen Farn haben. +\begin{align*} + {S_1(x,y)} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & 0 \\ + 0 & 0.16 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x\\ + y\\ + \end{pmatrix}, \quad + {S_2(x,y)} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0.85 & 0.04 \\ + -0.04 & 0.85 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x\\ + y\\ + \end{pmatrix} + + + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 \\ + 1.6 + \end{pmatrix}\\ + {S_3(x,y)} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0.2 & -0.26 \\ + 0.23 & 0.22 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x\\ + y\\ + \end{pmatrix} + + + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 \\ + 1.6 + \end{pmatrix}, \quad + {S_4(x,y)} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + -0.15 & 0.28 \\ + 0.26 & 0.24 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x\\ + y\\ + \end{pmatrix} + + + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 \\ + 0.44 + \end{pmatrix}\\ +\end{align*} +In der Abbildung \ref{ifs:farncolor} sehen wir die vier Transformationen farblich dargestellt. +$S_1$ \begin{figure} \label{ifs:farn} \centering diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index c3e8a65..fa4130b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -91,5 +91,17 @@ Dies wird verkürzt als Operator $W$ geschrieben. So erhalten wir ein neues Bild $f_1 = W(f_0)$. Dieses Vorgehen führen wir iteriert aus bis wir von $f_n = W(f_{n-1})$ zu $f_{n-1}$ kaum mehr einen unterschied feststellen. Die Iteration hat nun ihren Fixpunkt, das Bild, erreicht. +\subsubsection{Farbbilder} +Dieses Verfahren mit Graustufenbilder lässt sich ganz einfach auf Farbbilder erweitern. +Jeder Pixel eines Farbbildes besteht aus einem Rot, Grün und Blauwert (RGB). +Teilt man ein Bild in die drei Farbkanäle auf, das heisst, es wird nur noch ein Farbwert benutzt, erhält man drei Bilder, welche wie ein Graustufenbild sind. +Nun wendet man auf jeden dieser Farbkanalbilder den Algorithmus an, und fügt nach der Rekonstruktion die Kanäle wieder zusammen. + +\subsubsection{Performance des Verfahren} +Dieser Grundalgorithmus der Fraktalen Bildkompression ist offensichtlich recht langsam und skaliert auch schlecht mit grösseren Bilder. +Man kann die Laufzeit zwar verbessern indem man die Domain-Blöcke auch disjunkt macht, und für weniger detailreiche Bilder ein grösseres $b$ wählt, jedoch wird er auch so nie so schnell wie zum Beispiel das jpeg verfahren. + +\subsection{Beispiel} +Kommen wir nun zu einem Beispiel TODO Bilder Beispiel TODO Performance und Kompressonsverhältnis -- cgit v1.2.1 From 6b86c10028987f4e08ca3e25ac13291f256375fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Tue, 8 Jun 2021 14:53:07 +0200 Subject: Barnsley Farn & Kompression bsp --- buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe.png | Bin 0 -> 987 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe0.PNG | Bin 0 -> 80239 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe1.PNG | Bin 0 -> 104146 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe5.PNG | Bin 0 -> 73790 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/original.png | Bin 0 -> 138885 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil.png | Bin 0 -> 851 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil0.PNG | Bin 0 -> 66375 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil001.PNG | Bin 0 -> 93116 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil01.PNG | Bin 0 -> 81696 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil04.PNG | Bin 0 -> 60921 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil1.PNG | Bin 0 -> 82594 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil4.PNG | Bin 0 -> 60837 bytes 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/dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil04.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil1.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c085db Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil1.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil4.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56d1331 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil4.PNG differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/zurich.png b/buch/papers/ifs/images/zurich.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb70f7d Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/zurich.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index 5e36f97..d25004f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -177,7 +177,24 @@ Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine gross \end{pmatrix}\\ \end{align*} In der Abbildung \ref{ifs:farncolor} sehen wir die vier Transformationen farblich dargestellt. -$S_1$ + +$S_1$ erstellt den Stiel des Farnblattes (rot). +Die Transformation bildet das Gesamte Blatt auf die Y-Achse ab. +$S_2$ (grün) erstellt den Hauptteil des Farnes. +Sie verkleinert und dreht das gesamte Bild und stellt es auf das Ende des Stiels aus $S_1$. +$S_3$ bildet das gesamte Blatt auf das blaue Teilblatt unten Links ab. +$S_4$ Spiegelt das Blatt und bildet es auf das magentafarbene Teilblatt ab. + +Wir führen im Zusammenhang mit dem Barnsley-Farn noch eine weitere Methode ein, um IFS auszuführen. +Bis jetzt wurde immer davon gesprochen, die Transformationen auf die gesamte Menge anzuwenden. +Bei komplizierteren IFS welche viele Iterationen brauchen, bis man den Attraktor erkennen kann, ist diese Methode ziemlich rechenintensiv. +Eine Alternative ist das Chaos-Game. +Bei dieser Methode werden die Transformationen nicht auf die Menge angewendet, sondern nur auf einen einzelnen Punkt. +Der Startpunkt kann dabei ein beliebiger Punkt in $E$ sein. +Es wird bei jedem Iterationsschritt nur eine Transformation, welche zufällig gewählt wurde, angewendet. +Da, wie wir beim Barnsley-Farn gut sehen, dass nicht jede Transformation gleich viel des Bildes ausmacht, werden diese beim Chaos-Game gewichtet. +Die Gewichtung erfolgt über den Anteil der Gesamtmasse. +Im Fall des Barnsley-Fern wird $S_1$ in $1\%$, $S_2$ in $85\%$ und $S_3 \& S_4$ in $7\%$ der Iterationen ausgeführt. \begin{figure} \label{ifs:farn} \centering diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index fa4130b..515fd81 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -102,6 +102,42 @@ Dieser Grundalgorithmus der Fraktalen Bildkompression ist offensichtlich recht l Man kann die Laufzeit zwar verbessern indem man die Domain-Blöcke auch disjunkt macht, und für weniger detailreiche Bilder ein grösseres $b$ wählt, jedoch wird er auch so nie so schnell wie zum Beispiel das jpeg verfahren. \subsection{Beispiel} -Kommen wir nun zu einem Beispiel -TODO Bilder Beispiel -TODO Performance und Kompressonsverhältnis +Kommen wir nun zu einem Beispiel. +Wir Verwenden dafür den oben beschriebenen Algorithmus. +Die Range-Blöcke wurden $4\times4$ gewählt und die Dommain dementsprechend $8\times8$. +Um etwas Zeit bei der Komprimierung zu ersparen, wurden nur disjunkte Domain-Blöcke gebraucht. +Als erstes Beispiel wählen wir das 360x360px Bild von Rapperswil in Abbildung \ref{ifs:original}. +Der Algorithmus liefert uns für jeden Range-Block die benötigten Parameter. +Mit diesen lässt sich das Bild im Anschluss wieder Rekonstruieren. + +Als Startbild wird ein mittelgraues 360x360px Bild gewählt, Abbildung \ref{ifs:bild0}. +Nun lassen wir das IFS laufen. +Wie wir in Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoa} sehen, ist schon nach der ersten Iteration das Bild schon erkennbar. +Nach der fünften Iteration , Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoc} gibt es fast keinen Unterschied mehr zur letzten Iteration, wir können die Rekonstruktion beenden. +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:original} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/original} + \caption{Original Bild von Rapperswil} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:bild0} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/rapperswil} + \caption{Startbild} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \label{ifs:rappireco} + \centering + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:rappirecoa} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/rapperswil01}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:rappirecob} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/rapperswil001}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:rappirecoc} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/rapperswil04}} + \caption{(a) 1. Iteration (b) 2. Iteration (c) 5. Iteration} +\end{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 72c6e0954eb2acd262a7db6701ed1d04bb8943c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 8 Jun 2021 15:34:22 +0200 Subject: created Hilfstabellen.tex, reworked codebsp.tex --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex | 21 +++++++ 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex index 5b67c43..818078e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -8,19 +8,35 @@ \rhead{Koerper Festlegen} Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen werden wir die einzelnen Probleme und ihre Lösungen anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. -Da wir in Endlichen Körpern Rechnen werden wir zuerst solch ein Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. -Wir legen für unser Beispiel den endlichen Körper $q = 11$ fest. -Alle folgenden Berechnungen wurden mit den beiden Restetabellen \textcolor{red}{xx} und \textcolor{red}{yy} durchgeführt. -Aus den Tabellen folgt auch, dass uns nur die Zahlen \[\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}\] zur Verfügung stehen. +Da wir in Endlichen Körpern Rechnen werden wir zuerst solch einen Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6 (wie verweist man auf eine definition?)} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. +Wir legen für unser Beispiel den endlichen Körper mit $q = 11$ fest. +Zur Hilfestellung können dazu die beiden Tabellen \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:adtab} und +\ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} hinzugezogen werden. Diese Tabellen enthalten sämtliche Resultate aller gültigen Operationen \textcolor{red}{(Notiz: nach meinem Wissen gibt es ja nur addition und multiplikation als gültige operationen)}, die in diesem Körper durchgeführt werden können. +Aus der Definition der Endlichen Körper (ersichtlich auch in den Tabellen) folgt, dass uns nur die Zahlen \[\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}\] zur verfügung stehen und somit $11 = 0$ gelten muss. + +% OLD TEXT +%Alle folgenden Berechnungen wurden mit den beiden Restetabellen \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:adtab} und \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} durchgeführt. +%Aus den Tabellen folgt auch, dass uns nur die Zahlen \[\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}\] zur Verfügung stehen. % die beiden Restetabellen von F_11 %\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1} %\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2} -Die grösse des endlichen Körpers legt auch fest, wie gross unsere Nachricht $n$ bestehend aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil sein kann und beträgt in unserem Beispiel +Anhand der Menge uns zur Verfügung stehenden Zahlen wird auch festgelegt, wie viele Zahlen ein Nachrichtenblock $n$, bestehend aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil, umfassen kann. +Der Nachrichtenblock im Beispiel besteht aus \[ -n = q - 1 = 10 \text{ Zahlen}. +n = q - 1 = 10 \text{ Zahlen}, \] +wobei die null weggelassen wird. Wenn wir versuchen würden, mit der null zu codieren, so stellen wir fest, dass wir wieder null an der gleichen Stelle erhalten und somit wäre die Codierung nicht eindeutig. + +% Notes +%Da bei allen Codes, die codiert werden wird an der gleichen Stelle eine Nullstelle auftreten. + +% Old Text +%Die grösse des endlichen Körpers legt auch fest, wie gross unsere Nachricht $n$ bestehend aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil sein kann und beträgt in unserem Beispiel +%\[ +%n = q - 1 = 10 \text{ Zahlen}. +%\] Im nächsten Schritt bestimmen wir, wie viele Fehler $t$ maximal während der Übertragung auftreten dürfen, damit wir sie noch korrigieren können. Unser Beispielcode sollte in der Lage sein @@ -29,41 +45,63 @@ t = 2 \] Fehlerstellen korrigieren zu können. -Die Grösse des Nutzdatenteils hängt von der Grösse der Nachricht sowie der Anzahl der Fehlerkorrekturstellen. Je robuster der Code sein muss, desto weniger Platz für Nutzdaten $k$ bleibt in der Nachricht übrig. +Die Grösse des Nutzdatenteils hängt von der Grösse des Nachrichtenblocks sowie der Anzahl der Fehlerkorrekturstellen ab. Je robuster der Code sein muss, desto weniger Platz für Nutzdaten $k$ bleibt in der Nachricht übrig. Bei maximal 2 Fehler können wir noch \[ k = n - 2t = 6\text{ Zahlen} \] übertragen. -Zusammenfassend haben wir einen Codeblock mit der Länge von 10 Zahlen definiert, der 6 Zahlen als Nutzlast beinhaltet und in der Lage ist aus 2 fehlerhafte Stellen im Block die ursprünglichen Nutzdaten rekonstruieren kann. Zudem werden wir im weiteren feststellen, dass dieser Code maximal 4 Fehlerstellen erkennen, diese aber nicht rekonstruieren kann. +Zusammenfassend haben wir einen Nachrichtenblock mit der Länge von 10 Zahlen definiert, der 6 Zahlen als Nutzlast beinhaltet und in der Lage ist aus 2 fehlerhafte Stellen im Block die ursprünglichen Nutzdaten zu rekonstruieren. Zudem werden wir im weiteren feststellen, dass dieser Code maximal vier Fehlerstellen erkennen, diese aber nicht rekonstruieren kann. Wir legen nun die Nachricht \[ m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1] \] -fest, die wir gerne an einen Empfänger übertragen möchten, wobei die vorderen vier Nullstellen für die Fehlerkorrektur zuständig sind. -Die Nachricht können wir auch als Polynom +fest, die wir gerne an einen Empfänger übertragen möchten, wobei die vorderen vier Stellen für die Fehlerkorrektur zuständig sind. +Solange diese Stellen vor dem Codieren und nach dem Decodieren den Wert null haben, so ist die Nachricht Fehlerfrei übertragen worden. + +Da wir in den folgenden Abschnitten mit Polynomen arbeiten, stellen wir die Nachicht auch noch als Polynom \[ m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 \] -darstellen. +dar. + +% Old Text +%Die Nachricht können wir auch als Polynom +%\[ +%m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 +%\] +%darstellen. \subsection{Der Ansatz der diskreten Fouriertransformation \label{reedsolomon:subsection:diskFT}} -In einem vorherigen Kapitel (???) haben wir schon einmal die diskrete Fouriertransformation zum Codieren einer Nachricht verwendet. In den endlichen Körpern wird dies jedoch nicht gelingen, da die Eulerische Zahl $\mathrm{e}$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ nicht existiert. -Wir suchen also eine Zahl $a^i$, die in endlichen Körpern existiert und den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken kann. -Dazu schreiben wir +In einem vorherigen Kapitel \textcolor{red}{(???)} haben wir schon einmal die diskrete Fouriertransformation zum Codieren einer Nachricht verwendet. In den endlichen Körpern wird dies jedoch nicht gelingen, da die Eulerische Zahl $e$ in endlichen Körpern nicht existiert. +Wir legen deshalb die Zahl $a$ fest. Diese Zahl soll die gleichen aufgaben haben, wie $e^{\frac{j}{2 \pi}}$ in der Diskreten Fouriertransformation, nur mit dem Unterschied, dass $a$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ existiert. Dazu soll $a$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken, um \[ \mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} \] -um in +in \[ \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}. \] - -Wenn wir alle möglichen Werte für $a$ einsetzen, also +umzuschreiben. + +Wenn wir jetzt sämtliche Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ in $a$ einsetzen + +% Old Text +%Wir suchen also eine Zahl $a$, die in endlichen Körpern existiert und den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken kann. +%Dazu schreiben wir +%\[ +%\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} +%\] +%um in +%\[ +%\mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}. +%\] +% +%Wenn wir alle möglichen Werte für $a$ einsetzen, also %\begin{align} %a = 0 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\} \\ @@ -94,21 +132,26 @@ $a = 9 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 1, 9, $a = 10 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ \end{tabular} \end{center} +so fällt uns auf, dass für $a$ die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ erhalten, die tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em Primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. +Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere Endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzeln auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. -so fällt uns auf, dass die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em Primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a^i = 8$. Damit wir unsere Nachricht codieren können, müssen wir $8^i$ in $m(X)$ einsetzen. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c} - $m(8^0) = 4 \cdot 1 + 7 \cdot 1 + 2 \cdot 1 + 5 \cdot 1 + 8 \cdot 1 + 1 = 5$ \\ - $m(8^1) = 4 \cdot 8 + 7 \cdot 8 + 2 \cdot 8 + 5 \cdot 8 + 8 \cdot 8 + 1 = 3$ \\ - \vdots + $m(8^0) = 4 \cdot 1^5 + 7 \cdot 1^4 + 2 \cdot 1^3 + 5 \cdot 1^2 + 8 \cdot 1^1 + 1 = 5$ \\ + $m(8^1) = 4 \cdot 8^5 + 7 \cdot 8^4 + 2 \cdot 8^3 + 5 \cdot 8^2 + 8 \cdot 8^1 + 1 = 3$ \\ + \vdots \\ + $m(8^9) = 4 \cdot 7^5 + 7 \cdot 7^4 + 2 \cdot 7^3 + 5 \cdot 7^2 + 8 \cdot 7^1 + 1 = 4$ \end{tabular} \end{center} -Für eine elegantere Formulierung stellen wir das ganze als Matrix dar, wobei $m$ unser Nachrichtenvektor, $A$ die Transformationsmatrix und $v$ unser Übertragungsvektor ist. - + +\subsection{Allgemeine Codierung + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algCod}} + +Für eine elegantere Formulierung stellen wir das ganze als Matrix dar, wobei $m$ unsere Nachricht, $A$ die Transformationsmatrix und $v$ unser Übertragungsvektor ist. \[ v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad v = \begin{pmatrix} 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ @@ -127,13 +170,8 @@ v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad v = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \] - Somit bekommen wir für unseren Übertragungsvektor \[ v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4], \] den wir jetzt über einen beliebigen Nachrichtenkanal versenden können. - -\textbf{NOTES} - -warum wird 0 weggelassen? diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10e4fd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +% +% hilfstabellen.tex +% Autor: Michael Steiner +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{$\mathbb{F}_{11}$ Hilfstabellen + \label{reedsolomon:section:hilfstabellen}} +\rhead{Hilfstabellen} + +\textbf{TODO}: gibt es eine besser darstellungsart der tabellen? (\& platzierung der subsections) + +Um das rechnen zu erleichtern findet man in diesem Abschnitt die Resultate, die bei der Addition und der Multiplikation in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ resultieren. + +\subsection{Additionstabelle + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:adtab}} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex} + +\subsection{Multiplikationstabelle + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab}} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From d408309e04a27315a2ce8788872095334dbea183 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 8 Jun 2021 17:33:56 +0200 Subject: updated codebsp.tex and decohnefehler.tex --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 24 ++++++++------ buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex | 54 ++++++++++++++++++------------- 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex index 818078e..262297e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -87,9 +87,6 @@ in \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}. \] umzuschreiben. - -Wenn wir jetzt sämtliche Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ in $a$ einsetzen - % Old Text %Wir suchen also eine Zahl $a$, die in endlichen Körpern existiert und den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken kann. %Dazu schreiben wir @@ -102,7 +99,6 @@ Wenn wir jetzt sämtliche Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ in $a$ einsetzen %\] % %Wenn wir alle möglichen Werte für $a$ einsetzen, also - %\begin{align} %a = 0 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\} \\ %a = 1 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\} \\ @@ -117,6 +113,10 @@ Wenn wir jetzt sämtliche Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ in $a$ einsetzen %a = 10 : \qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\} %\end{align} +\subsubsection{Die primitiven Einheitswurzeln + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:primsqrt}} + +Wenn wir jetzt sämtliche Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ in $a$ einsetzen \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c r c l} %$a = 0 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}$ \\ @@ -133,11 +133,15 @@ $a = 10 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, \end{tabular} \end{center} so fällt uns auf, dass für $a$ die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ erhalten, die tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em Primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. -Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere Endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzeln auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. +Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere Endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzeln auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a^i = 8$. -Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a^i = 8$. -Damit wir unsere Nachricht codieren können, müssen wir $8^i$ in $m(X)$ einsetzen. +\subsubsection{Bildung einer Transformationsmatrix + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:transMat}} +Mit der Wahl einer Einheitswurzel ist es uns jetzt möglich, unsere Nachricht zu Codieren. Daraus sollen wir dann einen Übertragungsvektor $v$ erhalten, den wir an den Empfänger schicken können. Für die Codierung müssen wir alle $a^i$ in das Polynom $m(X)$ einsetzen. Da wir $a^i = 8^i$ gewählt haben ergibt sich daraus +% +%Damit wir unsere Nachricht codieren können, müssen wir $8^i$ in $m(X)$ einsetzen. +% \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c} $m(8^0) = 4 \cdot 1^5 + 7 \cdot 1^4 + 2 \cdot 1^3 + 5 \cdot 1^2 + 8 \cdot 1^1 + 1 = 5$ \\ @@ -146,12 +150,12 @@ Damit wir unsere Nachricht codieren können, müssen wir $8^i$ in $m(X)$ einsetz $m(8^9) = 4 \cdot 7^5 + 7 \cdot 7^4 + 2 \cdot 7^3 + 5 \cdot 7^2 + 8 \cdot 7^1 + 1 = 4$ \end{tabular} \end{center} - +unser Übertragungsvektor. Um das ganze noch ein wenig übersichtlicher zu gestalten können wir die Polynome zu einer Matrix zusammenfassen und bildet so unsere Transformationsmatrix $A$. \subsection{Allgemeine Codierung \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algCod}} -Für eine elegantere Formulierung stellen wir das ganze als Matrix dar, wobei $m$ unsere Nachricht, $A$ die Transformationsmatrix und $v$ unser Übertragungsvektor ist. +Für die Codierung benötigen wir die Nachricht $m$, die Codiert werden soll sowie die Transformationsmatrix $A$. Daraus erhalten wir den Übertragungsvektor $v$. Setzen wir die Zahlen aus dem Beispiel ein erhalten wir folgende Darstellung. \[ v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad v = \begin{pmatrix} 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ @@ -170,7 +174,7 @@ v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad v = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \] -Somit bekommen wir für unseren Übertragungsvektor +Für unseren Übertragungsvektor resultiert \[ v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4], \] diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex index 6ca577a..3b709f3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex @@ -3,41 +3,50 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Decodierung ohne Fehler +\section{Decodierung: Ansatz ohne Fehler \label{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler}} \rhead{fehlerlose rekonstruktion} -Im ersten Teil zur Decodierung des Übertragungsvektor betrachten wir den Übertragungskanal als fehlerfrei. -Wir erhalten also unseren Übertragungsvektor + +In diesem Abschnitt betrachten wie die Überlegung, wie wir auf der Empfängerseite die Nachricht aus dem empfangenen Übertragungsvektor erhalten. Nach einer einfachen Überlegung müssen wir den Übertragungsvektor decodieren, was auf den ersten Blick nicht allzu kompliziert sein sollte, solange wir davon ausgehen können, dass es während der Übertragung keine Fehler gegeben hat. Wir betrachten deshalb den Übertragungskanal als fehlerfrei. + +Der Übertragungsvektor empfangen wir also als \[ v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]. \] - -Gesucht ist nun einen Weg, mit dem wir auf unseren Nachrichtenvektor zurückrechnen können. -Ein banaler Ansatz ist das Invertieren der Glechung +% Old Text +%Im ersten Teil zur Decodierung des Übertragungsvektor betrachten wir den Übertragungskanal als fehlerfrei. +%Wir erhalten also unseren Übertragungsvektor +%\[ +%v = [5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]. +%\] +Nach einem banalen Ansatz ist die Decodierung die Inverse der Codierung. Dank der Matrixschreibweise lässt sich dies relativ einfach umsetzen. +% Old Text +%Gesucht ist nun einen Weg, mit dem wir auf unseren Nachrichtenvektor zurückrechnen können. +%Ein banaler Ansatz ist das Invertieren der Glechung \[ -v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad m = A^{-1} \cdot v. +v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad m = A^{-1} \cdot v \] - -Nur stellt sich dann die Frage, wie wir auf die Inverse der Matix $A$ kommen. +Nur stellt sich jetzt die Frage, wie wir die Inverse von $A$ berechnen. Dazu können wir wiederum den Ansatz der Fouriertransformation uns zur Hilfe nehmen, jedoch betrachten wir jetzt deren Inverse. Definiert ist sie als \[ F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \mathrm{e}^{-j\omega t} dt \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad \mathfrak{F}^{-1}(F(\omega)) = f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega. \] - -In unserem Fall suchen wir also eine inverse für die Primitive Einheitswurzel $a$, also +Damit beschäftigen wir uns im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:algdec} weiter, konkret suchen wir momentan aber eine Inverse für unsere primitive Einheitswurzel $a$. \[ -8^1 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad 8^{-1}. +8^1 \qquad \rightarrow \qquad 8^{-1} \] +Mit einem solchen Problem haben wir uns bereits in Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:euklid} befasst und so den euklidischen Algorithmus kennengelernt, den wir auf unseren Fall anwenden können. -Im Abschnitt \textcolor{red}{4.1} haben wir den euklidischen Algorithmus kennengelernt, den wir auf unseren Fall anwenden können. +% Old Text +%Im Abschnitt \textcolor{red}{4.1} haben wir den euklidischen Algorithmus kennengelernt, den wir auf unseren Fall anwenden können. -\subsection{Der Euklidische Algorithmus -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:eukAlgo}} +\subsection{Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:invEinh}} -Die Funktionsweise des euklidischen Algorithmus ist im Kapitel \textcolor{red}{4.1} ausführlich beschrieben. -Für unsere Anwendung wählen wir die Parameter $a_i = 8$ und $b_i = 11$. +Die Funktionsweise des euklidischen Algorithmus ist im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:euklid} ausführlich beschrieben. +Für unsere Anwendung wählen wir die Parameter $a = 8$ und $b = 11$ ($\mathbb{F}_{11}$). Daraus erhalten wir \begin{center} @@ -67,20 +76,21 @@ Daraus erhalten wir \end{tabular} \end{center} +als Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel. Die inverse Transformationsmatrix $A^{-1}$ bilden wir indem wir jetzt die inverse primitive Einheitswurzel anstelle der primitiven Einheitswurzel in die Matrix einsetzen. -als Inverse der Primitiven Einheitswurzel. +\subsection{Allgemeine Decodierung + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algdec}} -Nun haben wir fast alles für die Rücktransformation beisammen. Wie auch bei der Inversen Fouriertransformation haben wir nun einen Vorfaktor +Wir haben jetzt fast alles für eine erfolgreiche Rücktransformation beisammen. Wir haben aber noch nicht alle Aspekte der inversen diskreten Fouriertransformation befolgt, so fehlt uns noch einen Vorfaktor \[ m = \textcolor{red}{s} \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v \] den wir noch bestimmen müssen. -Glücklicherweise lässt der sich analog wie bei der Inversen Fouriertransformation bestimmen und beträgt +Glücklicherweise lässt der sich analog wie bei der inversen diskreten Fouriertransformation bestimmen und beträgt \[ s = \frac{1}{10}. \] -Da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht können wir $s$ ebenfalls mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ ergibt. -Somit lässt sich der Nachrichtenvektor einfach bestimmen mit +Da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht können wir $s$ ebenfalls mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ergibt. Somit lässt sich der Nachrichtenvektor einfach bestimmen mit \[ m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad m = 10 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 73d5c3d4df0f73e96c1bac2ae1ce3b4dfcdc9d90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 10 Jun 2021 12:23:57 +0200 Subject: updated a lot --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 292 +++++++++++++++++++--------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex | 6 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 7 + buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib | 69 ++++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex | 33 ++-- 5 files changed, 275 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex index 923c1c5..db6e586 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -3,52 +3,109 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Decodierung mit Fehler +\section{Decodierung: Ansatz mit Fehlerkorrektur \label{reedsolomon:section:decmitfehler}} \rhead{fehlerhafte rekonstruktion} -Im zweiten Teil zur Decodierung betrachten wir den Fall, dass unser Übertragungskanal nicht fehlerfrei ist. -Wir legen daher den Fehlervektor +Bisher haben wir die Decodierung unter der Bedingung durchgeführt, dass der Übertragungsvektor fehlerlos versendet und empfangen wurde. +In der realen Welt müssen wir uns jedoch damit abfinden, dass kein Übertragungskanal garantiert fehlerfrei ist und das wir früher oder später mit Fehlern rechnen müssen. +Genau für dieses Problem wurden Fehler korrigierende Codes, wie der Reed-Solomon-Code, entwickelt. +In diesem Abschnitt betrachten wir somit die Idee der Fehlerkorrektur und wie wir diese auf unser Beispiel anwenden können. +Der Übertragungskanal im Beispiel weisst jetzt den Fehlervektor \[ u = [0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0] \] -fest, den wir zu unserem Übertragungsvektor als Fehler dazu addieren und somit +auf. +Senden wir jetzt unser Übertragungsvektor $v$ durch diesen Kanal addiert sich der Fehlervektor $u$ auf unsere Übertragung und wir erhalten \begin{center} - -\begin{tabular}{c | c r } - $v$ & & $[5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$\\ - $u$ & $+$ & $[0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0]$\\ - \hline - $w$ & & $[5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$\\ -\end{tabular} - -% alternative design -%\begin{tabular}{c | c cccccccccccc } -% $v$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$5,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$10,$&$4$&$]$\\ -% $u$ & $+$ & $[$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$3,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$2,$&$0$&$]$\\ + + \begin{tabular}{c | c r } + $v$ & & $[5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$\\ + $u$ & $+$ & $[0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0]$\\ + \hline + $w$ & & $[5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$\\ + \end{tabular} + + % alternative design + %\begin{tabular}{c | c cccccccccccc } + % $v$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$5,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$10,$&$4$&$]$\\ + % $u$ & $+$ & $[$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$3,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$2,$&$0$&$]$\\ + % \hline + % $w$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$8,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$1,$&$4$&$]$\\ + %\end{tabular} + +\end{center} +als neuen, fehlerbehafteten Übertragungsvektor $w$ auf der Empfängerseite. +% Old Text +%In diesem Abschnitt gehen wir genauer darauf ein, wie der Reed-Solomon-Code eine solche Feherkorrektur vornimt. +% +%In diesem Abschnitt betrachten wir das Problem, dass während der Übertragung des Übertragungsvektors von unserem Beispiel +% +% +%Zu diesem Zweck wurden Fehler korrigierende Codes entwickelt. +% +%Dieser Optimalfall kann jedoch mit keinem Übertragungskanal garantiert werden +% +% +%Im zweiten Teil zur Decodierung betrachten wir den Fall, dass unser Übertragungskanal nicht fehlerfrei ist. +%Wir legen daher den Fehlervektor +%\[ +%u = [0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0] +%\] +%fest, den wir zu unserem Übertragungsvektor als Fehler dazu addieren und somit +% +%\begin{center} +% +%\begin{tabular}{c | c r } +% $v$ & & $[5,3,6,5,2,10,2,7,10,4]$\\ +% $u$ & $+$ & $[0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0]$\\ % \hline -% $w$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$8,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$1,$&$4$&$]$\\ +% $w$ & & $[5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]$\\ %\end{tabular} - -\end{center} -als Übertragungsvektor auf der Empfängerseite erhalten. - -Wenn wir den Übertragungsvektor jetzt Rücktransformieren wie im vorherigen Kapitel erhalten wir +% +%% alternative design +%%\begin{tabular}{c | c cccccccccccc } +%% $v$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$5,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$10,$&$4$&$]$\\ +%% $u$ & $+$ & $[$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$3,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$0,$&$2,$&$0$&$]$\\ +%% \hline +%% $w$ & & $[$&$5,$&$3,$&$6,$&$8,$&$2,$&$10,$&$2,$&$7,$&$1,$&$4$&$]$\\ +%%\end{tabular} +% +%\end{center} +%als Übertragungsvektor auf der Empfängerseite erhalten. +Wir jetzt als Empfänger wissen jedoch nicht, dass der erhaltene Übertragungsvektor jetzt fehlerbehaftet ist und werden dementsprechend den Ansatz aus Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler} anwenden. +Wir stellen jedoch recht schnell fest, dass am decodierten Nachrichtenblock \[ -r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]. +r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{\text{Syndrom}}5,4,5,7,6,7]. \] -Im Vergleich zum vorherigen Kapitel sind die Fehlerkorrekturstellen jetzt $\neq 0$, was bedeutet, dass wir diesen Übertragungsvektor fehlerhaft empfangen haben und sich die Nachricht jetzt nicht mehr so einfach decodieren lässt. +etwas nicht in Ordnung ist, denn die vorderen vier Fehlerkorrekturstellen haben nicht mehr den Wert null. +Der Nachrichtenblock weisst jetzt ein \em Syndrom \em auf, welches anzeigt, dass der Übertragungsvektor fehlerhaft empfangen wurde. +% Old Text +%Wenn wir den Übertragungsvektor jetzt Rücktransformieren wie im vorherigen Kapitel erhalten wir +%\[ +%r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]. +%\] +Jetzt stellt sich natürlich die Frage, wie wir daraus den ursprünglich gesendeten Nachrichtenvektor zurückerhalten sollen. Laut der Definition über die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes können wir aus den Fehlerkorrekturstellen ein ``Lokatorpolynom'' berechnen, welches die Information enthält, welche stellen innerhalb des empfangenen Übertragungsvektors fehlerhaft sind. -% warum wir die fehler suchen -Da Reed-Solomon-Codes in der Lage sind, eine Nachricht aus weniger Stellen zu rekonstruieren als wir ursprünglich haben, so müssen wir nur die Fehlerhaften Stellen finden und eliminieren, damit wir unsere Nutzdaten rekonstruieren können. -Damit stellt sich die Frage, wie wir die Fehlerstellen $e$ finden. -Dafür wählen wir einen Primitiven Ansatz mit -\begin{align} - m(X) & = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 \\ - r(X) & = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7 \\ - e(X) & = r(X) - m(X). -\end{align} -Setzen wir jetzt unsere Einheitswurzel für $X$ ein, so erhalten wir +\subsection{Das Fehlerstellenpolynom $d(X)$ + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:fehlerpolynom}} +Bevor wir unser Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, müssen wir zuerst eine Möglichkeit finden, die Fehlerhaften von den Korrekten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor unterscheiden zu können. In einem ersten Versuch könnten wir $d$ berechnen mit +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{r c l} + $m(X)$ & $=$ & $4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$ \\ + $r(X)$ & $=$ & $5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7$ \\ + $d(X)$ & $=$ & $r(X) - m(X)$. +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +TODO (rewrite sentence): Dies wird uns zwar andere sorgen wegen $m(X)$ bereiten, \textcolor{red}{die werden wir jedoch zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt betrachten (todo: verweis auf kapitel?)}. +Setzen wir jetzt noch unsere Einheitswurzel aus dem Beispiel ein so erhalten wir +% Old Text +%\begin{align} +% m(X) & = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 \\ +% r(X) & = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7 \\ +% e(X) & = r(X) - m(X). +%\end{align} +%Setzen wir jetzt unsere Einheitswurzel für $X$ ein, so erhalten wir \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline @@ -56,80 +113,137 @@ Setzen wir jetzt unsere Einheitswurzel für $X$ ein, so erhalten wir \hline $r(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $8$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $1$& $4$\\ $m(a^{i})$& $5$& $3$& $6$& $5$& $2$& $10$& $2$& $7$& $10$& $4$\\ - $e(a^{i})$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$\\ + $d(a^{i})$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $3$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $0$& $2$& $0$\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} -und damit die Information, dass an allen Stellen, die nicht Null sind, Fehler enthalten. -Um jetzt alle nicht Nullstellen zu finden, wenden wir den Satz von Fermat an. +und damit die Information, dass allen Stellen, die nicht Null sind, Fehler enthalten. +Aus der Tabelle lesen wir, das in unserem Beispiel die Fehler an der Stelle drei und acht zu finden sind. + +Für das einfache Bestimmen von Hand mag dies ja noch ausreichen, jedoch können wir mit diesen Stellen nicht das Lokatorpolynom bestimmen, denn dafür bräuchten wir alle Nullstellen, an denen es Fehler gegeben hat (also sozusagen genau das umgekehrte). Um dies zu erreichen wenden wir eine andere Herangehensweise und nehmen uns den Satz von Fermat sowie den kleinsten gemeinsamen Teiler zur Hilfe. -\subsection{Der Satz von Fermat -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:fermat}} -Der Satz von Fermat besagt, dass für +\subsection{Mit dem grössten gemeinsamen Teiler auf Nullstellenjagd +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:ggT}} + +Zuerst betrachten wir mal den Satz von Fermat deren Funktionsweise wir in Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:galoiskoerper} kennengelernt haben. Der besagt, dass für \[ f(X) = X^{q-1} -1 = 0 \] -gilt, egal was wir für $q$ einsetzen. - -Für unser Beispiel erhalten wir +wobei dies für jedes $q$ gilt. Setzen wir also das $q$ von unserem Beispiel ein \[ f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0 \qquad \text{für } X = \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} \] -und können $f(X)$ auch umschreiben in +und stellen dies als Nullstellenform (\textcolor{red}{richtiger name für die Schreibweise?}) dar. So ergibt sich die Darstellung \[ f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9). \] Zur Überprüfung können wir unsere Einheitswurzel in $a$ einsetzen und werden sehen, dass wir für $f(X) = 0$ erhalten werden. -Nach der gleichen Überlegung können wir jetzt auch $e(X)$ darstellen als + +Wir können jetzt auch $d(X)$ nach der gleichen Überlegung darstellen als \[ -e(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) \cdot p(x), +d(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^3)}(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^8)}(X-a^9) \cdot p(x), \] -wobei $p(X)$ das Restpolynom ist und die Fehlerstellen beinhaltet. -Wenn wir jetzt den grössten gemeinsamen Teiler von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen, so erhalten wir mit +wobei diese Darstellung nicht mehr alle Nullstellen umfasst wie es noch in $f(X)$ der Fall war. +Dies liegt daran, dass wir ja zwei Fehlerstellen (grau markiert) haben, die nicht Null sind. Diese fassen wir zum Restpolynom $p(X)$ (\textcolor{red}{eventuell farblich kennzeichnen?}) zusammen. +Wenn wir jetzt den grössten gemeinsamen Teiler von $f(X)$ und $d(X)$ berechnen, so erhalten wir mit \[ -\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2) \qquad \qquad (X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7) \qquad \qquad (X-a^9) +\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),d(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^3)}(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^8)}(X-a^9) \] eine Liste von Nullstellen, an denen es keine Fehler gegeben hat. -Da wir uns jedoch für eine Liste mit Nullstellen interessieren, an denen es Fehler gegeben hat berechnen wir stattdessen das kgV von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ als +Dies scheint zuerst nicht sehr hilfreich zu sein, da wir für das Lokatorpolynom ja eine Liste der Nullstellen suchen, an denen es Fehler gegeben hat. Aus diesem Grund berechnen wir im nächsten Schritt das kleinste gemeinsame Vielfache von $f(X)$ und $d(X)$. + +%Wir werden auch feststellen, das unsere Bemühungen bisher nicht umsonst waren. + +\subsection{Mit dem kgV fehlerhafte Nullstellen finden + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:kgV}} + +Das kgV hat nämlich die Eigenschaft sämtliche Nullstellen zu finden, also nicht nur die fehlerhaften sondern auch die korrekten, was in \[ -\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9) \cdot q(X). +\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),d(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9) \cdot q(X). \] -Wir können das Resultat noch zerlegen in +ersichtlich ist. +Aus dem vorherigen Abschnitt wissen wir auch, dass $d(X)$ alle korrekten Nullstellen beinhaltet. Teilen wir das kgV jetzt auf in \[ -\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),e(X)) = d(X) \cdot e(X). +\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),d(X)) = d(X) \cdot l(X) \] -Somit muss $d(X)$ eine Liste von Nullstellen enthalten an denen es Fehler gegeben hat. +sollten wir für $l(X)$ eine Liste mit allen fehlerhaften Nullstellen erhalten. +Somit ist \[ -d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8) +l(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8) \] +unser gesuchtes Lokatorpolynom. +Es scheint so als müssten wir nur noch an den besagten Stellen den Übertragungsvektor korrigieren und wir währen fertig mit der Fehlerkorrektur. +Jedoch haben wir noch ein grundlegendes Problem, dass zu beginn aufgetaucht ist, wir aber beiseite geschoben haben. Die Rede ist natürlich vom Nachrichtenvektor $m(X)$, mit dem wir in erster Linie das wichtige Fehlerstellenpolynom $d(X)$ berechnet haben. +\subsection{Der problematische Nachrichtenvektor $m(X)$ + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor}} -und ist damit unser gesuchtes Lokatorpolynom. - -Das einzige Problem was jetzt noch bleibt ist, dass wir $e(X)$ berechnet haben aus +In Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decmitfehler} haben wir \[ -e(X) = r(X) - m(X), +d(X) = r(X) - m(X) \] -wobei $m(X)$ auf der Empfängerseite unbekannt ist. -Es sieht danach aus, das wir diesen Lösungsansatz nicht verwenden können, da uns ein entscheidender Teil fehlt. -Bei einer näheren Betrachtung von $m(X)$ fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über $m(X)$ wissen. -Wir kennen nämlich die ersten vier Stellen, da diese für die Fehlerkorrektur zuständig sind und daher Null sein müssen. +in Abhängigkeit von $m(X)$ berechnet. +Jedoch haben wir ausser acht gelassen, dass $m(X)$ auf der Empfängerseite nicht existiert und somit gänzlich unbekannt ist. +Es scheint so als würde dieser Lösungsansatz, den wir bisher verfolgt haben, nicht funktioniert. +Wir könnten uns höchstens noch fragen, ob wir tatsächlich nichts über den Nachrichtenvektor im Beispiel wissen. Wenn wir noch einmal den Vektor betrachten als \[ -m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?] +m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1] \] -An genau diesen Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo unsere Fehlerstellen liegen, was uns ermöglicht, den Teil von $e(X)$ zu berechnen, der uns auch interessiert. - -Wir können $e(X)$ also bestimmen als +fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über diesen Vektor wissen, nämlich den Wert der ersten 2t (im Beispiel vier) stellen. +Im Normalfall sollen diese nämlich den Wert null betragen und somit sind nur die letzten k stellen (im Beispiel sechs) für uns unbekannt, dargestellt als \[ -e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X) +m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]. \] -wobei $p(X)$ wiederum ein unbekanntes Restpolynom ist und +Wie der Zufall es so will liegt an diesen vier Stellen auch die Information, wo die Fehlerstellen liegen. Daher reicht es auch aus +% darum werden die stellen auch als fehlerkorrekturstellen bezeichnet \[ -f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10 +d(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X) \] -ist können wir so in einer ersten Instanz den grössten gemeinsamen Teiler von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen. -Dafür nehmen wir uns wiederum den Euklidischen Algorithmus zur Hilfe und berechnen so +so zu berechnen, dass wir die wichtigen vier Stellen kennen, der Rest des Polynoms jedoch im unbekannten Restpolynom $p(X)$ enthalten ist. + +\textcolor{red}{ist das wechseln zwischen 2t,k aus dem allgemeinfall und vier,sechs aus dem beispiel zu verwirrend?} + +\subsection{Die Berechnung der Fehlerstellen + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor}} + +Um die Fehlerstellen zu berechnen wenden wir die gleiche Vorgehensweise wie zuvor an, also zuerst den ggT, danach berechnen wir das kgV um am Ende das Lokatorpolynom zu erhalten. + +\subsubsection{Schritt 1: ggT} +Wir berechnen den ggT von $f(X)$ und $d(X)$ mit +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{r c l} + $f(X)$ & $=$ & $X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10$ \\ + $d(X)$ & $=$ & $5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X)$ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +% +% +% +%Das einzige Problem was jetzt noch bleibt ist, dass wir $e(X)$ berechnet haben aus +%\[ +%e(X) = r(X) - m(X), +%\] +%wobei $m(X)$ auf der Empfängerseite unbekannt ist. +%Es sieht danach aus, das wir diesen Lösungsansatz nicht verwenden können, da uns ein entscheidender Teil fehlt. +%Bei einer näheren Betrachtung von $m(X)$ fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über $m(X)$ wissen. +%Wir kennen nämlich die ersten vier Stellen, da diese für die Fehlerkorrektur zuständig sind und daher Null sein müssen. +%\[ +%m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?] +%\] +%An genau diesen Stellen liegt auch die Information, wo unsere Fehlerstellen liegen, was uns ermöglicht, den Teil von $e(X)$ zu berechnen, der uns auch interessiert. +% +%Wir können $e(X)$ also bestimmen als +%\[ +%e(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X) +%\] +%wobei $p(X)$ wiederum ein unbekanntes Restpolynom ist und +%\[ +%f(X) = X^{10} - 1 = X^{10} + 10 +%\] +%ist können wir so in einer ersten Instanz den grössten gemeinsamen Teiler von $f(X)$ und $e(X)$ berechnen. +%Dafür nehmen wir uns wiederum den Euklidischen Algorithmus zur Hilfe und berechnen so +% \[ \arraycolsep=1.4pt \begin{array}{rcrcrcrcccrcrcrcrcrcrcrcrcr} @@ -151,11 +265,16 @@ Dafür nehmen wir uns wiederum den Euklidischen Algorithmus zur Hilfe und berech \] und erhalten \[ -\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8 +\operatorname{ggT}(f(X),e(X)) = 6X^8. \] -Mit den Resultaten, die wir vom Rechenweg des grössten gemeinsamen Teiler erhalten haben können wir jetzt auch das kleinste Gemeinsame Vielfache berechnen. Eine detailliertere Vorgehensweise findet man in Kapitel ???. -Aus diesem erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus erhalten wir +\subsubsection{Schritt 2: kgV} + +Mit dem Resultat das wir vom ggT erhalten haben können wir jetzt das kgV berechnen. Dazu können wir jetzt den erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus verwenden, den wir in Abschnitt \ref{buch:subsection:daskgv} kennengelernt haben. +% +%Mit den Resultaten, die wir vom Rechenweg des grössten gemeinsamen Teiler erhalten haben können wir jetzt auch das kleinste Gemeinsame Vielfache berechnen. Eine detailliertere Vorgehensweise findet man in Kapitel ???. +% +%Aus diesem erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus erhalten wir \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{| c | c | c c |} @@ -170,28 +289,23 @@ Aus diesem erweiterten Euklidischen Algorithmus erhalten wir \end{tabular} \end{center} -und erhalten auf diesem Weg den Faktor +Daraus erhalten wir die Faktoren \[ -d(X) = 2X^2 + 5, +l(X) = 2X^2 + 5 \qquad \rightarrow \qquad l(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6). \] -den wir in +Unser gesuchtes Lokatorpolynom hat also die Form \[ -d(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6) +l(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^j). \] -zerlegen können. -Da die unbekannten Stellen im Lokatorpolynom -\[ -d(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^i) -\] -sind, müssen wir nur noch $i$ berechnen als +Also brauchen wir nur noch $i$ und $j$ zu berechnen und wir haben unsere gesuchten Fehlerstellen. +Diese bekommen wir recht einfach mit \begin{center} $a^i = 5 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 3$ - $a^i = 6 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad i = 8$. + $a^j = 6 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad j = 8$. \end{center} - -Somit erhalten wir schliesslich +Schlussendlich erhalten wir \[ d(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8) \] -als unser Lokatorpolynom mit den Fehlerhaften Stellen. \ No newline at end of file +als unser Lokatorpolynom mit den fehlerhaften Stellen. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex index 8ccd918..146067a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex @@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ \label{reedsolomon:section:endlichekoerper}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -TODO: +\textcolor{red}{TODO: (warten auf den 1. Teil)} -Das rechnen in endlichen Körpern bietet einige Vorteile: +Das Rechnen in endlichen Körpern bietet einige Vorteile: \begin{itemize} \item Konkrete Zahlen: In endlichen Körpern gibt es weder rationale noch komplexe Zahlen. Zudem beschränken sich die möglichen Rechenoperationen auf das Addieren und Multiplizieren. Somit können wir nur ganze Zahlen als Resultat erhalten. @@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ Das rechnen in endlichen Körpern bietet einige Vorteile: Um jetzt eine Nachricht in den endlichen Körpern zu konstruieren legen wir fest, dass diese Nachricht aus einem Nutzdatenteil und einem Fehlerkorrekturteil bestehen muss. Somit ist die zu übertragende Nachricht immer grösser als die Daten, die wir übertragen wollen. Zudem müssen wir einen Weg finden, den Fehlerkorrekturteil so aus den Nutzdaten zu berechnen, dass wir die Nutzdaten auf der Empfängerseite wieder rekonstruieren können, sollte es zu einer fehlerhaften Übertragung kommen. -Nun stellt sich die Frage, wie wir eine Fehlerhafte Nachricht korrigieren können, ohne ihren ursprünglichen Inhalt zu kennen. Der Reed-Solomon-Code erzielt dies, indem aus dem Fehlerkorrekturteil ein sogenanntes "Lokatorpolynom" generiert werden kann. Dieses Polynom gibt dem Emfänger an, welche Stellen in der Nachricht feherhaft sind. +Nun stellt sich die Frage, wie wir eine fehlerhafte Nachricht korrigieren können, ohne ihren ursprünglichen Inhalt zu kennen. Der Reed-Solomon-Code erzielt dies, indem aus dem Fehlerkorrekturteil ein sogenanntes ``Lokatorpolynom'' generiert werden kann. Dieses Polynom gibt dem Emfänger an, welche Stellen in der Nachricht feherhaft sind. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index a7485cd..9822d25 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -39,6 +39,13 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \input{papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler} \input{papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler} \input{papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen} +%\input{papers/reedsolomon/glossar} -> geplant zur besseren orientierung +%\input{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} -> geplant + +\nocite{reedsolomon:weitz} +\nocite{reedsolomon:informationkommunikation} +%\nocite{reedsolomon:mendezmueller} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib index 38613bd..4c1d17a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,53 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{reedsolomon:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@online{reedsolomon:weitz, + title = {Fehlerkorrektur mit Reed-Solomon-Codes}, + url = {https://youtu.be/uOLW43OIZJ0}, + date = {2021-06-10}, + year = {2021}, + month = {6}, + day = {10} } -@book{reedsolomon:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} +% https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-8351-9077-1_9 -@article{reedsolomon:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@book{reedsolomon:informationkommunikation, + title = {Information und Kommunikation}, + author = {Markus Hufschmid}, + publisher = {Teubner}, + year = {2007}, + isbn = {978-3-8351-0122-7}, + inseries = {}, + volume = {1} } +% Beispiele +%@online{reedsolomon:bibtex, +% title = {BibTeX}, +% url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, +% date = {2020-02-06}, +% year = {2020}, +% month = {2}, +% day = {6} +%} +% +%@book{reedsolomon:numerical-analysis, +% title = {Numerical Analysis}, +% author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, +% publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, +% year = {2002}, +% isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, +% inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, +% volume = {2} +%} +% +%@article{reedsolomon:mendezmueller, +% author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, +% title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, +% journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, +% year = 2019, +% volume = 47, +% pages = {607--627}, +% url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +%} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex index 8cb7744..89a700f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex @@ -1,24 +1,25 @@ % -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% rekonstruktion.tex +% Autor: Michael Steiner % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren \label{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion}} \rhead{Rekonstruktion} -Im letzten Kapitel haben wir eine Möglichkeit gefunden, wie wir die Fehlerhaften Stellen lokalisieren können. +Im letzten Kapitel haben wir eine Möglichkeit gefunden, wie wir die fehlerhaften Stellen lokalisieren können. Mit diesen Stellen soll es uns nun möglich sein, aus dem fehlerhaften empfangenen Nachrichtenvektor wieder unsere Nachricht zu rekonstruieren. Das Lokatorpolynom \[ -d(X) = (X - a^3)(X-a^8) +l(X) = (X - a^3)(X-a^8) \] -markiert dabei diese Fehlerhaften Stellen im Übertragungsvektor +markiert dabei diese fehlerhaften Stellen im Übertragungsvektor \[ w = [5,3,6,8,2,10,2,7,1,4]. \] Als Ausgangslage verwenden wir die Matrix, mit der wir den Nachrichtenvektor ursprünglich codiert haben. -Unser Ziel ist es wie auch schon im Kapitel X.X (Rekonstuktion ohne Fehler) eine Möglichkeit zu finden, wie wir den Übertragungsvektor decodieren können. -Aufgrund der Fehlerstellen müssen wir aber davon ausgehen, das wir nicht mehr den gleichen Weg verfolgen können wie wir im Kapitel X.X angewendet haben. +Unser Ziel ist es wie auch schon im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler} eine Möglichkeit zu finden, wie wir den Übertragungsvektor decodieren können. +Aufgrund der Fehlerstellen müssen wir aber davon ausgehen, das wir nicht mehr den gleichen Weg verfolgen können wie wir im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler} angewendet haben. Wir stellen also die Matrix auf und markieren gleichzeitig die Fehlerstellen. \[ @@ -82,21 +83,21 @@ Wir kennen aber das Resultat aus den letzten vier Spalten, da wir wissen, das di \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}& \textcolor{green}{8^0}\\ - 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& \textcolor{green}{8^6}& \textcolor{green}{8^7}& \textcolor{green}{8^8}& \textcolor{green}{8^9}\\ - 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& \textcolor{green}{8^{12}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{14}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{16}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{18}}\\ - 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& \textcolor{green}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{28}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{32}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{36}}\\ - 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& \textcolor{green}{8^{30}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{35}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{40}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{45}}\\ - 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& \textcolor{green}{8^{36}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{48}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{54}}\\ - 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& \textcolor{green}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{49}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{56}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{63}}\\ - 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& \textcolor{green}{8^{54}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{63}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{72}}& \textcolor{green}{8^{81}}\\ + 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^0}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^0}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^0}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^0}\\ + 8^0& 8^1& 8^2& 8^3& 8^4& 8^5& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^6}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^7}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^8}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^9}\\ + 8^0& 8^2& 8^4& 8^6& 8^8& 8^{10}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{12}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{14}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{16}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{18}}\\ + 8^0& 8^4& 8^8& 8^{12}& 8^{16}& 8^{20}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{24}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{28}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{32}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{36}}\\ + 8^0& 8^5& 8^{10}& 8^{15}& 8^{20}& 8^{25}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{30}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{35}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{40}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{45}}\\ + 8^0& 8^6& 8^{12}& 8^{18}& 8^{24}& 8^{30}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{36}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{48}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{54}}\\ + 8^0& 8^7& 8^{14}& 8^{21}& 8^{28}& 8^{35}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{42}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{49}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{56}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{63}}\\ + 8^0& 8^9& 8^{18}& 8^{27}& 8^{36}& 8^{45}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{54}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{63}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{72}}& \textcolor{darkgreen}{8^{81}}\\ \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} - m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \textcolor{green}{m_6} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_7} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_8} \\ \textcolor{green}{m_9} \\ + m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_6} \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_7} \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_8} \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_9} \\ \end{pmatrix} \] -Wir nehmen die Entsprechenden Spalten aus der Matrix heraus und erhalten so das Überbestimmte Gleichungssystem +Wir nehmen die entsprechenden Spalten aus der Matrix heraus und erhalten so das Überbestimmte Gleichungssystem \[ \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \textcolor{red}{7} \\ \textcolor{red}{4} \\ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 82672c8b82f0d082daa05cfc212a1b05a7f79650 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 10 Jun 2021 15:22:44 +0200 Subject: hilfstabellen updated --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex | 2 - buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex | 190 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex | 192 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 3 files changed, 343 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex index 10e4fd1..4e39de5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex @@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ \label{reedsolomon:section:hilfstabellen}} \rhead{Hilfstabellen} -\textbf{TODO}: gibt es eine besser darstellungsart der tabellen? (\& platzierung der subsections) - Um das rechnen zu erleichtern findet man in diesem Abschnitt die Resultate, die bei der Addition und der Multiplikation in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ resultieren. \subsection{Additionstabelle diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex index a5055c0..3969ef2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex @@ -1,24 +1,176 @@ % created by Michael Steiner % % Restetabelle von F_11: Addition -\begin{figure} + +% alternatives design +%\begin{figure} +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}|} +%\hline +%+&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +%\hline +%0&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +%1&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0\\ +%2&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1\\ +%3&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2\\ +%4&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3\\ +%5&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4\\ +%6&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5\\ +%7&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6\\ +%8&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7\\ +%9&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8\\ +%10&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +%\end{figure} + \begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}|} -\hline -+&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ -\hline -0&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ -1&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0\\ -2&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1\\ -3&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2\\ -4&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3\\ -5&5&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4\\ -6&6&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5\\ -7&7&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6\\ -8&8&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7\\ -9&9&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8\\ -10&10&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.45] +\fill[color=gray!40] (0,0) rectangle (18,-1.5); +\fill[color=gray!40] (0,0) rectangle (1.5,-18); +\draw[step = 1.5, gray,very thin] (0,0) grid (18,-18); +\draw[very thick] (0,0) rectangle (18,-18); +\draw[very thick] (0,-1.5) -- (18,-1.5); +\draw[very thick] (1.5,0) -- (1.5,-18); +\node at (0.75,-0.75) {$+$}; +\foreach \x in {0,...,10} + \node at (2.25+\x*1.5,-0.75) {$\x$}; +\foreach \y in {0,...,10} + \node at (0.75,-2.25+\y*-1.5) {$\y$}; +% Row 0 +\node at ( 2.25,-2.25) {$0$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-2.25) {$1$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-2.25) {$2$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-2.25) {$3$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-2.25) {$4$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-2.25) {$5$}; +\node at (11.25,-2.25) {$6$}; +\node at (12.75,-2.25) {$7$}; +\node at (14.25,-2.25) {$8$}; +\node at (15.75,-2.25) {$9$}; +\node at (17.25,-2.25) {$10$}; +% Row 1 +\node at ( 2.25,-3.75) {$1$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-3.75) {$2$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-3.75) {$3$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-3.75) {$4$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-3.75) {$5$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-3.75) {$6$}; +\node at (11.25,-3.75) {$7$}; +\node at (12.75,-3.75) {$8$}; +\node at (14.25,-3.75) {$9$}; +\node at (15.75,-3.75) {$10$}; +\node at (17.25,-3.75) {$0$}; +% Row 2 +\node at ( 2.25,-5.25) {$2$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-5.25) {$3$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-5.25) {$4$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-5.25) {$5$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-5.25) {$6$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-5.25) {$7$}; +\node at (11.25,-5.25) {$8$}; +\node at (12.75,-5.25) {$9$}; +\node at (14.25,-5.25) {$10$}; +\node at (15.75,-5.25) {$0$}; +\node at (17.25,-5.25) {$1$}; +% Row 3 +\node at ( 2.25,-6.75) {$3$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-6.75) {$4$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-6.75) {$5$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-6.75) {$6$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-6.75) {$7$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-6.75) {$8$}; +\node at (11.25,-6.75) {$9$}; +\node at (12.75,-6.75) {$10$}; +\node at (14.25,-6.75) {$0$}; +\node at (15.75,-6.75) {$1$}; +\node at (17.25,-6.75) {$2$}; +% Row 4 +\node at ( 2.25,-8.25) {$4$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-8.25) {$5$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-8.25) {$6$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-8.25) {$7$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-8.25) {$8$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-8.25) {$9$}; +\node at (11.25,-8.25) {$10$}; +\node at (12.75,-8.25) {$0$}; +\node at (14.25,-8.25) {$1$}; +\node at (15.75,-8.25) {$2$}; +\node at (17.25,-8.25) {$3$}; +% Row 5 +\node at ( 2.25,-9.75) {$5$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-9.75) {$6$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-9.75) {$7$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-9.75) {$8$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-9.75) {$9$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-9.75) {$10$}; +\node at (11.25,-9.75) {$0$}; +\node at (12.75,-9.75) {$1$}; +\node at (14.25,-9.75) {$2$}; +\node at (15.75,-9.75) {$3$}; +\node at (17.25,-9.75) {$4$}; +% Row 6 +\node at ( 2.25,-11.25) {$6$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-11.25) {$7$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-11.25) {$8$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-11.25) {$9$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-11.25) {$10$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-11.25) {$0$}; +\node at (11.25,-11.25) {$1$}; +\node at (12.75,-11.25) {$2$}; +\node at (14.25,-11.25) {$3$}; +\node at (15.75,-11.25) {$4$}; +\node at (17.25,-11.25) {$5$}; +% Row 7 +\node at ( 2.25,-12.75) {$7$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-12.75) {$8$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-12.75) {$9$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-12.75) {$10$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-12.75) {$0$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-12.75) {$1$}; +\node at (11.25,-12.75) {$2$}; +\node at (12.75,-12.75) {$3$}; +\node at (14.25,-12.75) {$4$}; +\node at (15.75,-12.75) {$5$}; +\node at (17.25,-12.75) {$6$}; +% Row 8 +\node at ( 2.25,-14.25) {$8$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-14.25) {$9$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-14.25) {$10$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-14.25) {$0$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-14.25) {$1$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-14.25) {$2$}; +\node at (11.25,-14.25) {$3$}; +\node at (12.75,-14.25) {$4$}; +\node at (14.25,-14.25) {$5$}; +\node at (15.75,-14.25) {$6$}; +\node at (17.25,-14.25) {$7$}; +% Row 9 +\node at ( 2.25,-15.75) {$9$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-15.75) {$10$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-15.75) {$0$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-15.75) {$1$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-15.75) {$2$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-15.75) {$3$}; +\node at (11.25,-15.75) {$4$}; +\node at (12.75,-15.75) {$5$}; +\node at (14.25,-15.75) {$6$}; +\node at (15.75,-15.75) {$7$}; +\node at (17.25,-15.75) {$8$}; +% Row 10 +\node at ( 2.25,-17.25) {$10$}; +\node at ( 3.75,-17.25) {$0$}; +\node at ( 5.25,-17.25) {$1$}; +\node at ( 6.75,-17.25) {$2$}; +\node at ( 8.25,-17.25) {$3$}; +\node at ( 9.75,-17.25) {$4$}; +\node at (11.25,-17.25) {$5$}; +\node at (12.75,-17.25) {$6$}; +\node at (14.25,-17.25) {$7$}; +\node at (15.75,-17.25) {$8$}; +\node at (17.25,-17.25) {$9$}; +\end{tikzpicture} + \end{center} -\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex index 887c981..1a9815c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex @@ -1,24 +1,176 @@ % created by Michael Steiner % % Restetabelle von F_11: Multiplikation -\begin{figure} + +% alternatives design +%\begin{figure} +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}|} +%\hline +%\cdot&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +%\hline +%0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\ +%1&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ +%2&0&2&4&6&8&10&1&3&5&7&9\\ +%3&0&3&6&9&1&4&7&10&2&5&8\\ +%4&0&4&8&1&5&9&2&6&10&3&7\\ +%5&0&5&10&4&9&3&8&2&7&1&6\\ +%6&0&6&1&7&2&8&3&9&4&10&5\\ +%7&0&7&3&10&6&2&9&5&1&8&4\\ +%8&0&8&5&2&10&7&4&1&9&6&3\\ +%9&0&9&7&5&3&1&10&8&6&4&2\\ +%10&0&10&9&8&7&6&5&4&3&2&1\\ +%\hline +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +%\end{figure} + \begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}>{$}c<{$}|} -\hline -\cdot&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ -\hline -0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\ -1&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10\\ -2&0&2&4&6&8&10&1&3&5&7&9\\ -3&0&3&6&9&1&4&7&10&2&5&8\\ -4&0&4&8&1&5&9&2&6&10&3&7\\ -5&0&5&10&4&9&3&8&2&7&1&6\\ -6&0&6&1&7&2&8&3&9&4&10&5\\ -7&0&7&3&10&6&2&9&5&1&8&4\\ -8&0&8&5&2&10&7&4&1&9&6&3\\ -9&0&9&7&5&3&1&10&8&6&4&2\\ -10&0&10&9&8&7&6&5&4&3&2&1\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file + + \begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.45] + \fill[color=gray!40] (0,0) rectangle (18,-1.5); + \fill[color=gray!40] (0,0) rectangle (1.5,-18); + \draw[step = 1.5, gray,very thin] (0,0) grid (18,-18); + \draw[very thick] (0,0) rectangle (18,-18); + \draw[very thick] (0,-1.5) -- (18,-1.5); + \draw[very thick] (1.5,0) -- (1.5,-18); + \node at (0.75,-0.75) {$\cdot$}; + \foreach \x in {0,...,10} + \node at (2.25+\x*1.5,-0.75) {$\x$}; + \foreach \y in {0,...,10} + \node at (0.75,-2.25+\y*-1.5) {$\y$}; + % Row 0 + \node at ( 2.25,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at (11.25,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at (12.75,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at (14.25,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at (15.75,-2.25) {$0$}; + \node at (17.25,-2.25) {$0$}; + % Row 1 + \node at ( 2.25,-3.75) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-3.75) {$1$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-3.75) {$2$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-3.75) {$3$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-3.75) {$4$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-3.75) {$5$}; + \node at (11.25,-3.75) {$6$}; + \node at (12.75,-3.75) {$7$}; + \node at (14.25,-3.75) {$8$}; + \node at (15.75,-3.75) {$9$}; + \node at (17.25,-3.75) {$10$}; + % Row 2 + \node at ( 2.25,-5.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-5.25) {$2$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-5.25) {$4$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-5.25) {$6$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-5.25) {$8$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-5.25) {$10$}; + \node at (11.25,-5.25) {$1$}; + \node at (12.75,-5.25) {$3$}; + \node at (14.25,-5.25) {$5$}; + \node at (15.75,-5.25) {$7$}; + \node at (17.25,-5.25) {$9$}; + % Row 3 + \node at ( 2.25,-6.75) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-6.75) {$3$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-6.75) {$6$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-6.75) {$9$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-6.75) {$1$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-6.75) {$4$}; + \node at (11.25,-6.75) {$7$}; + \node at (12.75,-6.75) {$10$}; + \node at (14.25,-6.75) {$2$}; + \node at (15.75,-6.75) {$5$}; + \node at (17.25,-6.75) {$8$}; + % Row 4 + \node at ( 2.25,-8.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-8.25) {$4$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-8.25) {$8$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-8.25) {$1$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-8.25) {$5$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-8.25) {$9$}; + \node at (11.25,-8.25) {$2$}; + \node at (12.75,-8.25) {$6$}; + \node at (14.25,-8.25) {$10$}; + \node at (15.75,-8.25) {$3$}; + \node at (17.25,-8.25) {$7$}; + % Row 5 + \node at ( 2.25,-9.75) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-9.75) {$5$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-9.75) {$10$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-9.75) {$4$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-9.75) {$9$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-9.75) {$3$}; + \node at (11.25,-9.75) {$8$}; + \node at (12.75,-9.75) {$2$}; + \node at (14.25,-9.75) {$7$}; + \node at (15.75,-9.75) {$1$}; + \node at (17.25,-9.75) {$6$}; + % Row 6 + \node at ( 2.25,-11.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-11.25) {$6$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-11.25) {$1$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-11.25) {$7$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-11.25) {$2$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-11.25) {$8$}; + \node at (11.25,-11.25) {$3$}; + \node at (12.75,-11.25) {$9$}; + \node at (14.25,-11.25) {$4$}; + \node at (15.75,-11.25) {$10$}; + \node at (17.25,-11.25) {$5$}; + % Row 7 + \node at ( 2.25,-12.75) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-12.75) {$7$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-12.75) {$3$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-12.75) {$10$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-12.75) {$6$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-12.75) {$2$}; + \node at (11.25,-12.75) {$9$}; + \node at (12.75,-12.75) {$5$}; + \node at (14.25,-12.75) {$1$}; + \node at (15.75,-12.75) {$8$}; + \node at (17.25,-12.75) {$4$}; + % Row 8 + \node at ( 2.25,-14.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-14.25) {$8$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-14.25) {$5$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-14.25) {$2$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-14.25) {$10$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-14.25) {$7$}; + \node at (11.25,-14.25) {$4$}; + \node at (12.75,-14.25) {$1$}; + \node at (14.25,-14.25) {$9$}; + \node at (15.75,-14.25) {$6$}; + \node at (17.25,-14.25) {$3$}; + % Row 9 + \node at ( 2.25,-15.75) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-15.75) {$9$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-15.75) {$7$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-15.75) {$5$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-15.75) {$3$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-15.75) {$1$}; + \node at (11.25,-15.75) {$10$}; + \node at (12.75,-15.75) {$8$}; + \node at (14.25,-15.75) {$6$}; + \node at (15.75,-15.75) {$4$}; + \node at (17.25,-15.75) {$2$}; + % Row 10 + \node at ( 2.25,-17.25) {$0$}; + \node at ( 3.75,-17.25) {$10$}; + \node at ( 5.25,-17.25) {$9$}; + \node at ( 6.75,-17.25) {$8$}; + \node at ( 8.25,-17.25) {$7$}; + \node at ( 9.75,-17.25) {$6$}; + \node at (11.25,-17.25) {$5$}; + \node at (12.75,-17.25) {$4$}; + \node at (14.25,-17.25) {$3$}; + \node at (15.75,-17.25) {$2$}; + \node at (17.25,-17.25) {$1$}; + \end{tikzpicture} + +\end{center} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From d15eaa234f3f1622289e2486db54fe0ce7309b8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 10 Jun 2021 18:22:35 +0200 Subject: nachschlagewerk created --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 3 ++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex | 4 ++++ 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex index db6e586..feaa027 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ Bevor wir unser Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, müssen wir zuerst eine Mögli $d(X)$ & $=$ & $r(X) - m(X)$. \end{tabular} \end{center} -TODO (rewrite sentence): Dies wird uns zwar andere sorgen wegen $m(X)$ bereiten, \textcolor{red}{die werden wir jedoch zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt betrachten (todo: verweis auf kapitel?)}. +Dies wird uns zwar andere sorgen wegen $m(X)$ bereiten, wir werden werden deshalb erst in Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor} darauf zurückkommen. + Setzen wir jetzt noch unsere Einheitswurzel aus dem Beispiel ein so erhalten wir % Old Text %\begin{align} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index 9822d25..fa20936 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \input{papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler} \input{papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler} \input{papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk} \input{papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen} -%\input{papers/reedsolomon/glossar} -> geplant zur besseren orientierung %\input{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} -> geplant \nocite{reedsolomon:weitz} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60b857e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +\section{Nachschlagewerk + \label{reedsolomon:section:nachschlagen}} +\rhead{nachschlagewerk} +todo: auflistung von z.b nachrichtenvektor, übertragungsvektor usw. inklusiver erklärung was es ist falls man beim lesen den faden verliert \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 09ca369b5a078dae6d55cc21e85452ac04a4a939 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Fri, 11 Jun 2021 08:30:04 +0200 Subject: Fix references.bib --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib | 31 ------------------------------- 1 file changed, 31 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib index 4c1d17a..731bd35 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib @@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ day = {10} } -% https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-8351-9077-1_9 - @book{reedsolomon:informationkommunikation, title = {Information und Kommunikation}, author = {Markus Hufschmid}, @@ -25,32 +23,3 @@ volume = {1} } -% Beispiele -%@online{reedsolomon:bibtex, -% title = {BibTeX}, -% url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, -% date = {2020-02-06}, -% year = {2020}, -% month = {2}, -% day = {6} -%} -% -%@book{reedsolomon:numerical-analysis, -% title = {Numerical Analysis}, -% author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, -% publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, -% year = {2002}, -% isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, -% inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, -% volume = {2} -%} -% -%@article{reedsolomon:mendezmueller, -% author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, -% title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, -% journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, -% year = 2019, -% volume = 47, -% pages = {607--627}, -% url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} -%} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 99d2ddf90c75e83fc8ee82f5d0145a17db9a6338 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Sun, 13 Jun 2021 15:59:24 +0200 Subject: minor changes, refernezen --- buch/papers/ifs/main.tex | 1 + buch/papers/ifs/references.bib | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 18 +++++++--------- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 20 +++++++++--------- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 14 ++++++------ 6 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex index 8ae0fad..cceaf87 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/main.tex @@ -13,5 +13,6 @@ \input{papers/ifs/teil2.tex} \input{papers/ifs/teil3.tex} + \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib b/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib index 716857f..790c15c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib @@ -13,14 +13,29 @@ day = {6} } -@book{ifs:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} +@online{ifs:chaos, + title = {Chaosspiel}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteriertes_Funktionensystem#Chaosspiel}, + date = {20201-06-13}, + year = {2021}, + month = {6}, + day = {13} +} + +@online{ifs:barnsleyfern, + title = {Barnsley fern}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_fern}, + date = {20201-06-13}, + year = {2021}, + month = {6}, + day = {13} +} +@book{ifs:fractal-geometry, + title = {Fractal Geometry}, + author = {Kenneth Falconer}, + publisher = {John Wiley & Sons}, + year = {1900}, + isbn = {0-471-92287-0}, } @article{ifs:mendezmueller, @@ -33,3 +48,20 @@ url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@Inbook{ifs:Rousseau2012, + author= {Rousseau, Christiane + and Saint-Aubin, Yvan + and Stern, Manfred}, + title={Bildkompression: Iterierte Funktionensysteme}, + bookTitle={Mathematik und Technologie}, + year={2012}, + publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + address={Berlin, Heidelberg}, + pages={341--386}, + abstract={Dieses Kapitel kann in ein bis zwei Wochen Vorlesungen behandelt werden. Steht nur eine Woche zur Verfugung, dann konnen Sie kurz die Einfuhrung behandeln (Abschnitt 11.1) und anschlie{\ss}end ausf{\"u}hrlich den Begriff des Attraktors eines iterierten Funktionensystems betrachten (Abschnitt 11.3), wobei Sie sich auf das Sierpi{\'{n}}ski- Dreieck (Beispiel 11.5) konzentrieren. Beweisen Sie den Satz {\"u}ber die Konstruktion von affinen Transformationen, die drei Punkte der Ebene auf drei Punkte der Ebene abbilden und diskutieren Sie die speziellen affinen Transformationen, die h{\"a}ufig bei iterierten Funktionensystemen verwendet werden (Abschnitt 11.2).}, + isbn={978-3-642-30092-9}, + doi={10.1007/978-3-642-30092-9_11}, + url={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30092-9_11} +} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex index d61c013..7cb218f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex @@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ \rhead{Was ist ein Iteriertes Funktionsschema} Mit der Hilfe von Iterierten Funktionsschemata mit nur wenigen Funktionen, komplexe Bilder beschreiben. In der Regel sind diese Bilder Fraktale. -Wie es dazu kommt, und wie man mit IFS auch Bilder komprimieren kann, wollen wir im folgenden Kapitel untersuchen. +Wie es dazu kommt, und wie man mit IFS auch Bilder komprimieren kann, wollen wir in diesem Kapitel untersuchen. diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index f02aff6..54089ec 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -8,10 +8,9 @@ \rhead{Problemstellung} Bevor wir die IFS genauer ansehen, schauen wir uns Fraktale genauer an. -\subsection{Was sind Fraktale? -\label{ifs:subsection:finibus}} -Über die genaue Definition von Fraktalen sind sich die Mathematiker noch nicht einig. -In diesem Kapitel orientieren wir uns an den Eigenschaften welche Kenneth Falconer in seinem Buch Fractal Geometry beschreibt. + +Über die genaue Definition von Fraktalen sind sich die Mathematiker nicht einig. +In diesem Kapitel orientieren wir uns an den Eigenschaften welche Kenneth Falconer in seinem Buch Fractal Geometry \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry} beschreibt. Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigenschaften erwarten: \begin{enumerate} \item $F$ hat eine unendlich feine Struktur @@ -23,8 +22,8 @@ Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigenschaften erwarten: \subsection{Koch Kurve \label{ifs:subsection:lilkoch}} Diese Eigenschaften möchten wir nun anhand der Koch Kurve näher anschauen. -In \ref{ifs:kochkurve8} sehen wir die Koch Kurve. Wie man schon erahnen kann, besteht die aus lauter kleineren Kopien von sich selber. -Den Konstruktionsvorgang sehen wir in \ref{ifs:kochconst}. +In \ref{ifs:kochkurve8} sehen wir die Koch Kurve. Wie man schon erahnen kann, besteht sie aus lauter kleineren Kopien von sich selber. +Den Konstruktionsvorgang ist in Abbildung \ref{ifs:kochconst} dargestellt. Gestartet wird mit einer einzelnen Strecke der Länge $a$. Diese wird in ersten Schritt mit vier gleich langen Streckenabschnitte der Länge $\frac{a}{3}$ ersetzt. In \ref{ifs:kochconstb} ist die Anordnung dieser vier Streckenabschnitte ersichtlich. @@ -33,14 +32,13 @@ Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien von der ganzen Kurve, was auch \begin{figure} - \label{ifs:kochkurve8} \centering \includegraphics{papers/ifs/images/koch8} \caption{Koch Kurve} + \label{ifs:kochkurve8} \end{figure} \begin{figure} - \label{ifs:kochconst} \centering \subfigure[]{ \label{ifs:kochconsta} @@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien von der ganzen Kurve, was auch \label{kochconstc} \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/koch2}} \caption{(a) Start (b) 1. Iteration (c) 2. Iteration} - \label{fig:foobar} + \label{ifs:kochconst} \end{figure} Die resultierende Kurve hat ein paar interessante Eigenschaften. @@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ Wie wir sehen ist die Kochkurve ein Konstrukt mit endlicher Fläche, aber unendl Zu guter Letzt bestimmen wir die Dimension der Kurve. Es gibt viele verschiedene Arten die Dimension zu definieren. Diese können dann auch unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Fraktalen findet man in der Literatur viele verschiedene Arten. -In diesem Beispiel werden wir die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension. +In diesem Beispiel werden wir die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry}. \begin{align*} D = - \frac{log(N)}{log(\epsilon)} \end{align*} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index d25004f..143317a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ Wollen wir nun eine bestimmte Art anschauen, wie man Fraktale machen kann. Zur Veranschaulichung dieser Methode nehmen wir das Sierpinski Dreieck. \begin{figure} - \label{ifs:sierpinski10} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/sierpinski} \caption{Sierpinski-Dreieck} + \label{ifs:sierpinski10} \end{figure} Wenn man das Dreieck genau anschaut, erkennt man schnell, dass es aus drei kleineren Kopien seiner selbst besteht. Es ist also ein Selbstähnliches Konstrukt. @@ -71,8 +71,7 @@ Wendet man alle drei Funktionen auf das Sierpinski-Dreieck an, entsteht also wie X = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{3} f_i(X) \end{align*} Man kann sogar noch einen Schritt weiter gehen, und sagen: Wenn wir die Funktionen auf eine beliebige Startmenge anwenden, konvergiert die Menge gegen das Sierpinski-Dreieck. -\begin{figure} - \label{ifs:sierpconst} +\begin{figure} \centering \subfigure[]{ \label{ifs:sierpconsta} @@ -88,6 +87,7 @@ Man kann sogar noch einen Schritt weiter gehen, und sagen: Wenn wir die Funktion \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/sierpinski6}} \caption{Konstruktion eines Sierpinski-Dreiecks mit einem Schwarzen Quadrat als Start\\ (a) 1. Iteration (b) 2. Iteration (c) 3. Iteration (d) 5. Iteration} + \label{ifs:sierpconst} \end{figure} Im Beispiel der Abbildung \ref{ifs:sierpconst} sehen wir, wie das Bild nach jeder Iteration dem Sierpinski-Dreieck ähnlicher wird. Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert bei unendlich Iterationen gegen null. @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert bei unendlich Itera \subsection{Iterierte Funktionensysteme \label{ifs:subsection:bonorum}} In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir die Erkenntnis, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck generieren können, verallgemeinern. -TODO TEXT + $S_1,...,S_n$ sind Kontraktionen auf die Menge $D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Es gilt \begin{align} @@ -185,26 +185,26 @@ Sie verkleinert und dreht das gesamte Bild und stellt es auf das Ende des Stiels $S_3$ bildet das gesamte Blatt auf das blaue Teilblatt unten Links ab. $S_4$ Spiegelt das Blatt und bildet es auf das magentafarbene Teilblatt ab. -Wir führen im Zusammenhang mit dem Barnsley-Farn noch eine weitere Methode ein, um IFS auszuführen. +Wir führen im Zusammenhang mit dem Barnsley-Farn \cite{ifs:barnsleyfern} noch eine weitere Methode ein, um IFS auszuführen. Bis jetzt wurde immer davon gesprochen, die Transformationen auf die gesamte Menge anzuwenden. Bei komplizierteren IFS welche viele Iterationen brauchen, bis man den Attraktor erkennen kann, ist diese Methode ziemlich rechenintensiv. -Eine Alternative ist das Chaos-Game. +Eine Alternative ist das Chaosspiel \cite{ifs:chaos}. Bei dieser Methode werden die Transformationen nicht auf die Menge angewendet, sondern nur auf einen einzelnen Punkt. Der Startpunkt kann dabei ein beliebiger Punkt in $E$ sein. Es wird bei jedem Iterationsschritt nur eine Transformation, welche zufällig gewählt wurde, angewendet. -Da, wie wir beim Barnsley-Farn gut sehen, dass nicht jede Transformation gleich viel des Bildes ausmacht, werden diese beim Chaos-Game gewichtet. +Da, wie wir beim Barnsley-Farn gut sehen, dass nicht jede Transformation gleich viel des Bildes ausmacht, werden diese beim Chaosspiel gewichtet. Die Gewichtung erfolgt über den Anteil der Gesamtmasse. Im Fall des Barnsley-Fern wird $S_1$ in $1\%$, $S_2$ in $85\%$ und $S_3 \& S_4$ in $7\%$ der Iterationen ausgeführt. -\begin{figure} - \label{ifs:farn} +\begin{figure} \centering \makebox[\textwidth][c]{ \includegraphics[width=1.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farn}} \caption{Barnsley-Farn} + \label{ifs:farn} \end{figure} \begin{figure} - \label{ifs:farncolor} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farncolor} \caption{Vier Transformationen des Barnsley-Farn} + \label{ifs:farncolor} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index 515fd81..24f0751 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Mit dem Prinzip dieser IFS ist es auch möglich Bilder zu Komprimieren. Diese Idee hatte der Mathematiker Michael Barnsley, welcher mit seinem Buch Fractals Everywhere einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis von Fraktalen geliefert hat. Das Ziel ist es ein IFS zu finden, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat. -In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen. +In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen.\cite{ifs:Rousseau2012} Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhang mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen auf die ganze Menge angewendet werden. @@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ Dies muss jedoch nicht so sein. Es gibt auch einen Attraktor, wenn die Transformationen nur Teile der Menge auf die ganze Menge abbilden. Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns in der Fraktalen Bildkompression zunutze machen. Sie ermöglicht uns Ähnlichkeiten zwischen kleineren Teilen des Bildes zunutze machen. -Es ist wohl nicht Falsch zu sagen, dass Ähnlichkeiten zur gesamten Menge, wie wir sie zum Beispiel beim Barnsley Fern gesehen haben, bei Bilder aus dem Alltag eher selten anzutreffen sind. +Es ist wohl nicht falsch zu sagen, dass Ähnlichkeiten zur gesamten Menge, wie wir sie zum Beispiel beim Barnsley Farn gesehen haben, bei Bilder aus dem Alltag eher selten anzutreffen sind. Doch wie Finden wir die richtigen Affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das Bild als Attraktor haben? -\subsection{Titel +\subsection{das Kompressionsverfahren \label{ifs:subsection:malorum}} In der Beschreibung des Verfahrens wird sich auf Graustufenbilder bezogen. Wie das Verfahren für Farbbilder verwendet werden kann, wird später erläutert. @@ -114,21 +114,20 @@ Als Startbild wird ein mittelgraues 360x360px Bild gewählt, Abbildung \ref{ifs: Nun lassen wir das IFS laufen. Wie wir in Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoa} sehen, ist schon nach der ersten Iteration das Bild schon erkennbar. Nach der fünften Iteration , Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoc} gibt es fast keinen Unterschied mehr zur letzten Iteration, wir können die Rekonstruktion beenden. -\begin{figure} - \label{ifs:original} +\begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/original} \caption{Original Bild von Rapperswil} + \label{ifs:original} \end{figure} \begin{figure} - \label{ifs:bild0} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/rapperswil} \caption{Startbild} + \label{ifs:bild0} \end{figure} \begin{figure} - \label{ifs:rappireco} \centering \subfigure[]{ \label{ifs:rappirecoa} @@ -140,4 +139,5 @@ Nach der fünften Iteration , Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoc} gibt es fast keinen \label{ifs:rappirecoc} \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/rapperswil04}} \caption{(a) 1. Iteration (b) 2. Iteration (c) 5. Iteration} + \label{ifs:rappireco} \end{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1 From e6f890beb3ad6030abc3f7082a7cd3ce0a8dabd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Mon, 14 Jun 2021 07:41:27 +0200 Subject: fix paper/ifs/references.bib --- buch/papers/ifs/references.bib | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib b/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib index 790c15c..fbf75f4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ @book{ifs:fractal-geometry, title = {Fractal Geometry}, author = {Kenneth Falconer}, - publisher = {John Wiley & Sons}, + publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}, year = {1900}, isbn = {0-471-92287-0}, } @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, address={Berlin, Heidelberg}, pages={341--386}, - abstract={Dieses Kapitel kann in ein bis zwei Wochen Vorlesungen behandelt werden. Steht nur eine Woche zur Verfugung, dann konnen Sie kurz die Einfuhrung behandeln (Abschnitt 11.1) und anschlie{\ss}end ausf{\"u}hrlich den Begriff des Attraktors eines iterierten Funktionensystems betrachten (Abschnitt 11.3), wobei Sie sich auf das Sierpi{\'{n}}ski- Dreieck (Beispiel 11.5) konzentrieren. Beweisen Sie den Satz {\"u}ber die Konstruktion von affinen Transformationen, die drei Punkte der Ebene auf drei Punkte der Ebene abbilden und diskutieren Sie die speziellen affinen Transformationen, die h{\"a}ufig bei iterierten Funktionensystemen verwendet werden (Abschnitt 11.2).}, + abstract={Dieses Kapitel kann in ein bis zwei Wochen Vorlesungen behandelt werden. Steht nur eine Woche zur Verfügung, dann können Sie kurz die Einführung behandeln (Abschnitt 11.1) und anschlie{\ss}end ausf{\"u}hrlich den Begriff des Attraktors eines iterierten Funktionensystems betrachten (Abschnitt 11.3), wobei Sie sich auf das Sierpi{\'{n}}ski- Dreieck (Beispiel 11.5) konzentrieren. Beweisen Sie den Satz {\"u}ber die Konstruktion von affinen Transformationen, die drei Punkte der Ebene auf drei Punkte der Ebene abbilden und diskutieren Sie die speziellen affinen Transformationen, die h{\"a}ufig bei iterierten Funktionensystemen verwendet werden (Abschnitt 11.2).}, isbn={978-3-642-30092-9}, doi={10.1007/978-3-642-30092-9_11}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30092-9_11} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 81d11a125976ab6c877b934cdeb79806a1105bca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Fri, 18 Jun 2021 10:47:53 +0200 Subject: reworks --- buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight.eps | 2179 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 80 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 34 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 109 +- 5 files changed, 2331 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight.eps (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight.eps b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..975c384 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight.eps @@ -0,0 +1,2179 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: (MATLAB, The Mathworks, Inc. 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b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex index 7cb218f..b8a678d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ % \section{Teil 0\label{ifs:section:teil0}} \rhead{Was ist ein Iteriertes Funktionsschema} -Mit der Hilfe von Iterierten Funktionsschemata mit nur wenigen Funktionen, komplexe Bilder beschreiben. +Mit der Hilfe von Iterierten Funktionsschemata (IFS) kann mit nur wenigen affinen Funktionen, komplexe Bilder beschreiben werden. In der Regel sind diese Bilder Fraktale. Wie es dazu kommt, und wie man mit IFS auch Bilder komprimieren kann, wollen wir in diesem Kapitel untersuchen. diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index 54089ec..68e2e44 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -15,20 +15,20 @@ Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigenschaften erwarten: \begin{enumerate} \item $F$ hat eine unendlich feine Struktur \item $F$ kann nicht mit der klassischen Geometrie beschrieben werden. - \item Oftmals haf $F$ eine Form von Selbstähnlichkeit. - \item Die 'fraktale Dimension' ist grösser als die Topologische Dimension + \item Oftmals hat $F$ eine Form von Selbstähnlichkeit. + \item Die 'fraktale Dimension' ist grösser als die topologische Dimension \item Viele Fraktale lassen sich einfach beschrieben \end{enumerate} \subsection{Koch Kurve \label{ifs:subsection:lilkoch}} -Diese Eigenschaften möchten wir nun anhand der Koch Kurve näher anschauen. -In \ref{ifs:kochkurve8} sehen wir die Koch Kurve. Wie man schon erahnen kann, besteht sie aus lauter kleineren Kopien von sich selber. +Diese Eigenschaften möchten wir nun am Beispiel der Koch Kurve näher anschauen. +In Abbildung \ref{ifs:kochkurve8} sehen wir die Koch Kurve. Sie besteht aus lauter kleineren Kopien von sich selber. Den Konstruktionsvorgang ist in Abbildung \ref{ifs:kochconst} dargestellt. Gestartet wird mit einer einzelnen Strecke der Länge $a$. -Diese wird in ersten Schritt mit vier gleich langen Streckenabschnitte der Länge $\frac{a}{3}$ ersetzt. +Diese wird in ersten Schritt durch vier gleich langen Streckenabschnitte der Länge $\frac{a}{3}$ ersetzt. In \ref{ifs:kochconstb} ist die Anordnung dieser vier Streckenabschnitte ersichtlich. Dieser Schritt wird nun für jeden der resultierten Streckenabschnitten wiederholt. -Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien von der ganzen Kurve, was auch unter Selbstähnlichkeit bekannt ist. +Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien der ganzen Kurve, was auch unter Selbstähnlichkeit bekannt ist. \begin{figure} @@ -54,41 +54,79 @@ Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien von der ganzen Kurve, was auch \end{figure} Die resultierende Kurve hat ein paar interessante Eigenschaften. -Die Länge der Kurve lasst sich einfach berechnen. +Die Länge der Kurve der jeweiligen Iteration lässt sich mit \begin{align*} - l_0 = a ,\quad l_1 = a \frac{4}{3} ,\quad l_2 = a \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^2 , \quad ... , \quad - l_n = a * \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^n \quad + l_0 = a ,\quad l_1 = a \frac{4}{3} ,\quad l_2 = a \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^2 , \quad \cdots , \quad + l_n = a \cdot \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^n \quad \Rightarrow \quad \lim_{n\to\infty} a \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^n = \infty \end{align*} -In jedem Schritt wird die Länge um den Faktor $\frac{4}{3}$ verlängert. Somit divergiert die Länge gegen Unendlich. +beschreiben. +In jedem Schritt wird die Länge um den Faktor $\frac{4}{3}$ verlängert. Daraus resultiert, dass die Länge gegen $\infty$ divergiert. + + Die Fläche unter der Kurve lässt sich folgendermassen berechnen \begin{align*} - A_0 = 0 , \quad A_1 = \left( \frac{a}{3}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36}\\ + A_0 = 0 \\ + A_1 = \left( \frac{a}{3}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36}\\ A_2 = A_1 + 4\left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 \\ A_3 = A_1 + A_2 + 4^2 \left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 + \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^2 A_1 \end{align*} Wir sehen, dass mit jedem Schritt die neu dazugekommene Fläche um $\frac{4}{9}$ kleiner ist. -Daraus resultiert eine konvergierende Geometrische Reihe. +Die Gesamtfläche ist daher gegeben durch die geometrische Reihe, \begin{align*} A_n = A_1 \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n \\ - \lim_{n\to\infty} a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{20} a^2 \end{align*} -Wie wir sehen ist die Kochkurve ein Konstrukt mit endlicher Fläche, aber unendlichem Umfang. +mit dem Grenzwert +\begin{align*} + \lim_{n\to\infty} a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{20} a^2. +\end{align*} +Wie wir sehen ist die Koch-Kurve eine Kurve mit endlicher Fläche, aber unendlicher Umfang. + + Zu guter Letzt bestimmen wir die Dimension der Kurve. -Es gibt viele verschiedene Arten die Dimension zu definieren. Diese können dann auch unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. -Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Fraktalen findet man in der Literatur viele verschiedene Arten. +Es gibt viele verschiedene Methoden die Dimension zu definieren. Diese können dann auch unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. +Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Fraktalen findet man in der Literatur unterschiedliche Arten. In diesem Beispiel werden wir die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry}. +Die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension ist das Verhältnis der Logarithmen der Anzahl Kopien $N$ des Originales und deren Skalierungsfaktor $\epsilon$ + \begin{align*} - D = - \frac{log(N)}{log(\epsilon)} + D = - \frac{\log N}{\log \epsilon }. \end{align*} Mit ihr kann man einfach die Dimension selbstähnlicher Mengen bestimmen. -Als Beispiel nehmen wir ein gleichseitiges Dreieck. Dieses besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit halber ($\epsilon = 1/2$) Kantenlänge. +Als Beispiel nehmen wir ein gleichseitiges Dreieck. Dieses besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit halber ($\epsilon = 1/2$) Kantenlänge $l$, Abbildung \ref{ifs:trinagle}. Somit hat das Dreieck die Dimension $D = 2$. -Die Koch Kurve besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit Kantenlänge $\epsilon = 1/3$. +Die Koch Kurve besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit Kantenlänge $\epsilon =l \cdot 1/3$. \begin{align*} - D = - \frac{log(N)}{log(\epsilon)} = - \frac{log(4)}{log(1/3)} \approx 1.2619 + D = - \frac{\log N }{\log \epsilon } = - \frac{\log 4 }{\log 1/3 } \approx 1.2619 \end{align*} -Wie wir nun sehen besitzt die Kochkurve alle oben beschriebenen Eigenschaften von Fraktalen. +Wie wir nun sehen besitzt die Koch-Kurve alle oben beschriebenen Eigenschaften von Fraktalen. Dies muss jedoch nicht bei allen Fraktalen der Fall. Sonst wäre die Frage nach einer 'richtigen' Definition einfach zu beantworten. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture} + + % draw the background + \draw [line width=1.5pt, fill=gray!2] (0,0) -- (60:4) -- (4,0) -- cycle; + + \coordinate[label=left:$A$] (A) at (0,0); + \coordinate[label=right:$B$] (B) at (4,0); + \coordinate[label=above:$C$] (C) at (2,3.464); + + \coordinate[label=below:$l$](c) at ($ (A)!.5!(B) $); + \coordinate[label=left:$l$] (b) at ($ (A)!.5!(C) $); + \coordinate[label=right:$l$](a) at ($ (B)!.5!(C) $); + + \coordinate[label=below:$l/2$](d) at ($ (b)!.5!(a)$); + + % the triangle + \draw [line width=1.5pt] (A) -- (B) -- (C) -- cycle; + \draw [line width=0.5pt] (a) -- (b); + \draw [line width=0.5pt] (a) -- (c); + \draw [line width=0.5pt] (c) -- (b); + + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Selbstähnlichkeit eines gleichseitigen Dreiecks} + \label{ifs:trinagle} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index 143317a..5de3d4b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ Zur Veranschaulichung dieser Methode nehmen wir das Sierpinski Dreieck. \caption{Sierpinski-Dreieck} \label{ifs:sierpinski10} \end{figure} -Wenn man das Dreieck genau anschaut, erkennt man schnell, dass es aus drei kleineren Kopien seiner selbst besteht. -Es ist also ein Selbstähnliches Konstrukt. +Es besteht aus drei kleineren Kopien von sich selbst. +Es ist also ein Selbstähnliches Gebilde. Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns zunutze machen. Wir definieren das Dreieck mit Kantenlänge 1 als Menge $X$. -Ausserdem bestimmen wir drei Funktionen, welche die gesamte Menge auf eine ihrer kleineren Kopien abbildet +Ausserdem bestimmen wir drei Funktionen \begin{align*} f_1(x,y) = @@ -63,13 +63,15 @@ Ausserdem bestimmen wir drei Funktionen, welche die gesamte Menge auf eine ihrer \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{4} \\ \frac{1}{2} - \end{pmatrix}\\ + \end{pmatrix}, \end{align*} +welche die gesamte Menge auf eine ihrer kleineren Kopien abbildet $f_1$ bildet das Dreieck auf das Teilstück unten links ab, $f_2$ auf das Teilstück unten rechts und $f_3$ auf das obere Teilstück. -Wendet man alle drei Funktionen auf das Sierpinski-Dreieck an, entsteht also wieder ein Sierpinski-Dreieck. +Wendet man alle drei Funktionen auf das Sierpinski-Dreieck an \begin{align*} - X = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{3} f_i(X) + X = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{3} f_i(X), \end{align*} +entsteht also wieder ein Sierpinski-Dreieck. Man kann sogar noch einen Schritt weiter gehen, und sagen: Wenn wir die Funktionen auf eine beliebige Startmenge anwenden, konvergiert die Menge gegen das Sierpinski-Dreieck. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -90,11 +92,11 @@ Man kann sogar noch einen Schritt weiter gehen, und sagen: Wenn wir die Funktion \label{ifs:sierpconst} \end{figure} Im Beispiel der Abbildung \ref{ifs:sierpconst} sehen wir, wie das Bild nach jeder Iteration dem Sierpinski-Dreieck ähnlicher wird. -Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert bei unendlich Iterationen gegen null. +Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert gegen null. \subsection{Iterierte Funktionensysteme \label{ifs:subsection:bonorum}} -In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir die Erkenntnis, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck generieren können, verallgemeinern. +In diesem Abschnitt wollen wir die Erkenntnis, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck generieren können, verallgemeinern. $S_1,...,S_n$ sind Kontraktionen auf die Menge $D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Es gilt @@ -114,10 +116,11 @@ Wird diese Transformation Iterativ ausgeführt, das heisst $S^0(E) = E, S^k(E) = F = \bigcap\limits_{k = 1}^{\infty} S^k(E). \end{equation} In Worte gefasst bedeutet das, dass jede Gruppe von Kontraktionen iterativ ausgeführt, gegen eine eindeutige Menge konvergiert. +Diese Menge ist auch als Attraktor des IFS bekannt. Dies für jede Startmenge, solange diese ihre Transformierten wieder beinhaltet. Auf den Beweis wird verzichtet. \subsection{Beispiel: Barnsley-Farn} -Der Barnsley-Farn, Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, ist ein weiteres Fraktal, welches mit einem IFS generiert werden kann. +Der Barnsley-Farn, Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, ist ein Beispiel eines Fraktal, welches mit einem IFS generiert werden kann. Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine grosse Ähnlichkeit zum ganzen Farn haben. \begin{align*} {S_1(x,y)} @@ -183,9 +186,9 @@ Die Transformation bildet das Gesamte Blatt auf die Y-Achse ab. $S_2$ (grün) erstellt den Hauptteil des Farnes. Sie verkleinert und dreht das gesamte Bild und stellt es auf das Ende des Stiels aus $S_1$. $S_3$ bildet das gesamte Blatt auf das blaue Teilblatt unten Links ab. -$S_4$ Spiegelt das Blatt und bildet es auf das magentafarbene Teilblatt ab. - -Wir führen im Zusammenhang mit dem Barnsley-Farn \cite{ifs:barnsleyfern} noch eine weitere Methode ein, um IFS auszuführen. +$S_4$ spiegelt das Blatt und bildet es auf das magentafarbene Teilblatt ab. +\subsection{Chaosspiel} +Wir führen im Zusammenhang mit dem Barnsley-Farn \cite{ifs:barnsleyfern} noch eine weitere Methode ein, um ein IFS zu zeichnen. Bis jetzt wurde immer davon gesprochen, die Transformationen auf die gesamte Menge anzuwenden. Bei komplizierteren IFS welche viele Iterationen brauchen, bis man den Attraktor erkennen kann, ist diese Methode ziemlich rechenintensiv. Eine Alternative ist das Chaosspiel \cite{ifs:chaos}. @@ -208,3 +211,10 @@ Im Fall des Barnsley-Fern wird $S_1$ in $1\%$, $S_2$ in $85\%$ und $S_3 \& S_4$ \caption{Vier Transformationen des Barnsley-Farn} \label{ifs:farncolor} \end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \makebox[\textwidth][c]{ + \includegraphics[width=1.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight}} + \caption{Chaosspiel ohne Gewichtung} + \label{ifs:farnNoWeight} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index 24f0751..39a808f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -12,30 +12,35 @@ Das Ziel ist es ein IFS zu finden, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat. In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen.\cite{ifs:Rousseau2012} -Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhang mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen auf die ganze Menge angewendet werden. +Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhang mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen, welche das IFS bilden, auf die gesamte Menge. Dies muss jedoch nicht so sein. Es gibt auch einen Attraktor, wenn die Transformationen nur Teile der Menge auf die ganze Menge abbilden. Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns in der Fraktalen Bildkompression zunutze machen. Sie ermöglicht uns Ähnlichkeiten zwischen kleineren Teilen des Bildes zunutze machen. Es ist wohl nicht falsch zu sagen, dass Ähnlichkeiten zur gesamten Menge, wie wir sie zum Beispiel beim Barnsley Farn gesehen haben, bei Bilder aus dem Alltag eher selten anzutreffen sind. -Doch wie Finden wir die richtigen Affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das Bild als Attraktor haben? +Doch wie finden wir die richtigen affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das Bild als Attraktor haben? \subsection{das Kompressionsverfahren \label{ifs:subsection:malorum}} -In der Beschreibung des Verfahrens wird sich auf Graustufenbilder bezogen. Wie das Verfahren für Farbbilder verwendet werden kann, wird später erläutert. - +Wir beschränken das Verfahren für Graustufenbilder. Wie das Verfahren für Farbbilder verwendet werden kann, wird später erläutert. +Ein Graustufenbild kann man als Pixelraster mit einer x und y Achse verstehen. +Jedem dieser Pixel wird ein Grauwert zugeordnet. +Ein Bild ist also eine Funktion, die jedem Pixel einen Grauwert $z$ zuweist +\begin{align*} + z = f(x,y). +\end{align*} In einem ersten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in disjunkte benachbarte $b \times b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese Blöcke nennen wir Range-Blöcke der Menge $R=\{R_0,R_1,...R_m\}$ Im nächsten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in alle möglichen $2b \times 2b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese sind die Domain-Blöcke der Menge $D = \{D_0,D_1,...D_n\}$. Im dritten und letzten Schritt wird für jeden Range-Block $R_i$ ein Domain-Block $D_j$ gesucht, welcher ihm am ähnlichsten ist. \subsubsection{Finden des ähnlichsten $D_j$} -Zuerst brauchen wir die Transformation um ein Element aus $D$ auf ein Element von $R$ Abzubilden. +Zuerst brauchen wir die Transformation \begin{align*} - T(x,y,z) = + T_i(x,y,z) = \begin{pmatrix} - a & b & 0 \\ - c & d & 0 \\ - 0 & 0 & s + a_i & b_i & 0 \\ + c_i & d_i & 0 \\ + 0 & 0 & s_i \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x \\ @@ -44,52 +49,80 @@ Zuerst brauchen wir die Transformation um ein Element aus $D$ auf ein Element vo \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} - \alpha \\ - \beta \\ - g + \alpha_i \\ + \beta_i \\ + g_i \end{pmatrix} \end{align*} -Diese Transformation bildet den Pixel $P$ auf Koordinate $(x,y)$ und Graustufe $z$ auf den Pixel $P'$ ab. - -Da wir mit Pixeln arbeiten, sind die Transformationen in der Ebene Beschränkt. -Diese wird durch die Parameter $a,b,c$ und $d$ bestimmt. -Mögliche Transformationen sind auf folgende Liste Beschränkt: +um ein Element aus $D$ auf ein Element von $R$ Abzubilden. +Wenn wir die Grauwerte ausser acht lassen, haben wir die affine Abbildung +\begin{align} + t_i(x,y) = + \begin{pmatrix} + a_i & b_i \\ + c_i & d_i + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + x \\ + y + \end{pmatrix} + + + \begin{pmatrix} + \alpha_i \\ + \beta_i + \end{pmatrix}. +\label{ifs:affTrans} +\end{align} +Da wir mit Pixeln arbeiten, ist die Auswahl der möglichen Abbildungen begrenzt. +Wir sind auf folgende acht Abbildungen beschränkt: \begin{itemize} \item Identische Transformation, keine Änderung \item Drehung um 90, 180 oder 270 Grad. \item Spiegelung an der vertikalen, horizontalen und den Diagonalachsen. \end{itemize} -$\alpha$ und $\beta$ verschieben den Pixel an die richtige Stelle. Da wir ein $2b \times 2b$ Feld auf ein $b \times b$ Feld abbilden möchten, müssen wir zuerst $G_j$ um $1/2$ skalieren. Dies erreichen wir, indem wir alle disjunkten $2 \times 2$ px Blöcke mit einem Pixel des Grautones deren Mittelwertes ersetzen. -Skaliert und transformiert erhalten wir $\tilde{D_j}$ -Die Parameter $s$ und $g$ beschreiben die Änderung des Grautones. $s$ verändert den Kontrast und $g$ verschiebt die Töne auf die richtige Helligkeit. -$s$ und $g$ werden mit der linearen Regression ermittelt. + +Die Parameter $s_i$ und $g_i$ beschreiben die Änderung des Grautones. $s$ verändert den Kontrast und $g$ verschiebt die Töne auf die richtige Helligkeit, sie bilden die lineare Funktion +\begin{align*} + z' = s_i z + g_i. +\end{align*} +Für die Bestimmung dieser Parameter führen wir zuerst die Bildfunktionen $f_{R_i}$ und $\tilde{f_{R_i}}$ ein. +$f_{R_i}$ ist die Bildfunktion des Range-Blockes $R_i$ und $\tilde{f_{R_i}}$ ist die Bildfunktion des zuerst Skalierten und dann mit \ref{ifs:affTrans} transformierten Domain-Blocks $D_j$. +$s$ und $g$ werden mit der einfachen linearen Regression ermittelt. +Wir suchen $s_i$ und $g_i$ so das \begin{align*} - z' = sz + g \\ - f(\tilde{D_j}) \text{, Funktion um das Bild eins Blockes zu erhalten} \\ - s = \frac{cov(f(R_i), f(\tilde{D_j}))}{var(\tilde{D_j})} \\ - g = E(f(R_i)) - s E(f(\tilde{D_j})) + f_{R_i} = s_i \tilde{f_{R_i}} + g_i = \bar{f_{R_i}}. \end{align*} +Die Parameter lassen sich mit +\begin{align*} + s = \frac{\operatorname{cov}(f_{R_i}), f(\tilde{f_{R_i}}))}{\operatorname{var}(\tilde{f_{R_i}})} \\ + g = E(f_{R_i}) - s E(f(\tilde{f_{R_i}})) +\end{align*} +berechnen. Mit diesen Parametern haben wir nun die Transformation vollständig bestimmt. -Um zu beurteilen ob der Domain-Block $D_j$ mit der gefundenen Transformation $T$ dem Range-Block $R_i$ genügend ähnlich ist, berechnet man den quadratischen Abstand $e$. +Um zu beurteilen wie ähnlich der Domain-Block $D_j$ mit der gefundenen Transformation $T$ dem Range-Block ist, berechnet man den quadratischen Abstand \begin{align*} - e = d(f(R_i), f(T(D_j))) + e = d(f_{R_i}, \bar{f_{R_i}}). \end{align*} Dieser Abstand sollte so klein wie möglich sein. -Die beste Kombination von $D_j$ und $T_i$ ist also diese, welche den kleinsten Abstand zum Block $R_i$ hat, und somit am ähnlichsten ist. -Am Ende des Verfahrens haben wir also für jeden $R_i$ einen passenden $D_i$ mit der zugehörigen Abbildung $T_i$ gefunden. +Wir bestimmen die Parameter $s$ und $g$ für jede der acht möglichen affinen Abbildungen und das mit jedem Domain-Block. +Die Kombination von $D_j$ und $T_i$, welche den kleinsten Abstand $e$ hat, ist die beste. + +Diese Schritte führen wir für jeden Range-Block $R_i$ aus. +Am Ende des Algorithmus haben wir für jeden Range-Block den zugehörigen Domain-Block und Transformation gefunden. + \subsubsection{Rekonstruktion des Bildes} -Mit den Gefundenen Abbildungen lässt sich das Bild generieren. +Mit den gefundenen Abbildungen lässt sich das Bild generieren. Wir beginnen wie schon im letzten Kapitel mit einer beliebigen Startmenge. In unserem Fall ist dieses ein Bild $f_0$ derselben Grösse. Nun ersetzen wir jedes $R_i$ mit der Transformierten des zugehörigen Domain-Blocks $T(G_j)$. Dies wird verkürzt als Operator $W$ geschrieben. So erhalten wir ein neues Bild $f_1 = W(f_0)$. -Dieses Vorgehen führen wir iteriert aus bis wir von $f_n = W(f_{n-1})$ zu $f_{n-1}$ kaum mehr einen unterschied feststellen. Die Iteration hat nun ihren Fixpunkt, das Bild, erreicht. +Dieses Vorgehen führen wir iteriert aus bis wir von $f_n = W(f_{n-1})$ zu $f_{n-1}$ kaum mehr einen Unterschied feststellen. Die Iteration hat nun ihren Attraktor, das Bild, erreicht. \subsubsection{Farbbilder} Dieses Verfahren mit Graustufenbilder lässt sich ganz einfach auf Farbbilder erweitern. @@ -98,19 +131,17 @@ Teilt man ein Bild in die drei Farbkanäle auf, das heisst, es wird nur noch ein Nun wendet man auf jeden dieser Farbkanalbilder den Algorithmus an, und fügt nach der Rekonstruktion die Kanäle wieder zusammen. \subsubsection{Performance des Verfahren} -Dieser Grundalgorithmus der Fraktalen Bildkompression ist offensichtlich recht langsam und skaliert auch schlecht mit grösseren Bilder. -Man kann die Laufzeit zwar verbessern indem man die Domain-Blöcke auch disjunkt macht, und für weniger detailreiche Bilder ein grösseres $b$ wählt, jedoch wird er auch so nie so schnell wie zum Beispiel das jpeg verfahren. +Dieser Grundalgorithmus der fraktalen Bildkompression ist recht langsam und skaliert auch schlecht für grössere Bilder. +Man kann die Laufzeit zwar verbessern indem man die Domain-Blöcke auch disjunkt macht, und für weniger detailreiche Bilder ein grösseres $b$ wählt, jedoch wird er auch so nie so schnell wie zum Beispiel das JPEG-Verfahren. \subsection{Beispiel} -Kommen wir nun zu einem Beispiel. -Wir Verwenden dafür den oben beschriebenen Algorithmus. +Wir Verwenden dafür den oben beschriebenen Algorithmus, welcher uns für jeden Range-Block die benötigten Parameter liefert. +Mit diesen lässt sich das Bild im Anschluss wieder Rekonstruieren. Die Range-Blöcke wurden $4\times4$ gewählt und die Dommain dementsprechend $8\times8$. Um etwas Zeit bei der Komprimierung zu ersparen, wurden nur disjunkte Domain-Blöcke gebraucht. Als erstes Beispiel wählen wir das 360x360px Bild von Rapperswil in Abbildung \ref{ifs:original}. -Der Algorithmus liefert uns für jeden Range-Block die benötigten Parameter. -Mit diesen lässt sich das Bild im Anschluss wieder Rekonstruieren. - -Als Startbild wird ein mittelgraues 360x360px Bild gewählt, Abbildung \ref{ifs:bild0}. +Das Startbild ist ein mittelgraues 360x360px Bild, Abbildung \ref{ifs:bild0}. +Es kann jedoch ein beliebiges Startbild Nun lassen wir das IFS laufen. Wie wir in Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoa} sehen, ist schon nach der ersten Iteration das Bild schon erkennbar. Nach der fünften Iteration , Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoc} gibt es fast keinen Unterschied mehr zur letzten Iteration, wir können die Rekonstruktion beenden. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 180789bb3f452a49dca3f3769630e0899357208e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Sat, 19 Jun 2021 18:17:20 +0200 Subject: imporvements --- buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2.eps | 1137 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe.png | Bin 987 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe0.PNG | Bin 80239 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe1.PNG | Bin 104146 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe5.PNG | Bin 73790 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 15 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 77 ++- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 6 +- 8 files changed, 1199 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2.eps delete mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe.png delete mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe0.PNG delete mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe1.PNG delete mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe5.PNG (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2.eps b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d7d1d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2.eps @@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 +%%Creator: (MATLAB, The Mathworks, Inc. 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diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe.png b/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe.png deleted file mode 100644 index 183702a..0000000 Binary files a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe0.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe0.PNG deleted file mode 100644 index 7396ed3..0000000 Binary files a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe0.PNG and /dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe1.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe1.PNG deleted file mode 100644 index b2aff49..0000000 Binary files a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe1.PNG and /dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe5.PNG b/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe5.PNG deleted file mode 100644 index 50f9564..0000000 Binary files a/buch/papers/ifs/images/faroe5.PNG and /dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index 68e2e44..385abcf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigenschaften erwarten: \item $F$ kann nicht mit der klassischen Geometrie beschrieben werden. \item Oftmals hat $F$ eine Form von Selbstähnlichkeit. \item Die 'fraktale Dimension' ist grösser als die topologische Dimension - \item Viele Fraktale lassen sich einfach beschrieben + \item Viele Fraktale lassen sich einfach beschrieben TODO \end{enumerate} \subsection{Koch Kurve \label{ifs:subsection:lilkoch}} @@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Diese wird in ersten Schritt durch vier gleich langen Streckenabschnitte der Lä In \ref{ifs:kochconstb} ist die Anordnung dieser vier Streckenabschnitte ersichtlich. Dieser Schritt wird nun für jeden der resultierten Streckenabschnitten wiederholt. Die Kurve besteht also aus vier kleineren Kopien der ganzen Kurve, was auch unter Selbstähnlichkeit bekannt ist. +Man spricht von einer selbstähnlichen Menge, wenn sich diese Menge überdecken lässt mit echten Teilmengen, die zur ganzen Menge ähnlich sind. \begin{figure} @@ -61,16 +62,16 @@ Die Länge der Kurve der jeweiligen Iteration lässt sich mit \Rightarrow \quad \lim_{n\to\infty} a \left( \frac{4}{3}\right)^n = \infty \end{align*} -beschreiben. +berechnen. In jedem Schritt wird die Länge um den Faktor $\frac{4}{3}$ verlängert. Daraus resultiert, dass die Länge gegen $\infty$ divergiert. Die Fläche unter der Kurve lässt sich folgendermassen berechnen \begin{align*} - A_0 = 0 \\ - A_1 = \left( \frac{a}{3}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36}\\ - A_2 = A_1 + 4\left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 \\ - A_3 = A_1 + A_2 + 4^2 \left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 + \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^2 A_1 + A_0 &= 0 \\ + A_1 &= \left( \frac{a}{3}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36}\\ + A_2 &= A_1 + 4\left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 \\ + A_3 &= A_1 + A_2 + 4^2 \left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 + \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^2 A_1. \end{align*} Wir sehen, dass mit jedem Schritt die neu dazugekommene Fläche um $\frac{4}{9}$ kleiner ist. Die Gesamtfläche ist daher gegeben durch die geometrische Reihe, @@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ mit dem Grenzwert \begin{align*} \lim_{n\to\infty} a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{20} a^2. \end{align*} -Wie wir sehen ist die Koch-Kurve eine Kurve mit endlicher Fläche, aber unendlicher Umfang. +Wie wir sehen ist die Koch-Kurve ein Objekt mit endlicher Fläche, aber unendlichem Umfang. Zu guter Letzt bestimmen wir die Dimension der Kurve. diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index 5de3d4b..be3d354 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Ausserdem bestimmen wir drei Funktionen \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix}, \end{align*} -welche die gesamte Menge auf eine ihrer kleineren Kopien abbildet +welche die gesamte Menge auf eine ihrer kleineren Kopien abbildet. $f_1$ bildet das Dreieck auf das Teilstück unten links ab, $f_2$ auf das Teilstück unten rechts und $f_3$ auf das obere Teilstück. Wendet man alle drei Funktionen auf das Sierpinski-Dreieck an \begin{align*} @@ -99,31 +99,36 @@ Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert gegen null. In diesem Abschnitt wollen wir die Erkenntnis, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck generieren können, verallgemeinern. -$S_1,...,S_n$ sind Kontraktionen auf die Menge $D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Es gilt +$S_1,\dots,S_n$ sind Kontraktionen auf die Menge $D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Es gilt \begin{align} |S_i(x) - S_i(y)| \leq c_i|x - y| \end{align} -für jedes i mit einem $c_i < 1$. Dann existiert eine eindeutige kompakte Menge $F$ für die gilt +für jedes i mit einem $c_i < 1$. +Der Banachsche Fixpunktsatz besagt, dass für solche Kontraktionen ein Eindeutiges $A$ existiert, für das $S(A) = A$ gilt. +Den Beweis kann man in \cite{ifs:Rousseau2012} nachlesen. +Hat man nicht nur eine sondern mehrere Kontraktionen, dann existiert eine eindeutige kompakte Menge $F$ für die gilt \begin{equation} - F = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{m} S_i(F) + F = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{m} S_i(F). \end{equation} -Weiter definieren wir die Transformation S auf kompakte Mengen ohne die leere Menge. +Weiter definieren wir die Transformation S auf kompakte Mengen $E$ ohne die leere Menge. \begin{equation} S(E) = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^m S_i(E) \end{equation} Wird diese Transformation Iterativ ausgeführt, das heisst $S^0(E) = E, S^k(E) = S(S^{k-1}(E))$, und für jedes $i$ $S_i(E) \subset E$, gilt \begin{equation} F = \bigcap\limits_{k = 1}^{\infty} S^k(E). + \label{ifs:ifsForm} \end{equation} In Worte gefasst bedeutet das, dass jede Gruppe von Kontraktionen iterativ ausgeführt, gegen eine eindeutige Menge konvergiert. Diese Menge ist auch als Attraktor des IFS bekannt. -Dies für jede Startmenge, solange diese ihre Transformierten wieder beinhaltet. -Auf den Beweis wird verzichtet. +Der Beweis für die Existenz eines eindeutigen Attraktors ist in \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry} beschrieben. +Aus diesem Beweis folgt, dass die Startmenge $E$, anders als in \ref{ifs:ifsForm} beschrieben ist, beliebig sein kann, \subsection{Beispiel: Barnsley-Farn} Der Barnsley-Farn, Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, ist ein Beispiel eines Fraktal, welches mit einem IFS generiert werden kann. Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine grosse Ähnlichkeit zum ganzen Farn haben. -\begin{align*} - {S_1(x,y)} +Die vier affinen Transformationen +\begin{align} + & {S_1(x,y)} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ @@ -132,9 +137,9 @@ Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine gross \begin{pmatrix} x\\ y\\ - \end{pmatrix}, \quad + \end{pmatrix}, \quad & {S_2(x,y)} - = + &= \begin{pmatrix} 0.85 & 0.04 \\ -0.04 & 0.85 \\ @@ -148,7 +153,7 @@ Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine gross 0 \\ 1.6 \end{pmatrix}\\ - {S_3(x,y)} + & {S_3(x,y)} = \begin{pmatrix} 0.2 & -0.26 \\ @@ -162,9 +167,9 @@ Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine gross \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1.6 - \end{pmatrix}, \quad + \end{pmatrix}, \quad & {S_4(x,y)} - = + &= \begin{pmatrix} -0.15 & 0.28 \\ 0.26 & 0.24 \\ @@ -178,26 +183,44 @@ Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine gross 0 \\ 0.44 \end{pmatrix}\\ -\end{align*} -In der Abbildung \ref{ifs:farncolor} sehen wir die vier Transformationen farblich dargestellt. - + \label{ifs:farnFormel} +\end{align} +, welche für die konstruktion des Farns benötigt werden sind in der Abbildung \ref{ifs:farncolor} farblich dargestellt. +Das gesamte Farnblatt ist in der schwarzen Box. +Auf diese werden die Transformationen angewendet $S_1$ erstellt den Stiel des Farnblattes (rot). Die Transformation bildet das Gesamte Blatt auf die Y-Achse ab. $S_2$ (grün) erstellt den Hauptteil des Farnes. Sie verkleinert und dreht das gesamte Bild und stellt es auf das Ende des Stiels aus $S_1$. $S_3$ bildet das gesamte Blatt auf das blaue Teilblatt unten Links ab. $S_4$ spiegelt das Blatt und bildet es auf das magentafarbene Teilblatt ab. -\subsection{Chaosspiel} -Wir führen im Zusammenhang mit dem Barnsley-Farn \cite{ifs:barnsleyfern} noch eine weitere Methode ein, um ein IFS zu zeichnen. +\subsection{Erzeugung eines Bildes mit einem IFS} +Es gibt zwei verschiedene Methoden um ein Bild mit einem IFS zu erzeugen. +Die erste Methode ist wahrscheinlich die intuitivste. +Wir beginnen mit einm Startbild, zum Beispiel ein Schwarzes Quadrat, und bilden dieses mit den affinen Transformationen des IFS ab. +Das neue Bild, dass entsteht, ist die nächste Iterierte. +Dieses wird wieder mit den Transformationen abgebildet. +Wir wiederholen den letzten schritt, bis wir zufrieden mit der neusten Iterierten sind. +Diesen Vorgang haben wir beim Sierpinski-Dreieck in Abbildung \ref{ifs:sierpconst} gebraucht. + + +Die zweite Methode ist das Chaosspiel \cite{ifs:chaos}. Bis jetzt wurde immer davon gesprochen, die Transformationen auf die gesamte Menge anzuwenden. -Bei komplizierteren IFS welche viele Iterationen brauchen, bis man den Attraktor erkennen kann, ist diese Methode ziemlich rechenintensiv. -Eine Alternative ist das Chaosspiel \cite{ifs:chaos}. -Bei dieser Methode werden die Transformationen nicht auf die Menge angewendet, sondern nur auf einen einzelnen Punkt. +Bei komplizierteren IFS welche viele Iterationen brauchen, bis man den Attraktor erkennen kann, ist die erste Methode ziemlich rechenintensiv. +Beim Chaosspiel werden die Transformationen nicht auf die Menge angewendet, sondern nur auf einen einzelnen Punkt. Der Startpunkt kann dabei ein beliebiger Punkt in $E$ sein. Es wird bei jedem Iterationsschritt nur eine Transformation, welche zufällig gewählt wurde, angewendet. -Da, wie wir beim Barnsley-Farn gut sehen, dass nicht jede Transformation gleich viel des Bildes ausmacht, werden diese beim Chaosspiel gewichtet. -Die Gewichtung erfolgt über den Anteil der Gesamtmasse. -Im Fall des Barnsley-Fern wird $S_1$ in $1\%$, $S_2$ in $85\%$ und $S_3 \& S_4$ in $7\%$ der Iterationen ausgeführt. +Da, wie wir beim Barnsley-Farn gut sehen, nicht jede Transformation gleich viel des Bildes ausmacht, werden diese beim Chaosspiel gewichtet. +Je mehr eine Transformation kontrahiert, desto weniger Punkte braucht es um die resultierende Teilabbildung darzustellen. +Im Fall des Barnsley-Fern wird $S_1$ in $1\%$, $S_2$ in $85\%$ und $S_3 \& S_4$ in $7\%$ der Iterationen ausgeführt. +Wir sehen auch in Abbildung \ref{ifs:farncolor} gut, dass der rote Stiel, $S_1$, einiges weniger Punkte braucht als der grüne Hauptteil des Blattes, $S_2$. + +In Abbildung \ref{ifs:farnNoWeight} wurden die vier gleich stark gewichtet. +Man sieht, dass trotzt gleich vieler Iterationen wie in Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, der Farn kaum nicht so gut abgebildet ist. + + + + \begin{figure} \centering \makebox[\textwidth][c]{ @@ -207,8 +230,8 @@ Im Fall des Barnsley-Fern wird $S_1$ in $1\%$, $S_2$ in $85\%$ und $S_3 \& S_4$ \end{figure} \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farncolor} - \caption{Vier Transformationen des Barnsley-Farn} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farncolor2} + \caption{Vier Transformationen des Barnsley-Farn in unterschiedlichen Farben} \label{ifs:farncolor} \end{figure} \begin{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index 39a808f..b3dff85 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Mit dem Prinzip dieser IFS ist es auch möglich Bilder zu Komprimieren. Diese Idee hatte der Mathematiker Michael Barnsley, welcher mit seinem Buch Fractals Everywhere einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis von Fraktalen geliefert hat. Das Ziel ist es ein IFS zu finden, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat. -In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen.\cite{ifs:Rousseau2012} +In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen, wie sie in \cite{ifs:Rousseau2012} beschrieben ist. Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhang mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen, welche das IFS bilden, auf die gesamte Menge. @@ -132,7 +132,9 @@ Nun wendet man auf jeden dieser Farbkanalbilder den Algorithmus an, und fügt na \subsubsection{Performance des Verfahren} Dieser Grundalgorithmus der fraktalen Bildkompression ist recht langsam und skaliert auch schlecht für grössere Bilder. -Man kann die Laufzeit zwar verbessern indem man die Domain-Blöcke auch disjunkt macht, und für weniger detailreiche Bilder ein grösseres $b$ wählt, jedoch wird er auch so nie so schnell wie zum Beispiel das JPEG-Verfahren. +Dies resultiert aus eigenen Experimenten. +Man kann die Laufzeit zwar verbessern indem man die Domain-Blöcke auch disjunkt macht, und für weniger detailreiche Bilder ein grösseres $b$ wählt, jedoch wird er auch so nicht so schnell wie zum Beispiel das JPEG-Verfahren. +Es wurden bessere Algorithmen der fraktalen Bildkompression entwickelt, doch auch diese können, vor allem in der Laufzeit, noch nicht mit herkömmlichen Komprimierungsverfahren mithalten. \subsection{Beispiel} Wir Verwenden dafür den oben beschriebenen Algorithmus, welcher uns für jeden Range-Block die benötigten Parameter liefert. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8cb994306345986d642fd46759c92e7adee4e4ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Sun, 20 Jun 2021 22:09:47 +0200 Subject: Changes --- buch/papers/ifs/images/FIC.pdf | 2003 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/images/farnrightwight.eps | 1027 +++++++++++++++ buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil0.PNG | Bin 66375 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil1.PNG | Bin 82594 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/rapperswil4.PNG | Bin 60837 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/zurich.png | Bin 71780 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/ifs/references.bib | 33 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 10 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 36 +- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 25 +- 11 files changed, 3092 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) create mode 100644 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/dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/zurich.png b/buch/papers/ifs/images/zurich.png deleted file mode 100644 index bb70f7d..0000000 Binary files a/buch/papers/ifs/images/zurich.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib b/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib index fbf75f4..817c5a4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/references.bib @@ -4,15 +4,6 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{ifs:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - @online{ifs:chaos, title = {Chaosspiel}, url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteriertes_Funktionensystem#Chaosspiel}, @@ -38,16 +29,6 @@ isbn = {0-471-92287-0}, } -@article{ifs:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} -} - @Inbook{ifs:Rousseau2012, author= {Rousseau, Christiane and Saint-Aubin, Yvan @@ -64,4 +45,18 @@ url={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30092-9_11} } +@article{ifs:pifs, + title = {Applications of Partitioned Iterated Function Systems in Image and Video Compression}, + journal = {Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation}, + volume = 7, + number = {2}, + pages = {144-154}, + year = 1996, + issn = {1047-3203}, + doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jvci.1996.0014}, + url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047320396900140}, + author = {Guojun Lu and Toon Lin Yew}, + abstract = {Iterated function systems (IFS) have been used to compress image data. Because of difficulty in finding IFS in natural images, a technique based on partitioned IFS (PIFS) has been proposed for image compression. In this technique, an image to be compressed is divided into nonoverlapping blocks. For each block an affine transformation is found in the image. This set of affine transformations (called PIFS) corresponds to a unique image. In the simplest case, images are partitioned into fixed size blocks. In this paper, we investigate image and video compression techniques using variable block sizes based on the quadtree partition. One property of images generated using PIFS is scalability: they have fine detail in any scale. We exploit this property to reduce required compression time and improve compression performance. There are large amounts of temporal redundancy between fames of a video sequence. We describe a method to remove temporal redundancies effectively using a quadtree partitioning technique. We have implemented the above schemes to compress image and video sequences and will report our experimental results.} +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex index b8a678d..833748c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil0.tex @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{ifs:section:teil0}} +\section{Einleitung \label{ifs:section:teil0}} \rhead{Was ist ein Iteriertes Funktionsschema} Mit der Hilfe von Iterierten Funktionsschemata (IFS) kann mit nur wenigen affinen Funktionen, komplexe Bilder beschreiben werden. In der Regel sind diese Bilder Fraktale. diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index 385abcf..70b0b1b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ \section{Fraktale \label{ifs:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -Bevor wir die IFS genauer ansehen, schauen wir uns Fraktale genauer an. +Bevor wir die IFS ansehen, schauen wir uns Fraktale genauer an. Über die genaue Definition von Fraktalen sind sich die Mathematiker nicht einig. In diesem Kapitel orientieren wir uns an den Eigenschaften welche Kenneth Falconer in seinem Buch Fractal Geometry \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry} beschreibt. -Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigenschaften erwarten: +Von einem Fraktal $F$ können wir folgende Eigenschaften erwarten: \begin{enumerate} \item $F$ hat eine unendlich feine Struktur \item $F$ kann nicht mit der klassischen Geometrie beschrieben werden. \item Oftmals hat $F$ eine Form von Selbstähnlichkeit. \item Die 'fraktale Dimension' ist grösser als die topologische Dimension - \item Viele Fraktale lassen sich einfach beschrieben TODO + \item Viele Fraktale lassen sich auf eine simple Art definieren. Es genügen zum Beispiel nur wenige Funktionen, welche rekursiv ausgeführt werden, um ein Fraktal zu definieren. \end{enumerate} \subsection{Koch Kurve \label{ifs:subsection:lilkoch}} @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Die Fläche unter der Kurve lässt sich folgendermassen berechnen A_3 &= A_1 + A_2 + 4^2 \left( \frac{a}{3^2}\right)^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} = A_1 + \frac{4}{9} A_1 + \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^2 A_1. \end{align*} Wir sehen, dass mit jedem Schritt die neu dazugekommene Fläche um $\frac{4}{9}$ kleiner ist. -Die Gesamtfläche ist daher gegeben durch die geometrische Reihe, +Die Gesamtfläche ist daher gegeben durch die konvergierende geometrische Reihe, \begin{align*} A_n = A_1 \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n = a^2 \frac{\sqrt{3}}{36} \sum_{i = 0}^{n-1} \left( \frac{4}{9}\right)^n \\ \end{align*} @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Zu guter Letzt bestimmen wir die Dimension der Kurve. Es gibt viele verschiedene Methoden die Dimension zu definieren. Diese können dann auch unterschiedliche Resultate liefern. Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Fraktalen findet man in der Literatur unterschiedliche Arten. In diesem Beispiel werden wir die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry}. -Die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension ist das Verhältnis der Logarithmen der Anzahl Kopien $N$ des Originales und deren Skalierungsfaktor $\epsilon$ +Die Ähnlichkeits-Dimension $D$ ist das Verhältnis der Logarithmen der Anzahl Kopien $N$ des Originales und deren Skalierungsfaktor $\epsilon$ \begin{align*} D = - \frac{\log N}{\log \epsilon }. diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index be3d354..0c957d6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Im Beispiel der Abbildung \ref{ifs:sierpconst} sehen wir, wie das Bild nach jede Der Abstand zum Original wird immer kleiner, und konvergiert gegen null. \subsection{Iterierte Funktionensysteme -\label{ifs:subsection:bonorum}} +\label{ifs:subsection:IteratedFunktionensysteme}} In diesem Abschnitt wollen wir die Erkenntnis, wie wir aus einer beliebigen Menge ein Sierpinski-Dreieck generieren können, verallgemeinern. @@ -110,9 +110,10 @@ Hat man nicht nur eine sondern mehrere Kontraktionen, dann existiert eine eindeu \begin{equation} F = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{m} S_i(F). \end{equation} -Weiter definieren wir die Transformation S auf kompakte Mengen $E$ ohne die leere Menge. +Weiter definieren wir die Transformation S auf kompakte Mengen $E$ ohne die leere Menge \begin{equation} - S(E) = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^m S_i(E) + S(E) = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^m S_i(E). + \label{ifs:transformation} \end{equation} Wird diese Transformation Iterativ ausgeführt, das heisst $S^0(E) = E, S^k(E) = S(S^{k-1}(E))$, und für jedes $i$ $S_i(E) \subset E$, gilt \begin{equation} @@ -122,7 +123,8 @@ Wird diese Transformation Iterativ ausgeführt, das heisst $S^0(E) = E, S^k(E) = In Worte gefasst bedeutet das, dass jede Gruppe von Kontraktionen iterativ ausgeführt, gegen eine eindeutige Menge konvergiert. Diese Menge ist auch als Attraktor des IFS bekannt. Der Beweis für die Existenz eines eindeutigen Attraktors ist in \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry} beschrieben. -Aus diesem Beweis folgt, dass die Startmenge $E$, anders als in \ref{ifs:ifsForm} beschrieben ist, beliebig sein kann, +Aus diesem Beweis folgt, dass die Startmenge $E$, anders als in \ref{ifs:ifsForm} beschrieben ist, beliebig sein kann. + \subsection{Beispiel: Barnsley-Farn} Der Barnsley-Farn, Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, ist ein Beispiel eines Fraktal, welches mit einem IFS generiert werden kann. Wie man schnell erkennen kann, besteht der Farn aus Blättern, welche eine grosse Ähnlichkeit zum ganzen Farn haben. @@ -194,14 +196,17 @@ $S_2$ (grün) erstellt den Hauptteil des Farnes. Sie verkleinert und dreht das gesamte Bild und stellt es auf das Ende des Stiels aus $S_1$. $S_3$ bildet das gesamte Blatt auf das blaue Teilblatt unten Links ab. $S_4$ spiegelt das Blatt und bildet es auf das magentafarbene Teilblatt ab. -\subsection{Erzeugung eines Bildes mit einem IFS} -Es gibt zwei verschiedene Methoden um ein Bild mit einem IFS zu erzeugen. +\subsection{Erzeugung eines Bildes zu einem IFS} +Es gibt zwei verschiedene Methoden um das Bild zu einem IFS zu erzeugen. Die erste Methode ist wahrscheinlich die intuitivste. Wir beginnen mit einm Startbild, zum Beispiel ein Schwarzes Quadrat, und bilden dieses mit den affinen Transformationen des IFS ab. Das neue Bild, dass entsteht, ist die nächste Iterierte. Dieses wird wieder mit den Transformationen abgebildet. Wir wiederholen den letzten schritt, bis wir zufrieden mit der neusten Iterierten sind. + Diesen Vorgang haben wir beim Sierpinski-Dreieck in Abbildung \ref{ifs:sierpconst} gebraucht. +In Abbildung \ref{ifs:sierpinski10} ist die zehnte Iterierte zu sehen. +Weitere Iterationen hätten in dieser Darstellungsgrösse kaum mehr einen Unterschied gemacht. Die zweite Methode ist das Chaosspiel \cite{ifs:chaos}. @@ -216,8 +221,12 @@ Im Fall des Barnsley-Fern wird $S_1$ in $1\%$, $S_2$ in $85\%$ und $S_3 \& S_4$ Wir sehen auch in Abbildung \ref{ifs:farncolor} gut, dass der rote Stiel, $S_1$, einiges weniger Punkte braucht als der grüne Hauptteil des Blattes, $S_2$. In Abbildung \ref{ifs:farnNoWeight} wurden die vier gleich stark gewichtet. -Man sieht, dass trotzt gleich vieler Iterationen wie in Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, der Farn kaum nicht so gut abgebildet ist. +Man sieht, dass trotzt gleich vieler Iterationen wie in Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, der Farn nicht so gut abgebildet wird. +Am besten sieht man den Effekt einer schlechten Gewichtung in Abbildung \ref{ifs:farnrightWeight}. +Hier wurde $S_4$, welches für das rechte untere Teilblatt zuständig ist, mit nur $1\%$ statt $7\%$ gewichtet. +Man sieht, wie sich der Mangel an Punkten auf die anderen Abbildungen das Farnblattes auswirkt. +In jeder Kopie des ganzen Farns fehlen die Punkte für dieses rechte untere Teilblatt. @@ -234,10 +243,15 @@ Man sieht, dass trotzt gleich vieler Iterationen wie in Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn} \caption{Vier Transformationen des Barnsley-Farn in unterschiedlichen Farben} \label{ifs:farncolor} \end{figure} + \begin{figure} \centering - \makebox[\textwidth][c]{ - \includegraphics[width=1.4\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight}} - \caption{Chaosspiel ohne Gewichtung} - \label{ifs:farnNoWeight} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:farnNoWeight} + \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight}} + \subfigure[]{ + \label{ifs:farnrightWeight} + \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/farnrightwight}} + \caption{(a) Chaosspiel ohne Gewichtung (b) $S_4$ zu wenig gewichtet} + \label{ifs:farnweight} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index b3dff85..ebae0fb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ Diese Idee hatte der Mathematiker Michael Barnsley, welcher mit seinem Buch Frac Das Ziel ist es ein IFS zu finden, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat. In diesem Unterkapitel wollen wir eine Methode dafür anschauen, wie sie in \cite{ifs:Rousseau2012} beschrieben ist. - -Bis jetzt wurde in Zusammenhang mit IFS immer erwähnt, dass die Transformationen, welche das IFS bilden, auf die gesamte Menge. -Dies muss jedoch nicht so sein. -Es gibt auch einen Attraktor, wenn die Transformationen nur Teile der Menge auf die ganze Menge abbilden. -Diese Eigenschaft wollen wir uns in der Fraktalen Bildkompression zunutze machen. -Sie ermöglicht uns Ähnlichkeiten zwischen kleineren Teilen des Bildes zunutze machen. Es ist wohl nicht falsch zu sagen, dass Ähnlichkeiten zur gesamten Menge, wie wir sie zum Beispiel beim Barnsley Farn gesehen haben, bei Bilder aus dem Alltag eher selten anzutreffen sind. -Doch wie finden wir die richtigen affinen Transformationen, welche als IFS das Bild als Attraktor haben? +Ein IFS, wie wir es in \ref{ifs:subsection:IteratedFunktionensysteme} definiert haben, wird uns also nicht weiter helfen. +Die Lösung dazu sind Partitionierte IFS (PIFS) \cite{ifs:pifs}. +In \ref{ifs:transformation} wurde definiert, dass die Kontraktionen $S_i$ bei IFS auf die gesamte Menge $E$ angewendet werden. +Bei einem PIFS wird der Attraktor in disjunkte Teilmengen aufgeteilt. +Für jede dieser Teilmengen $R_i$ braucht es dann eine grössere Teilmenge, welche mit einer affinen Transformation eine zu $R_i$ ähnliche Menge bildet. +Wir müssen nicht mehr Ähnlichkeiten zum ganzen Bild finden, sondern zwischen Teilen des Bildes. +Doch wie finden wir das PIFS, welches das Bild als Attraktor hat? \subsection{das Kompressionsverfahren \label{ifs:subsection:malorum}} @@ -29,9 +29,12 @@ Ein Bild ist also eine Funktion, die jedem Pixel einen Grauwert $z$ zuweist \begin{align*} z = f(x,y). \end{align*} + +Wir suchen ein PIFS welches das zu komprimierende Bild als Attraktor hat. In einem ersten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in disjunkte benachbarte $b \times b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese Blöcke nennen wir Range-Blöcke der Menge $R=\{R_0,R_1,...R_m\}$ Im nächsten Schritt teilen wir das Bild in alle möglichen $2b \times 2b$ Pixel-Quadrate auf. Diese sind die Domain-Blöcke der Menge $D = \{D_0,D_1,...D_n\}$. Im dritten und letzten Schritt wird für jeden Range-Block $R_i$ ein Domain-Block $D_j$ gesucht, welcher ihm am ähnlichsten ist. +Zwei Beispiele wie solche Domain-, und Range-Block Paare aussehen können, sehen wir in Abbildung \ref{ifs:FIC} \subsubsection{Finden des ähnlichsten $D_j$} Zuerst brauchen wir die Transformation @@ -114,6 +117,12 @@ Die Kombination von $D_j$ und $T_i$, welche den kleinsten Abstand $e$ hat, ist d Diese Schritte führen wir für jeden Range-Block $R_i$ aus. Am Ende des Algorithmus haben wir für jeden Range-Block den zugehörigen Domain-Block und Transformation gefunden. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/ifs/images/FIC} + \caption{Domain-, und Range-Block Paare in Grün und Rot} + \label{ifs:FIC} +\end{figure} \subsubsection{Rekonstruktion des Bildes} Mit den gefundenen Abbildungen lässt sich das Bild generieren. @@ -144,7 +153,7 @@ Um etwas Zeit bei der Komprimierung zu ersparen, wurden nur disjunkte Domain-Bl Als erstes Beispiel wählen wir das 360x360px Bild von Rapperswil in Abbildung \ref{ifs:original}. Das Startbild ist ein mittelgraues 360x360px Bild, Abbildung \ref{ifs:bild0}. Es kann jedoch ein beliebiges Startbild -Nun lassen wir das IFS laufen. +Nun lassen wir das PIFS laufen. Wie wir in Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoa} sehen, ist schon nach der ersten Iteration das Bild schon erkennbar. Nach der fünften Iteration , Abbildung \ref{ifs:rappirecoc} gibt es fast keinen Unterschied mehr zur letzten Iteration, wir können die Rekonstruktion beenden. \begin{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1 From cceb539b3b83de6cf4296e6062c8d2f6e31aec72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alain Date: Tue, 22 Jun 2021 17:28:15 +0200 Subject: minor changes --- buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex | 3 ++- buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex | 5 ++--- buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex | 4 ++-- 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex index 70b0b1b..a75b529 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil1.tex @@ -98,8 +98,9 @@ Mit ihr kann man einfach die Dimension selbstähnlicher Mengen bestimmen. Als Beispiel nehmen wir ein gleichseitiges Dreieck. Dieses besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit halber ($\epsilon = 1/2$) Kantenlänge $l$, Abbildung \ref{ifs:trinagle}. Somit hat das Dreieck die Dimension $D = 2$. Die Koch Kurve besteht aus $N = 4$ Kopien mit Kantenlänge $\epsilon =l \cdot 1/3$. +Ihre Ähnlichkeits-Dimension ist somit \begin{align*} - D = - \frac{\log N }{\log \epsilon } = - \frac{\log 4 }{\log 1/3 } \approx 1.2619 + D = - \frac{\log N }{\log \epsilon } = - \frac{\log 4 }{\log 1/3 } \approx 1.2619. \end{align*} Wie wir nun sehen besitzt die Koch-Kurve alle oben beschriebenen Eigenschaften von Fraktalen. Dies muss jedoch nicht bei allen Fraktalen der Fall. Sonst wäre die Frage nach einer 'richtigen' Definition einfach zu beantworten. diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex index 0c957d6..fd10634 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil2.tex @@ -115,15 +115,14 @@ Weiter definieren wir die Transformation S auf kompakte Mengen $E$ ohne die leer S(E) = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^m S_i(E). \label{ifs:transformation} \end{equation} -Wird diese Transformation Iterativ ausgeführt, das heisst $S^0(E) = E, S^k(E) = S(S^{k-1}(E))$, und für jedes $i$ $S_i(E) \subset E$, gilt +Wird diese Transformation Iterativ ausgeführt, das heisst $S^0(E) = E, S^k(E) = S(S^{k-1}(E))$, gilt \begin{equation} F = \bigcap\limits_{k = 1}^{\infty} S^k(E). \label{ifs:ifsForm} \end{equation} In Worte gefasst bedeutet das, dass jede Gruppe von Kontraktionen iterativ ausgeführt, gegen eine eindeutige Menge konvergiert. -Diese Menge ist auch als Attraktor des IFS bekannt. +Diese Menge ist auch als Attraktor eines IFS bekannt. Der Beweis für die Existenz eines eindeutigen Attraktors ist in \cite{ifs:fractal-geometry} beschrieben. -Aus diesem Beweis folgt, dass die Startmenge $E$, anders als in \ref{ifs:ifsForm} beschrieben ist, beliebig sein kann. \subsection{Beispiel: Barnsley-Farn} Der Barnsley-Farn, Abbildung \ref{ifs:farn}, ist ein Beispiel eines Fraktal, welches mit einem IFS generiert werden kann. diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex index ebae0fb..78fb935 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ifs/teil3.tex @@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ Da wir ein $2b \times 2b$ Feld auf ein $b \times b$ Feld abbilden möchten, müs Dies erreichen wir, indem wir alle disjunkten $2 \times 2$ px Blöcke mit einem Pixel des Grautones deren Mittelwertes ersetzen. -Die Parameter $s_i$ und $g_i$ beschreiben die Änderung des Grautones. $s$ verändert den Kontrast und $g$ verschiebt die Töne auf die richtige Helligkeit, sie bilden die lineare Funktion +Die Parameter $s_i$ und $g_i$ beschreiben die Änderung des Grautones. $s$ verändert den Kontrast und $g$ verschiebt die Grautöne auf die richtige Helligkeit, sie bilden die lineare Funktion \begin{align*} z' = s_i z + g_i. \end{align*} Für die Bestimmung dieser Parameter führen wir zuerst die Bildfunktionen $f_{R_i}$ und $\tilde{f_{R_i}}$ ein. $f_{R_i}$ ist die Bildfunktion des Range-Blockes $R_i$ und $\tilde{f_{R_i}}$ ist die Bildfunktion des zuerst Skalierten und dann mit \ref{ifs:affTrans} transformierten Domain-Blocks $D_j$. -$s$ und $g$ werden mit der einfachen linearen Regression ermittelt. + Wir suchen $s_i$ und $g_i$ so das \begin{align*} f_{R_i} = s_i \tilde{f_{R_i}} + g_i = \bar{f_{R_i}}. -- cgit v1.2.1 From f04279543c41d828b0684fe603e09cfb4f9ed8b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 23 Jun 2021 20:00:21 +0200 Subject: several changes --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 72 ++++++++++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex | 8 ++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex | 2 +- 5 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex index 262297e..6ab792a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ % \section{Codierung eines Beispiels \label{reedsolomon:section:codebsp}} -\rhead{Koerper Festlegen} +\rhead{Codierung eines Beispiels} Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen werden wir die einzelnen Probleme und ihre Lösungen anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. -Da wir in Endlichen Körpern Rechnen werden wir zuerst solch einen Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6 (wie verweist man auf eine definition?)} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. -Wir legen für unser Beispiel den endlichen Körper mit $q = 11$ fest. +Da wir in endlichen Körpern rechnen, werden wir zuerst solch einen Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6 (verweis auf eine Definition im Buch ohne label)} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. +Wir legen für unser Beispiel den endlichen Körper $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ mit $q = 11$ fest. Zur Hilfestellung können dazu die beiden Tabellen \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:adtab} und -\ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} hinzugezogen werden. Diese Tabellen enthalten sämtliche Resultate aller gültigen Operationen \textcolor{red}{(Notiz: nach meinem Wissen gibt es ja nur addition und multiplikation als gültige operationen)}, die in diesem Körper durchgeführt werden können. -Aus der Definition der Endlichen Körper (ersichtlich auch in den Tabellen) folgt, dass uns nur die Zahlen \[\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}\] zur verfügung stehen und somit $11 = 0$ gelten muss. +\ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} hinzugezogen werden. Diese Tabellen enthalten die Resultate der arithmetischen Operationen im Körper $\mathbb{F}_{11}$, die durchgeführt werden können. +Aus der Definition der endlichen Körper (ersichtlich auch in den Tabellen) folgt, dass uns nur die Zahlen \[\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}\] zur Verfügung stehen und somit $11 = 0$ gelten muss. % OLD TEXT %Alle folgenden Berechnungen wurden mit den beiden Restetabellen \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:adtab} und \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} durchgeführt. @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Aus der Definition der Endlichen Körper (ersichtlich auch in den Tabellen) folg %\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1} %\input{papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2} -Anhand der Menge uns zur Verfügung stehenden Zahlen wird auch festgelegt, wie viele Zahlen ein Nachrichtenblock $n$, bestehend aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil, umfassen kann. +Die Menge uns zur Verfügung stehender Zahlen legt auch fest, wie viele Zahlen ein Nachrichtenblock $n$, bestehend aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil, umfassen kann. Der Nachrichtenblock im Beispiel besteht aus \[ n = q - 1 = 10 \text{ Zahlen}, @@ -52,16 +52,16 @@ k = n - 2t = 6\text{ Zahlen} \] übertragen. -Zusammenfassend haben wir einen Nachrichtenblock mit der Länge von 10 Zahlen definiert, der 6 Zahlen als Nutzlast beinhaltet und in der Lage ist aus 2 fehlerhafte Stellen im Block die ursprünglichen Nutzdaten zu rekonstruieren. Zudem werden wir im weiteren feststellen, dass dieser Code maximal vier Fehlerstellen erkennen, diese aber nicht rekonstruieren kann. +Zusammenfassend haben wir einen Nachrichtenblock mit der Länge von 10 Zahlen definiert, der 6 Zahlen als Nutzlast beinhaltet und in der Lage ist, aus 2 fehlerhafte Stellen im Block die ursprünglichen Nutzdaten zu rekonstruieren. Zudem werden wir im weiteren feststellen, dass dieser Code maximal vier Fehlerstellen erkennen, diese aber nicht rekonstruieren kann. -Wir legen nun die Nachricht +Wir legen nun für das Beispiel die Nachricht \[ m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1] \] fest, die wir gerne an einen Empfänger übertragen möchten, wobei die vorderen vier Stellen für die Fehlerkorrektur zuständig sind. -Solange diese Stellen vor dem Codieren und nach dem Decodieren den Wert null haben, so ist die Nachricht Fehlerfrei übertragen worden. +Solange diese Stellen vor dem Codieren und nach dem Decodieren den Wert null haben, so ist die Nachricht fehlerfrei übertragen worden. -Da wir in den folgenden Abschnitten mit Polynomen arbeiten, stellen wir die Nachicht auch noch als Polynom +Da wir in den folgenden Abschnitten mit Polynomen arbeiten, stellen wir die Nachricht auch noch als Polynom \[ m(X) = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 \] @@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ dar. \subsection{Der Ansatz der diskreten Fouriertransformation \label{reedsolomon:subsection:diskFT}} -In einem vorherigen Kapitel \textcolor{red}{(???)} haben wir schon einmal die diskrete Fouriertransformation zum Codieren einer Nachricht verwendet. In den endlichen Körpern wird dies jedoch nicht gelingen, da die Eulerische Zahl $e$ in endlichen Körpern nicht existiert. -Wir legen deshalb die Zahl $a$ fest. Diese Zahl soll die gleichen aufgaben haben, wie $e^{\frac{j}{2 \pi}}$ in der Diskreten Fouriertransformation, nur mit dem Unterschied, dass $a$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ existiert. Dazu soll $a$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken, um +In einem vorherigen Abschnitt \textcolor{red}{(???)} haben wir schon einmal die diskrete Fouriertransformation zum Codieren einer Nachricht verwendet. In den endlichen Körpern wird dies jedoch nicht gelingen, da die Eulerische Zahl $e$ in endlichen Körpern nicht existiert. +Wir wählen deshalb eine Zahl $a$, die die gleichen Aufgaben haben soll wie $e^{\frac{j}{2 \pi}}$ in der diskreten Fouriertransformation, nur mit dem Unterschied, dass $a$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ist. Dazu soll die Potenz von $a$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken, um \[ \mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} \] @@ -118,22 +118,36 @@ umzuschreiben. Wenn wir jetzt sämtliche Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ in $a$ einsetzen \begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{c r c l} -%$a = 0 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}$ \\ -$a = 1 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\}$ \\ -$a = 2 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6\}$ \\ -$a = 3 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 3, 9, 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 5, 4\}$ \\ -$a = 4 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 4, 5, 9, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, 3\}$ \\ -$a = 5 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 5, 3, 4, 9, 1, 5, 3, 4, 9\}$ \\ -$a = 6 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 6, 3, 7, 9, 10, 5, 8, 4, 2\}$ \\ -$a = 7 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 7, 5, 2, 3, 10, 4, 6, 9, 8\}$ \\ -$a = 8 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 8, 9, 6, 4, 10, 3, 2, 5, 7\}$ \\ -$a = 9 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 1, 9, 4, 3, 5\}$ \\ -$a = 10 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ +\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} +$a = 1$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 2$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6\}$ & $ = $ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 3$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 3, 9, 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 5, 4\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 4$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 4, 5, 9, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, 3\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 5$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 5, 3, 4, 9, 1, 5, 3, 4, 9\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 6$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 6, 3, 7, 9, 10, 5, 8, 4, 2\}$ & $ = $ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 7$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 7, 5, 2, 3, 10, 4, 6, 9, 8\}$ & $ = $ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 8$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 8, 9, 6, 4, 10, 3, 2, 5, 7\}$ & $ = $ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 9$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 1, 9, 4, 3, 5\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 10$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} -so fällt uns auf, dass für $a$ die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ erhalten, die tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em Primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. -Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere Endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzeln auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a^i = 8$. +%\begin{center} +%\begin{tabular}{c r c l} +%%$a = 0 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}$ \\ +%$a = 1 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\}$ \\ +%$a = 2 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9, 7, 3, 6\}$ \\ +%$a = 3 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 3, 9, 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 5, 4\}$ \\ +%$a = 4 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 4, 5, 9, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, 3\}$ \\ +%$a = 5 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 5, 3, 4, 9, 1, 5, 3, 4, 9\}$ \\ +%$a = 6 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 6, 3, 7, 9, 10, 5, 8, 4, 2\}$ \\ +%$a = 7 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 7, 5, 2, 3, 10, 4, 6, 9, 8\}$ \\ +%$a = 8 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 8, 9, 6, 4, 10, 3, 2, 5, 7\}$ \\ +%$a = 9 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 1, 9, 4, 3, 5\}$ \\ +%$a = 10 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ +%\end{tabular} +%\end{center} +so fällt uns auf, dass für $a$ die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ erhalten, die tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. +Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzeln auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a = 8$. \subsubsection{Bildung einer Transformationsmatrix \label{reedsolomon:subsection:transMat}} @@ -150,12 +164,13 @@ Mit der Wahl einer Einheitswurzel ist es uns jetzt möglich, unsere Nachricht zu $m(8^9) = 4 \cdot 7^5 + 7 \cdot 7^4 + 2 \cdot 7^3 + 5 \cdot 7^2 + 8 \cdot 7^1 + 1 = 4$ \end{tabular} \end{center} -unser Übertragungsvektor. Um das ganze noch ein wenig übersichtlicher zu gestalten können wir die Polynome zu einer Matrix zusammenfassen und bildet so unsere Transformationsmatrix $A$. +unser Übertragungsvektor. \subsection{Allgemeine Codierung \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algCod}} +Um das Ganze noch ein wenig übersichtlicher zu gestalten können wir die Polynome zu einer Matrix zusammenfassen, die unsere Transformationsmatrix $A$ bildet. -Für die Codierung benötigen wir die Nachricht $m$, die Codiert werden soll sowie die Transformationsmatrix $A$. Daraus erhalten wir den Übertragungsvektor $v$. Setzen wir die Zahlen aus dem Beispiel ein erhalten wir folgende Darstellung. +Für die allgemeine Codierung benötigen wir die Nachricht $m$, die codiert werden soll, sowie die Transformationsmatrix $A$. Daraus erhalten wir den Übertragungsvektor $v$. Setzen wir die Zahlen aus dem Beispiel ein erhalten wir folgende Darstellung: \[ v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad v = \begin{pmatrix} 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0& 8^0\\ @@ -173,6 +188,7 @@ v = A \cdot m \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad v = \begin{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 8 \\ 5 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} +. \] Für unseren Übertragungsvektor resultiert \[ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex index feaa027..1f195e9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ % \section{Decodierung: Ansatz mit Fehlerkorrektur \label{reedsolomon:section:decmitfehler}} -\rhead{fehlerhafte rekonstruktion} +\rhead{Decodierung mit Fehler} Bisher haben wir die Decodierung unter der Bedingung durchgeführt, dass der Übertragungsvektor fehlerlos versendet und empfangen wurde. In der realen Welt müssen wir uns jedoch damit abfinden, dass kein Übertragungskanal garantiert fehlerfrei ist und das wir früher oder später mit Fehlern rechnen müssen. Genau für dieses Problem wurden Fehler korrigierende Codes, wie der Reed-Solomon-Code, entwickelt. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex index 146067a..19e5dd4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex @@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ % \section{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern \label{reedsolomon:section:endlichekoerper}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} - -\textcolor{red}{TODO: (warten auf den 1. Teil)} - +\rhead{Reed-Solomon in endlichen Körpern} +\[ +\textcolor{red}{\text{TODO: (warten auf den 1. Teil)}} +\] Das Rechnen in endlichen Körpern bietet einige Vorteile: \begin{itemize} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index fa20936..b4899cb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % \chapter{Reed-Solomon-Code\label{chapter:reedsolomon}} -\lhead{Thema} +\lhead{Reed-Solomon-Code} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Joshua Bär und Michael Steiner} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex index 89a700f..40919d7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ % \section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren \label{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion}} -\rhead{Rekonstruktion} +\rhead{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} Im letzten Kapitel haben wir eine Möglichkeit gefunden, wie wir die fehlerhaften Stellen lokalisieren können. Mit diesen Stellen soll es uns nun möglich sein, aus dem fehlerhaften empfangenen Nachrichtenvektor wieder unsere Nachricht zu rekonstruieren. Das Lokatorpolynom -- cgit v1.2.1 From 0359a35136adf760ebaea4d4719e7801532b7e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "User-PC\\User" Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2021 10:37:48 +0200 Subject: Diverse Anpassungen, Nummerierung und Referenzierung auf Formeln --- buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex | 6 +++--- buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex | 4 ++-- buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex | 31 +++++++++++++++++-------------- buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex | 25 ++++++++++++++----------- buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex | 4 ++-- 5 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex index 0cb1433..b1588ff 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Belastet man den Boden mit einer Spannung so wird diese in den Boden geleitet und von diesem kompensiert. Im Boden entstehen unterschiedlich hohe Zusatzspannungen. Diese Zusatzspannung breitet sich räumlich im Boden aus. -Im Falle einer konstanten Flächenlast $\sigma$ (siehe Abbildung 1.1) breitet sich die Zusatzspannung zwiebelartig aus. +Im Falle einer konstanten Flächenlast $\sigma$ siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild4} breitet sich die Zusatzspannung zwiebelartig aus. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Im Falle einer konstanten Flächenlast $\sigma$ (siehe Abbildung 1.1) breitet si \label{fig:Bild4} \end{figure} -Mit der Tiefe $t$ nimmt diese permanent ab (siehe Abbildung 1.2). +Mit der Tiefe $t$ nimmt diese permanent ab (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild5}). Wie diese Geometrie der Ausbreitung ist, kann durch viele Modelle und Ansätze näherungsweise beschrieben werden. Diese Zusatzspannung $\sigma$ ist im Wesentlichen abhängig von $(x,y,t)$. Je nach Modell werden noch andere Parameter berücksichtigt. @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ berechnet werden mit: \end{align*} Diese Zusammenhänge sind wie erwähnt unter anderem im Lehrbuch [\cite{spannung:Grundlagen-der-Geotechnik}] beschrieben. In der praktischen Geotechnik wird man allerdings weitaus schwierigere Situationen antreffen. -Ein Beispiel wäre eine Baugrube mit einem Baugrubenabschluss, wo ein Teil des Bodens abgetragen ist (siehe Abbildung 1.3). +Ein Beispiel wäre eine Baugrube mit einem Baugrubenabschluss, wo ein Teil des Bodens abgetragen ist (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild3}). Die Ausbreitung der Zusatzspannung $\sigma(x,y,t)$ würde hier deutlich komplizierter ausfallen. Dies bedeutet auch eine komplexere Setzung der Bodenoberfläche infolge einer Flächenlast $\sigma$. Aus allen zusätzlichen Spannungen müssen die adäquaten Dehnungen mit Hilfe einer Spannungsgleichung berechnet werden. diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex index ffc9009..7647252 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ \section{Der Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Der Spannungsustand}} \rhead{Der Spannungszustand} -Ein Spannungszustand ist durch alle Spannungen, welche in einem beliebigen Punkt im Körper wirken, definiert (siehe Abbildung 1.4). +Ein Spannungszustand ist durch alle Spannungen, welche in einem beliebigen Punkt im Körper wirken, definiert (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild2}). Änderungen der äusseren Kräfte verändern die inneren Spannungszustände im Material. Um alle Spannungen eines Punktes darstellen zu können, wird ein infinitesimales Bodenelement in Form eines Würfels modellhaft vorgestellt. Man spricht auch von einem Elementarwürfel, da dieser elementar klein ist. @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Daher gibt es auch den entsprechenden Dehnungszustand. \section{Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Spannungsustand}} \rhead{Spannungszustand} -Im einachsigen Spannungszustand herrscht nur die Normalspannung $\sigma_{11}$ (siehe Abbildung 1.5). +Im einachsigen Spannungszustand herrscht nur die Normalspannung $\sigma_{11}$ (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild1}). Das Hook'sche Gesetz beschreibt genau diesen 1D Spannungszustand. Nach Hooke gilt: \[ diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex index 921d2b8..6326eab 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex @@ -155,6 +155,17 @@ Die allgemeine Spannungsgleichung lautet nun: \overline{\overline{C}}\cdot\vec{\varepsilon} . \] + +Als Indexnotation +\[ +\sigma_{ij} += +\sum_{k=1}^3 +\sum_{l=1}^3 +C_{ijkl}\cdot\varepsilon_{kl} +\] +kann dies ebenfalls geschrieben werden. + Die Konstanten $C$ werden nun nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz mit Hilfe des Elastizitätsmoduls $E$ definiert. Da dieser Modul durch die eindimensionale Betrachtung definiert ist, muss für die dreidimensionale Betrachtung eine weitere Kennzahl eingeführt werden. @@ -208,17 +219,8 @@ definiert ist. Trägt man die Konstanten in die Matrix ein, ergibt sich \varepsilon_{32} \\ \varepsilon_{33} \end{pmatrix} -, -\] -welche ebenfalls als Indexnotation mit -\[ -\sigma_{ij} -= -\sum_{k=1}^3 -\sum_{l=1}^3 -C_{ijkl}\cdot\varepsilon_{kl} +. \] -ausgedrückt werden kann. Die Normalspannung $\sigma_{22}$ lässt sich exemplarisch als \[ \sigma_{22} @@ -308,7 +310,7 @@ und entsprechend = \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_{11} & \varepsilon_{12} & \varepsilon_{13} \\ - & \varepsilon_{22} & \varepsilon_{23} \\ + & \varepsilon_{22} & \varepsilon_{23} \\ \text{sym} & & \varepsilon_{33} \end{pmatrix} \qquad @@ -397,8 +399,8 @@ Somit lässt sich die reduzierte allgemeine Spannungsgleichung mit \] beschreiben. Die Konstanten $C$ werden wieder nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz definiert. -Dies ergibt die Spannungsgleichung, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: -\[ +Dies ergibt die Spannungsformel, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: +\begin{equation} \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_{11}\\ \sigma_{22}\\ @@ -426,7 +428,8 @@ Dies ergibt die Spannungsgleichung, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: \varepsilon_{12} \end{pmatrix} . -\] +\label{spannung:Spannungsgleichung} +\end{equation} Im Elastizitätstensor fallen zwei $3\times3$ Blöcke auf, welche nur Einträge mit $0$ haben. Der Tensor besagt also, dass diese jeweiligen Dehnungen keinen Einfluss auf unsere Spannung haben. diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex index 8d99733..3e456c3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex @@ -14,29 +14,31 @@ Folglich gilt: Dadurch wird der Spannungszustand vereinfacht. Diesen vereinfachten Spannungszustand kann man mit den zwei geotechnischen Invarianten abbilden. Die erste Invariante ist die volumetrische Spannung -\[ +\begin{equation} p = \frac{\sigma_{11}+\sigma_{22}+\sigma_{33}}{3} +\label{spannung:Invariante_p} , -\] +\end{equation} welche als arithmetisches Mittel aller Normalspannungen im infinitesimalen Würfel definiert ist. Die zweite Invariante ist die deviatorische Spannung -\[ +\begin{equation} q = \sqrt{\frac{(\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{22})^{2}+(\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33})^{2}+(\sigma_{22}-\sigma_{33})^{2}}{2}} +\label{spannung:Invariante_q} . -\] +\end{equation} Diese Zusammenhänge werden im Skript [\cite{spannung:Stoffgesetze-und-numerische-Modellierung-in-der-Geotechnik}] aufgezeigt. -Die hydrostatische Spannung $p$ kann gemäss Gleichung (Nr) als +Die hydrostatische Spannung $p$ kann gemäss Gleichung \eqref{spannung:Invariante_p} als \[ p = \frac{\sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33}}{3} \] vereinfacht werden. -Die deviatorische Spannung $q$ wird gemäss Gleichung (Nr) als +Die deviatorische Spannung $q$ wird gemäss Gleichung \eqref{spannung:Invariante_q}als \[ q = @@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ q \] vereinfacht. Man kann $p$ als Isotrop und $q$ als Schub betrachten. -Die Invarianten können mit der Spannungsformel (Nr..xxx) berechnet werden. +Die Invarianten können mit der Spannungsformel \eqref{spannung:Spannungsgleichung} berechnet werden. Durch geschickte Umformung dieser Gleichung, lassen sich die Module als Faktor separieren. Dabei entstehen spezielle Faktoren mit den Dehnungskomponenten. So ergibt sich @@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ Die hydrostatische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{v}$ kann mit einer Kompression verglich Die deviatorische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{s}$ kann mit einer Verzerrung verglichen werden. Diese zwei Gleichungen kann man durch die Matrixschreibweise -\[ +\begin{equation} \begin{pmatrix} q\\ p @@ -95,11 +97,12 @@ Diese zwei Gleichungen kann man durch die Matrixschreibweise \varepsilon_{s}\\ \varepsilon_{v} \end{pmatrix} -\] -(sollte nummeriert sein) vereinfachen. +\label{spannung:Matrixschreibweise} +\end{equation} +vereinfachen. Man hat so eine Matrix multipliziert mit einem Vektor und erhält einen Vektor. Änderungen des Spannungszustandes können mit dieser Gleichung vollumfänglich erfasst werden. -Mit dieser Formel lassen sich verschieden Ergebnisse von Versuchen analysieren und berechnen. +Mit dieser Formel \eqref{spannung:Matrixschreibweise} lassen sich verschieden Ergebnisse von Versuchen analysieren und berechnen. Ein solcher Versuch, den oft in der Geotechnik durchgeführt wird, ist der Oedometer-Versuch. Im nächsten Kapitel wird die Anwendung der Matrix an diesem Versuch beschrieben. diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex index d524f13..2f2e4ce 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Die Spannung $\sigma_{11}$ wird durch die aufgebrachte Kraft mit \frac{F}{A} \] und die Dehnung $\varepsilon_{11}$ jeweils mit den entsprechenden Setzungen berechnet. -Diese Randbedingungen können in die vereinfachte Gleichung (Nrxxx) eingesetzt werden. +Diese Randbedingungen können in die vereinfachte Gleichung \eqref{spannung:Matrixschreibweise} eingesetzt werden. Diese lautet nun: \[ \begin{pmatrix} @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ und berechnen. Mit diesen Gleichungen hat man das Gleichungssystem um $E_{OED}$ und $\sigma_{33}$ zu berechnen. Die Poisson-Zahl muss als Kennwert gemäss der Bodenklasse gewählt werden. -Den Versuch kann man auf einem $\sigma$-$\varepsilon$-Diagramm abtragen (siehe Abbildung 1.7). +Den Versuch kann man auf einem $\sigma$-$\varepsilon$-Diagramm abtragen (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:DiagrammOedometer-Versuch}). Durch die Komprimierung nimmt der Boden mehr Spannung auf, und verformt sich zugleich weniger stark. Mit diesem ermittelten $E_{OED}$ kann man nun weitere Berechnungen für die Geotechnik durchführen. -- cgit v1.2.1 From fa0d3a4ead1df4b8587035b8b62b42375f970ba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2021 18:47:13 +0200 Subject: all files updated and corrected --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 6 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 43 ++++++----- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex | 115 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 6 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex | 4 - buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex | 9 ++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex | 15 ++++ 8 files changed, 156 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex index 6ab792a..0339d9c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ $a = 10$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1 %\end{tabular} %\end{center} so fällt uns auf, dass für $a$ die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ erhalten, die tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. -Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzeln auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a = 8$. +Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzel auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a = 8$. \subsubsection{Bildung einer Transformationsmatrix \label{reedsolomon:subsection:transMat}} -Mit der Wahl einer Einheitswurzel ist es uns jetzt möglich, unsere Nachricht zu Codieren. Daraus sollen wir dann einen Übertragungsvektor $v$ erhalten, den wir an den Empfänger schicken können. Für die Codierung müssen wir alle $a^i$ in das Polynom $m(X)$ einsetzen. Da wir $a^i = 8^i$ gewählt haben ergibt sich daraus +Mit der Wahl einer Einheitswurzel ist es uns jetzt möglich, unsere Nachricht zu Codieren. Daraus sollen wir dann einen Übertragungsvektor $v$ erhalten, den wir an den Empfänger schicken können. Für die Codierung müssen wir alle $a^i$ in das Polynom $m(X)$ einsetzen. Da wir $a^i = 8^i$ gewählt haben, ergibt sich daraus % %Damit wir unsere Nachricht codieren können, müssen wir $8^i$ in $m(X)$ einsetzen. % @@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Mit der Wahl einer Einheitswurzel ist es uns jetzt möglich, unsere Nachricht zu $m(8^9) = 4 \cdot 7^5 + 7 \cdot 7^4 + 2 \cdot 7^3 + 5 \cdot 7^2 + 8 \cdot 7^1 + 1 = 4$ \end{tabular} \end{center} -unser Übertragungsvektor. +als unser Übertragungsvektor. \subsection{Allgemeine Codierung \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algCod}} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex index 1f195e9..a46d7da 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ Bisher haben wir die Decodierung unter der Bedingung durchgeführt, dass der Üb In der realen Welt müssen wir uns jedoch damit abfinden, dass kein Übertragungskanal garantiert fehlerfrei ist und das wir früher oder später mit Fehlern rechnen müssen. Genau für dieses Problem wurden Fehler korrigierende Codes, wie der Reed-Solomon-Code, entwickelt. In diesem Abschnitt betrachten wir somit die Idee der Fehlerkorrektur und wie wir diese auf unser Beispiel anwenden können. + Der Übertragungskanal im Beispiel weisst jetzt den Fehlervektor \[ u = [0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0] \] auf. - Senden wir jetzt unser Übertragungsvektor $v$ durch diesen Kanal addiert sich der Fehlervektor $u$ auf unsere Übertragung und wir erhalten \begin{center} @@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ als neuen, fehlerbehafteten Übertragungsvektor $w$ auf der Empfängerseite. % %\end{center} %als Übertragungsvektor auf der Empfängerseite erhalten. -Wir jetzt als Empfänger wissen jedoch nicht, dass der erhaltene Übertragungsvektor jetzt fehlerbehaftet ist und werden dementsprechend den Ansatz aus Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler} anwenden. +Als Empfänger wissen wir jedoch nicht, dass der erhaltene Übertragungsvektor jetzt fehlerbehaftet ist und werden dementsprechend den Ansatz aus Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler} anwenden. Wir stellen jedoch recht schnell fest, dass am decodierten Nachrichtenblock \[ -r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{\text{Syndrom}}5,4,5,7,6,7]. +r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{\text{Syndrom}}5,4,5,7,6,7] \] etwas nicht in Ordnung ist, denn die vorderen vier Fehlerkorrekturstellen haben nicht mehr den Wert null. Der Nachrichtenblock weisst jetzt ein \em Syndrom \em auf, welches anzeigt, dass der Übertragungsvektor fehlerhaft empfangen wurde. @@ -85,21 +85,29 @@ Der Nachrichtenblock weisst jetzt ein \em Syndrom \em auf, welches anzeigt, dass %\[ %r = [\underbrace{5,7,4,10,}_{Fehlerinfo}5,4,5,7,6,7]. %\] -Jetzt stellt sich natürlich die Frage, wie wir daraus den ursprünglich gesendeten Nachrichtenvektor zurückerhalten sollen. Laut der Definition über die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes können wir aus den Fehlerkorrekturstellen ein ``Lokatorpolynom'' berechnen, welches die Information enthält, welche stellen innerhalb des empfangenen Übertragungsvektors fehlerhaft sind. +Jetzt stellt sich natürlich die Frage, wie wir daraus den ursprünglich gesendeten Nachrichtenvektor zurückerhalten sollen. Laut der Definition über die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes können wir aus den Fehlerkorrekturstellen ein ``Lokatorpolynom'' berechnen, welches die Information enthält, welche Stellen innerhalb des empfangenen Übertragungsvektors fehlerhaft sind. \subsection{Das Fehlerstellenpolynom $d(X)$ \label{reedsolomon:subsection:fehlerpolynom}} -Bevor wir unser Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, müssen wir zuerst eine Möglichkeit finden, die Fehlerhaften von den Korrekten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor unterscheiden zu können. In einem ersten Versuch könnten wir $d$ berechnen mit +Bevor wir unser Lokatorpolynom berechnen können, müssen wir zuerst eine Möglichkeit finden, die fehlerhaften von den korrekten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor unterscheiden zu können. +In einem ersten Versuch berechnen wir die Differenz $d$ des empfangenen und dem gesendeten Übertragungsvektor mit +%Alle Stellen in $d$, die nicht null sind sind demnach fehler. +% +%In einem ersten Versuch könnten wir $d$ berechnen mit \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{r c l} $m(X)$ & $=$ & $4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1$ \\ $r(X)$ & $=$ & $5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + 5X^5 + 4X^4 + 5X^3 + 7X^2 + 6X + 7$ \\ - $d(X)$ & $=$ & $r(X) - m(X)$. + $d(X)$ & $=$ & $r(X) - m(X)$ \end{tabular} \end{center} -Dies wird uns zwar andere sorgen wegen $m(X)$ bereiten, wir werden werden deshalb erst in Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor} darauf zurückkommen. +und nennen $d(X)$ als unseres Fehlerstellenpolynom. Dieses Polynom soll uns sagen, welche Stellen korrekt und welche fehlerhaft sind. -Setzen wir jetzt noch unsere Einheitswurzel aus dem Beispiel ein so erhalten wir +Durch das verwenden von $m(X)$ stossen wir auf weitere Probleme, da wir den Nachrichtenvektor auf der Empfängerseite nicht kennen (unser Ziel ist es ja genau diesen zu finden). Dieses Problem betrachten wir im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor} genauer. Um die Überlegungen in den folgenden Abschnitten besser zu verstehen sei $m(X)$ bekannt auf der Empfängerseite. + +%Dies wird uns zwar andere sorgen wegen $m(X)$ bereiten, wir werden werden deshalb erst in Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor} darauf zurückkommen. + +Setzen wir jetzt unsere Einheitswurzel aus dem Beispiel ein so erhalten wir % Old Text %\begin{align} % m(X) & = 4X^5 + 7X^4 + 2X^3 + 5X^2 + 8X + 1 \\ @@ -126,15 +134,15 @@ Für das einfache Bestimmen von Hand mag dies ja noch ausreichen, jedoch können \subsection{Mit dem grössten gemeinsamen Teiler auf Nullstellenjagd \label{reedsolomon:subsection:ggT}} -Zuerst betrachten wir mal den Satz von Fermat deren Funktionsweise wir in Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:galoiskoerper} kennengelernt haben. Der besagt, dass für +Zuerst betrachten wir den Satz von Fermat, dessen Funktionsweise wir in Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:galoiskoerper} kennengelernt haben. Der besagt, dass \[ f(X) = X^{q-1} -1 = 0 \] -wobei dies für jedes $q$ gilt. Setzen wir also das $q$ von unserem Beispiel ein +gilt für jedes $X$. Setzen wir das $q$ von unserem Beispiel ein \[ f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0 \qquad \text{für } X = \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} \] -und stellen dies als Nullstellenform (\textcolor{red}{richtiger name für die Schreibweise?}) dar. So ergibt sich die Darstellung +und stellen dies als Faktorisierung dar. So ergibt sich die Darstellung \[ f(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)(X-a^3)(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)(X-a^8)(X-a^9). \] @@ -145,7 +153,7 @@ Wir können jetzt auch $d(X)$ nach der gleichen Überlegung darstellen als d(X) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^3)}(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^8)}(X-a^9) \cdot p(x), \] wobei diese Darstellung nicht mehr alle Nullstellen umfasst wie es noch in $f(X)$ der Fall war. -Dies liegt daran, dass wir ja zwei Fehlerstellen (grau markiert) haben, die nicht Null sind. Diese fassen wir zum Restpolynom $p(X)$ (\textcolor{red}{eventuell farblich kennzeichnen?}) zusammen. +Dies liegt daran, dass wir ja zwei Fehlerstellen (grau markiert) haben, die nicht Null sind. Diese fassen wir zum Restpolynom $p(X)$ zusammen. Wenn wir jetzt den grössten gemeinsamen Teiler von $f(X)$ und $d(X)$ berechnen, so erhalten wir mit \[ \operatorname{ggT}(f(X),d(X)) = (X-a^0)(X-a^1)(X-a^2)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^3)}(X-a^4)(X-a^5)(X-a^6)(X-a^7)\textcolor{gray!40}{(X-a^8)}(X-a^9) @@ -174,7 +182,7 @@ l(X) = (X-a^3)(X-a^8) \] unser gesuchtes Lokatorpolynom. Es scheint so als müssten wir nur noch an den besagten Stellen den Übertragungsvektor korrigieren und wir währen fertig mit der Fehlerkorrektur. -Jedoch haben wir noch ein grundlegendes Problem, dass zu beginn aufgetaucht ist, wir aber beiseite geschoben haben. Die Rede ist natürlich vom Nachrichtenvektor $m(X)$, mit dem wir in erster Linie das wichtige Fehlerstellenpolynom $d(X)$ berechnet haben. +Jedoch haben wir noch ein grundlegendes Problem, dass zu Beginn aufgetaucht ist, wir aber beiseite geschoben haben. Die Rede ist natürlich vom Nachrichtenvektor $m(X)$, mit dem wir in erster Linie das wichtige Fehlerstellenpolynom $d(X)$ berechnet haben, auf der Empfängerseite aber nicht kennen. \subsection{Der problematische Nachrichtenvektor $m(X)$ \label{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor}} @@ -190,20 +198,18 @@ Wir könnten uns höchstens noch fragen, ob wir tatsächlich nichts über den Na \[ m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1] \] -fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über diesen Vektor wissen, nämlich den Wert der ersten 2t (im Beispiel vier) stellen. -Im Normalfall sollen diese nämlich den Wert null betragen und somit sind nur die letzten k stellen (im Beispiel sechs) für uns unbekannt, dargestellt als +fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über diesen Vektor wissen, nämlich den Wert der ersten $2t$ (im Beispiel vier) stellen. +Im Normalfall sollen diese nämlich den Wert null betragen und somit sind nur die letzten $k$ stellen (im Beispiel sechs) für uns unbekannt, dargestellt als \[ m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]. \] -Wie der Zufall es so will liegt an diesen vier Stellen auch die Information, wo die Fehlerstellen liegen. Daher reicht es auch aus +Nach der Definition des Reed-Solomon-Codes soll an genau diesen vier Stellen auch die Information befinden, wo die Fehlerstellen liegen. Daher reicht es auch aus % darum werden die stellen auch als fehlerkorrekturstellen bezeichnet \[ d(X) = 5X^9 + 7X^8 + 4X^7 + 10X^6 + p(X) \] so zu berechnen, dass wir die wichtigen vier Stellen kennen, der Rest des Polynoms jedoch im unbekannten Restpolynom $p(X)$ enthalten ist. -\textcolor{red}{ist das wechseln zwischen 2t,k aus dem allgemeinfall und vier,sechs aus dem beispiel zu verwirrend?} - \subsection{Die Berechnung der Fehlerstellen \label{reedsolomon:subsection:nachrichtenvektor}} @@ -294,6 +300,7 @@ Daraus erhalten wir die Faktoren \[ l(X) = 2X^2 + 5 \qquad \rightarrow \qquad l(X) = 2(X-5)(X-6). \] +\subsubsection{Schritt 3: Fehlerstellen bestimmen} Unser gesuchtes Lokatorpolynom hat also die Form \[ l(X) = (X-a^i)(X-a^j). diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex index 3b709f3..0470db0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ % \section{Decodierung: Ansatz ohne Fehler \label{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler}} -\rhead{fehlerlose rekonstruktion} +\rhead{Decodierung ohne Fehler} In diesem Abschnitt betrachten wie die Überlegung, wie wir auf der Empfängerseite die Nachricht aus dem empfangenen Übertragungsvektor erhalten. Nach einer einfachen Überlegung müssen wir den Übertragungsvektor decodieren, was auf den ersten Blick nicht allzu kompliziert sein sollte, solange wir davon ausgehen können, dass es während der Übertragung keine Fehler gegeben hat. Wir betrachten deshalb den Übertragungskanal als fehlerfrei. @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Definiert ist sie als \[ F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \mathrm{e}^{-j\omega t} dt \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad \mathfrak{F}^{-1}(F(\omega)) = f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega. \] -Damit beschäftigen wir uns im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:algdec} weiter, konkret suchen wir momentan aber eine Inverse für unsere primitive Einheitswurzel $a$. +Damit beschäftigen wir uns im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:sfaktor} weiter, konkret suchen wir momentan aber eine Inverse für unsere primitive Einheitswurzel $a$. \[ 8^1 \qquad \rightarrow \qquad 8^{-1} \] @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Mit einem solchen Problem haben wir uns bereits in Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:e \subsection{Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel \label{reedsolomon:subsection:invEinh}} -Die Funktionsweise des euklidischen Algorithmus ist im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:euklid} ausführlich beschrieben. +Die Funktionsweise des euklidischen Algorithmus ist im Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:euklid} ausführlich beschrieben. Für unsere Anwendung wählen wir die Parameter $a = 8$ und $b = 11$ ($\mathbb{F}_{11}$). Daraus erhalten wir @@ -76,21 +76,112 @@ Daraus erhalten wir \end{tabular} \end{center} -als Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel. Die inverse Transformationsmatrix $A^{-1}$ bilden wir indem wir jetzt die inverse primitive Einheitswurzel anstelle der primitiven Einheitswurzel in die Matrix einsetzen. +als Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel. Die inverse Transformationsmatrix $A^{-1}$ bilden wir, indem wir jetzt die inverse primitive Einheitswurzel anstelle der primitiven Einheitswurzel in die Matrix einsetzen: +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + 8^0 & 8^0 & 8^0 & 8^0 & \dots & 8^0 \\ + 8^0 & 8^{-1} & 8^{-2} & 8^{-3} & \dots & 8^{-9} \\ + 8^0 & 8^{-2} & 8^{-4} & 8^{-6} & \dots & 8^{-18} \\ + 8^0 & 8^{-3} & 8^{-6} & 8^{-9} & \dots & 8^{-27} \\ + \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ + 8^0 & 8^{-9} & 8^{-18} & 8^{-27} & \dots & 8^{-81} \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\qquad +\Rightarrow +\qquad +\begin{pmatrix} + 7^0 & 7^0 & 7^0 & 7^0 & \dots & 7^0 \\ + 7^0 & 7^{1} & 7^{2} & 7^{3} & \dots & 7^{9} \\ + 7^0 & 7^{2} & 7^{4} & 7^{6} & \dots & 7^{18} \\ + 7^0 & 7^{3} & 7^{6} & 7^{9} & \dots & 7^{27} \\ + \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ + 7^0 & 7^{9} & 7^{18} & 7^{27} & \dots & 7^{81} \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\] -\subsection{Allgemeine Decodierung - \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algdec}} +\subsection{Der Faktor $s$ + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:sfaktor}} +Die diskrete Fouriertransformation benötigt für die Inverse einen Vorfaktor von $\frac{1}{2\pi}$. +Primitiv nehmen wir an, dass wir für die Inverse Transformationsmatrix ebenfalls einen benötigen. +Nur stellt sich jetzt die Frage, wie wir diesen Vorfaktor in unserem Fall ermitteln können. +Dafür betrachten wir eine Regel aus der Linearen Algebra, nämlich dass -Wir haben jetzt fast alles für eine erfolgreiche Rücktransformation beisammen. Wir haben aber noch nicht alle Aspekte der inversen diskreten Fouriertransformation befolgt, so fehlt uns noch einen Vorfaktor \[ -m = \textcolor{red}{s} \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v +A \cdot A^{-1} = E +\] +entsprechen muss. +Ist dies nicht der Fall, so benötigt $A^{-1}$ eben genau diesen Korrekturfaktor und ändert die Gleichung so zu +\begin{equation} + A \cdot s \cdot A^{-1} = E. + \label{reedsolomon:equation:sfaktor} +\end{equation} +%\[ +%A \cdot s \cdot A^{-1} = E. +%\] +Somit sollte es für uns ein leichtes Spiel sein, $s$ für unser Beispiel zu ermitteln: +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + 8^0 & 8^0 & 8^0 & \dots & 8^0 \\ + 8^0 & 8^1 & 8^2 & \dots & 8^9 \\ + 8^0 & 8^2 & 8^4 & \dots & 8^{18} \\ + \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ + 8^0 & 8^9 & 8^{18} & \dots & 8^{81} \\ +\end{pmatrix} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + 7^0 & 7^0 & 7^0 & \dots & 7^0 \\ + 7^0 & 7^{1} & 7^{2} & \dots & 7^{9} \\ + 7^0 & 7^{2} & 7^{4} & \dots & 7^{18} \\ + \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ + 7^0 & 7^{9} & 7^{18} & \dots & 7^{81} \\ +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} + 10 & 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 \\ + 0 & 10 & 0 & \dots & 0 \\ + 0 & 0 & 10 & \dots & 0 \\ + \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ + 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots & 10 \\ +\end{pmatrix} \] -den wir noch bestimmen müssen. -Glücklicherweise lässt der sich analog wie bei der inversen diskreten Fouriertransformation bestimmen und beträgt +Aus der letzten Matrix folgt, dass wir \[ -s = \frac{1}{10}. +s = \dfrac{1}{10} \] -Da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht können wir $s$ ebenfalls mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ergibt. Somit lässt sich der Nachrichtenvektor einfach bestimmen mit +als unseren Vorfaktor setzen müssen um die Gleichung \ref{reedsolomon:equation:sfaktor} zu erfüllen. Da wir in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ nur mit ganzen Zahlen arbeiten schreiben wir $\frac{1}{10}$ in $10^{-1}$ um und bestimmen diese Inverse erneut mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus und erhalten für $10^{-1} = 10$ als unseren Vorfaktor in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$. +% +%erfüllt wird. Wir schreiben den Bruch um in $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ und wenden darauf erneut den euklidischen Algorithmus an und erhalten somit den Vorfaktor $10^{-1} = 10 = s$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$. +% +%Um $s$ eindeutig zu bestimmen müssen wir $\frac{1}{10}$ nur noch in den Bereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ verschieben. Wie sich herausstellt können wir das recht einfach bewerkstelligen, da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht. Daraus können wir $s$ mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ergibt. +% +%Da $s$ jetzt ein Bruch ist brauchen wir ihn nur noch in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ zu schieben. Praktischerweise können wir $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ darstellen +% +%Da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht können wir $s$ ebenfalls mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ergibt. +% +%Daher nehmen wir an, dass wir für die Inverse Transformationsmatrix ebenfalls ein solcher Vorfaktor benötigen. Dieser Faktor hat seinen Ursprung in der Gleichung +%\[ +%A \cdot A^{-1} = E. +%\] +%Sollte diese Gleichung nicht aufgehen, so muss die Inverse mit +\subsection{Allgemeine Decodierung + \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algdec}} + +Wir haben jetzt alles für eine erfolgreiche Rücktransformation vom empfangenen Nachrichtenvektor beisammen. Die allgemeine Gleichung für die Rücktransformation lautet +\[ +m = s \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v. +\] +Setzen wir nun die Werte ein in +% +%Wir haben aber noch nicht alle Aspekte der inversen diskreten Fouriertransformation befolgt, so fehlt uns noch einen Vorfaktor +%\[ +%m = \textcolor{red}{s} \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v +%\] +%den wir noch bestimmen müssen. +%Glücklicherweise lässt der sich analog wie bei der inversen diskreten Fouriertransformation bestimmen und beträgt +%\[ +%s = \frac{1}{10}. +%\] +%Da $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ entspricht können wir $s$ ebenfalls mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus bestimmen und stellen fest, dass $10^{-1} = 10$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ergibt. Somit lässt sich der Nachrichtenvektor einfach bestimmen mit \[ m = 10 \cdot A^{-1} \cdot v \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad m = 10 \cdot \begin{pmatrix} 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0& 7^0\\ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex index 4e39de5..b006f21 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{$\mathbb{F}_{11}$ Hilfstabellen +\section{Hilfstabellen für $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ \label{reedsolomon:section:hilfstabellen}} \rhead{Hilfstabellen} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index b4899cb..4e2fd60 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ % % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema % -% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Joshua Bär und Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil % \chapter{Reed-Solomon-Code\label{chapter:reedsolomon}} \lhead{Reed-Solomon-Code} @@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \input{papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler} \input{papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler} \input{papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion} -\input{papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk} -\input{papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung} %\input{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} -> geplant +\input{papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen} \nocite{reedsolomon:weitz} \nocite{reedsolomon:informationkommunikation} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 60b857e..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/nachschlagewerk.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -\section{Nachschlagewerk - \label{reedsolomon:section:nachschlagen}} -\rhead{nachschlagewerk} -todo: auflistung von z.b nachrichtenvektor, übertragungsvektor usw. inklusiver erklärung was es ist falls man beim lesen den faden verliert \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex index 40919d7..04e748c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ \section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren \label{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion}} \rhead{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} -Im letzten Kapitel haben wir eine Möglichkeit gefunden, wie wir die fehlerhaften Stellen lokalisieren können. +Im letzten Abschnitt haben wir eine Möglichkeit gefunden, wie wir die fehlerhaften Stellen lokalisieren können. Mit diesen Stellen soll es uns nun möglich sein, aus dem fehlerhaften empfangenen Nachrichtenvektor wieder unsere Nachricht zu rekonstruieren. Das Lokatorpolynom \[ @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Als Ausgangslage verwenden wir die Matrix, mit der wir den Nachrichtenvektor urs Unser Ziel ist es wie auch schon im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler} eine Möglichkeit zu finden, wie wir den Übertragungsvektor decodieren können. Aufgrund der Fehlerstellen müssen wir aber davon ausgehen, das wir nicht mehr den gleichen Weg verfolgen können wie wir im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler} angewendet haben. -Wir stellen also die Matrix auf und markieren gleichzeitig die Fehlerstellen. +Wir stellen also die Matrix auf und markieren gleichzeitig die Fehlerstellen: \[ \textcolor{gray}{ \begin{pmatrix} @@ -47,8 +47,9 @@ Wir stellen also die Matrix auf und markieren gleichzeitig die Fehlerstellen. \begin{pmatrix} m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ m_6 \\ m_7 \\ m_8 \\ m_9 \\ \end{pmatrix} +. \] -Die rot markierten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor enthalten Fehler und bringt uns daher kein weiterer Nutzen. +Die rot markierten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor enthalten Fehler und bringt uns daher keinen weiterer Nutzen. Aus diesem Grund werden diese Stellen aus dem Vektor entfernt, was wir hier ohne Probleme machen können, da dieser Code ja über Fehlerkorrekturstellen verfügt, deren Aufgabe es ist, eine bestimmte Anzahl an Fehler kompensieren zu können. Die dazugehörigen Zeilen in der Matrix werden ebenfalls entfernt, da die Matrix gleich viele Zeilen wie im Übertragungsvektor aufweisen muss, damit man ihn decodieren kann. @@ -183,3 +184,5 @@ m = [4,7,2,5,8,1] \] zurück, den wir ursprünglich versendet haben. +Wir möchten noch anmerken, dass es mehrere Wege für die Rekonstruktion des Nutzdatenteils gibt, diese aber alle auf dem Lokatorpolynom basieren. + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..568356f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +\section{Zusammenfassung + \label{reedsolomon:section:zf}} +\rhead{Zusammenfassung} +Dieser Abschnitt beinhaltet eine Übersicht über die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes für beliebige endliche Körper. + +TODO: + +\subsubsection{Schritt 1: primitives Element} + +\subsubsection{Schritt 2: Codierung} + +\subsubsection{Schritt 3: Decodierung ohne Fehler} + +\subsubsection{Schritt 4: Decodierung mit Fehler} + -- cgit v1.2.1 From be7fe5c9223560b784944a1701fc5204378091fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Sun, 4 Jul 2021 15:52:58 +0200 Subject: Add tikzfigures from presentation --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile | 17 +- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc | 8 +- .../punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf | Bin 0 -> 14414 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf | Bin 0 -> 27886 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf | Bin 0 -> 35693 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf | Bin 0 -> 16865 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf | Bin 0 -> 27953 bytes .../punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex | 56 +++++ buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex | 39 ++++ buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex | 121 ++++++++++ buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex | 71 ++++++ buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex | 257 +++++++++++++++++++++ 12 files changed, 565 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile index 0274594..15c0aa0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile @@ -4,6 +4,19 @@ # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # -images: - @echo "no images to be created in punktgruppen" +TIKZFIGURES := \ + tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ + tikz/lattice.tex \ + tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ + tikz/piezo.tex \ + tikz/projections.tex + +FIGURES := $(patsubst tikz/%.tex, figures/%.pdf, $(TIKZFIGURES)) + +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex + mkdir -p figures + pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc index b6a76c1..8cde9d7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc @@ -10,5 +10,9 @@ dependencies-punktgruppen = \ papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex \ papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex \ papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex \ - papers/punktgruppen/references.bib - + papers/punktgruppen/references.bib \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13f7330 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6565be5 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63da7a9 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca6192b Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9369b2 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84e0a76 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} +\begin{tikzpicture}[ + dot/.style = { + draw, circle, thick, black, fill = gray!40!white, + minimum size = 2mm, + inner sep = 0pt, + outer sep = 1mm, + }, + ] + + \node[dot] (A1) at (0,0) {}; + \node[below left] at (A1) {\(A\)}; + + \node[dot] (A2) at (2.5,0) {}; + \node[below right] at (A2) {\(A'\)}; + + \draw[red!80!black, thick, ->] + (A1) to node[midway, below] {\(\vec{Q}\)} (A2); + + \node[dot] (B1) at (120:2.5) {}; + \node[above left] at (B1) {\(B\)}; + + \draw[green!70!black, thick, ->] + (A1) ++(.5,0) arc (0:120:.5) + node[midway, above, xshift=1mm] {\(C_n\)}; + \draw[red!80!black, dashed, thick, ->] (A1) to (B1); + + \node[dot] (B2) at ($(A2)+(60:2.5)$) {}; + \node[above right] at (B2) {\(B'\)}; + + \draw[green!70!black, thick, dashed, ->] + (A2) ++(-.5,0) arc (180:60:.5); + \draw[red!80!black, dashed, thick, ->] (A2) to (B2); + + \draw[yellow!50!orange, thick, ->] + (B1) to node[above, midway] {\(\vec{Q}'\)} (B2); + + \draw[gray, dashed, thick] (A1) to (A1 |- B1) node (Xl) {}; + \draw[gray, dashed, thick] (A2) to (A2 |- B2) node (Xr) {}; + \node[above left, xshift=-2mm] at (Xl) {\(x\)}; + \node[above right, xshift= 2mm] at (Xr) {\(x\)}; +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c05af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} +\begin{tikzpicture}[ + dot/.style = { + draw, circle, thick, black, fill = gray!40!white, + minimum size = 2mm, + inner sep = 0pt, + outer sep = 1mm, + }, + ] + + \begin{scope} + \clip (-2,-2) rectangle (3,4); + \foreach \y in {-7,-6,...,7} { + \foreach \x in {-7,-6,...,7} { + \node[dot, xshift=3mm*\y] (N\x\y) at (\x, \y) {}; + } + } + \end{scope} + \draw[black, thick] (-2, -2) rectangle (3,4); + + \draw[red!80!black, thick, ->] + (N00) to node[midway, below] {\(\vec{a}_1\)} (N10); + \draw[cyan!80!black, thick, ->] + (N00) to node[midway, left] {\(\vec{a}_2\)} (N01); +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82a2710 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + node distance = 2mm, + charge/.style = { + circle, draw = black, thick, + minimum size = 5mm + }, + positive/.style = { fill = red!50 }, + negative/.style = { fill = blue!50 }, + ] + + \node[font = {\large\bfseries}, align = center] (title) at (5.5,0) {Mit und Ohne\\ Symmetriezentrum}; + + \begin{scope} + \matrix[nodes = { charge }, row sep = 8mm, column sep = 8mm] { + \node[positive] {}; & \node[negative] (N) {}; & \node [positive] {}; \\ + \node[negative] (W) {}; & \node[positive] {}; & \node [negative] (E) {}; \\ + \node[positive] {}; & \node[negative] (S) {}; & \node [positive] {}; \\ + }; + \draw[gray, dashed] (W) to (N) to (E) to (S) to (W); + \end{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=11cm] + \foreach \x/\t [count=\i] in {60/positive, 120/negative, 180/positive, 240/negative, 300/positive, 360/negative} { + \node[charge, \t] (C\i) at (\x:1.5cm) {}; + } + + \draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1); + \node[circle, draw=gray, fill=gray, outer sep = 0, inner sep = 0, minimum size = 3mm] {}; + % \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2); + \end{scope} + + %% + \node[below = of title] {Polarisation Feld \(\vec{E}_p\)}; + + %% hex with vertical pressure + \begin{scope}[xshift=11cm, yshift=-4.5cm] + \node[charge, positive, yshift=-2.5mm] (C1) at ( 60:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift=-2.5mm] (C2) at (120:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, xshift=-2.5mm] (C3) at (180:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift= 2.5mm] (C4) at (240:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, yshift= 2.5mm] (C5) at (300:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, xshift= 2.5mm] (C6) at (360:1.5cm) {}; + + \draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1); + % \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2); + + \foreach \d in {C1, C2} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,.7); + } + + \foreach \d in {C4, C5} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,-.7); + } + + \node[black] (E) {\(\vec{E}_p\)}; + \begin{scope}[node distance = .5mm] + \node[red!50, right = of E] {\(+\)}; + \node[blue!50, left = of E] {\(-\)}; + \end{scope} + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,2); + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,-2); + \end{scope} + + %% square with vertical pressure + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4.5cm] + \matrix[nodes = { charge }, row sep = 5mm, column sep = 1cm] { + \node[positive] (NW) {}; & \node[negative] (N) {}; & \node [positive] (NE) {}; \\ + \node[negative] (W) {}; & \node[positive] {}; & \node [negative] (E) {}; \\ + \node[positive] (SW) {}; & \node[negative] (S) {}; & \node [positive] (SE) {}; \\ + }; + + \foreach \d in {NW, N, NE} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,.7); + } + + \foreach \d in {SW, S, SE} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,-.7); + } + + \draw[gray, dashed] (W) to (N) to (E) to (S) to (W); + \end{scope} + + %% hex with horizontal pressure + \begin{scope}[xshift=5.5cm, yshift=-4.5cm] + \node[charge, positive, yshift= 2.5mm] (C1) at ( 60:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift= 2.5mm] (C2) at (120:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, xshift= 2.5mm] (C3) at (180:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift=-2.5mm] (C4) at (240:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, yshift=-2.5mm] (C5) at (300:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, xshift=-2.5mm] (C6) at (360:1.5cm) {}; + + \draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1); + % \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2); + + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (C6) to ++(.7,0); + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (C3) to ++(-.7,0); + + \node[black] (E) {\(\vec{E}_p\)}; + \begin{scope}[node distance = .5mm] + \node[blue!50, right = of E] {\(-\)}; + \node[red!50, left = of E] {\(+\)}; + \end{scope} + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,2); + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,-2); + \end{scope} + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d16ab7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} +\begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{scope}[ + node distance = 0cm + ] + \node[ + rectangle, fill = gray!60!white, + minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 2cm, + ] (body) {\(\vec{E}_p = \vec{0}\)}; + + \node[ + draw, rectangle, thick, black, fill = red!50, + minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 1mm, + above = of body + ] (pos) {}; + + \node[ + draw, rectangle, thick, black, fill = blue!50, + minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 1mm, + below = of body + ] (neg) {}; + + \draw[black, very thick, -Circle] (pos.east) to ++ (1,0) node (p) {}; + \draw[black, very thick, -Circle] (neg.east) to ++ (1,0) node (n) {}; + + \draw[black, thick, ->] (p) to[out = -70, in = 70] node[midway, right] {\(U = 0\)} (n); + \end{scope} + \begin{scope}[ + node distance = 0cm, + xshift = 7cm + ] + \node[ + rectangle, fill = gray!40!white, + minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 1.5cm, + ] (body) {\(\vec{E}_p = \vec{0}\)}; + + \node[ + draw, rectangle, thick, black, fill = red!50, + minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 1mm, + above = of body + ] (pos) {}; + + \node[ + draw, rectangle, thick, black, fill = blue!50, + minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 1mm, + below = of body + ] (neg) {}; + + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (pos.north) to node[near end, right] {\(\vec{F}\)} ++(0,1); + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (neg.south) to node[near end, right] {\(\vec{F}\)} ++(0,-1); + + \draw[black, very thick, -Circle] (pos.east) to ++ (1,0) node (p) {}; + \draw[black, very thick, -Circle] (neg.east) to ++ (1,0) node (n) {}; + + \draw[black, thick, ->] (p) to[out = -70, in = 70] node[midway, right] {\(U > 0\)} (n); + \end{scope} +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a763e77 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} +\begin{tikzpicture}[ + classcirc/.style = { + draw = gray, thick, circle, + minimum size = 12mm, + inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0pt, + }, + classlabel/.style = { + below right = 5mm + }, + round/.style = { + draw = orange, thick, circle, + minimum size = 1mm, + inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0pt, + }, + cross/.style = { + cross out, draw = magenta, thick, + minimum size = 1mm, + inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0pt + }, + ] + \matrix [row sep = 3mm, column sep = 0mm] { + \node[classcirc] (C1) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{1}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C2) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{2}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C3) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{3}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (Ci) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{i}\)}; & + + \node[classcirc] (Cs) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{s}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C3i) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{3i}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C2h) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{2h}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D2) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{2}\)}; \\ + + \node[classcirc] (D3d) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{3d}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C2v) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{2v}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D2h) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{2h}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D3) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{3}\)}; & + + \node[classcirc] (C4) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{4}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C6) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{6}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D3dP) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{3d}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (S4) {} node[classlabel] {\(S_{4}\)}; \\ + + \node[classcirc] (S3) {} node[classlabel] {\(S_{3}\)}; & + \node[classcirc, dashed] (T) {} node[classlabel] {\(T_{}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C4h) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{4h}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C6h) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{6h}\)}; & + + \node[classcirc, dashed] (Th) {} node[classlabel] {\(T_{h}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C4v) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{4v}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (C6v) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{6v}\)}; & + \node[classcirc, dashed] (Td) {} node[classlabel] {\(T_{d}\)}; \\ + + \node[classcirc] (D2d) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{2d}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D3h) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{3h}\)}; & + \node[classcirc, dashed] (O) {} node[classlabel] {\(O_{}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D4) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{4}\)}; & + + \node[classcirc] (D6) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{6}\)}; & + \node[classcirc, dashed] (Oh) {} node[classlabel] {\(O_{h}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D4h) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{4h}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D6h) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{6h}\)}; \\ + }; + + + \node[cross] at ($(C1)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + + + \node[cross] at ($(C2)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C2)-(4mm,0)$) {}; + + + \node[cross] at ($(C3)+( 0:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C3)+(120:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C3)+(240:4mm)$) {}; + + + \node[cross] at ($(Ci)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(Ci)-(4mm,0)$) {}; + + + \node[cross] at ($(Cs)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(Cs)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + + + \node[cross] at ($(C3i)+( 0:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C3i)+(120:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C3i)+(240:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(C3i)+( 60:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(C3i)+(180:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(C3i)+(300:4mm)$) {}; + + + \node[cross] at ($(C2h)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C2h)-(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(C2h)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(C2h)-(4mm,0)$) {}; + + + \node[cross] at ($(D2)+( 20:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D2)+(200:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D2)+(160:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D2)+(340:4mm)$) {}; + + + \foreach \x in {0, 120, 240} { + \node[cross] at ($(D3d)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D3d)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 180} { + \node[cross] at ($(C2v)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C2v)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 180} { + \node[cross] at ($(D2h)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D2h)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D2h)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D2h)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 120, 240} { + \node[cross] at ($(D3)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D3)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 90, 180, 270} { + \node[cross] at ($(C4)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300} { + \node[cross] at ($(C6)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 120, 240} { + \node[cross] at ($(D3dP)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D3dP)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D3dP)+({\x+15+60}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D3dP)+({\x-15+60}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \node[cross] at ($(S4)+(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(S4)-(4mm,0)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(S4)+(0,4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(S4)-(0,4mm)$) {}; + + + \foreach \x in {0, 120, 240} { + \node[cross] at ($(S3)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(S3)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + %% TODO: T + + + \foreach \x in {0, 90, 180, 270} { + \node[cross] at ($(C4h)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(C4h)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300} { + \node[cross] at ($(C6h)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(C6h)+(\x:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + %% TODO: Th + + + \foreach \x in {0, 90, 180, 270} { + \node[cross] at ($(C4v)+(\x+15:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C4v)+(\x-15:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + + \foreach \x in {0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300} { + \node[cross] at ($(C6v)+(\x+10:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(C6v)+(\x-10:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + %% TODO: Td + + + \foreach \x in {0, 180} { + \node[cross] at ($(D2d)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D2d)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + + \node[round] at ($(D2d)+({\x+15+90}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D2d)+({\x-15+90}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 120, 240} { + \node[cross] at ($(D3h)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D3h)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D3h)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D3h)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + %% TODO: O + + + \foreach \x in {0, 90, 180, 270} { + \node[cross] at ($(D4)+({\x+15}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D4)+({\x-15}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + \foreach \x in {0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300} { + \node[cross] at ($(D6)+({\x+10}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D6)+({\x-10}:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + % TODO Oh + + + \foreach \x in {0, 90, 180, 270} { + \node[cross] at ($(D4h)+(\x+15:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D4h)+(\x-15:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D4h)+(\x+15:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D4h)+(\x-15:4mm)$) {}; + } + + + \foreach \x in {0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300} { + \node[cross] at ($(D6h)+({\x+10}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[cross] at ($(D6h)+({\x-10}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D6h)+({\x+10}:4mm)$) {}; + \node[round] at ($(D6h)+({\x-10}:4mm)$) {}; + } +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8809b53a6448e5d54cc38ca4a688bd71f9c06301 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Sun, 4 Jul 2021 16:21:36 +0200 Subject: Write Intro --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex | 20 ++++++++++++-------- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 2 +- 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex index 10dea79..24212e7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex @@ -1,10 +1,14 @@ \section{Einleitung} -Es gibt viele möglichkeiten sich in Kristallen zu verlieren. -Auch wen man nur die Mathematischen möglichkeiten in betracht zieht, hat man noch viel zu viele Möglichkeiten sich mit kristallen zu beschäftigen. -In diesem Articel ist daher der Fokus "nur" auf die Symmetrie gelegt. -Im Abschitt über Symmetrien werden wir sehen, wie eine Symmetrie eines Objektes weit -2.ter versuch: -Die Kristallographie ist ein grosses Thema, Symmetrien auch. -Für beide bestehen schon bewährte Mathematische Modelle und Definitionen. -Die +Es gibt viele Möglichkeiten sich in Kristallen zu verlieren. +Auch wen man nur die mathematischen Betrachtunngsweisen berüksichtigt, hat man noch viel zu viele Optionen sich mit Kristallen zu beschäftigen. +In diesem Kapitel ist daher der Fokus ``nur'' auf die Symmetrie gelegt. +Zu beginn werden wir zeigen was eine Symmetrie ausmacht und dass sie noch weit mehr in sich verbirgt als nur schön auszusehen. +Die vorgestellten Symmetrien sind äusserst gut geeignet um die Grundeigenschaften eines Kristalles zu Beschreiben. +Mit etwas kiffligen geometrischen Überlegungen kann man zeigen wass in der Welt der Kristallographie alles möglich ist oder nicht. +Die Einschränkungen sind durchaus wilkommen, dank ihnen halten sich die möglichen Kristallgitter in Grenzen und Lassen sich Kategorisieren. +Kategorien sind nicht nur für einen besseren Überblich nützlich, sondern kann man aus ihnen auch auf Physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen, als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. +Die Piezoelektrizität ist vielleicht noch nicht jedem bekannt, sie versteckt sich aber in diversen Altagsgegenständen zum Beispiel sorgen sie in den meisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. +Ein Funken Interesse ist hoffentlich geweckt um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index a3ccbed..aa3f7fb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ \section{Symmetrie} Das Wort Symmetrie ist sehr alt und hat sich seltsamerweise von seinem ursprünglichen griechischen Wort -\(\mathrm{\sigma\nu\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\) +\(\mathrm{\Sigma\nu\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\) \footnote{\emph{Simmetr\'ia}: ein gemeinsames Mass habend, gleichmässig, verhältnismässig} fast nicht verändert. In der Alltagssprache mag es ein locker definierter Begriff sein, aber in der Mathematik hat Symmetrie eine sehr -- cgit v1.2.1 From 115678917f285ef45928510f61fb8cd48c6a46b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Sun, 4 Jul 2021 17:52:10 +0200 Subject: Create standalone make target for faster compilation It takes around 20s on linux and 45s in WSL to compile the book, which is a lot. The file `standalone.tex` is a skeleton that takes the minimum required from `book.tex` to compile only our paper. It is intended only for writing the draft. --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/.gitignore | 1 + buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile | 18 ++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex | 6 ++++-- buch/papers/punktgruppen/standalone.tex | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/.gitignore create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/standalone.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/.gitignore b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6827d9f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +standalone diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile index 15c0aa0..3960d76 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile @@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ # # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # +SOURCES := \ + crystals.tex \ + intro.tex \ + main.tex \ + piezo.tex \ + symmetry.tex TIKZFIGURES := \ tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ @@ -20,3 +26,15 @@ figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex mkdir -p figures pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< +.PHONY: standalone +standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) + mkdir -p standalone + cd ../..; \ + pdflatex \ + --halt-on-error \ + --shell-escape \ + --output-directory=papers/punktgruppen/standalone \ + papers/punktgruppen/standalone.tex; + cd standalone; \ + bibtex standalone; \ + makeindex standalone; diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex index d88e221..31ed6a4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex @@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Crystal M\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{a}th\label{chapter:punktgruppen}} -\lhead{Crystal M\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{a}th} +\newcommand{\flippedA}{\raisebox{\fontcharht\font`a}{\scalebox{-1}[-1]{a}}} + +\chapter[Crystal Math]{Crystal M\flippedA{}th\label{chapter:punktgruppen}} +\lhead{Crystal M\flippedA{}th} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Tim T\"onz, Naoki Pross} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/standalone.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/standalone.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3317318 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/standalone.tex @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +\documentclass{book} + +\input{common/packages.tex} + +% additional packages used by the individual papers, add a line for +% each paper +\input{papers/common/addpackages.tex} + +% workaround for biblatex bug +\makeatletter +\def\blx@maxline{77} +\makeatother +\addbibresource{chapters/references.bib} + +% Bibresources for each article +\input{papers/common/addbibresources.tex} + +% make sure the last index starts on an odd page +\AtEndDocument{\clearpage\ifodd\value{page}\else\null\clearpage\fi} +\makeindex + +%\pgfplotsset{compat=1.12} +\setlength{\headheight}{15pt} % fix headheight warning +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + +\begin{document} + \input{common/macros.tex} + \def\chapterauthor#1{{\large #1}\bigskip\bigskip} + \input{papers/punktgruppen/main.tex} +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 3db817e0a6575dea79c01906afad5460ef60006a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Mon, 5 Jul 2021 13:42:45 +0200 Subject: Externalize tikzpicture in symmetry section --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile | 3 +- .../punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf | Bin 0 -> 12790 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 48 +---------------- buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile index 3960d76..f92dc95 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile @@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ TIKZFIGURES := \ tikz/lattice.tex \ tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ tikz/piezo.tex \ - tikz/projections.tex + tikz/projections.tex \ + tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex FIGURES := $(patsubst tikz/%.tex, figures/%.pdf, $(TIKZFIGURES)) diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03a05ce Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index aa3f7fb..e173f8e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -16,50 +16,7 @@ ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. \begin{figure} \centering - \begin{tikzpicture}[ - node distance = 2cm, - shapetheme/.style = { - very thick, draw = black, fill = magenta!20!white, - minimum size = 2cm, - }, - line/.style = {thick, draw = darkgray}, - axis/.style = {line, dashed}, - dot/.style = { - circle, draw = darkgray, fill = darkgray, - minimum size = 1mm, inner sep = 0, outer sep = 0, - }, - ] - - \node[ - shapetheme, - rectangle - ] (R) {}; - \node[dot] at (R) {}; - \draw[axis] (R) ++(-1.5, 0) to ++(3, 0) node[right] {\(\sigma\)}; - - \node[ - shapetheme, - regular polygon, - regular polygon sides = 5, - right = of R, - ] (Ps) {}; - \node[dot] (P) at (Ps) {}; - \draw[line, dotted] (P) to ++(18:1.5); - \draw[line, dotted] (P) to ++(90:1.5); - \draw[line, ->] (P) ++(18:1.2) - arc (18:90:1.2) node[midway, above right] {\(r, 72^\circ\)}; - - \node[ - shapetheme, - circle, right = of P - ] (Cs) {}; - \node[dot] (C) at (Cs) {}; - \draw[line, dotted] (C) to ++(1.5,0); - \draw[line, dotted] (C) to ++(60:1.5); - \draw[line, ->] (C) ++(1.2,0) - arc (0:60:1.2) node[midway, above right] {\(r, \alpha\)}; - - \end{tikzpicture} + \includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes} \caption{ Beispiele für geometrisch symmetrische Formen. \label{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} @@ -91,8 +48,7 @@ Mit dem oben Gesagten können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. Wenn wir \(r\) eine Drehung von \(2\pi/n\) sein lassen, gibt es eine wohlbekannte Symmetriegruppe \[ C_n = \langle r \rangle - = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\}, -\] + = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\}, \] die zyklische Gruppe heisst. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als wiederholte Komposition gemeint, d.h. \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). Die Schreibweise mit den spitzen Klammern wird als Erzeugendensystem bezeichnet. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2c051f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + node distance = 2cm, + shapetheme/.style = { + very thick, draw = black, fill = magenta!20!white, + minimum size = 2cm, + }, + line/.style = {thick, draw = darkgray}, + axis/.style = {line, dashed}, + dot/.style = { + circle, draw = darkgray, fill = darkgray, + minimum size = 1mm, inner sep = 0, outer sep = 0, + }, + ] + + \node[ + shapetheme, rectangle + ] (R) {}; + \node[dot] at (R) {}; + \draw[axis] (R) ++(-1.5, 0) to ++(3, 0) node[right] {\(\sigma\)}; + + \node[ + shapetheme, + regular polygon, + regular polygon sides = 5, + right = of R, + ] (Ps) {}; + \node[dot] (P) at (Ps) {}; + \draw[line, dotted] (P) to ++(18:1.5); + \draw[line, dotted] (P) to ++(90:1.5); + \draw[line, ->] (P) ++(18:1.2) + arc (18:90:1.2) node[midway, above right] {\(r, 72^\circ\)}; + + \node[ + shapetheme, + circle, right = of P + ] (Cs) {}; + \node[dot] (C) at (Cs) {}; + \draw[line, dotted] (C) to ++(1.5,0); + \draw[line, dotted] (C) to ++(60:1.5); + \draw[line, ->] (C) ++(1.2,0) + arc (0:60:1.2) node[midway, above right] {\(r, \alpha\)}; + + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5c4dfbcdd88224d7565d8ed4a4ecb1d480486e4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Mon, 5 Jul 2021 17:27:43 +0200 Subject: Write about generators --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index e173f8e..683c8e6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Das Wort Symmetrie ist sehr alt und hat sich seltsamerweise von seinem ursprünglichen griechischen Wort \(\mathrm{\Sigma\nu\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\) -\footnote{\emph{Simmetr\'ia}: ein gemeinsames Mass habend, gleichmässig, +\footnote{\emph{Symmetr\'ia}: ein gemeinsames Mass habend, gleichmässig, verhältnismässig} fast nicht verändert. In der Alltagssprache mag es ein locker definierter Begriff sein, aber in der Mathematik hat Symmetrie eine sehr präzise Bedeutung. @@ -44,18 +44,38 @@ nun eingeführt wird. Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. \end{definition} -Mit dem oben Gesagten können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. Wenn wir -\(r\) eine Drehung von \(2\pi/n\) sein lassen, gibt es eine wohlbekannte Symmetriegruppe +\begin{definition}[Zyklische Untergruppe, Erzeuger] + Sei \(g\) ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen + Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische + Untergruppe von \(G\), und \(g\) wird ihr Erzeuger genannt. Die erzeugte + Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle\) wird mit spitzen Klammern um den Erzeuger + bezeichnet. +\end{definition} + +Mit dem oben Gesagten können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. +Bezeichnen wir mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn von \(360^\circ/n\) +um einen Punkt. Diese Definition reicht aus, um die gesamte Symmetriegruppe \[ C_n = \langle r \rangle - = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\}, \] -die zyklische Gruppe heisst. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als wiederholte -Komposition gemeint, d.h. \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). Die -Schreibweise mit den spitzen Klammern wird als Erzeugendensystem bezeichnet. -Das liegt daran, dass alle Elemente der Symmetriegruppe aus Kombinationen einer -Teilmenge erzeugt werden, die als erzeugende Elemente bezeichnet werden. + = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} +\] +der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu definieren. Das liegt daran, +dass wir durch die mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen, der +die Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als +wiederholte Komposition gemeint, dass heisst \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots +r\circ r\). Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem +Erzeugendensystemen komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. -% TODO: more on generators +\begin{definition}[Erzeugendensysteme] + % please fix this unreadable mess + Jede Gruppe kann durch eines oder mehrere ihrer Elemente generiert werden. + Wir lassen \(g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n\) erzeugenden Elemente einer + Symmetriegruppe sein. Da es mehrere Erzeuger gibt, müssen auch die + sogenannte Definitionsgleichungen gegeben werden, die die + Multiplikationstabelle vollständig definieren. Die Gleichungen sind ebenfalls + in den Klammern angegeben. Die erzeugende Elementen zusammen mit der + Definitionsgleichungen bauen ein Erzeugendensysteme. +\end{definition} Die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe ist nicht so interessant, da sie nur \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\) enthält. Kombiniert man sie jedoch mit @@ -66,12 +86,6 @@ der Rotation, erhält man die so genannte Diedergruppe \mathds{1}, r, \ldots, r^{n-1}, \sigma, \sigma r, \ldots, \sigma r^{n-1} \right\}. \] -Diesmal muss die Generator-Notation die Beziehungen zwischen den beiden -Operationen beinhalten. - -% TODO -% Die ersten beiden sind leicht zu erkennen, für die -% letzte empfehlen wir, sie an einem 2D-Quadrat auszuprobieren. Die Symmetrieoperationen, die wir bis jetzt besprochen haben, haben immer mindestens einen Punkt gehabt, der wieder auf sich selbst abgebildet wird. Im -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8cf667a6ede8589baf56e223a8583472ccff9756 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Mon, 5 Jul 2021 17:35:35 +0200 Subject: write Translationssymmetry --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 6de2bca..fd0ba13 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -6,11 +6,33 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. Ein Kristall besteht aus Atomen, welche sich in einem Muster arrangieren, welches sich in drei Dimensionen periodisch wiederholt. \end{definition} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice} + \caption{ + Zweidimensionales Kristallgitter + \label{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} + } +\end{figure} -Ein Zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattce-grid}. -Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Muster eines einzelnen XgrauenX Punktes gewählt in nur Zwei Dimensionen. -Die eingezeichneten Vektoren a und b sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. -Dadurch können von einem einzelnen XGrauenX Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattce-grid} können mit einer ganzzahligen Linearkombination von a und b alle anderen Gitterpunkte des Kristalles erreicht werden. -Ein Kristallgitter kann eindeutig mit a und b und deren winkeln beschrieben werden weswegen a und b auch Gitterparameter genannt werden. -Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor also FRMEL FÜR TRANSLATIONSVEKTOR erreicht werden. -Da sich das Ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch die Eigenschaften eines Gitterpunktes Periodisch mit eiem +Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice}. +Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt in nur Zwei Dimensionen. +Die eingezeichneten Vektoren $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. +Wird ein beliebigen grauen Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. +Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor $\vec{c}$ also +\[ + \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} +\] +erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. +Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben , ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. + +\subsection{Translationssymmetrie} +Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. +Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, da die Umgebungen aller Punkte Identisch sind. +Mit anderen worten: Das Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation +\[ + Q_i(G) = G + \vec{a_i} +\] wobei der Vektor $a_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. +Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. +Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 95c75ecd68ad6c741d5aa99b4948f6b5ed3a96f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Tue, 6 Jul 2021 11:33:46 +0200 Subject: Beginn writing Lilmitierte Kristallsymmetrien --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 12 ++++++++---- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index fd0ba13..9c8f6b9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. \label{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} } \end{figure} - +\subsection{Kristallgitter} Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice}. -Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt in nur Zwei Dimensionen. +Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt und betrachten dies nur in Zwei Dimensionen. Die eingezeichneten Vektoren $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. -Wird ein beliebigen grauen Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. +Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor $\vec{c}$ also \[ \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} @@ -35,4 +35,8 @@ Mit anderen worten: Das Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} \] wobei der Vektor $a_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. - + +\subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} + Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. + Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden, können nur Rotationssymmetrische Kristalle erzeugt werden mit Winkel $\alpha \in \{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\}$. + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 3255155e9fdeb5ae8429656dce0a790126d1347d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Tue, 6 Jul 2021 11:56:52 +0200 Subject: add suggestions for continuity --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 14 +++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 683c8e6..a2c36e8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. \subsection{Geometrische Symmetrien} In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, -die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat Gerade, an -deren gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige +die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, an +deren es gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert @@ -37,13 +37,21 @@ Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für hoffentlich ausreichend, um die Bedeutung hinter der Notation zu verstehen, die nun eingeführt wird. +% Vieleicht eine kurze Einführung in für die Definition, ich habe das gefühl, dass in der Definition die Symmetrie-Operation und die Gruppe auf einmal erklährt wird +\subsubsection{Symetriegruppe} + Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. + Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} + nicht nur um $\sigma$ sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um $90^\circ$ gedreht werden. + Fässt man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. + \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] Sei \(g\) eine Operation, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lässt. Bei einer anderen Operation \(h\) definieren wir die Komposition \(h\circ g\) als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. Alle Operationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. -\end{definition} +\end{definition} % ich lese diese Definition ein wenig holprig, vieleicht können wir sie zusammen anschauen +% Nach meinem Geschmack könne es hier auch eine einleitung wie mein Beispiel geben dammit man den Text flüssiger lesen kann \begin{definition}[Zyklische Untergruppe, Erzeuger] Sei \(g\) ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische -- cgit v1.2.1 From ef4c8a9c83e0663e103d46557a7845b0e6258dfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Tue, 6 Jul 2021 21:18:18 +0200 Subject: describe the geometry lattice --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 9c8f6b9..f8bd9b3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -18,25 +18,65 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice}. Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt und betrachten dies nur in Zwei Dimensionen. Die eingezeichneten Vektoren $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. -Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. +Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt +und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor $\vec{c}$ also \[ - \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} + \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} %maby Problem weil n bei $C_n$ auch verwendet wird \] erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. -Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben , ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. +Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben , +ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. -Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, da die Umgebungen aller Punkte Identisch sind. -Mit anderen worten: Das Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation +Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, +da die Umgebungen aller Punkte Identisch sind. +Mit anderen worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation \[ Q_i(G) = G + \vec{a_i} \] wobei der Vektor $a_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. -Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. -Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. +Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, +können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination +der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. +Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, +solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. - Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden, können nur Rotationssymmetrische Kristalle erzeugt werden mit Winkel $\alpha \in \{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\}$. + Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, + können nur Kristalle erzeugt werden mit Rotationssymmetrien mit Winkel $\alpha \in \{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\}$. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries} + \caption{Translations und Rotationssymmetrisches Kristallgitter} + \label{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} +\end{figure} + + \subsubsection{Translationssymmetrie $Q$ und Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$} % Müssen uns auf eine schreibweise für Symmetrie Operationen einigen oder sicher am Ende überprüfen + In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} Sehen wir Gitterpunkte und deren Zusammenhänge. + + \begin{itemize} + \item $A$ ist unser erster Gitterpunkt. + + \item $A'$ ist gegeben, weil wir $A$ mit der Translation $Q$ verschieben und wir wissen, + dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der Verschobenen Stelle sein muss. + \item $B$ entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$ auf den Punkt $A$ anwenden. + Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel $\alpha$. + Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt $A'$ abgedreht wird. + An der neuen Position von $A'$ muss also auch ein Punkt sein um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. + \item $B$ ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. + Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgitter periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir $C_\alpha$ auch auf $A'$ anwenden. + Also wenden wir $C_\alpha$ invertiert + \footnote{Die Rotationssymmetrie muss auch iin die andere Richtung funktionieren. + Genauere Überlegungen werden dem Leser überlassen, da die Autoren sich nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} + auch auf $A'$ an. + Dies dreht $A$ auf einen neuen Punkt. + \item $B'$ ist kein zufälliger Name für diesen neuen Punkt, denn wir wissen, dass zwischen allen Punkten eine Translationssymmetrie bestehen muss. + Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen $B$ und $B'$ ist hier als $Q'$ bezeichnet. + \end{itemize} + + + +%"beweis", das Rotationssymmetrien auch immer invers gehen? \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 388ac18afd8b05321414afeab183ba2bbe414de5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2021 09:52:46 +0200 Subject: Finished 1.Version Kristalle --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index f8bd9b3..ca1bfc3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punkt Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt und betrachten dies nur in Zwei Dimensionen. Die eingezeichneten Vektoren $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt -und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. +und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, +endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor $\vec{c}$ also \[ - \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} %maby Problem weil n bei $C_n$ auch verwendet wird + \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} \] erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben , @@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, - können nur Kristalle erzeugt werden mit Rotationssymmetrien mit Winkel $\alpha \in \{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\}$. + können nur Kristalle erzeugt werden mit Rotationssymmetrien mit Winkel $\alpha \in \left\{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\right\}$. %format error!!! \begin{figure} \centering @@ -54,13 +55,13 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \label{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} \end{figure} - \subsubsection{Translationssymmetrie $Q$ und Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$} % Müssen uns auf eine schreibweise für Symmetrie Operationen einigen oder sicher am Ende überprüfen + \subsubsection{Translationssymmetrie $Q$ in Kombination mit Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$} % Müssen uns auf eine schreibweise für Symmetrie Operationen einigen oder sicher am Ende überprüfen In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} Sehen wir Gitterpunkte und deren Zusammenhänge. \begin{itemize} \item $A$ ist unser erster Gitterpunkt. - \item $A'$ ist gegeben, weil wir $A$ mit der Translation $Q$ verschieben und wir wissen, + \item $A'$ ist gegeben, weil wir $A$ mit der Translation $Q$ um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der Verschobenen Stelle sein muss. \item $B$ entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$ auf den Punkt $A$ anwenden. Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel $\alpha$. @@ -69,14 +70,54 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \item $B$ ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgitter periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir $C_\alpha$ auch auf $A'$ anwenden. Also wenden wir $C_\alpha$ invertiert - \footnote{Die Rotationssymmetrie muss auch iin die andere Richtung funktionieren. - Genauere Überlegungen werden dem Leser überlassen, da die Autoren sich nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} + \footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. + Genauere Überlegungen hierzu werden dem Leser überlassen, da sich die Autoren nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} auch auf $A'$ an. Dies dreht $A$ auf einen neuen Punkt. \item $B'$ ist kein zufälliger Name für diesen neuen Punkt, denn wir wissen, dass zwischen allen Punkten eine Translationssymmetrie bestehen muss. Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen $B$ und $B'$ ist hier als $Q'$ bezeichnet. \end{itemize} - + Mit den gegebenen Punkten lassen sich geometrische Folgerungen ziehen. + Wir beginnen indem wir die Länge der Translation $Q$ mit jener von $Q'$ vergleichen. + Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass $|Q| = |Q'|+ 2x$. + Ist $Q$ ein Grundvektor so muss $|Q'|$ ein ganzes vielfaches von $|Q|$ sein. Also + \[ + |Q'| = n|Q| = |Q| + 2x + \] + Die Strecke $x$ lässt sich auch mit hilfe der Trigonometrie und dem angenommenen Rotationswinkel $\alpha$ ausdrücken: + \[ + n|Q| = |Q| + 2|Q|sin(\alpha - \pi/2) + \] + Wir können mit $|Q|$ dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, + was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangieren soll. + Zusätzlich können wir den Sinusterm vereinfachen. + \[ + n = 1 - 2cos\alpha + \alpha = cos^{-1}(\frac{1-n}{2}) + \] + Dies schränkt die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien auf + \[ + \alpha \in \{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\} + \] +ein. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections} + \caption{Kristallklassen mit zugehöriger Schönfliesnotation} + \label{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Kristallklassen} +Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. +Mit weiteren ähnlichen überlegungen gezeigt werden kann, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum +\footnote{Alle $17$ möglichen zweidimensionalen Symmetrien sind als Wandmustergruppen bekannt} +nur auf genau $32$ Arten punktsymmetrisch sein können. +Diese $32$ möglichen Punktsymmetrien scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. +Eine mögliche Art, die Klassen zu benennen ist nacht dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, +welcher sich mit der Klasifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinander gesetzt hat. +Auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} sind die möglichen Punktsymmetrien mit deren Schönfliesnotation aufgelistet. +Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei $5$ Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht gezeichnet wurden. + -%"beweis", das Rotationssymmetrien auch immer invers gehen? \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 74c4242210c2383f22f8c8ad389b580d9ee1d836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2021 14:40:08 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Write=20Piezoelektrizit=C3=A4t=201.version?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 72 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index 7ee4174..f3c1cb5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -1 +1,71 @@ -\section{Piezoelektrizit\"at} +\section{Piezoelektrizität} +Die Piezoelektrizität ist per Definition spannend. +Sie beschreibt die Eigenschaft, dass gewisse Kristalle eine elektrische Spannung erzeugen, wenn machanischer Druck auf sie ausgeübt wird. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo} %das Efeld mit Naoki disskutieren, müssen sicher gehen, dass es mit jenen in Abbildung Piezo aufbau übereinstimmt + \caption{Piezoelektrisches Material in ruhe und unter Druck} + \label{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Polarisierung} +Piezoelektrizität basiert darauf, dass zwischen den Oberfläche des Kristalles ein Ladungsungleichgewicht entsteht siehe Abbildung\ref{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo}. +Dieses Ungleichgewicht resultiert, +weil durch den mechanischen Druck auf der einen Oberfläche des Kristalles positiv Ione näher an die Oberfläche gelangen, +wärend auf der gegenüberliegender Oberfläche sich mehr negative Ionen Sammeln. +Das sich die atomare Struktur eines Kristalles unter Druck genau so verformt ist nicht bei jedem Kristall gegeben. +Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles ist daher relevant für die entstehung dieses Effektes. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms} + \caption{Kristallstrukturen mit und ohne piezoelektrischer Eigenschaft} + \label{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Atomarer Aufbau} +Die Polarisation resultiert über eine gesamte Oberfläche eines Kristalles, entscheidend ist aber der atomare Aufbau. +Wir wollen dazu die verschiedenen Kristallstrukturen auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} diskutieren. +In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} gilt für alle Strukturen, dass rote Kreise Positive Ionen und blaue negative Ionen repräsentieren. +%liste oder anderes format?.. +Struktur$(a)$ zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur $(b)$ ist das Selbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. +Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld welches entsteht, weil mitlleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gerdrückt werden. +Als hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man $(b)$ zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, +so wird ersichtlich, dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, +während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. +$(d)$ ist nicht Piezoelektrisch. +Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man $(d)$ unterdruck setzt und sich die Struktur zu $(e)$ verformt. +Setzt man $(e)$ gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten scheint es als würden rechts mehr Positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden +und links umgekehrt. +Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn der Kristall nach oben und periodisch wiederholt. +Struktur $(c)$ zeigt $(a)$ in unter horizontaler Belastung. +Was in zwischen $(b)$ und $(c)$ zu beobachten ist, ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, +im gegensatz zu $(b)$. +Daraus kann man schlissen, dass $(a)$ keine Rotationssymmetrie von $90^\circ$ besitzen kann, weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer $90^\circ$ Drehung. +Das fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von $(a)$ bestätigt werden. + +\subsection{Punktsymmetrie}\footnote{In der Literatur wird ein Punktsymmetrisches Kristallgitter oft als Kristallgitter mit Inversionszentrum bezeichnet.} +Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht Punktsymmetrisch sein. +Kristallgitter, bei welchen eine Punktspiegelung eine symmetrische Operation ist, können keine Piezoelektrische Kristalle bilden. +Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst $(a)$ ein nicht Punktsymmetrischer Kristall mit einem Punktsymmetrischen $(d)$ verglichen worden. +Als vereinfachte Erklärung kann mann sich wieder das Bild vor augen führen, eines Kristalles, +welcher unter Druck auf der einen Seite negative und der anderen Seite positive Ionen an seine Oberfläche verdrängt. +Spiegelt man nun den Kristall um den Gitterpunkt in der mitte des Kristalles, so würden die negativen Ionen auf den Positiven auf der anderen seite landen, +was der Definition einer Symmetrie deutlich wiederspricht. + +\subsection{Vom Kristall zum Feuer} +Piezoelektrizität hat durhaus nutzen im Alltag. +Feuerzeuge welche nicht auf dem Prinzip beruhen einen Zündstein abzuschleifen, +sonder ohne Verschleiss auf Knopfdruck einen Zündfunken erzeugen, basieren auf dem Prinzip der Piezoelektrizität. +Drückt der Nutzende auf den Zündknopf spannt sich eine Feder bis zu einer Konfigurierten Spannung. +Wird vom Nutzenden weiter gedrückt entspannt sich die Feder schlagartig und beschleunigt mit der gespeicherten Energie ein Hammer, +welcher auf das Piezoelement aufschlägt. +Der augenblicklich hohen Druck sorgt an den Piezokontakten für eine eben so Kurze aber hohe elekrische Spannung. +Die Spannung reicht aus um eine Funkenstrecke zu überwinden und so eine entflammbares Gas zu entzünden. +Sollten Sie also eines Tages in die Situation geraten, in welcher Sie zwei verschiedene Kristalle vor sich haben +und ein Piezoelektrisches feuerzeug bauen müssen, +wobei Sie aber wissen, dass einer eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, +versuche sie es mt dem Anderen. +Ich muss aber anmerken, dass aus den $21$ möglichen Kristallsymmetrien ohne Punktsymmetrie einer nicht Piezoelektrisch ist. +ein wenig glück brauchen Sie also immer noch. \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From de9e1f96cfbca8035dc87474ef55c7e3feba68a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2021 14:58:15 +0200 Subject: small rewording --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index ca1bfc3..99b576f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, - können nur Kristalle erzeugt werden mit Rotationssymmetrien mit Winkel $\alpha \in \left\{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\right\}$. %format error!!! + können nur Rotationssymmetrische Kristalle bestimmter Rotationswinkel erzeugt werden. \begin{figure} \centering -- cgit v1.2.1 From dbf10d224849f5400e7554dc6fca9552613bd48f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2021 15:54:08 +0200 Subject: Apply word spellcheck --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 12 ++++++------ buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 34 +++++++++++++++++----------------- 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 99b576f..5f38570 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem \] erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben , -ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. +ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. @@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \item $B$ entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$ auf den Punkt $A$ anwenden. Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel $\alpha$. Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt $A'$ abgedreht wird. - An der neuen Position von $A'$ muss also auch ein Punkt sein um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. + An der neuen Position von $A'$ muss also auch ein Punkt sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. \item $B$ ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. - Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgitter periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir $C_\alpha$ auch auf $A'$ anwenden. + Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir $C_\alpha$ auch auf $A'$ anwenden. Also wenden wir $C_\alpha$ invertiert \footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. Genauere Überlegungen hierzu werden dem Leser überlassen, da sich die Autoren nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen $B$ und $B'$ ist hier als $Q'$ bezeichnet. \end{itemize} Mit den gegebenen Punkten lassen sich geometrische Folgerungen ziehen. - Wir beginnen indem wir die Länge der Translation $Q$ mit jener von $Q'$ vergleichen. + Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge der Translation $Q$ mit jener von $Q'$ vergleichen. Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass $|Q| = |Q'|+ 2x$. Ist $Q$ ein Grundvektor so muss $|Q'|$ ein ganzes vielfaches von $|Q|$ sein. Also \[ @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. n = 1 - 2cos\alpha \alpha = cos^{-1}(\frac{1-n}{2}) \] - Dies schränkt die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien auf + Dies schränkt die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien auf \[ \alpha \in \{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\} \] @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Mit weiteren ähnlichen überlegungen gezeigt werden kann, dass Kristalle im dre nur auf genau $32$ Arten punktsymmetrisch sein können. Diese $32$ möglichen Punktsymmetrien scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. Eine mögliche Art, die Klassen zu benennen ist nacht dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, -welcher sich mit der Klasifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinander gesetzt hat. +welcher sich mit der Klasifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinandergesetzt hat. Auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} sind die möglichen Punktsymmetrien mit deren Schönfliesnotation aufgelistet. Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei $5$ Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht gezeichnet wurden. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index f3c1cb5..3c40aa8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ Sie beschreibt die Eigenschaft, dass gewisse Kristalle eine elektrische Spannung \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo} %das Efeld mit Naoki disskutieren, müssen sicher gehen, dass es mit jenen in Abbildung Piezo aufbau übereinstimmt - \caption{Piezoelektrisches Material in ruhe und unter Druck} + \caption{Piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe und unter Druck} \label{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo} \end{figure} \subsection{Polarisierung} -Piezoelektrizität basiert darauf, dass zwischen den Oberfläche des Kristalles ein Ladungsungleichgewicht entsteht siehe Abbildung\ref{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo}. +Piezoelektrizität basiert darauf, dass zwischen den Oberflächen des Kristalles ein Ladungsungleichgewicht entsteht siehe Abbildung\ref{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo}. Dieses Ungleichgewicht resultiert, weil durch den mechanischen Druck auf der einen Oberfläche des Kristalles positiv Ione näher an die Oberfläche gelangen, -wärend auf der gegenüberliegender Oberfläche sich mehr negative Ionen Sammeln. +wärend auf der gegenüberliegenden Oberfläche sich mehr negative Ionen Sammeln. Das sich die atomare Struktur eines Kristalles unter Druck genau so verformt ist nicht bei jedem Kristall gegeben. -Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles ist daher relevant für die entstehung dieses Effektes. +Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles sind daher relevant für die Entstehung dieses Effektes. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -29,43 +29,43 @@ Die Polarisation resultiert über eine gesamte Oberfläche eines Kristalles, ent Wir wollen dazu die verschiedenen Kristallstrukturen auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} diskutieren. In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} gilt für alle Strukturen, dass rote Kreise Positive Ionen und blaue negative Ionen repräsentieren. %liste oder anderes format?.. -Struktur$(a)$ zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur $(b)$ ist das Selbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. -Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld welches entsteht, weil mitlleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gerdrückt werden. +Struktur$(a)$ zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur $(b)$ ist dasselbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. +Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld, welches entsteht, weil mitlleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gerdrückt werden. Als hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man $(b)$ zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, so wird ersichtlich, dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. -$(d)$ ist nicht Piezoelektrisch. +$(d)$ ist nicht piezoelektrisch. Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man $(d)$ unterdruck setzt und sich die Struktur zu $(e)$ verformt. Setzt man $(e)$ gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten scheint es als würden rechts mehr Positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden und links umgekehrt. Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn der Kristall nach oben und periodisch wiederholt. Struktur $(c)$ zeigt $(a)$ in unter horizontaler Belastung. Was in zwischen $(b)$ und $(c)$ zu beobachten ist, ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, -im gegensatz zu $(b)$. +im Gegensatz zu $(b)$. Daraus kann man schlissen, dass $(a)$ keine Rotationssymmetrie von $90^\circ$ besitzen kann, weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer $90^\circ$ Drehung. -Das fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von $(a)$ bestätigt werden. +Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von $(a)$ bestätigt werden. \subsection{Punktsymmetrie}\footnote{In der Literatur wird ein Punktsymmetrisches Kristallgitter oft als Kristallgitter mit Inversionszentrum bezeichnet.} Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht Punktsymmetrisch sein. -Kristallgitter, bei welchen eine Punktspiegelung eine symmetrische Operation ist, können keine Piezoelektrische Kristalle bilden. +Kristallgitter, bei welchen eine Punktspiegelung eine symmetrische Operation ist, können keine piezoelektrische Kristalle bilden. Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst $(a)$ ein nicht Punktsymmetrischer Kristall mit einem Punktsymmetrischen $(d)$ verglichen worden. Als vereinfachte Erklärung kann mann sich wieder das Bild vor augen führen, eines Kristalles, welcher unter Druck auf der einen Seite negative und der anderen Seite positive Ionen an seine Oberfläche verdrängt. Spiegelt man nun den Kristall um den Gitterpunkt in der mitte des Kristalles, so würden die negativen Ionen auf den Positiven auf der anderen seite landen, -was der Definition einer Symmetrie deutlich wiederspricht. +was der Definition einer Symmetrie deutlich widerspricht. \subsection{Vom Kristall zum Feuer} -Piezoelektrizität hat durhaus nutzen im Alltag. +Piezoelektrizität hat durchaus nutzen im Alltag. Feuerzeuge welche nicht auf dem Prinzip beruhen einen Zündstein abzuschleifen, sonder ohne Verschleiss auf Knopfdruck einen Zündfunken erzeugen, basieren auf dem Prinzip der Piezoelektrizität. Drückt der Nutzende auf den Zündknopf spannt sich eine Feder bis zu einer Konfigurierten Spannung. Wird vom Nutzenden weiter gedrückt entspannt sich die Feder schlagartig und beschleunigt mit der gespeicherten Energie ein Hammer, welcher auf das Piezoelement aufschlägt. -Der augenblicklich hohen Druck sorgt an den Piezokontakten für eine eben so Kurze aber hohe elekrische Spannung. -Die Spannung reicht aus um eine Funkenstrecke zu überwinden und so eine entflammbares Gas zu entzünden. +Der augenblicklich hohe Druck sorgt an den Piezokontakten für eine eben so Kurze aber hohe elekrische Spannung. +Die Spannung reicht aus, um eine Funkenstrecke zu überwinden und so eine entflammbares Gas zu entzünden. Sollten Sie also eines Tages in die Situation geraten, in welcher Sie zwei verschiedene Kristalle vor sich haben -und ein Piezoelektrisches feuerzeug bauen müssen, +und ein piezoelektrisches Feuerzeug bauen müssen, wobei Sie aber wissen, dass einer eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, -versuche sie es mt dem Anderen. -Ich muss aber anmerken, dass aus den $21$ möglichen Kristallsymmetrien ohne Punktsymmetrie einer nicht Piezoelektrisch ist. +versuche sie es mit dem anderen. +Ich muss aber anmerken, dass aus den $21$ möglichen Kristallsymmetrien ohne Punktsymmetrie einer nicht piezoelektrisch ist. ein wenig glück brauchen Sie also immer noch. \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From bfab86988888aa4980f70338e59b7cddb693bbe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2021 16:13:27 +0200 Subject: add comment --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 5f38570..d984c21 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ \section{Kristalle} +%einleitung sollte noch an das ende von der Symmetrie angepasst werden Unter dem Begriff Kristall sollte sich jeder ein Bild machen können. Wir werden uns aber nicht auf sein Äusseres fokussieren, sondern was ihn im Inneren ausmacht. Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 30eb23bfa08b5119e29efd1e4a3cbfc6ff9d81c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 8 Jul 2021 19:56:31 +0200 Subject: Update teil1.tex --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex | 228 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 168 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex index 0d21f84..d6f5638 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex @@ -11,12 +11,15 @@ +\begin{document} + + \section{Kalman Filter} \subsection{Geschichte} Das Kalman Filter wurde 1960 von Rudolf Emil Kalman entdeckt und direkt von der NASA für die Appollo Mission benutzt. Der Filter kommt mit wenig Rechenleistung aus und war somit dafür geeignet die Rakete bei der Navigation zu unterstützen. Das Filter schätzt den Zustand eines Systems anhand von Messungen und kann den nächsten Zustand errechnen. Typische Anwendungen des Kalman-Filters sind die Glättung von verrauschten Daten und die Schätzung von Parametern und kommt heutzutage in jedem Satellit, Navigationssystem, Smartphones und Videospielen vor. \subsection{Wahrscheinlichkeit} -Das Kalman Filter versucht nichts anderes, als ein geeigneter Wert zwischen zwei Normalverteilungen zu schätzen. Die eine Kurve zeigt die errechnete Vorhersage des Zustands, bzw. deren Normal- Gauss-Verteilung. Die andere Kurve zeigt die verrauschte Messung des nächsten Zustand, bzw. deren Normal-Verteilung. Wie man in am Beispiel dieser zwei Gauss-Verteilungen sehen kann, ist sowohl der geschätzte Zustand als auch der gemessene Zustand nicht am selben Punkt. +Das Kalman-Filter schätzt den wahrscheinlichsten Wert zwischen zwei Normalverteilungen oder auch Gauss-Verteilung. Die eine Kurve zeigt die errechnete Vorhersage des Zustands, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. Die andere Kurve zeigt die verrauschte Messung des nächsten Zustand, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. Wie man am Beispiel dieser zwei Gauss-Verteilungen sehen kann, ist sowohl der geschätzte Zustand als auch der gemessene Zustand verteilt und haben unterschiedliche Standardabweichungen $\sigma$ und Erwartungswerte $\mu$. @@ -43,10 +46,10 @@ und für die Messung: Diesen werden nun Multipliziert und durch deren Fläche geteilt um sie wieder zu Normieren: \begin{equation} -{y_f}(x;{\mu_f},{\sigma_f})=\frac{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}}{\int {y_1}*{y_2}\,} +{y_f}(x;{\mu_f},{\sigma_f})=\frac{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}}{\int {y_1}*{y_2} dx\,} \end{equation} -Dadurch gleicht sich die neue Kurve den anderen an. Interessant daran ist, dass die fusionierte Kurve sich der genauere Normal-Verteilung anpasst. ist ${\sigma_2}$ klein und ${\sigma_1}$ gross, so wird sich die fusionierte Kurve näher an ${y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})$ begeben. Sie ist also Gewichtet und die best mögliche Schätzung. +Dadurch gleicht sich die neue Kurve den anderen an. Interessant daran ist, dass die fusionierte Kurve sich der genauere Normal-Verteilung anpasst. ist ${\sigma_2}$ klein und ${\sigma_1}$ gross, so wird sich die fusionierte Kurve näher an ${y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})$ begeben. Sie ist also gewichtet und die best mögliche Schätzung. \begin{figure} @@ -59,14 +62,13 @@ Dadurch gleicht sich die neue Kurve den anderen an. Interessant daran ist, dass Was in 2 Dimensionen erklärt wurde, funktioniert auch in mehreren Dimensionen. Dieses Prinzip mach sich der Kalman Filter zu nutze, und wird von uns für die Erdbeben Berechnung genutzt. -\subsection{Anwendungsgrenzen} -Nicht lineare Systeme %Noch nicht Fertig + \section{Aufbau} -Um ein Erdbeben kenntlich zumachen werden in der Regel Seismographen mit vielen Sensoren verwendet. -Ein Seismograph besteht im Grunde aus einer federgelagerten Masse. Wirkt eine Bodenerregung auf das Gerät ein, bleibt die gekoppelte Masse in der regel stehen und das Gehäuse schwingt mit.Relativbewegung des Bodens kann damit als Längenänderung im Zeitverlauf gemessen werden. In modernen Seismographen wird die Bodenbewegung in alle Richtungen gemessen, sowohl Horizontal als auch Vertikal. -Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen, welcher rein mechanisch funktioniert. Zudem kann er nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. Würde das System ausgebaut werden, um alle Horizontalbewegungen aufzunehmen, würde der Verwendung des Kalman-Filters zu kompliziert werden. Für zwei Dimensionen (x,y) würde der Pythagoras für das System benötigt werden. Da sich der Pythagoras bekanntlich nicht linear verhält, kann kein lineares Kalman-Filter implementiert werden. Da das Kalman-Filter besonders effektiv und einfach für lineare Abläufe geeignet ist, würde eine Zweidimensionale Betrachtung den Rahmen dieser Arbeit sprengen. Für ein nicht-lineares System werden Extended Kalman-Filter benötigt, bei denen die System-Matrix (A) durch die Jacobi-Matrix des System ersetzt wird. +Um ein Erdbeben kenntlich zu machen werden in der Regel Seismographen mit vielen Sensoren verwendet. +Ein Seismograph besteht im Grunde aus einer federgelagerten Masse. Wirkt eine Bodenerregung auf das Gerät ein, bleibt die gekoppelte Masse stehen und das Gehäuse schwingt mit.Relativbewegung des Bodens kann damit als Längenänderung im Zeitverlauf gemessen werden. In modernen Seismographen wird die Bodenbewegung in alle Richtungen gemessen, sowohl Horizontal als auch Vertikal. +Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen, welcher rein mechanisch funktioniert. Zudem kann er nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. Würde das System ausgebaut werden, um alle Horizontalbewegungen aufzunehmen, würde der Verwendung des Kalman-Filters zu kompliziert werden. Für zwei Dimensionen (x,y) würde der Pythagoras für das System benötigt werden. Da sich der Pythagoras bekanntlich nicht linear verhält, kann kein lineares Kalman-Filter implementiert werden. Da das Kalman-Filter besonders effektiv und einfach für lineare Abläufe geeignet ist, würde eine Zweidimensionale Betrachtung den Rahmen dieser Arbeit sprengen. Für ein nicht-lineares System werden Extended Kalman-Filter benötigt, bei denen die System-Matrix (A) durch die Jacobi-Matrix des System ersetzt wird. Einfachheitshalber beschränken wir uns aber auf den linearen Fall, da dadurch die wesentlichen punkte bereits aufgezeigt werden. \begin{figure} \begin{center} @@ -76,36 +78,20 @@ Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen, welcher rein m \end{figure} -\subsection{Optionen} -Wollte man einen 2D Seismographen aufbauen, ohne den Pythagroas zu verwenden, kann dies mit der Annahme, das die Feder sehr lang sind erfolgen. Da sich bei langen Federn die Auslenkungen verkleiner...!!Noch nicht fertig! \section{Systemgleichung} -Da das Kalman-Filter zum Schätzen des nächsten Zustand verwendet wird, wird eine Gleichung, welche das System beschreibt. Das Kalman-Filter benötigt eine Beschreibung der Systemdynamik. Im Fall unseres Seismographen, kann die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung einer gedämpften Schwingung am harmonischen Oszillator verwendet werden. Diese lautet: +Da das Kalman-Filter zum Schätzen des nächsten Zustand verwendet wird, benötigt das Kalman-Filter eine Beschreibung der Systemdynamik. Im Fall unseres Seismographen, kann die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung einer gedämpften Schwingung am harmonischen Oszillator verwendet werden. Diese lautet: \begin{equation} m\ddot x + 2k \dot x + Dx = f \end{equation} mit den Konstanten $m$ = Masse, $k$ = Dämpfungskonstante und $D$ = Federkonstante. -Um diese nun in die Systemmatrix umzuwandeln, wird aus der Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung durch eine Substitution eine DGL erster Ordnung: - -\begin{equation} -{x_1}=x, \qquad +Um diese nun in die Systemmatrix umzuwandeln, wird aus der Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung durch die Substitution \[ {x_1}=x, \qquad {x_2}=\dot x, \qquad -{x_3}=\ddot x\qquad \mid \quad \text {Substitution} -\end{equation} +{x_3}=\ddot x\qquad\] erhalten wir die Differentialgleichung \[ m{x_3}+ 2k{x_2} + D{x_1} = f.\] Diese können wir nun in der Form \[ {x_3}=-\frac{D}{m} {x_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {x_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] auch als Matrix-Vektor-Gleichung darstellen. -\begin{equation} -m{x_3}+ 2k{x_2} + D{x_1} = f\qquad \mid \quad \text {DGL 1. Ordnung} -\end{equation} - -\begin{equation} -{x_3}=-\frac{D}{m} {x_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {x_2} + \frac{f} {m} \qquad \mid \quad \text {nach} \quad{x_3} -\end{equation} -auch als Matrix-Vektor-Gleichung schreiben. -Hierbei beschreibt die Matrix $A$ die gesamte Systemdynamik in der Form, wie sie ein Kalman-Filter benötigt. - -Um die lineare Differentialgleichung in das Kalman-Filter zu implementieren, muss dieses als Vektor-Gleichung umgewandelt werden. Dafür wird die Gleichung in die Zustände aufgeteilt. Die für uns relevanten Zustände sind die Position der Masse, die Geschwindigkeit der Masse und äussere Beschleunigung des ganzen System. Dabei muss unterschieden werden. um welche Beschleunigung es sich handelt. Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse bzw. Feder (innere Beschleunigung), als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur (äussere Beschleunigung). In unserem Fall wird die äusseren Beschleunigung gesucht, da diese der Erdbeben Anregung gleich kommt. +Dafür wird die Gleichung in die Zustände aufgeteilt. Die für uns relevanten Zustände sind die Position der Masse, die Geschwindigkeit der Masse und die äussere Beschleunigung des ganzen System. Dabei muss unterschieden werden, um welche Beschleunigung es sich handelt. Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse bzw. Feder (innere Beschleunigung), als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur (äussere Beschleunigung). In unserem Fall wird die äusseren Beschleunigung gesucht, da diese der Erdbeben Anregung gleich kommt. \begin{equation} @@ -134,7 +120,7 @@ Um den Kalman Filter zu starten, müssen gewisse Bedingungen definiert werden. I \subsection{Anfangsbedingungen} \subsubsection*{Anfangszustand $x$} -Das Filter benötigt eine Anfangsbedingung. In unserem Fall ist es die Ruhelage, die Masse bewegt sich nicht. Zudem erföhrt die Apparatur keine äussere Kraft. +Das Filter benötigt eine Anfangsbedingung. In unserem Fall ist es die Ruhelage, die Masse bewegt sich nicht. Zudem erfährt die Apparatur keine äussere Kraft. \begin{equation} {x_0 }= \left( \begin{array}{c} 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right) @@ -142,6 +128,8 @@ Das Filter benötigt eine Anfangsbedingung. In unserem Fall ist es die Ruhelage, \subsubsection*{Anfangsfehler / Kovarianzmatrix $P$} Da auch der Anfangszustand fehlerhaft sein kann, wird für den Filter einen Anfangsfehler eingeführt. Auf der Diagonalen werden die Varianzen eingesetzt, in den restlichen Felder stehen die Kovarianzen. +Zur Erinnerung: Die Varianz ist ein Mass für die Streuung eines Wertes, die Kovarianz hingegen beschreibt die Abhängigkeit der Streuungen zweier Werte. Kovarianz: Cov(x, y) undVarianz: Var(x) = Cov(x, x) + In unserem Fall ist der Anfangszustand gut bekannt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das System in Ruhe und in Abwesenheit eines Erdbeben startet, somit kann die Matrix mit Nullen bestückt werden. Somit ergibt sich für die Kovarianzmatrix \begin{equation} @@ -183,16 +171,16 @@ Q = \left( \end{array}\right) \end{equation} -Die Standabweichungen müssten Statistisch ermittelt werden, da der Fehler nicht vom Sensor kommt und somit nicht vom Hersteller gegeben ist. Das Bedeutet wiederum dass $Q$ die Unsicherheit des Prozesses beschreibt, und die Messung. +Die Standabweichungen müssten Statistisch ermittelt werden, da der Fehler nicht vom Sensor kommt und somit nicht vom Hersteller gegeben ist. Das Bedeutet wiederum dass $Q$ die Unsicherheit des Prozesses beschreibt, und die der Messung. \subsubsection*{Messmatrix $H$} -Die Messmatrix gibt an, welcher Parameter gemessen werden soll. In unserem Fall ist es nur die Position der Massen. +Die Messmatrix gibt an, welche Parameter gemessen werden soll. In unserem Falle ist es nur die Position der Massen. \[ H = (1, 0, 0) \] \subsubsection*{Messrauschkovarianz $R$} -Die Messrauschkovarianzmatrix beinhaltet, wie der Name es schon sagt, das Rauschen der Positionssensoren. In unserem Fall wird nur die Position der Masse gemessen. Da wir keine anderen Sensoren haben ist dies lediglich: +Die Messrauschkovarianzmatrix beinhaltet, wie der Name es schon sagt, das Rauschen der Positionssensoren. In unserem Fall wird nur die Position der Masse gemessen. Da wir keine anderen Sensoren haben ist $R$ lediglich: \begin{equation} R= ({\sigma_x}^2). \end{equation} @@ -203,17 +191,14 @@ Nachdem alle Parameter aufgestellt sind, wird der Filter initialisiert und wird \subsubsection*{Vorhersage} -Im Filterschritt Vorhersage wird der nächste Zustand anhand des Anfangszustand und der Systemmatrix berechnet. Dies funktioniert ganz Trivial mit dem Rechenschritt: +Im Filterschritt Vorhersage wird der nächste Zustand anhand des Anfangszustand und der Systemmatrix berechnet. Dies funktioniert mit dem Rechenschritt: \begin{equation} {x_{t+1}}=A\cdot{x_t}. \end{equation} -Die Kovarianz $P_{pred}$ wird ebenfalls neu berechnet, da die Unsicherheit im Vorhersage grösser wird als im Aktuellen. Da wir ein mehrdimensionales System haben, kommt noch die Messunsicherheit $Q$ dazu, so dass die Unsicherheit des Anfangsfehlers $P$ immer grösser wird. Dies funktioniert durch multiplizieren der Systemmatrix, deren Ableitung und mit dem aktualisierten Anfangsfehler. Dazu wird noch die Messunsicherheit addiert, somit entsteht die Gleichung - -\begin{equation} -{P_{pred}}=APA^T+Q. -\end{equation} +Die Kovarianz $P_{pred}$ wird ebenfalls neu berechnet. Da wir ein mehrdimensionales System haben, kommt noch die Prozessunsicherheit $Q$ dazu, so dass die Unsicherheit des Anfangsfehlers $P$ laufend verändert. Dies funktioniert durch multiplizieren der Systemmatrix mit dem aktualisierten Anfangsfehler. Dazu wird noch die Prozessunsicherheit addiert, somit entsteht die Gleichung +\[ P_\mathrm{pred} = A P A^T + Q . \] wird dieser Vorgang wiederholt, schaut der Filter wie genau die letzte Anpassung von $P$ zur Messung stimmt. Ist der Unterschied klein, wird die Kovarianz $P$ kleiner, ist der Unterschied gross, wird auch die Kovarianz grösser. Das Filter passt sich selber an und korrigiert sich bei grosser Abweichung. @@ -223,41 +208,164 @@ Hier bei wird lediglich die Messung mit dem Fehler behaftet, und die Messmatrix \begin{equation} w=Z-(H\cdot x) \end{equation} -Die Innovation ist der Teil der Messung, die nicht durch die Systemdynamik erklärt werden kann. -Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies ist Intuitiv logisch, eine Innovation von 0 bedeutet, dass die Messung nichts Neues hervorbrachte. +Die Innovation ist der Teil der Messung, die nicht durch die Systemdynamik erklärt werden kann. Die Hilfsgröße Innovation beschreibt, wie genau der vorhergesagte Mittelwert den aktuellen Messwert mittels der Beobachtungsgleichung beschreiben kann. Für eine schlechte Vorhersage wird die dazugehörige Innovation gross, für eine genaue Vorhersage dagegen klein sein. Entsprechende Korrekturen müssen dann gross bzw. nur gering ausfallen. Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies ist intuitiv logisch, eine Innovation von 0 bedeutet, dass die Messung nichts Neues hervorbrachte. Im nächsten Schritt wir analysiert, mit welcher Kovarianz weiter gerechnet wird. +Hierbei wird die Unsicherheit $P$, die Messmatrix $H$ und die Messunsicherheit $R$ miteinander verrechnet. +\begin{equation} +S=Z-(H\cdot P\cdot H`+R) +\end{equation} + + +\subsubsection*{Aktualisieren} +Im nächsten Schritt kommt nun die Wahrscheinlichkeit nach Gauss dazu. + +\begin{equation} +K= \frac{P \cdot H`}S +\end{equation} +Dieser Vorgang wird Kalman-Gain genannt. Er sagt aus, welcher Kurve mehr Vertraut werden soll, dem Messwert oder der Systemdynamik. +Das Kalman-Gain wird geringer wen der Messwert dem vorhergesagten Systemzustand entspricht. Sind die Messwerte komplett anders als die Vorhersage, wo werden die Elemente in der Matrix $K$ grösser. -\subsubsection*{Korrigieren} -Udpdate -\section{Anfügen der Schwingung} +Anhand der Informationen aus dem Kalman-Gain $K$ wird das System geupdated. + +\begin{equation} +x=x+(K \cdot w) +\end{equation} -Ein Erdbeben breitet sich im Boden wellenartig aus und bringt Objekte, wie zum Beispiel ein Gebäude, in Schwingung. -Diese Schwingungen pflanzen sich im Gebäude mit gleicher Amplitude, Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung in horizontaler und vertikaler Bewegung fort. -Wir möchten herauszufinden, wie gross die Massenbeschleunigung infolge eines Erdbeben ist. -Mit Hilfe von fiktiven Sensoren, die eine Ortsveränderung des Gebäude messen, können wir mit Anwendung von Matrizen und dem Kalman-Filter die Beschleunigung berechnen. +Dazu kommt eine neue Kovarianz für den nächste Vorhersageschritt: \begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{erdbeben:equation1} +P=(I-(K \cdot H)) \cdot P \end{equation} -\section{Erreger-Schwingung} -Wir möchten mit einer gedämpften harmonischen Schwingung ein einfaches Erdbeben simulieren, die im Kalman Filter eingespeist wird. -Die Gleichung lautet +Der ganze Ablauf wird nun zum Algorithmus und beginnt wieder mit der Vorhersage + +\begin{equation} +{x_{t+1}}=e^{A\Delta t}{ x_t}. +\end{equation} + + +\subsection{Zusammenfassung des Filters} + + +1. Nächster Zustand vorhersagen +\begin{equation} +{x_{k|k-1}}={A_{k-1}}{x_{k-1}}+{B_{k-1}}{u_{k-1}} +\end{equation} +2. Nächste Fehlerkovarianz vorhersagen \begin{equation} -x(t)=Ae^{t/2}sin(t). +{P_{k|k-1}}={A_{k-1}}{P_{k-1}}{A_{k-1}^T}+{Q_{k-1}} +\end{equation} + + +3. Das Kalman Filter anwenden +\begin{equation} +{K_k}={P_{k-1}}{H_{k}^T({H_k}{P_{k|k-1}}{H_k}^T}+{R_k})^{-1} \end{equation} -Mit dieser Schwingung können wir ein einachsiger Seismograph simulieren, der eine Ortsverschiebung auf der x-Achse durchführt. -Die Dämpfung der Schwingung ist relevant, da das System beim Schwingungsvorgang durch die Federkonstante und der Reibung, Energie verliert. +4. Schätzung aktualisieren +\begin{equation} +{x_k}={x_{k|k-1}}+{K_k}({z_k}-{H_k}{x_{k|k-1}}) +\end{equation} + +5. Fehlerkovarianz aktualisieren +\begin{equation} +{P_k}=(I-{K_k}{H_k}){P_{k|k-1}} +\end{equation} + +6. Die Outputs von $k$ werden die Inputs für ${k-1}$ und werden wieder im Schritt 1 verwendet + + +\section{Matlab-Code} +Um das simulierte Erdbeben auf die theoretische Apparatur zu bringen und mit dem Kalman-Filter Resultate zu generieren, wurde in Matlab der Algorithmus programmiert. +\begin{lstlisting} +%% Initialisierte Werte +t0 = 0.00; % Anfangszeit +deltat = 0.01; % Zeitschritt +tend = 50.00; % Endzeit + +% Standard-Abweichungen Prozess +sigmax = 0.05e-3; % Position +sigmav = 0.01e-3; % Geschwindigkeit +sigmaf = 1; % (Äussere) Kraft + +% Standard-Abweichung Messung +sigmam = 0.01e-3; + +% Systemparameter +m = 1.00; % Masse +D = 0.30; % Federkonstante +k = 0.10; % Dämpfung + + +%% Kalmanfilter +% Initialisierung + + +% Anfangszustand (Position, Geschwindigkeit, Kraft) +x0 = [0; 0; 0]; + +% Unsicherheit des Anfangszustand +P0 = [0, 0, 0; ... + 0, 0, 0; ... + 0, 0, 0]; + +% Systemmatrizen +A = [0, 1, 0;... % Dynamikmatrix + -D/m, -2*k/m, 1;... + 0, 0, 0]; % Ableitungen von f(t) unbekant. Annahme: 0 +A = expm(A * deltat); + +Q = [sigmax^2, 0, 0;... + 0, sigmav^2, 0;... + 0, 0, sigmaf^2]; % Prozessrauschen (Covarianz) + +% Messprozess +H = [1, 0, 0]; % Messmatrix +R = sigmam^2; % Messrauschen (Könnte durch Versuche bestimmt werden) + +I = eye(3); % Identity matrix (Einheitsmatrix) + +% Filterprozess + +% Initialisieren der Variablen +N = length(t); % Anzahl Punkte im Einheitsvektor (= Anzahl Messwerte) +xhat = zeros(3, N); % Matrix mit geschätzten Zuständen + +% Index ':' bedeutet: 'alles' +% Index '(1, :)' bedeutet: 'alles aus der 1. Zeile' + +% Anfangszustand setzen +xhat(:, 1) = x0; +P = P0; + +% Kalman-Matrizen konvergiert. Vorab-Berechnung in 'genügenden' Iterationen +for idx = 1:100 + Ppred = A * P * A' + Q; % Prädizieren der Kovarianz + S = (H * Ppred * H' + R); % Innovationskovarianz + K = Ppred * H' / S; % Filter-Matrix (Kalman-Gain) + P = (I - K * H) * Ppred; % Aktualisieren der Kovarianz +end + +% Anfangszustand gegeben +% Erster zu berechnender Wert ist der zweite +for idx = 2:N + % Vorhersage + xpred = A * xhat(:, idx-1); % Prädizierter Zustand aus Bisherigem und System + % Ppred = A * P * A' + Q; % Prädizieren der Kovarianz + + % Korrektur + y = xt(idx) - H * xpred; % Messungen/ Kraft aus System - Vohersage + % S = (H * Ppred * H' + R); % Innovationskovarianz + % K = Ppred * H' / S; + + xhat(:, idx) = xpred + K * y; % Aktualisieren des Systemzustands + % P = (I - K * H) * Ppred; % Aktualisieren der Kovarianz +end +\end{lstlisting} + -Die Ergebnisse dieser Schwingung setzen wir in die Messmatrix ein und können den Kalman-Filter starten. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7ad1f062b8b34fb5ba4b99fc0a34aba0567090d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 8 Jul 2021 20:04:43 +0200 Subject: Update teil1.tex --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex index d6f5638..98bbd9e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex @@ -245,8 +245,8 @@ Der ganze Ablauf wird nun zum Algorithmus und beginnt wieder mit der Vorhersage \end{equation} -\subsection{Zusammenfassung des Filters} - +\subsection{Zusammenfassung } +Zusammenfassend kann das Kalman-Filter in offizieller Typus dargestellt werden. Dabei beginnt das Filter mit dem Anfangszustand für $k=0$ 1. Nächster Zustand vorhersagen \begin{equation} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 6fdb95a0d5ec6c8f8bd016e5343a397a40a18c9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Roy Seitz Date: Sun, 11 Jul 2021 12:27:32 +0200 Subject: Remove '\begin{document}' from chapter part file. --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex index 98bbd9e..bb3bdd4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex @@ -10,10 +10,6 @@ % - -\begin{document} - - \section{Kalman Filter} \subsection{Geschichte} Das Kalman Filter wurde 1960 von Rudolf Emil Kalman entdeckt und direkt von der NASA für die Appollo Mission benutzt. Der Filter kommt mit wenig Rechenleistung aus und war somit dafür geeignet die Rakete bei der Navigation zu unterstützen. Das Filter schätzt den Zustand eines Systems anhand von Messungen und kann den nächsten Zustand errechnen. Typische Anwendungen des Kalman-Filters sind die Glättung von verrauschten Daten und die Schätzung von Parametern und kommt heutzutage in jedem Satellit, Navigationssystem, Smartphones und Videospielen vor. -- cgit v1.2.1 From f68aab72ad65f596a344b3369e9fda3fd3dfe1b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 10:57:54 +0200 Subject: add missing pdf files --- buch/papers/ifs/images/farn-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 178140 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 205982 bytes buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 69201 bytes .../ifs/images/farnnotweight-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 166218 bytes .../ifs/images/farnrightwight-eps-converted-to.pdf | Bin 0 -> 59191 bytes 5 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farn-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight-eps-converted-to.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/ifs/images/farnrightwight-eps-converted-to.pdf (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farn-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farn-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2c6ddc Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farn-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd81802 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b50843a Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farncolor2-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35bff32 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnnotweight-eps-converted-to.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnrightwight-eps-converted-to.pdf b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnrightwight-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3652e8f Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/ifs/images/farnrightwight-eps-converted-to.pdf differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7b8b052a67078cc85f2c992f93ac5fea94692326 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andreas Mueller Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 11:03:08 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Titel=20f=C3=BCr=20Arbeit=20=C3=BCber=20Punktgruppen?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex index d88e221..04feb25 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex @@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Crystal M\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{a}th\label{chapter:punktgruppen}} -\lhead{Crystal M\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{a}th} +%\chapter{Crystal M\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{a}th\label{chapter:punktgruppen}} +%\lhead{Crystal M\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{a}th} +\chapter{Crystal Math\label{chapter:punktgruppen}} +\lhead{Crystal Math} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Tim T\"onz, Naoki Pross} -- cgit v1.2.1 From a985b2cf0c5fe62c9f8eba3ae71b2aa6ac12c776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 11:05:07 +0200 Subject: Fix typos and add TODOs --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 20 ++++++----- .../punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf | Bin 12790 -> 12790 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 7 ++-- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 38 ++++++++++++--------- 5 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index d984c21..1aec16f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. \centering \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice} \caption{ - Zweidimensionales Kristallgitter + Zweidimensionales Kristallgitter. + \texttt{TODO: make wider and shorter} \label{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} } \end{figure} @@ -52,7 +53,10 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries} - \caption{Translations und Rotationssymmetrisches Kristallgitter} + \caption{ + Translations und Rotationssymmetrisches Kristallgitter + \texttt{TODO: make wider and change color (yellow)} + } \label{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} \end{figure} @@ -61,9 +65,9 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \begin{itemize} \item $A$ ist unser erster Gitterpunkt. - + \item $A'$ ist gegeben, weil wir $A$ mit der Translation $Q$ um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, - dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der Verschobenen Stelle sein muss. + dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der Verschobenen Stelle sein muss. \item $B$ entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$ auf den Punkt $A$ anwenden. Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel $\alpha$. Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt $A'$ abgedreht wird. @@ -87,18 +91,18 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \] Die Strecke $x$ lässt sich auch mit hilfe der Trigonometrie und dem angenommenen Rotationswinkel $\alpha$ ausdrücken: \[ - n|Q| = |Q| + 2|Q|sin(\alpha - \pi/2) + n|Q| = |Q| + 2|Q|\sin(\alpha - \pi/2) \] Wir können mit $|Q|$ dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangieren soll. Zusätzlich können wir den Sinusterm vereinfachen. \[ - n = 1 - 2cos\alpha - \alpha = cos^{-1}(\frac{1-n}{2}) + n = 1 - 2\cos\alpha + \alpha = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{1-n}{2}\right) \] Dies schränkt die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien auf \[ - \alpha \in \{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\} + \alpha \in \left\{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\right\} \] ein. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf index 03a05ce..0b3ba54 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex index 31ed6a4..a6e246c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ \chapter[Crystal Math]{Crystal M\flippedA{}th\label{chapter:punktgruppen}} \lhead{Crystal M\flippedA{}th} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Tim T\"onz, Naoki Pross} +\chapterauthor{Naoki Pross, Tim T\"onz} \input{papers/punktgruppen/intro} \input{papers/punktgruppen/symmetry} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index 3c40aa8..e6b595a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles sind daher relevant für \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms} - \caption{Kristallstrukturen mit und ohne piezoelektrischer Eigenschaft} + \caption{ + Kristallstrukturen mit und ohne piezoelektrischer Eigenschaft. + \texttt{TODO: adapt figure for paper with subfigure markers.} + } \label{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} \end{figure} @@ -68,4 +71,4 @@ und ein piezoelektrisches Feuerzeug bauen müssen, wobei Sie aber wissen, dass einer eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, versuche sie es mit dem anderen. Ich muss aber anmerken, dass aus den $21$ möglichen Kristallsymmetrien ohne Punktsymmetrie einer nicht piezoelektrisch ist. -ein wenig glück brauchen Sie also immer noch. \ No newline at end of file +ein wenig glück brauchen Sie also immer noch. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index a2c36e8..1dc6f98 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -39,10 +39,11 @@ nun eingeführt wird. % Vieleicht eine kurze Einführung in für die Definition, ich habe das gefühl, dass in der Definition die Symmetrie-Operation und die Gruppe auf einmal erklährt wird \subsubsection{Symetriegruppe} - Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. - Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} - nicht nur um $\sigma$ sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um $90^\circ$ gedreht werden. - Fässt man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. +\texttt{TODO: review this paragraph, explain what is \(\mathds{1}\).} +Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. +Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} +nicht nur um $\sigma$ sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um $90^\circ$ gedreht werden. +Fässt man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] Sei \(g\) eine Operation, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lässt. @@ -85,6 +86,8 @@ Erzeugendensystemen komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. Definitionsgleichungen bauen ein Erzeugendensysteme. \end{definition} +\texttt{TODO: should put examples for generators?} \\ + Die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe ist nicht so interessant, da sie nur \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\) enthält. Kombiniert man sie jedoch mit der Rotation, erhält man die so genannte Diedergruppe @@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ Punktsymmetrie. Wir haben nun unseren Operationen Symbole gegeben, mit denen es tatsächlich möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. Die naheliegende Frage ist dann, könnte es sein, dass wir bereits etwas haben, das dasselbe tut? Natürlich, ja. -Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir ein einige Begriffe einführen. +Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. \begin{definition}[Gruppenhomomorphismus] Seien \(G\) und \(H\) Gruppe mit unterschiedlicher Operation \(\diamond\) bzw. \(\star\). Ein Homomorphismus\footnote{ Für eine ausführlichere @@ -152,19 +155,20 @@ Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir ein einige Begriffe einführen. \circ r) = \Phi(r^2)\Phi(r)\). \end{beispiel} +\texttt{TODO: rewrite section on translational symmetry.} %% TODO: title / fix continuity -Um das Konzept zu illustrieren, werden wir den umgekehrten Fall diskutieren: -eine Symmetrie, die keine Punktsymmetrie ist, die aber in der Physik sehr -nützlich ist, nämlich die Translationssymmetrie. Von einem mathematischen -Objekt \(U\) wird gesagt, dass es eine Translationssymmetrie \(Q(x) = x + a\) -hat, wenn es die Gleichung -\[ - U(x) = U(Q(x)) = U(x + a), -\] -für ein gewisses \(a\), erfüllt. Zum Beispiel besagt das erste Newtonsche -Gesetz, dass ein Objekt, auf das keine Kraft einwirkt, eine -zeitranslationsinvariante Geschwindigkeit hat, d.h. wenn \(\vec{F} = \vec{0}\) -dann \(\vec{v}(t) = \vec{v}(t + \tau)\). +% Um das Konzept zu illustrieren, werden wir den umgekehrten Fall diskutieren: +% eine Symmetrie, die keine Punktsymmetrie ist, die aber in der Physik sehr +% nützlich ist, nämlich die Translationssymmetrie. Von einem mathematischen +% Objekt \(U\) wird gesagt, dass es eine Translationssymmetrie \(Q(x) = x + a\) +% hat, wenn es die Gleichung +% \[ +% U(x) = U(Q(x)) = U(x + a), +% \] +% für ein gewisses \(a\), erfüllt. Zum Beispiel besagt das erste Newtonsche +% Gesetz, dass ein Objekt, auf das keine Kraft einwirkt, eine +% zeitranslationsinvariante Geschwindigkeit hat, d.h. wenn \(\vec{F} = \vec{0}\) +% dann \(\vec{v}(t) = \vec{v}(t + \tau)\). % \subsection{Sch\"onflies notation} -- cgit v1.2.1 From fa98365df7c1cda53ce96152c65a698c3474d049 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andreas Mueller Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 11:30:40 +0200 Subject: fix error in Debian, triggered by tab before \label --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex index 568356f..3624f16 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -\section{Zusammenfassung - \label{reedsolomon:section:zf}} +\section{Zusammenfassung +\label{reedsolomon:section:zf}} \rhead{Zusammenfassung} Dieser Abschnitt beinhaltet eine Übersicht über die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes für beliebige endliche Körper. -- cgit v1.2.1 From c1f1ba0cadaf2bd9e3e541890a4188ab35a6f44a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 17:16:10 +0200 Subject: Name angepasst --- buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc index 8cdd02e..e168ae8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/Makefile.inc @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ dependencies-clifford = \ papers/clifford/3_MultiplikationVektoren.tex \ papers/clifford/4_GeometrischesProdukt.tex \ papers/clifford/5_PolareDarstellung.tex \ - papers/clifford/6_Dirac-Matrizen.tex \ + papers/clifford/6_PauliMatrizen.tex \ papers/clifford/7_Reflektion.tex \ papers/clifford/8_Rotation.tex \ papers/clifford/9_KomplexeZahlen.tex \ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 240e1143007363a796ec6fdf6438186de778e002 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 19:00:39 +0200 Subject: divisions created --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex | 15 ++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 6 ++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex | 22 -------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex | 55 ---------------------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex | 40 ------------------------- 7 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00281fb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Diskrete Fourien Transformation +\label{reedsolomon:section:dtf}} +\rhead{Umwandlung mit DTF} +Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa +quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae +dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit +aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores +eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam +est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci +velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore +et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima +veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, +nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure +reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae +consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla +pariatur? + +\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} +At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis +est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis +est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime +placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor +repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut +rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae +sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a +sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias +consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..809f58a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Einleitung +\label{reedsolomon:section:einleitung}} +\rhead{Einleitung} +Der Reed-Solomon-Code ist entstaden im ... vom .. um, +das Problem der Daten Übertragung zu lösen. +In deiesem Abschnitt wird möglichst verständlich die mathematische Abfolge, Funktion oder Algorithmus erklärt. +Es wird jedoch nicht auf die technische Umsetzung oder Implementierung eingegangen. + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..497e2d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Idee +\label{reedsolomon:section:idee}} +\rhead{Problemstellung} +Das Problem liegt darin Informationen, Zahlen, +zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. + +\rhead{Idee} +Eine +\begin{equation} +\int_a^b x^2\, dx += +\left[ \frac1312 x^3 \right]_a^b += +\frac{b^3-a^3}3. +\label{reedsolomon:equation1} +\end{equation} +Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, +consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora +incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. + +Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? +Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit +esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum +fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? + +\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:finibus}} +At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. + +Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +\ref{reedsolomon:section:loesung}. +Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil +impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis +voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus +\ref{reedsolomon:section:folgerung}. +Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum +necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et +molestiae non recusandae. +Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis +voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus +asperiores repellat. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index 4e2fd60..ec8fa22 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \end{itemize} % Joshua -\input{papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex} % Michael \input{papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index b7ae971..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{reedsolomon:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{reedsolomon:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 0aa9b41..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{reedsolomon:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{reedsolomon:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{reedsolomon:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{reedsolomon:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 91a8d4e..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{reedsolomon:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5aba69d709332033fe6d90b0c8fdc502d6eb208f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Mon, 12 Jul 2021 22:23:53 +0200 Subject: Change arrow style in tikz figures --- .../punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf | Bin 14414 -> 14372 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf | Bin 27886 -> 27858 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf | Bin 35693 -> 35662 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf | Bin 16865 -> 16845 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf | Bin 27953 -> 27953 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf | Bin 12790 -> 15846 bytes .../papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex | 1 + buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex | 13 +++++++------ buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex | 1 + buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex | 4 +++- buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex | 1 + buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex | 1 + 12 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf index 13f7330..31d2a2e 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf index 6565be5..4436cdc 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf index 63da7a9..17fb179 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf index ca6192b..e0d7db4 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf index c9369b2..e7f8f86 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf index 0b3ba54..e4539a5 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex index 84e0a76..f4ac52c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, dot/.style = { draw, circle, thick, black, fill = gray!40!white, minimum size = 2mm, diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex index 9c05af3..391ef20 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex @@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[ - dot/.style = { - draw, circle, thick, black, fill = gray!40!white, - minimum size = 2mm, - inner sep = 0pt, - outer sep = 1mm, - }, + >=latex, + dot/.style = { + draw, circle, thick, black, fill = gray!40!white, + minimum size = 2mm, + inner sep = 0pt, + outer sep = 1mm, + }, ] \begin{scope} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex index 82a2710..1811392 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, node distance = 2mm, charge/.style = { circle, draw = black, thick, diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex index 1d16ab7..736dbad 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex @@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ \usetikzlibrary{calc} \begin{document} -\begin{tikzpicture} +\begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + ] \begin{scope}[ node distance = 0cm ] diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex index a763e77..64ab468 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, classcirc/.style = { draw = gray, thick, circle, minimum size = 12mm, diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex index b2c051f..688fb61 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex @@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, node distance = 2cm, shapetheme/.style = { very thick, draw = black, fill = magenta!20!white, -- cgit v1.2.1 From 60d4a3350dc813cbd17c8dd8cf0a4b50b0f84346 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 17:01:21 +0200 Subject: various chapters updated, zusammenfassung filld with content --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 26 ++++++++------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 18 +++++----- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex | 17 ++++++---- buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex | 7 ++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 5 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex index 0339d9c..5661d26 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ \label{reedsolomon:section:codebsp}} \rhead{Codierung eines Beispiels} -Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen werden wir die einzelnen Probleme und ihre Lösungen anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. -Da wir in endlichen Körpern rechnen, werden wir zuerst solch einen Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die \textcolor{red}{Definition 4.6 (verweis auf eine Definition im Buch ohne label)} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. +Um die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes besser zu verstehen, werden wir die einzelnen Probleme und ihre Lösungen anhand eines Beispiels betrachten. +Da wir in endlichen Körpern rechnen, werden wir zuerst solch einen Körper festlegen. Dabei müssen wir die Definition \ref{buch:endlichekoerper:def:galois-koerper} berücksichtigen, die besagt, dass nur Primzahlen für endliche Körper in Frage kommen. Wir legen für unser Beispiel den endlichen Körper $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ mit $q = 11$ fest. -Zur Hilfestellung können dazu die beiden Tabellen \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:adtab} und -\ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} hinzugezogen werden. Diese Tabellen enthalten die Resultate der arithmetischen Operationen im Körper $\mathbb{F}_{11}$, die durchgeführt werden können. +Zur Hilfestellung zum Rechnen in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ können die beiden Tabellen \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:adtab} und \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} hinzugezogen werden. Diese Tabellen enthalten die Resultate der arithmetischen Operationen im Körper $\mathbb{F}_{11}$, die durchgeführt werden können. Aus der Definition der endlichen Körper (ersichtlich auch in den Tabellen) folgt, dass uns nur die Zahlen \[\mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\}\] zur Verfügung stehen und somit $11 = 0$ gelten muss. % OLD TEXT @@ -78,15 +77,16 @@ dar. \label{reedsolomon:subsection:diskFT}} In einem vorherigen Abschnitt \textcolor{red}{(???)} haben wir schon einmal die diskrete Fouriertransformation zum Codieren einer Nachricht verwendet. In den endlichen Körpern wird dies jedoch nicht gelingen, da die Eulerische Zahl $e$ in endlichen Körpern nicht existiert. -Wir wählen deshalb eine Zahl $a$, die die gleichen Aufgaben haben soll wie $e^{\frac{j}{2 \pi}}$ in der diskreten Fouriertransformation, nur mit dem Unterschied, dass $a$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ist. Dazu soll die Potenz von $a$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken, um +Wir wählen deshalb eine Zahl $a$, die die gleichen Aufgaben haben soll wie $e^{\frac{j}{2 \pi}}$ in der diskreten Fouriertransformation, nur mit dem Unterschied, dass $a$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ ist. Dazu soll die Potenz von $a$ den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken. +Dazu ändern wir die Darstellung von \[ \mathbb{F}_{11} = \{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} \] -in +in die von $a$ abhängige Schreibweise \[ \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\} = \{a^0, a^1, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, a^6, a^7, a^8, a^9\}. \] -umzuschreiben. +%Jetzt brauchen wir nur noch eine geeignete Zahl für $a$ zu finden. % Old Text %Wir suchen also eine Zahl $a$, die in endlichen Körpern existiert und den gesamten Zahlenbereich von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abdecken kann. %Dazu schreiben wir @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ umzuschreiben. \subsubsection{Die primitiven Einheitswurzeln \label{reedsolomon:subsection:primsqrt}} -Wenn wir jetzt sämtliche Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ in $a$ einsetzen +Wenn wir jetzt Zahlen von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ an Stelle von $a$ einsetzen, erhalten wir \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} $a = 1$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ $a = 6$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 6, 3, 7, 9, 1 $a = 7$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 7, 5, 2, 3, 10, 4, 6, 9, 8\}$ & $ = $ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ $a = 8$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 8, 9, 6, 4, 10, 3, 2, 5, 7\}$ & $ = $ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ $a = 9$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 9, 4, 3, 5, 1, 9, 4, 3, 5\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ -$a = 10$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ \\ +$a = 10$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ & $\neq$ & $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$. \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} %\begin{center} @@ -146,13 +146,15 @@ $a = 10$ & $\Rightarrow$ & $\{a^i | 0 \le i \le 10\}$ & $=$ & $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1 %$a = 10 :$& $\qquad \mathbb{Z}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ &$=$& $\{1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10, 1, 10\}$ %\end{tabular} %\end{center} -so fällt uns auf, dass für $a$ die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ erhalten, die tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. +Es fällt auf, dass wir für $a$ die Zahlen $2,6,7,8$ Mengen erhalten, die tatsächlich den gesamten Zahlenraum von $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ abbilden. Solche Zahlen werden \em primitive Einheitswurzel \em genannt. Wenden wir diese Vorgehensweise auch für andere endliche Körper an, so werden wir sehen, dass wir immer mindestens zwei solcher Einheitswurzel finden werden. Somit ist es uns überlassen, eine dieser Einheitswurzel auszuwählen, mit der wir weiter rechnen wollen. Für das Beispiel wählen wir die Zahl $a = 8$. \subsubsection{Bildung einer Transformationsmatrix \label{reedsolomon:subsection:transMat}} -Mit der Wahl einer Einheitswurzel ist es uns jetzt möglich, unsere Nachricht zu Codieren. Daraus sollen wir dann einen Übertragungsvektor $v$ erhalten, den wir an den Empfänger schicken können. Für die Codierung müssen wir alle $a^i$ in das Polynom $m(X)$ einsetzen. Da wir $a^i = 8^i$ gewählt haben, ergibt sich daraus +Mit der Wahl einer Einheitswurzel ist es uns jetzt möglich, unsere Nachricht zu Codieren. Daraus sollen wir dann einen Übertragungsvektor $v$ erhalten, den wir an den Empfänger schicken können. +Für die Codierung setzen wir alle Zahlen in $\mathbb{F}_{11}\setminus\{0\}$ nacheinander in $m(X)$ ein. Da wir zuvor eine von $a$ abhängige Schreibweise gewählt haben setzen wir stattdessen $a^i$ ein mit $a = 8$ als die von uns gewählten primitiven Einheitswurzel. Daraus ergibt sich +%Für die Codierung müssen wir alle $a^i$ in das Polynom $m(X)$ einsetzen. Da wir $a^i = 8^i$ gewählt haben, ergibt sich daraus % %Damit wir unsere Nachricht codieren können, müssen wir $8^i$ in $m(X)$ einsetzen. % @@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ als unser Übertragungsvektor. \subsection{Allgemeine Codierung \label{reedsolomon:subsection:algCod}} -Um das Ganze noch ein wenig übersichtlicher zu gestalten können wir die Polynome zu einer Matrix zusammenfassen, die unsere Transformationsmatrix $A$ bildet. +Um das Ganze noch ein wenig übersichtlicher zu gestalten, können wir die Polynome zu einer Matrix zusammenfassen, die unsere Transformationsmatrix $A$ bildet. Für die allgemeine Codierung benötigen wir die Nachricht $m$, die codiert werden soll, sowie die Transformationsmatrix $A$. Daraus erhalten wir den Übertragungsvektor $v$. Setzen wir die Zahlen aus dem Beispiel ein erhalten wir folgende Darstellung: \[ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex index a46d7da..c7c86ad 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Der Übertragungskanal im Beispiel weisst jetzt den Fehlervektor u = [0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0] \] auf. -Senden wir jetzt unser Übertragungsvektor $v$ durch diesen Kanal addiert sich der Fehlervektor $u$ auf unsere Übertragung und wir erhalten +Senden wir jetzt unser Übertragungsvektor $v$ durch diesen Kanal, addiert sich der Fehlervektor $u$ auf unsere Übertragung und wir erhalten \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c | c r } @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Setzen wir jetzt unsere Einheitswurzel aus dem Beispiel ein so erhalten wir \end{tabular} \end{center} und damit die Information, dass allen Stellen, die nicht Null sind, Fehler enthalten. -Aus der Tabelle lesen wir, das in unserem Beispiel die Fehler an der Stelle drei und acht zu finden sind. +Aus der Tabelle lesen wir ab, das in unserem Beispiel die Fehler an der Stelle drei und acht zu finden sind. Für das einfache Bestimmen von Hand mag dies ja noch ausreichen, jedoch können wir mit diesen Stellen nicht das Lokatorpolynom bestimmen, denn dafür bräuchten wir alle Nullstellen, an denen es Fehler gegeben hat (also sozusagen genau das umgekehrte). Um dies zu erreichen wenden wir eine andere Herangehensweise und nehmen uns den Satz von Fermat sowie den kleinsten gemeinsamen Teiler zur Hilfe. @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ f(X) = X^{q-1} -1 = 0 \] gilt für jedes $X$. Setzen wir das $q$ von unserem Beispiel ein \[ -f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0 \qquad \text{für } X = \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} +f(X) = X^{10}-1 = 0 \qquad \text{für } X \in \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\} \] und stellen dies als Faktorisierung dar. So ergibt sich die Darstellung \[ @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Das kgV hat nämlich die Eigenschaft sämtliche Nullstellen zu finden, also nich ersichtlich ist. Aus dem vorherigen Abschnitt wissen wir auch, dass $d(X)$ alle korrekten Nullstellen beinhaltet. Teilen wir das kgV jetzt auf in \[ -\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),d(X)) = d(X) \cdot l(X) +\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),d(X)) = d(X) \cdot l(X), \] sollten wir für $l(X)$ eine Liste mit allen fehlerhaften Nullstellen erhalten. Somit ist @@ -192,14 +192,16 @@ In Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:section:decmitfehler} haben wir d(X) = r(X) - m(X) \] in Abhängigkeit von $m(X)$ berechnet. -Jedoch haben wir ausser acht gelassen, dass $m(X)$ auf der Empfängerseite nicht existiert und somit gänzlich unbekannt ist. +Jedoch haben wir ausser acht gelassen, dass $m(X)$ auf der Empfängerseite nicht verfügbar und somit gänzlich unbekannt ist. Es scheint so als würde dieser Lösungsansatz, den wir bisher verfolgt haben, nicht funktioniert. -Wir könnten uns höchstens noch fragen, ob wir tatsächlich nichts über den Nachrichtenvektor im Beispiel wissen. Wenn wir noch einmal den Vektor betrachten als +Wir könnten uns höchstens noch fragen, ob wir tatsächlich nichts über den Nachrichtenvektor im Beispiel wissen. + +Wenn wir noch einmal den Vektor betrachten als \[ m = [0,0,0,0,4,7,2,5,8,1] \] -fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über diesen Vektor wissen, nämlich den Wert der ersten $2t$ (im Beispiel vier) stellen. -Im Normalfall sollen diese nämlich den Wert null betragen und somit sind nur die letzten $k$ stellen (im Beispiel sechs) für uns unbekannt, dargestellt als +fällt uns aber auf, dass wir doch etwas über diesen Vektor wissen, nämlich den Wert der ersten $2t$ (im Beispiel vier) Stellen. +Im Normalfall sollen diese nämlich den Wert $0$ haben und somit sind nur die letzten $k$ Stellen (im Beispiel sechs) für uns unbekannt, dargestellt als \[ m = [0,0,0,0,?,?,?,?,?,?]. \] diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex index 0470db0..fd616d3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex @@ -33,11 +33,12 @@ Definiert ist sie als \[ F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \mathrm{e}^{-j\omega t} dt \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad \mathfrak{F}^{-1}(F(\omega)) = f(t) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) \mathrm{e}^{j \omega t} d\omega. \] -Damit beschäftigen wir uns im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:sfaktor} weiter, konkret suchen wir momentan aber eine Inverse für unsere primitive Einheitswurzel $a$. +Im wesentlichen ändert sich bei der inversen diskreten Fouriertransformation $e^{j/2\pi}$ zu $e^{-j/2\pi}$. Zusätzlich benötigt die inverse noch einen Korrekturfaktor $1/n$. Wir erwarten daher, dass wir auch im endlichen Körper $A$ die Zahl $a$ durch $a^{-1}$ ersetzen können. Mit der primitiven Einheitswurzel ergibt das +%Damit beschäftigen wir uns im Abschnitt \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:sfaktor} weiter, konkret suchen wir momentan aber eine Inverse für unsere primitive Einheitswurzel $a$. \[ -8^1 \qquad \rightarrow \qquad 8^{-1} +8^1 \qquad \rightarrow \qquad 8^{-1}. \] -Mit einem solchen Problem haben wir uns bereits in Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:euklid} befasst und so den euklidischen Algorithmus kennengelernt, den wir auf unseren Fall anwenden können. +Mit einem solchen Problem haben wir uns bereits in Abschnitt \ref{buch:section:euklid} befasst und so den euklidischen Algorithmus kennengelernt, den wir auf diesen Fall anwenden können. % Old Text %Im Abschnitt \textcolor{red}{4.1} haben wir den euklidischen Algorithmus kennengelernt, den wir auf unseren Fall anwenden können. @@ -76,7 +77,9 @@ Daraus erhalten wir \end{tabular} \end{center} -als Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel. Die inverse Transformationsmatrix $A^{-1}$ bilden wir, indem wir jetzt die inverse primitive Einheitswurzel anstelle der primitiven Einheitswurzel in die Matrix einsetzen: +als Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel. +Alternativ können wir das Resultat auch aus der Tabelle \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:mptab} ablesen. +Die inverse Transformationsmatrix $A^{-1}$ bilden wir, indem wir jetzt die inverse primitive Einheitswurzel anstelle der primitiven Einheitswurzel in die Matrix einsetzen: \[ \begin{pmatrix} 8^0 & 8^0 & 8^0 & 8^0 & \dots & 8^0 \\ @@ -102,9 +105,9 @@ als Inverse der primitiven Einheitswurzel. Die inverse Transformationsmatrix $A^ \subsection{Der Faktor $s$ \label{reedsolomon:subsection:sfaktor}} Die diskrete Fouriertransformation benötigt für die Inverse einen Vorfaktor von $\frac{1}{2\pi}$. -Primitiv nehmen wir an, dass wir für die Inverse Transformationsmatrix ebenfalls einen benötigen. +Wir müssen also damit rechnen, dass wir für die Inverse Transformationsmatrix ebenfalls einen solchen Vorfaktor benötigen. Nur stellt sich jetzt die Frage, wie wir diesen Vorfaktor in unserem Fall ermitteln können. -Dafür betrachten wir eine Regel aus der Linearen Algebra, nämlich dass +Dafür betrachten wir eine Regel aus der linearen Algebra, nämlich dass \[ A \cdot A^{-1} = E @@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ Aus der letzten Matrix folgt, dass wir \[ s = \dfrac{1}{10} \] -als unseren Vorfaktor setzen müssen um die Gleichung \ref{reedsolomon:equation:sfaktor} zu erfüllen. Da wir in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ nur mit ganzen Zahlen arbeiten schreiben wir $\frac{1}{10}$ in $10^{-1}$ um und bestimmen diese Inverse erneut mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus und erhalten für $10^{-1} = 10$ als unseren Vorfaktor in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$. +als unseren Vorfaktor setzen müssen um, die Gleichung \ref{reedsolomon:equation:sfaktor} zu erfüllen. Da wir in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ nur mit ganzen Zahlen arbeiten, schreiben wir $\frac{1}{10}$ in $10^{-1}$ um und bestimmen diese Inverse erneut mit dem euklidischen Algorithmus. So erhalten wir $10^{-1} = 10$ als Vorfaktor in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$. % %erfüllt wird. Wir schreiben den Bruch um in $\frac{1}{10} = 10^{-1}$ und wenden darauf erneut den euklidischen Algorithmus an und erhalten somit den Vorfaktor $10^{-1} = 10 = s$ in $\mathbb{F}_{11}$. % diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex index 04e748c..38d54a2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Nachricht Rekonstruieren +\section{Nachricht rekonstruieren \label{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion}} \rhead{Rekonstruktion der Nachricht} Im letzten Abschnitt haben wir eine Möglichkeit gefunden, wie wir die fehlerhaften Stellen lokalisieren können. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Wir stellen also die Matrix auf und markieren gleichzeitig die Fehlerstellen: \end{pmatrix} . \] -Die rot markierten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor enthalten Fehler und bringt uns daher keinen weiterer Nutzen. +Die rot markierten Stellen im Übertragungsvektor enthalten Fehler und bringt uns daher keinen weiteren Nutzen. Aus diesem Grund werden diese Stellen aus dem Vektor entfernt, was wir hier ohne Probleme machen können, da dieser Code ja über Fehlerkorrekturstellen verfügt, deren Aufgabe es ist, eine bestimmte Anzahl an Fehler kompensieren zu können. Die dazugehörigen Zeilen in der Matrix werden ebenfalls entfernt, da die Matrix gleich viele Zeilen wie im Übertragungsvektor aufweisen muss, damit man ihn decodieren kann. @@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ Daraus resultiert Die Matrix ist jedoch nicht mehr quadratisch, was eine Rekonstruktion durch Inversion ausschliesst. Um die quadratische Form wieder herzustellen müssen wir zwei Spalten aus der Matrix entfernen. Wir kennen aber das Resultat aus den letzten vier Spalten, da wir wissen, das die Nachricht aus Nutzdatenteil und Fehlerkorrekturteil besteht, wobei der letzteres bekanntlich aus lauter Nullstellen besteht. +Wir nehmen die markierten Spalten in \[ \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ 7 \\ 4 \\ @@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ Wir kennen aber das Resultat aus den letzten vier Spalten, da wir wissen, das di m_0 \\ m_1 \\ m_2 \\ m_3 \\ m_4 \\ m_5 \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_6} \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_7} \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_8} \\ \textcolor{darkgreen}{m_9} \\ \end{pmatrix} \] -Wir nehmen die entsprechenden Spalten aus der Matrix heraus und erhalten so das Überbestimmte Gleichungssystem +aus der Matrix heraus und erhalten so das Überbestimmte Gleichungssystem \[ \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 10 \\ 2 \\ \textcolor{red}{7} \\ \textcolor{red}{4} \\ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex index 568356f..b4050b8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex @@ -3,13 +3,59 @@ \rhead{Zusammenfassung} Dieser Abschnitt beinhaltet eine Übersicht über die Funktionsweise eines Reed-Solomon-Codes für beliebige endliche Körper. -TODO: - \subsubsection{Schritt 1: primitives Element} +Zu Beginn soll entschieden werden, in welchem endlichen Körper $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ gerechnet werden soll. +Ausserdem muss im gewählten Körper eine primitive Einheitswurzel gefunden, bzw. bestimmt werden. \subsubsection{Schritt 2: Codierung} +Für die Codierung wird die Nachricht als Koeffizienten des Polynoms $m(X)$ geschrieben, anschliessend wird $a^i$ in $m(X)$ eingesetzt. +Daraus ergibt sich die Codierungsmatrix +\[ +A(a) = +\begin{pmatrix} +a^0 & a^0 & a^0 & \dots \\ +a^0 & a^1 & a^2 & \dots \\ +a^0 & a^2 & a^4 & \dots \\ +\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots +\end{pmatrix} +. +\] +Mit dieser Matrix können wir den Nachrichtenblock zum Übertragungsvektor codieren. \subsubsection{Schritt 3: Decodierung ohne Fehler} +Im ersten Schritt zur Decodierung muss geprüft werden, ob der Übertragungsvektor Fehler beinhaltet. +Ist dies nicht der Fall, so kann die Matrix $A(a)$ invertiert werden mit +\[ +A(a)^{-1} = \frac{1}{q-1} \cdot A(a^{-1}). +\] +Die Codierungsmatrix ändert sich somit zur Decodierungsmatrix +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} + a^0 & a^0 & a^0 & \dots \\ + a^0 & a^1 & a^2 & \dots \\ + a^0 & a^2 & a^4 & \dots \\ + \vdots&\vdots&\vdots &\ddots +\end{pmatrix} += +\frac{1}{q-1} +\cdot +\begin{pmatrix} + a^0 & a^0 & a^0 & \dots \\ + a^0 & a^{-1} & a^{-2} & \dots \\ + a^0 & a^{-2} & a^{-4} & \dots \\ + \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots +\end{pmatrix} +. +\] +Daraus lässt sich der Nachrichtenblock aus dem Übertragungsvektor rekonstruieren. \subsubsection{Schritt 4: Decodierung mit Fehler} - +Sollte der Übertragungsvektor fehlerhaft empfangen werden, so kann der Nachrichtenblock nicht durch invertieren der Matrix rekonstruiert werden. +Zur Lokalisierung der Fehlerstellen nehmen wir das Polynom $f(X)$ zur Hilfe, welches wir über den Satz von Fermat bestimmt haben. +Berechnen wir daraus das $\operatorname{kgV}$ von $f(X)$ und $d(X)$, so erhalten wir ein Lokatorpolynom. +Durch das bestimmen der Exponenten erhalten wir die Fehlerhaften Stellen im Übertragungsvektor. +Für die Rekonstruktion stellen wir ein Gleichungssystem auf und entfernen daraus die Fehlerhaften Zeilen. +Im Anschluss kann das verkleinerte Gleichungssystem gelöst werden. +Als Resultat erhalten wir die fehlerfreie Nachricht. +%Aus diesem Grund suchen wir nach einem Lokatorpolynom, welches uns die Fehlerhaften Stellen im Übertragungsvektor anzeigt. +%Dazu nehmen wir das Polynom $f(X)$, welches wir durch den Satz von Fermat erhalten, und berechnen so das $\operatorname{kgV}(f(X),d(X))$ und kommen so auf das Lokatorpolynom $l(X)$. Durch das bestimmen von den Exponenten erhalten wir die Fehlerstellen, welche wir aus dem Gleichungssystem entfernen müssen. Übrig bleibt das berechnen dieses Gleichungssystems. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7f6814025b2f4ca6a2cc04488a92cd484444c4d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 17:31:13 +0200 Subject: file description updated --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex | 4 ++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex | 4 ++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex | 4 ++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex | 4 ++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex | 5 ++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex | 5 ++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex | 6 ++++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex | 6 ++++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex | 5 +++++ 10 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex index 5661d26..8430ebd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ % -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% codebsp.tex -- Codierung eines Beispiels % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Codierung eines Beispiels \label{reedsolomon:section:codebsp}} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex index c7c86ad..598cf68 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ % -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% decmitfehler.tex -- Decodierung mit Fehler % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Decodierung: Ansatz mit Fehlerkorrektur \label{reedsolomon:section:decmitfehler}} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex index fd616d3..50bd8d6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ % -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% decohnefehler.tex -- Decodierung ohne Fehler % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Decodierung: Ansatz ohne Fehler \label{reedsolomon:section:decohnefehler}} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex index 19e5dd4..1d196fd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ % -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% endlichekoerper.tex -- endliche Körper % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Reed-Solomon in Endlichen Körpern \label{reedsolomon:section:endlichekoerper}} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex index b006f21..24fabdf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ % -% hilfstabellen.tex -% Autor: Michael Steiner +% hilfstabellen.tex -- Hilfstabellen % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Hilfstabellen für $\mathbb{F}_{11}$ \label{reedsolomon:section:hilfstabellen}} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index 4e2fd60..6676670 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \input{papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler} \input{papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion} \input{papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung} -%\input{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} -> geplant +\input{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} \input{papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen} \nocite{reedsolomon:weitz} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex index 38d54a2..b099e68 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ % -% rekonstruktion.tex -% Autor: Michael Steiner +% rekonstruktion.tex -- Rekonstruktion % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Nachricht rekonstruieren \label{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion}} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex index 3969ef2..b9a0e59 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle1.tex @@ -1,6 +1,8 @@ -% created by Michael Steiner % -% Restetabelle von F_11: Addition +% restetabelle1.tex -- Restetabelle von F_11: Addition +% +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil +% % alternatives design %\begin{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex index 1a9815c..3b13ea2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/restetabelle2.tex @@ -1,6 +1,8 @@ -% created by Michael Steiner % -% Restetabelle von F_11: Multiplikation +% restetabelle2.tex -- Restetabelle von F_11: Multiplikation +% +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil +% % alternatives design %\begin{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex index 9b8ea1b..c24fcf3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex @@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ +% +% zusammenfassung.tex -- Zusammenfassung +% +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil +% \section{Zusammenfassung \label{reedsolomon:section:zf}} \rhead{Zusammenfassung} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 2e3eb61f84ec6fda9d74e2b71bbb680b6a5640f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 21:19:32 +0200 Subject: images folder created --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex | 93 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc.png | Bin 0 -> 938930 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Voyager_Sonde.png | Bin 0 -> 272068 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_h.png | Bin 0 -> 840 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l.png | Bin 0 -> 608 bytes 5 files changed, 93 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc.png create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Voyager_Sonde.png create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_h.png create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l.png (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83e0f94 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +% +% anwendungen.tex -- Anwendungen des Reed-Solomon-Codes +% +% (c) 2021 Michael Steiner, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Anwendungen des Reed-Solomon-Codes + \label{reedsolomon:section:anwendung}} +\rhead{Anwendungen} +\textcolor{red}{Platzierung der Bilder? Quellenangabe der Bilder?} + +In den vorherigen Abschnitten haben wir betrachtet, wie Reed-Solomon-Codes in der Theorie Funktionieren. +In diesem Abschnitt werden wir einige Anwendungen vorstellen, bei denen ein Reed-Solomon-Code zum Einsatz kommt. +Obwohl alle diese Codes nach dem gleichen Prinzip arbeiten gibt es starke Unterschiede in deren Funktionsweise. +Dies kommt vor allem daher, da die Codes nur Ressourcen zur Verfügung haben, die von der Hardware bereitstellt wird, auf denen die Codes implementiert wurden. +Diese Codes bedienen sich daher verschiedener Tricks und Optimierungen um möglichst effizient zu arbeiten. +% +%Dies kommt vor allem daher, da diese Codes an ihre Hardware gebunden sind, auf denen sie implementiert worden sind. +%Deshalb wurden diese Codes stark optimiert damit sie möglichst Effizient arbeiten können. +% +%Um diese Hardware möglichst effizient zu nutzen wurden gewisse mathematische tricks angewendet um den Code möglichst effizient zu nutzen. +% +% um mit maximaler Effizienz zu arbeiten. +%Es überrascht daher nicht, dass vor allem ältere Codes im binären Körper $\mathbb{F}_{2}$ arbeiten. +% +% um den Code mit maximaler Effizienz zu nutzen. +% +%Alle diese Anwendungen verfügen über eigene spezifizierten Eigenschaften. +% +%, wobei bei allen dieser Anwendungen jeweils eine unterschiedliche Version des Codes implementiert wurden. +% +%Dies kommt vor allem daher, da diese Codes immer an ihre dementsprechende Hardware gebunden sind, auf denen sie implementiert wurden um den Code mit maximaler Effizienz zu nutzen. +% +% eigene Version des Codes implementiert haben. +% +%Bei einer Technischen Umsetzung eines solchen Codes werden wir auf eine reihe neuer Probleme stossen wie Ressourceneffizienz, Laufzeitoptimierung, usw. +% +%Hinzu kommt, dass für verschiedene Anwendungen verschiedene Versionen des Reed-Solomon-Codes zur Anwendung kommen. +% +%Nachfolgend werden wir ein paar dieser Anwendungen Vorstellen, da sich herausstellt, dass Reed-Solomon-Code sehr +% +%Als letzte Frage stellt sich jetzt nur noch, wo diese Codes eingesetzt werden. +% +%Bisher haben wir +% +%In den letzten abschnitten haben wir uns ausführlich die Funktionsweise des Reed-Solomon-Codes angeschaut. In diesem Abschnitt möchten wir dem Leser ein paar bekannte beispiele vorstellen, in denen Reed-Solomon-Codes zum einsatz kommen. Es sei jedoch angemerkt, dass diese Anwendungen in der Umsetzung oft ein wenig anderst funktionieren als hier vorgestellt. Dies wurde vor allem wegen technischen optimierungen realisiert. (technische tricks und finessen), von der logik jedoch sehr stark an unserem Beispiel orientieren + +\subsection{Raumfahrt} +Obwohl Reed-Solomon-Codes bereits in den 1960er entwickelt wurden fanden sie erstmals Anwendung in der Voyager Raumsonde der NASA. Die Daten der zwei im Jahre 1977 gestarteten Sonden werden mit einem RS(255,233)-Code \textcolor{red}{benötigt das weitere erklärungen, wie z.b. 255: grösse nachrichtenblock, 233: anzahl der nutzbaren daten ?} zusammen mit einem konventionellen Faltungscode übertragen. + +% +% Die zwei im Jahre 1977 gestarteten Sonden senden Daten mit der Hilfe eines RS(255,233)-Code für die digitalen Bilder sowie einem konventionellen Faltungscode. +% +% +%mit der Erde mit einem RS(255,233)-Code für die digitalen Bilder sowie einem konventionellen Faltungscode. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/Voyager_Sonde} + \caption{Voyager Raumsonde} + \label{fig:voyager} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{CD/DVD} +Compact discs verwenden sogar zwei ineinander verschachtelte Reed-Solomon-Codes, einen (32,28)-Code und einen (28,24)-Code. +Beide Codes sind in der Lage, Fehler aus dem jeweils anderen gelesenen Block zu korrigieren. Dieses spezielle zusammenspielen dieser beiden Codes werden auch Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon-Codes (CIRC) genannt. +Diese Vorgehensweise erzielt eine hohe Robustheit gegenüber Produktionsfehler oder Verschmutzung auf der Disc. Bei CD's sind diese in der Lage bis zu 4000 fehlerhafte Bits am Stück (ca. $2.5mm$) zu erkennen und zu korrigieren. + +Die Digital Video Disc funktioniert nach dem selben Konzept mit grösseren Codeblöcken. Die DVD verwendet einen (208,192)-Code und einen (182,172)-Code. + +%Beide lesen +% wobei beide Codes auch Fehler aus dem jeweiligen anderen Block korrigieren + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc} + \caption{Compact Disc} + \label{fig:cd} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{QR-Codes} +Quick Response Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel, nur dass QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Je nach grösse der Codierung ist der QR-Code im Endeffekt robuster gegen Beschädigungen. Bei Low Level Codes können 7\% der Daten Wiederhergestellt werden, beim High Level Code sind das sogar 30\%. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \subfigure[]{ + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_h} + } + \subfigure[]{ + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l} + } + \caption{(a) High Level Code, (b) Low Level Code} + \label{fig:qr} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc.png b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e3f870 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Voyager_Sonde.png b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Voyager_Sonde.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4dc400 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Voyager_Sonde.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_h.png b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_h.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4dc5779 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_h.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l.png b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69f807f Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l.png differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From bf17b6c5ecf720f5db68889be8bda10130004121 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2021 22:34:08 +0200 Subject: Adapt figures and fix typos --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile | 6 ++- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 4 +- .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force.pdf | Bin 0 -> 1496 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still.pdf | Bin 0 -> 1307 bytes .../figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.pdf | Bin 0 -> 15334 bytes .../figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.pdf | Bin 0 -> 15377 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force.pdf | Bin 0 -> 15377 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-still.pdf | Bin 0 -> 1643 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf | Bin 14372 -> 14372 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf | Bin 27858 -> 27849 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf | Bin 35662 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf | Bin 16845 -> 16842 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf | Bin 27953 -> 27953 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf | Bin 15846 -> 15846 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 29 ++++++------ buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex | 42 +++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex | 33 +++++++++++++ .../tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex | 47 +++++++++++++++++++ .../tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++ .../papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex | 34 ++++++++++++++ .../punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex | 4 +- buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex | 4 +- 23 files changed, 235 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-still.pdf delete mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile index f92dc95..47affeb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile @@ -11,9 +11,13 @@ SOURCES := \ symmetry.tex TIKZFIGURES := \ + tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex \ + tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex \ + tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex \ + tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex \ + tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex \ tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ tikz/lattice.tex \ - tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ tikz/piezo.tex \ tikz/projections.tex \ tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 1aec16f..abd0c27 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice} \caption{ Zweidimensionales Kristallgitter. - \texttt{TODO: make wider and shorter} \label{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} } \end{figure} @@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries} \caption{ Translations und Rotationssymmetrisches Kristallgitter - \texttt{TODO: make wider and change color (yellow)} } \label{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} \end{figure} @@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangieren soll. Zusätzlich können wir den Sinusterm vereinfachen. \[ - n = 1 - 2\cos\alpha + n = 1 - 2\cos\alpha \qquad \alpha = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{1-n}{2}\right) \] Dies schränkt die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien auf diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b3e084 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d707258 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09ed727 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab2996f Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..456eec9 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-still.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-still.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a888d7 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-still.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf index 31d2a2e..12a57ba 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf index 4436cdc..803da2b 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index 17fb179..0000000 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf index e0d7db4..e0f5450 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf index e7f8f86..828f03c 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf index e4539a5..c5e42e7 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index e6b595a..3c3957b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -19,10 +19,17 @@ Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles sind daher relevant für \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms} + \begin{tabular}{c |c} + \subfigure[][\label{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo}]{\includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-still}} & + \subfigure[][\label{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid}]{\includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still}} \\ + \subfigure[][\label{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv}]{\includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical}} + \hspace{2mm} + \subfigure[][\label{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh}]{\includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal}} + \hspace{3mm} & \hspace{3mm} + \subfigure[][\label{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f}]{\includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force}} \\ + \end{tabular} \caption{ Kristallstrukturen mit und ohne piezoelektrischer Eigenschaft. - \texttt{TODO: adapt figure for paper with subfigure markers.} } \label{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} \end{figure} @@ -32,19 +39,15 @@ Die Polarisation resultiert über eine gesamte Oberfläche eines Kristalles, ent Wir wollen dazu die verschiedenen Kristallstrukturen auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} diskutieren. In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} gilt für alle Strukturen, dass rote Kreise Positive Ionen und blaue negative Ionen repräsentieren. %liste oder anderes format?.. -Struktur$(a)$ zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur $(b)$ ist dasselbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. +Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} ist dasselbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld, welches entsteht, weil mitlleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gerdrückt werden. -Als hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man $(b)$ zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, -so wird ersichtlich, dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, -während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. -$(d)$ ist nicht piezoelektrisch. -Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man $(d)$ unterdruck setzt und sich die Struktur zu $(e)$ verformt. -Setzt man $(e)$ gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten scheint es als würden rechts mehr Positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden -und links umgekehrt. +Als hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, so wird ersichtlich, dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. +\subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} ist nicht piezoelektrisch. +Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} unterdruck setzt und sich die Struktur zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} verformt. +Setzt man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten scheint es als würden rechts mehr Positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden und links umgekehrt. Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn der Kristall nach oben und periodisch wiederholt. -Struktur $(c)$ zeigt $(a)$ in unter horizontaler Belastung. -Was in zwischen $(b)$ und $(c)$ zu beobachten ist, ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, -im Gegensatz zu $(b)$. +Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zeigt \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} in unter horizontaler Belastung. +Was in zwischen $(b)$ und $(c)$ zu beobachten ist, ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, im Gegensatz zu $(b)$. Daraus kann man schlissen, dass $(a)$ keine Rotationssymmetrie von $90^\circ$ besitzen kann, weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer $90^\circ$ Drehung. Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von $(a)$ bestätigt werden. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05742cf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + node distance = 2mm, + charge/.style = { + circle, draw = black, thick, + minimum size = 5mm + }, + positive/.style = { fill = red!50 }, + negative/.style = { fill = blue!50 }, + ] + + \matrix[nodes = { charge }, row sep = 5mm, column sep = 1cm] { + \node[positive] (NW) {}; & \node[negative] (N) {}; & \node [positive] (NE) {}; \\ + \node[negative] (W) {}; & \node[positive] {}; & \node [negative] (E) {}; \\ + \node[positive] (SW) {}; & \node[negative] (S) {}; & \node [positive] (SE) {}; \\ + }; + + \foreach \d in {NW, N, NE} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,.7); + } + + \foreach \d in {SW, S, SE} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,-.7); + } + + \draw[gray, dashed] (W) to (N) to (E) to (S) to (W); + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e43856 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + node distance = 2mm, + charge/.style = { + circle, draw = black, thick, + minimum size = 5mm + }, + positive/.style = { fill = red!50 }, + negative/.style = { fill = blue!50 }, + ] + + \matrix[nodes = { charge }, row sep = 8mm, column sep = 8mm] { + \node[positive] {}; & \node[negative] (N) {}; & \node [positive] {}; \\ + \node[negative] (W) {}; & \node[positive] {}; & \node [negative] (E) {}; \\ + \node[positive] {}; & \node[negative] (S) {}; & \node [positive] {}; \\ + }; + \draw[gray, dashed] (W) to (N) to (E) to (S) to (W); + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4c3f93 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + node distance = 2mm, + charge/.style = { + circle, draw = black, thick, + minimum size = 5mm + }, + positive/.style = { fill = red!50 }, + negative/.style = { fill = blue!50 }, + ] + + \node[charge, positive, yshift= 2.5mm] (C1) at ( 60:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift= 2.5mm] (C2) at (120:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, xshift= 2.5mm] (C3) at (180:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift=-2.5mm] (C4) at (240:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, yshift=-2.5mm] (C5) at (300:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, xshift=-2.5mm] (C6) at (360:1.5cm) {}; + + \draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1); + % \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2); + + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (C6) to ++(.7,0); + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (C3) to ++(-.7,0); + + \node[black] (E) {\(\vec{E}_p\)}; + \begin{scope}[node distance = .5mm] + \node[blue!50, right = of E] {\(-\)}; + \node[red!50, left = of E] {\(+\)}; + \end{scope} + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,2); + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,-2); + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..892ab42 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + node distance = 2mm, + charge/.style = { + circle, draw = black, thick, + minimum size = 5mm + }, + positive/.style = { fill = red!50 }, + negative/.style = { fill = blue!50 }, + ] + + \node[charge, positive, yshift=-2.5mm] (C1) at ( 60:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift=-2.5mm] (C2) at (120:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, xshift=-2.5mm] (C3) at (180:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, yshift= 2.5mm] (C4) at (240:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, positive, yshift= 2.5mm] (C5) at (300:1.5cm) {}; + \node[charge, negative, xshift= 2.5mm] (C6) at (360:1.5cm) {}; + + \draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1); + % \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2); + + \foreach \d in {C1, C2} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,.7); + } + + \foreach \d in {C4, C5} { + \draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,-.7); + } + + \node[black] (E) {\(\vec{E}_p\)}; + \begin{scope}[node distance = .5mm] + \node[red!50, right = of E] {\(+\)}; + \node[blue!50, left = of E] {\(-\)}; + \end{scope} + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,2); + % \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,-2); + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2eb78ba --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + node distance = 2mm, + charge/.style = { + circle, draw = black, thick, + minimum size = 5mm + }, + positive/.style = { fill = red!50 }, + negative/.style = { fill = blue!50 }, + ] + + \foreach \x/\t [count=\i] in {60/positive, 120/negative, 180/positive, 240/negative, 300/positive, 360/negative} { + \node[charge, \t] (C\i) at (\x:1.5cm) {}; + } + + \draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1); + \node[circle, draw=gray, fill=gray, outer sep = 0, inner sep = 0, minimum size = 3mm] {}; + % \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2); + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex index f4ac52c..fa669ae 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ (A2) ++(-.5,0) arc (180:60:.5); \draw[red!80!black, dashed, thick, ->] (A2) to (B2); - \draw[yellow!50!orange, thick, ->] + \draw[cyan!40!blue, thick, ->] (B1) to node[above, midway] {\(\vec{Q}'\)} (B2); \draw[gray, dashed, thick] (A1) to (A1 |- B1) node (Xl) {}; diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex index 391ef20..a6b1876 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex @@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ ] \begin{scope} - \clip (-2,-2) rectangle (3,4); + \clip (-2,-2) rectangle (7,2); \foreach \y in {-7,-6,...,7} { \foreach \x in {-7,-6,...,7} { \node[dot, xshift=3mm*\y] (N\x\y) at (\x, \y) {}; } } \end{scope} - \draw[black, thick] (-2, -2) rectangle (3,4); + \draw[black, thick] (-2, -2) rectangle (7,2); \draw[red!80!black, thick, ->] (N00) to node[midway, below] {\(\vec{a}_1\)} (N10); diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex index 736dbad..56e9463 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ node distance = 0cm ] \node[ - rectangle, fill = gray!60!white, + rectangle, fill = gray!20!white, minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 2cm, ] (body) {\(\vec{E}_p = \vec{0}\)}; @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ xshift = 7cm ] \node[ - rectangle, fill = gray!40!white, + rectangle, fill = gray!20!white, minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 1.5cm, ] (body) {\(\vec{E}_p = \vec{0}\)}; -- cgit v1.2.1 From aeb1ccab21bfcd1ff7a9a171485353c78cb94495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Thu, 15 Jul 2021 12:32:38 +0200 Subject: short changes --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex | 4 ++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 15 ++++++--------- 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex index 809f58a..3d40db1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex @@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ Der Reed-Solomon-Code ist entstaden im ... vom .. um, das Problem der Daten Übertragung zu lösen. In deiesem Abschnitt wird möglichst verständlich die mathematische Abfolge, Funktion oder Algorithmus erklärt. Es wird jedoch nicht auf die technische Umsetzung oder Implementierung eingegangen. +Um beim Daten Übertragen fehler zu erkennen könnte man die Daten jeweils doppelt senden, +und so jeweilige Fehler zu erkennen. +Doch dies braucht schnell unmengen an Daten, wenn man nach vielen Fehler absichern möchte. +Der Reed-Solomon-Code macht dies auf eine andere, clevere Weise. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 497e2d5..7200425 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -8,9 +8,12 @@ \rhead{Problemstellung} Das Problem liegt darin Informationen, Zahlen, zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. +Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkenen, +man kann sogar einige Fehler korrigieren. \rhead{Idee} -Eine +Eine Idee ist mit den Daten, wir nehmen hier die Zahlen .... +ein Polynom \begin{equation} \int_a^b x^2\, dx = @@ -19,15 +22,9 @@ Eine \frac{b^3-a^3}3. \label{reedsolomon:equation1} \end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +zu bilden wie in der abbildung ... dargestellt. -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? +abbildung \subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum \label{reedsolomon:subsection:finibus}} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 84b45ebb3d4788db314796095ddcca2c901d406d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: fabioviecelli <80270098+fabioviecelli@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 16 Jul 2021 16:13:27 +0200 Subject: Einleitung und Schwingungsgleichung --- buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex | 110 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex | 5 +- 2 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63b9648 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +\section{Kalman Filter} +\subsection{Was ist ein Erdbeben?} +Für das Verständnis möchten wir zuerst klären, was ein Erdbeben genau ist. +Das soll uns helfen, eine Verknüpfung zwischen dem Naturphänomen und der mathematischen Lösungsfindung herzustellen. + +Unter einem Erdbeben verstehen wir eine Erschütterung des Erdkörpers. +Dabei reiben zwei tektonische Platten aneinander, welche aber sich durch die Gesteinsverzahnung gegenseitig blockieren. +Aufgrund dieser Haftreibung entstehen Spannungen, die sich immer mehr bis zum Tipping Point aufbauen. +Irgendwann ist der Punkt erreicht, in dem die Scherfestigkeit der Gesteine überwunden wird. +Wenn dies passiert, entladet sich die aufgebaute Spannung und setzt enorme Energien frei, die wir als Erdbeben wahrnehmen. + +Ein Erdbeben pflanzt sich vom Erdbebenherd in allen Richtungen gleich aus. +Vergleichbar ist, wenn man einen Stein in einen Teich wirft und die Wellen beobachten kann, die sich ausbreiten. + +Wir möchten nun mittels Kalman-Filter die Erdbebenbeschleunigung herausfinden. +Die Erdbebenbeschleunigung ist in der Praxis zur Entwicklung von Erdbebengefährdungskarten, sowie der Ausarbeitung von Baunormen für erdbebengerechte Bauweise von Bedeutung. + + +\subsection{Künstliche Erdbebendaten} +Nun möchten wir anhand eines eigenen Beispiels das Kalman-Filter anwenden. +Wir müssen Erdbebendaten künstlich erzeugen, um sie in das Filter zu geben und somit den Prozess zu starten. +Dafür nehmen wir die Formel für harmonische gedämpfte Schwingungen, die + +\begin{equation} + y = A \sin(\omega t e^{-lambda t}) +\end{equation} + +lautet. + + + + +A ist die Amplitude der Schwingung und beschreibt die Heftigkeit eines Erdbebens, die Magnitude. +Omega repräsentiert die Erdbebenfrequenz, die in der Realität zwischen 1 Hz und 30 Hz betragen kann. +Wir wählen als Erwartungswert 15 Herz und für die Standardabweichung 1 Hz. +Lambda ist die Bodendämpfung, für die wir 0.2 wählen. +Wir haben diese Zahl aus der Literatur entnommen und ist für das Bauwesen bedeutend. +Je grösser Lambda gewählt wird, desto stärker wirkt die Dämpfung der Massenschwingung. +Die Funktion ist zeitabhängig und wir lassen pro Sekunde zehn Messwerte generieren. + +Die Frequenz soll im Matlab als Zufallszahl generiert werden. +Mit dem Golay-Filter glätten wir unsere Werte, um unser Output näher an die Realität zu bringen. +Zusätzlich werden Ausreisser nicht vernachlässigt und wirken geglättet in unsere Datenmenge. + +Grafik einfügen + +In der Grafik erkennen wir in den Sekunden 0 bis 10, dass die Sinuskurve gezackt ist. +Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Frequenz des Erdbebens einen hohen Einfluss auf die Masse des Seismographen hat. +Ab der 10. Sekunde bis zu tend, pendelt sich die Masse in ihre Eigenfrequenz ein und verhält sich unabhängiger vom Erdbeben. + +\subsection{Versuch} +Um den Kalman-Filter auszuprobieren, setzen wir nun Werte ein. +Für die Systemparameter wählen wir m=1.0, D = 0.3 und k = 0.1 und fügen es in die Differentialgleichung + +\begin{equation} + m\ddot x + 2k \dot x + Dx = f +\end{equation} + +ein und erhalten + +\begin{equation} + 1\ddot x + 0.1 \dot x + 0.3x = f +\end{equation} + + +\subsubsection*{Prozessrauschkovarianzmatrix $Q$} + + + + + +\begin{equation} + Q = \left( + \begin{array}{ccc} + (5 \cdot 10^{-5})^2 & 0 & 0 \\ + 0 & (1 \cdot 10^{-5})^2 & 0\\ + 0 & 0& ( 1 )^2\\ + \end{array}\right) +\end{equation} + + + + + +\subsection{Resultate} + +Vergleichen wir die künstlichen Messdaten mit der geschätzten Schwingung des Kalman-Filters, stellen wir fest, dass wir eine gute Methode gefunden haben, die Erdbebenbeschleunigung zu schätzen. +Obwohl die künstlichen Daten mit einer random-Funktion erzeugt werden, kann das Kalman-Filter präzise Vorhersagungen bilden. + +Für die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung brauchen wir im Matlab die Funktion ode45. +Mit dieser Funktion können wir Differentialgleichungen auflösen. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +In Matlab fügen wir die Formel und unsere definierten Werte ein. +Die Frequenz generieren wir mit einem Zufallscode, +Mit einem Zufallscode und einen Zeitraum + +Matlabcode einfügen + diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex index 83ef295..8f9c8d5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex @@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \input{papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex} \input{papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/erdbeben/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/erdbeben/teil3.tex} +%\input{papers/erdbeben/teil2.tex} +%\input{papers/erdbeben/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7e4e9082a566369ac00a27f3e3f6d36505907ba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2021 10:26:02 +0200 Subject: start first rows --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 48 ++++++++++++----------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------ 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index 00281fb..025be3a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -6,35 +6,25 @@ \section{Diskrete Fourien Transformation \label{reedsolomon:section:dtf}} \rhead{Umwandlung mit DTF} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? +Um die Polynominterpolation zu umgehen, gehen wir nun über in die Fourientransformation. +Dies wird weder eine erklärung der Forientransorfmation noch ein genauer gebrauch +für den Reed-Solomon-Code. Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourientransformation auf Fehler reagiert. +wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nütlich ist. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\subsection{Übertragungsabfolge +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} +Das Signal.... sind die Daten, Zahlen welche übertragen werden sollen. +Das speziell ist das wir 100 Punkte übertragen und von 64 bis 100, +werden nur Null Punkte übertragen, dies weiss auch unser Empfänger. +Nun wird das Signal in Abbildung... codiert... +Somit wird die Information jedes Punktes auf das ganze spektrum von 0 bis 100 übertragen. +Kommen nuun drei Fehler... hinzu zu diesem codierten Signal sind diese nicht zu erkennen. +Nach dem Empfangen... und decodieren ... erkennt man die fehlerhafte information in den Punkten 64 bis 100. +Filtert man nur diese Punkte heraus und Transformiert sie mit Fourier erhält man die stellen an denen die Fehler sich eingeschlichen haben. + +\subsection{Diskrete Fourientransformation Zusamenhang +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} +Die Diskrete Fourientransformation ist definiert als +.... diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 7200425..4a7716a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -11,40 +11,48 @@ zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkenen, man kann sogar einige Fehler korrigieren. -\rhead{Idee} -Eine Idee ist mit den Daten, wir nehmen hier die Zahlen .... -ein Polynom +\rhead{Polynom-Ansatz} +Eine Idee ist die Daten, +ein Polynom zu bilden und dieses dann mit bestimmten Punkten überträgt. +Nehmen wir als beisbiel die Zahlen \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5}, +welche uns dann das Polynom \begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx +p(x) = -\left[ \frac1312 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. +2x^2 + 1x + 5 \label{reedsolomon:equation1} \end{equation} -zu bilden wie in der abbildung ... dargestellt. - -abbildung +ergeben. +Übertragen werden nun die stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. +Grafisch sieht man dies dann im Abbild //TODO +Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hatt, muss der Leser/Empfänger erkennen, welches das Richtige Polynom ist. +Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, mit welchem Grad das Polynom entwickelt wurde. +\subsection{Beispiel} +Für das Beispeil aus der Gleichung \ref{reedsolomon:equation1}, +ist ein Polynome zweiten Grades durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. +Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben, kann man diese erkennen, +da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. +Ab wie vielen Fehler ist das Polynom nicht mehr erkennbar beim Übertragen von 7 Punkten? +Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, +gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt. +Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkennt werden das das Polynom nicht stimmt. +Das Orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. +Dabei sollten mehr Übertragungspunkte gegeben werden. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. +\section{Fehlerbestimmung +\label{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerbestimmmung}} +So wird ein Muster indentifiziert, welches genau vorherbestimmen kann, +wie gross das Polynom sein muss und wie viele Übertragungspunkte gegeben werden müssen. +Durch ein klein wenig Überlegung ist klar das die anzahl Zahlen (Daten, ab hier verwenden wir das Wort Nutzlast), +die dan Entschlüsselt werden sollen den Grad des Polynoms minus 1 ergeben. +Für die Anzahl an Übertragungspunkte, muss bestimmt werden wieviel Fehler erkennt und korrigiert werden sollen. +Mit Hilfe der Tabelle.... sieht man das es bei $$t$$ Fehlern und $$k$$ Nutzlast, +für das Übertragen $$k+2t$$ Punkte gegben werden müssen. -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{reedsolomon:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{reedsolomon:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +Ein toller Nebeneffekt ist das dadurch auch $$2t$$ Fehler erkannt werden. +um zurück auf unser Beispiel zu kommen, +können von den 7 Übertragungspunkten bis zu $$2t = 2*2 = 4 $$ Punkten falsch liegen +und es wird kein eindeutiges Polynom 2ten Grades erkannt, und somit die Nutzlast Daten als fehlerhaft deklariert. +Ein Polynom durch Punkt mit Polynom Interpolation zu rekonstruieren ist schwierig und Fehleranfällig. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 04b1cb248d2e559814dd6551cb331d95b9df9fdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: fabioviecelli <80270098+fabioviecelli@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2021 15:19:58 +0200 Subject: Einleitung, Schwingungsgleichung, Matlab-code --- buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex | 216 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 154 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex index 63b9648..9f5d092 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/Teil_Fabio.tex @@ -1,15 +1,16 @@ -\section{Kalman Filter} +\section{Kalman-Filter} \subsection{Was ist ein Erdbeben?} -Für das Verständnis möchten wir zuerst klären, was ein Erdbeben genau ist. -Das soll uns helfen, eine Verknüpfung zwischen dem Naturphänomen und der mathematischen Lösungsfindung herzustellen. +Für das Verständnis möchten wir zuerst erklären, was ein Erdbeben genau ist. +Das soll uns helfen, eine Verknüpfung zwischen dem Naturphänomen und der mathematischen Problemstellung herzustellen. + Unter einem Erdbeben verstehen wir eine Erschütterung des Erdkörpers. -Dabei reiben zwei tektonische Platten aneinander, welche aber sich durch die Gesteinsverzahnung gegenseitig blockieren. +Dabei reiben zwei tektonische Platten aneinander, welche sich durch die Gesteinsverzahnung gegenseitig blockieren. Aufgrund dieser Haftreibung entstehen Spannungen, die sich immer mehr bis zum Tipping Point aufbauen. Irgendwann ist der Punkt erreicht, in dem die Scherfestigkeit der Gesteine überwunden wird. -Wenn dies passiert, entladet sich die aufgebaute Spannung und setzt enorme Energien frei, die wir als Erdbeben wahrnehmen. +Wenn dies passiert, entlädt sich die aufgebaute Spannung und setzt enorme Energien frei, die wir als Erdbeben wahrnehmen. -Ein Erdbeben pflanzt sich vom Erdbebenherd in allen Richtungen gleich aus. +Ein Erdbeben breitet sich vom Erdbebenherd in allen Richtungen gleich aus. Vergleichbar ist, wenn man einen Stein in einen Teich wirft und die Wellen beobachten kann, die sich ausbreiten. Wir möchten nun mittels Kalman-Filter die Erdbebenbeschleunigung herausfinden. @@ -18,29 +19,47 @@ Die Erdbebenbeschleunigung ist in der Praxis zur Entwicklung von Erdbebengefähr \subsection{Künstliche Erdbebendaten} Nun möchten wir anhand eines eigenen Beispiels das Kalman-Filter anwenden. -Wir müssen Erdbebendaten künstlich erzeugen, um sie in das Filter zu geben und somit den Prozess zu starten. -Dafür nehmen wir die Formel für harmonische gedämpfte Schwingungen, die +Da wir keine Rohdaten über vergangene Erdbeben zur Hand haben, müssen wir künstliche Daten erzeugen, um sie in das Filter einzugeben und somit den Prozess starten. +Dafür nehmen wir die Formel für harmonisch gedämpfte Schwingungen, die \begin{equation} y = A \sin(\omega t e^{-lambda t}) \end{equation} -lautet. - - - +lautet. A ist die Amplitude der Schwingung und beschreibt die Heftigkeit eines Erdbebens, die Magnitude. -Omega repräsentiert die Erdbebenfrequenz, die in der Realität zwischen 1 Hz und 30 Hz betragen kann. +Omega repräsentiert die Erdbebenfrequenz, die in der Realität zwischen 1 Hz und 30 Hz beträgt. Wir wählen als Erwartungswert 15 Herz und für die Standardabweichung 1 Hz. Lambda ist die Bodendämpfung, für die wir 0.2 wählen. -Wir haben diese Zahl aus der Literatur entnommen und ist für das Bauwesen bedeutend. +Wir haben diese Zahl aus der Literatur entnommen, denn sie ist für das Bauwesen bedeutend. +Lambda ist ein Materialparameter von Böden. + Je grösser Lambda gewählt wird, desto stärker wirkt die Dämpfung der Massenschwingung. Die Funktion ist zeitabhängig und wir lassen pro Sekunde zehn Messwerte generieren. -Die Frequenz soll im Matlab als Zufallszahl generiert werden. -Mit dem Golay-Filter glätten wir unsere Werte, um unser Output näher an die Realität zu bringen. -Zusätzlich werden Ausreisser nicht vernachlässigt und wirken geglättet in unsere Datenmenge. +Die Frequenz basiert auf einer random-Funktion, da wir das Erdbeben unberechenbar gestalten möchten. +Mit dem Golay-Filter können wir hohe Frequenz-Anteile in die Berechnung mit einfliessen lassen, anstatt sie abzuschneiden. +Die Bildung eines üblichen Mittelwerts wäre hier weniger geeignet. + +\begin{lstlisting} +freq = sgolayfilt(randn(size(Time)),0,11)*freqstd... ++freqmean; +\end{lstlisting} + +Mit der Frequenz erhalten wir die Winkelbeschleunigung und damit können wir die Amplitude berechnen. + + +\begin{lstlisting} +w = 2 * pi * freq; +a = Amplitude*sin(cumsum(w.*[0;diff(Time)])).*exp(-lambda*Time); +\end{lstlisting} + +Mit der Matlab-Funktion ode45 haben wir eine Funktion gefunden, um die Differentialgleichung aufzulösen. ode45 basiert auf dem Runge-Kutta-Verfahren, einem Einschrittverfahren, bei dem die Lösung ausgehend von einem gegebenen Anfangswert, in einer Näherung gesucht wird. + +\begin{lstlisting} +[T,Y] = ode45(@(t,x)ErzeugteSchwingung(t,x,m,k,d,a,Time),[0 tend], IC, SolverOptions); +\end{lstlisting} Grafik einfügen @@ -48,7 +67,8 @@ In der Grafik erkennen wir in den Sekunden 0 bis 10, dass die Sinuskurve gezackt Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Frequenz des Erdbebens einen hohen Einfluss auf die Masse des Seismographen hat. Ab der 10. Sekunde bis zu tend, pendelt sich die Masse in ihre Eigenfrequenz ein und verhält sich unabhängiger vom Erdbeben. -\subsection{Versuch} +\subsection{Versuch (bin noch dran)} + Um den Kalman-Filter auszuprobieren, setzen wir nun Werte ein. Für die Systemparameter wählen wir m=1.0, D = 0.3 und k = 0.1 und fügen es in die Differentialgleichung @@ -62,49 +82,121 @@ ein und erhalten 1\ddot x + 0.1 \dot x + 0.3x = f \end{equation} - -\subsubsection*{Prozessrauschkovarianzmatrix $Q$} - - - - - -\begin{equation} - Q = \left( - \begin{array}{ccc} - (5 \cdot 10^{-5})^2 & 0 & 0 \\ - 0 & (1 \cdot 10^{-5})^2 & 0\\ - 0 & 0& ( 1 )^2\\ - \end{array}\right) -\end{equation} - - - - +\subsection{Matlab Code} + + +\begin{lstlisting} + %% Initialisierte Werte + t0 = 0.00; % Anfangszeit + deltat = 0.01; % Zeitschritt + tend = 50.00; % Endzeit +\end{lstlisting} +Ein natürliches Erdbeben dauert zwischen wenigen Sekunden bis etwa eine Minute an. +50 Sekunden genügen für unsere Daten. +Pro Sekunde erhalten wir 100 Messpunkte, die für den Prozess des Filters eine präzise Anwendung ermöglichen. + +\begin{lstlisting} + % Standard-Abweichungen Prozess + sigmax = 0.05e-3; % Position + sigmav = 0.01e-3; % Geschwindigkeit + sigmaf = 1; % (Äussere) Kraft + + % Standard-Abweichung Messung + sigmam = 0.01e-3; +\end{lstlisting} + +Wir vertrauen dem System und geben kleine Standardabweichungen für die Position, Geschwindigkeit und Kraft ein. +Bei der Messung erwarten wir auch, dass die Sensoren genau funktionieren. +Jedoch hängt das vom Hersteller ab oder muss statistisch ermittelt werden. + + +\begin{lstlisting} + % Systemparameter +m = 1.00; % Masse +D = 0.30; % Federkonstante +k = 0.10; % Dämpfung +\end{lstlisting} +Hier werden die Spezifikationen des Seismographen definiert. + +\begin{lstlisting} +%% Kalmanfilter +% Initialisierung + +% Anfangszustand (Position, Geschwindigkeit, Kraft) +x0 = [0; 0; 0]; + +% Unsicherheit des Anfangszustand +P0 = [0, 0, 0; ... +0, 0, 0; ... +0, 0, 0]; + +% Systemmatrizen +A = [0, 1, 0;... % Dynamikmatrix +-D/m, -2*k/m, 1;... +0, 0, 0]; % Ableitungen von f(t) unbekant. Annahme: 0 +A = expm(A * deltat); + +Q = [sigmax^2, 0, 0;... +0, sigmav^2, 0;... +0, 0, sigmaf^2]; % Prozessrauschen (Covarianz) + + +\begin{lstlisting} +% Messprozess +H = [1, 0, 0]; % Messmatrix +R = sigmam^2; % Messrauschen (Könnte durch Versuche bestimmt werden) +\end{lstlisting} +Tritt ein Erdbeben ein, wird die Position der Masse in die Messmatrix eingetragen. + + +I = eye(3); % Identity matrix (Einheitsmatrix) + +\begin{lstlisting} +% Filterprozess + +% Initialisieren der Variablen +N = length(t); % Anzahl Punkte im Einheitsvektor (= Anzahl Messwerte) +xhat = zeros(3, N); % Matrix mit geschätzten Zuständen + +% Index ':' bedeutet: 'alles' +% Index '(1, :)' bedeutet: 'alles aus der 1. Zeile' + +% Anfangszustand setzen +xhat(:, 1) = x0; +P = P0; +\end{lstlisting} + +\begin{lstlisting} + +% Kalman-Matrizen konvergiert. Vorab-Berechnung in 'genügenden' Iterationen +for idx = 1:100 +Ppred = A * P * A' + Q; % Prädizieren der Kovarianz +S = (H * Ppred * H' + R); % Innovationskovarianz +K = Ppred * H' / S; % Filter-Matrix (Kalman-Gain) +P = (I - K * H) * Ppred; % Aktualisieren der Kovarianz +end +\end{lstlisting} + +In diesem Schritt wird die Kovarianz vorhergesagt, mit der Messung verglichen und nach jeder Berechnung aktualisiert. + +\begin{lstlisting} +% Anfangszustand gegeben +% Erster zu berechnender Wert ist der zweite +for idx = 2:N +% Vorhersage +xpred = A * xhat(:, idx-1); % Prädizierter Zustand aus Bisherigem und System +% Ppred = A * P * A' + Q; % Prädizieren der Kovarianz + +% Korrektur +y = xt(idx) - H * xpred; % Messungen/ Kraft aus System - Vohersage +% S = (H * Ppred * H' + R); % Innovationskovarianz +% K = Ppred * H' / S; + +xhat(:, idx) = xpred + K * y; % Aktualisieren des Systemzustands +% P = (I - K * H) * Ppred; % Aktualisieren der Kovarianz +end +\end{lstlisting} \subsection{Resultate} - -Vergleichen wir die künstlichen Messdaten mit der geschätzten Schwingung des Kalman-Filters, stellen wir fest, dass wir eine gute Methode gefunden haben, die Erdbebenbeschleunigung zu schätzen. -Obwohl die künstlichen Daten mit einer random-Funktion erzeugt werden, kann das Kalman-Filter präzise Vorhersagungen bilden. - -Für die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung brauchen wir im Matlab die Funktion ode45. -Mit dieser Funktion können wir Differentialgleichungen auflösen. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -In Matlab fügen wir die Formel und unsere definierten Werte ein. -Die Frequenz generieren wir mit einem Zufallscode, -Mit einem Zufallscode und einen Zeitraum - -Matlabcode einfügen - +Grafik einfügen +Wir erkennen, dass wir mit dem Kalman-Filter eine gute Methode gefunden haben, die äussere Beschleunigung zu schätzen. Die Schätzung der nächsten Position der Federmasse liegt immer ziemlich nahe der tatsächlichen Messung. Man muss aber auch berücksichtigen, dass die Federschwingung ziemlich kontrolliert verläuft und das Kalman-Filter somit präzise Vorhersagen treffen kann. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 20dda3d0a116d5b4126f9b1210c3f7b2c1bab097 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2021 16:02:04 +0200 Subject: Teil1+Teil0 --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex | 97 +++++++-- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex | 439 ++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 2 files changed, 269 insertions(+), 267 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex index 6e89821..8ac5d6d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex @@ -2,21 +2,88 @@ % einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% +%% \section{Teil 0\label{erdbeben:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{erdbeben:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. +\rhead{Erdbeben} +\section{Erdbebenmessung} +\subsection{Was ist ein Erdbeben} +Fabio +\subsection{Funktion eines Seismograph} +Um ein Erdbeben kenntlich zu machen, werden in der Regel Seismographen mit vielen Sensoren verwendet. +Ein Seismograph besteht im Grunde aus einer federgelagerten Masse. Wirkt eine Bodenerregung auf das Gerät ein, bleibt die gekoppelte Masse stehen aber das Gehäuse schwingt mit. +Relativbewegung des Bodens kann damit als Auslenkung im Zeitverlauf gemessen werden. +In modernen Seismographen wird die Bodenbewegung in alle Richtungen gemessen, sowohl Horizontal als auch Vertikal. +Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen mit eine Gehäuse, an dem zwei Federn und eine Masse befestigt ist. +Ein Sensor unter der Masse misst die Position, bzw. die Auslenkung der Feder und der Masse. +Dies bedeutet unser Seismograph kann nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. + +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Apperatur} + \caption{Aufbau des Seismographen mit Gehäuse, Masse, Federn und Sensor} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Ziel} +Unser Seismograph misst nur die Position der Masse über die Zeit. +Wir wollen jedoch die Beschleunigung $a(t)$ des Boden bzw. die Kraft $f(t)$ welche auf das Gehäuse wirkt bestimmten. +Anhand dieser Beschleunigung bzw. der Krafteinwirkung durch die Bodenbewegung wird später das Bauwerk bemessen. +Dies bedeutet, die für uns interessante Grösse $f(t)$ wird nicht durch einen Sensor erfasst. +Jedoch können wir durch zweifaches ableiten der Positionsmessung $s(t)$ die Beschleunigung der Masse berechnen. +Das heisst: Die Messung ist zweifach Integriert die Kraft $f(t)$ + der Eigendynamik der Masse. +Um die Bewegung der Masse zu berechnen, müssen wir Gleichungen für unser System finden. + +\subsection{Systemgleichung} +Im Fall unseres Seismographen, kann die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung einer gedämpften Schwingung am harmonischen Oszillator verwendet werden. +Diese lautet: +\begin{equation} +m\ddot s + 2k \dot s + Ds = f +\end{equation} +mit den Konstanten $m$ = Masse, $k$ = Dämpfungskonstante und $D$ = Federkonstante. +Um diese nun in die Systemmatrix umzuwandeln, wird die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung substituiert: +\[ {x_1}=s \qquad +{x_2}=\dot s, \qquad\] +Somit entstehen die Gleichungenür die Position $s(t)$ der Masse : +\[ \dot {x_1} = {x_2}\] +und +\[ \dot x_2 = -\frac{D}{m} {x_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {x_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] für die Geschwindigkeit $v(t)$ der Masse. + +Diese können wir nun in der Form +\[ {x_3}=-\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] +auch als Matrix-Vektor-Gleichung darstellen. +Dafür wird die Gleichung in die Zustände aufgeteilt. +Die für uns relevanten Zustände sind die Position der Masse, die Geschwindigkeit der Masse und die äussere Beschleunigung des ganzen System. +Dabei muss unterschieden werden, um welche Beschleunigung es sich handelt. +Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse (innere Beschleunigung), als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur (äussere Beschleunigung). +In unserem Fall wird die äusseren Beschleunigung gesucht, da diese der Erdbebenanregung gleich kommt. +\begin{equation} +\frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} {s_1} \\ {s_2} \end{array}\right) = \left( + \begin{array}{ccc} +0 & 1& 0 \\ +- \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ +\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c} {s_1} \\ {s_2} \\ {s_3} \end{array}\right). +\end{equation} + +Durch Rücksubstituion ergibt sich: +\begin{equation} +\frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} s(t) \\ v(t) \end{array}\right) = \left( + \begin{array}{ccc} +0 & 1& 0 \\ +- \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ +\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c} s(t)\\ v(t)\\ f(t) \end{array}\right). +\end{equation} +Wir wissen nicht wie sich die Kraft verhält. +Deshalb treffen wir die Annahme, das sich die Kraft über die Beobachtungszeit nicht verändert. +Diese unzutreffende Annahme wird später durch einen grossen Systemfehler kompensiert. +Da die Kraft unbekannt ist, wird die letzte Zeile mit Nullen gefüllt, denn genau diese Werte wollen wir. + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex index 98bbd9e..a4e2220 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex @@ -7,132 +7,107 @@ % teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% +%% + +\rhead{Kalman-Filter} -\begin{document} +\section{Kalman-Filter} +Da wir die äussere Kraft nicht direkt messen können, benötigen wir ein Werkzeug, welches aus der gemessenen Position, die Krafteinwirkung auf unsere System schätzt. +Dies ist eine Typische Anwendung für den linearen Kalman-Filter. +Unser Ziel ist es, anhand der Messung die eigentlich interessante Grösse $f$ zu bestimmen. +Dabei wird durch eine deterministische Vorhersage, in dem der Zustand \cdot Eigendynamik des Systems gerechnet. +Die Idee dahinter ist, dass das Kalman-Filter die nicht-deterministische Grösse $f$ anhand der Messung und der Vorhersage zu bestimmen. +Für mehrere Dimensionen (x,y,z) würde der Pythagoras für das System benötigt werden. +Da sich der Pythagoras bekanntlich nicht linear verhält, kann kein lineares Kalman-Filter implementiert werden. +Da das Kalman-Filter besonders effektiv und einfach für lineare Abläufe geeignet ist, würde eine zweidimensionale Betrachtung den Rahmen dieser Arbeit sprengen. +Für ein nicht-lineares System werden Extended Kalman-Filter benötigt, bei denen die System-Matrix (A) durch die Jacobi-Matrix des System ersetzt wird. +Einfachheitshalber beschränken wir uns auf den linearen Fall, da dadurch die wesentlichen Punkte bereits aufgezeigt werden. -\section{Kalman Filter} \subsection{Geschichte} -Das Kalman Filter wurde 1960 von Rudolf Emil Kalman entdeckt und direkt von der NASA für die Appollo Mission benutzt. Der Filter kommt mit wenig Rechenleistung aus und war somit dafür geeignet die Rakete bei der Navigation zu unterstützen. Das Filter schätzt den Zustand eines Systems anhand von Messungen und kann den nächsten Zustand errechnen. Typische Anwendungen des Kalman-Filters sind die Glättung von verrauschten Daten und die Schätzung von Parametern und kommt heutzutage in jedem Satellit, Navigationssystem, Smartphones und Videospielen vor. +Das Kalman-Filter wurde 1960 von Rudolf Emil Kalman entdeckt und direkt von der NASA für die Appollo Mission benutzt. Der Filter kommt mit wenig Rechenleistung aus und war somit dafür geeignet die Rakete bei der Navigation zu unterstützen. Das Filter schätzt den Zustand eines Systems anhand von Messungen und kann den nächsten Zustand errechnen. Eine typische Anwendungen des Kalman-Filters ist Glättung von verrauschten Daten und die Schätzung von Parametern. Dies kommt heutzutage in jedem Satellit, Navigationssystem, Smartphones und Videospielen vor. \subsection{Wahrscheinlichkeit} -Das Kalman-Filter schätzt den wahrscheinlichsten Wert zwischen zwei Normalverteilungen oder auch Gauss-Verteilung. Die eine Kurve zeigt die errechnete Vorhersage des Zustands, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. Die andere Kurve zeigt die verrauschte Messung des nächsten Zustand, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. Wie man am Beispiel dieser zwei Gauss-Verteilungen sehen kann, ist sowohl der geschätzte Zustand als auch der gemessene Zustand verteilt und haben unterschiedliche Standardabweichungen $\sigma$ und Erwartungswerte $\mu$. - - +Das Kalman-Filter schätzt den wahrscheinlichsten Wert zwischen Normalverteilungen. +Dies bedeutet, das Filter schätzt nicht nur den Mittelwert, sondern auch die Standartabweichung. +Da Normalverteilungen dadurch vollständig definiert sind, schätzt ein Kalman-Filter die gesamte Verteilungsfunktion des Zustandes. +Die eine Funktion zeigt die errechnete Vorhersage des Zustands, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. +Die andere Funktion zeigt die verrauschte Messung des nächsten Zustand, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. +Wie man am Beispiel der Gauss-Verteilungen unten sehen kann, ist sowohl der geschätzte Zustand als auch der gemessene Zustand normalverteilt und haben dementsprechend unterschiedliche Standardabweichungen $\sigma$ und Erwartungswerte $\mu$. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve2.pdf} - \caption{System} + \caption{Zwei Normalerteilungen; Die eine Funktion zeigt die Vorhersage, die andere die Messung} \end{center} \end{figure} - -Um eine genauere Schätzung des Zustandes zu machen, wird nun ein Wert zwischen den beiden Verteilungen gesucht. An diesem Punkt wird nun eine Eigenschaft ausgenutzt. Durch das Multiplizieren zweier Normalverteilungen entsteht eine neue Normalverteilung. - +Um eine genauere Schätzung des Zustandes zu machen, wird nun ein Wert zwischen den beiden Verteilungen berechnet. +Nun wird eine Eigenschaft der Normalverteilung ausgenutzt. Durch das Multiplizieren zweier Normalverteilungen entsteht eine neue Normalverteilung. Wir haben eine Normalverteilung der Vorhersage: -\begin{equation} -{y_1}(x;{\mu_1},{\sigma_1})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} -\end{equation} -und für die Messung: - -\begin{equation} -{y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}. -\end{equation} - -Diesen werden nun Multipliziert und durch deren Fläche geteilt um sie wieder zu Normieren: -\begin{equation} -{y_f}(x;{\mu_f},{\sigma_f})=\frac{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}}{\int {y_1}*{y_2} dx\,} -\end{equation} -Dadurch gleicht sich die neue Kurve den anderen an. Interessant daran ist, dass die fusionierte Kurve sich der genauere Normal-Verteilung anpasst. ist ${\sigma_2}$ klein und ${\sigma_1}$ gross, so wird sich die fusionierte Kurve näher an ${y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})$ begeben. Sie ist also gewichtet und die best mögliche Schätzung. +\[ {y_1}(x;{\mu_1},{\sigma_1})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \] +und der Messung: +\[ {y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}. \] -\begin{figure} - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve3.pdf} - \caption{System} - \end{center} -\end{figure} - - -Was in 2 Dimensionen erklärt wurde, funktioniert auch in mehreren Dimensionen. Dieses Prinzip mach sich der Kalman Filter zu nutze, und wird von uns für die Erdbeben Berechnung genutzt. +Diesen werden nun Multipliziert und durch deren Fläche geteilt um sie wieder zu Normieren: +\[ +{y_f}(x;{\mu_f},{\sigma_f})=\frac{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}}{\int {y_1}\cdot{y_2} dx\,} + \] +Diese Kombination der beiden Verteilungen resultiert wiederum in einer Normalverteilung +\[ {y_f}(x; {\mu_f}, {\sigma_f}) = {y_1}(x;{ \mu_1},{ \sigma_1}) {\cdot y_2}(x; {\mu_2}, {\sigma_2}), \] +mit Erwartungswert +\[ \mu_f = \frac{\mu_1\sigma_2^2 + \mu_2 \sigma_1^2}{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2} \] +und Varianz +\[ \sigma_f^2 = \frac{\sigma_1^2 \sigma_2^2}{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2}. \] +Dadurch gleicht sich die neue Kurve den anderen an. Interessant daran ist, dass die fusionierte Kurve sich der genauere Normal-Verteilung anpasst. +Ist ${\sigma_2}$ klein und ${\sigma_1}$ gross, so wird sich die fusionierte Kurve näher an ${y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})$ begeben. +Sie ist also gewichtet und die best mögliche Schätzung. -\section{Aufbau} -Um ein Erdbeben kenntlich zu machen werden in der Regel Seismographen mit vielen Sensoren verwendet. -Ein Seismograph besteht im Grunde aus einer federgelagerten Masse. Wirkt eine Bodenerregung auf das Gerät ein, bleibt die gekoppelte Masse stehen und das Gehäuse schwingt mit.Relativbewegung des Bodens kann damit als Längenänderung im Zeitverlauf gemessen werden. In modernen Seismographen wird die Bodenbewegung in alle Richtungen gemessen, sowohl Horizontal als auch Vertikal. -Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen, welcher rein mechanisch funktioniert. Zudem kann er nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. Würde das System ausgebaut werden, um alle Horizontalbewegungen aufzunehmen, würde der Verwendung des Kalman-Filters zu kompliziert werden. Für zwei Dimensionen (x,y) würde der Pythagoras für das System benötigt werden. Da sich der Pythagoras bekanntlich nicht linear verhält, kann kein lineares Kalman-Filter implementiert werden. Da das Kalman-Filter besonders effektiv und einfach für lineare Abläufe geeignet ist, würde eine Zweidimensionale Betrachtung den Rahmen dieser Arbeit sprengen. Für ein nicht-lineares System werden Extended Kalman-Filter benötigt, bei denen die System-Matrix (A) durch die Jacobi-Matrix des System ersetzt wird. Einfachheitshalber beschränken wir uns aber auf den linearen Fall, da dadurch die wesentlichen punkte bereits aufgezeigt werden. \begin{figure} \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Apperatur} - \caption{System} + \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve3.pdf} + \caption{Durch das Multiplizieren der blauen und der orangen Verteilung entsteht die die rote, optimale Funktion} \end{center} \end{figure} +Was in 2 Dimensionen erklärt wurde, funktioniert auch in mehreren Dimensionen. +Dieses Prinzip mach sich das Kalman Filter zu nutze, und wird von uns für die Erdbeben Berechnung genutzt. -\section{Systemgleichung} -Da das Kalman-Filter zum Schätzen des nächsten Zustand verwendet wird, benötigt das Kalman-Filter eine Beschreibung der Systemdynamik. Im Fall unseres Seismographen, kann die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung einer gedämpften Schwingung am harmonischen Oszillator verwendet werden. Diese lautet: -\begin{equation} -m\ddot x + 2k \dot x + Dx = f -\end{equation} -mit den Konstanten $m$ = Masse, $k$ = Dämpfungskonstante und $D$ = Federkonstante. - -Um diese nun in die Systemmatrix umzuwandeln, wird aus der Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung durch die Substitution \[ {x_1}=x, \qquad -{x_2}=\dot x, \qquad -{x_3}=\ddot x\qquad\] erhalten wir die Differentialgleichung \[ m{x_3}+ 2k{x_2} + D{x_1} = f.\] Diese können wir nun in der Form \[ {x_3}=-\frac{D}{m} {x_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {x_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] auch als Matrix-Vektor-Gleichung darstellen. - - -Dafür wird die Gleichung in die Zustände aufgeteilt. Die für uns relevanten Zustände sind die Position der Masse, die Geschwindigkeit der Masse und die äussere Beschleunigung des ganzen System. Dabei muss unterschieden werden, um welche Beschleunigung es sich handelt. Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse bzw. Feder (innere Beschleunigung), als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur (äussere Beschleunigung). In unserem Fall wird die äusseren Beschleunigung gesucht, da diese der Erdbeben Anregung gleich kommt. - - -\begin{equation} -\frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} {x_1} \\ {x_2} \end{array}\right) = \left( - \begin{array}{ccc} -0 & 1& 0 \\ -- \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ -\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c} {x_1} \\ {x_2} \\ {x_3} \end{array}\right). -\end{equation} - -Durch die Rücksubstituion ergibt sich: -\begin{equation} -\frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ v(t) \end{array}\right) = \left( - \begin{array}{ccc} -0 & 1& 0 \\ -- \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ -\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c} x(t)\\ v(t)\\ f(t) \end{array}\right). -\end{equation} - - -Da die Kraft unbekannt ist, wird die letzte Zeile später mit Nullen bestückt, denn genau diese Werte wollen wir. - -\section{Kalman Filter} -Um den Kalman Filter zu starten, müssen gewisse Bedingungen definiert werden. In diesem Abschnitt werden die einzelnen Parameter/Matrizen erläutert und Erklärt, wofür sie nützlich sind. - +\section{Filter-Matrizen} +Um den Kalman Filter zu starten, müssen gewisse Bedingungen definiert werden. +In diesem Abschnitt werden die einzelnen Parameter und Matrizen erklärt und erläutert, wofür sie nützlich sind. \subsection{Anfangsbedingungen} \subsubsection*{Anfangszustand $x$} -Das Filter benötigt eine Anfangsbedingung. In unserem Fall ist es die Ruhelage, die Masse bewegt sich nicht. Zudem erfährt die Apparatur keine äussere Kraft. +Das Filter benötigt eine Anfangsbedingung. +In unserem Fall ist es die Ruhelage, die Masse bewegt sich nicht. +Zudem erfährt die Apparatur keine äussere Kraft. -\begin{equation} -{x_0 }= \left( \begin{array}{c} 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right) -\end{equation} + +\[ {x_0 }= \left( \begin{array}{c} {s_0}\\ {v_0}\\{f_0}\end{array}\right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right) \] \subsubsection*{Anfangsfehler / Kovarianzmatrix $P$} -Da auch der Anfangszustand fehlerhaft sein kann, wird für den Filter einen Anfangsfehler eingeführt. Auf der Diagonalen werden die Varianzen eingesetzt, in den restlichen Felder stehen die Kovarianzen. -Zur Erinnerung: Die Varianz ist ein Mass für die Streuung eines Wertes, die Kovarianz hingegen beschreibt die Abhängigkeit der Streuungen zweier Werte. Kovarianz: Cov(x, y) undVarianz: Var(x) = Cov(x, x) +Da auch der Anfangszustand fehlerhaft sein kann, wird für das Filter ein Anfangsfehler verwendet. +Auf der Diagonalen werden die Varianzen eingesetzt, in den restlichen Felder stehen die Kovarianzen. +Zur Erinnerung: Die Varianz ist ein Mass für die Streuung eines Wertes, die Kovarianz hingegen beschreibt die Abhängigkeit der Streuungen zweier Werte. + +Kovarianz: Cov(x, y) und Varianz: Var(x) = Cov(x, x) -In unserem Fall ist der Anfangszustand gut bekannt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das System in Ruhe und in Abwesenheit eines Erdbeben startet, somit kann die Matrix mit Nullen bestückt werden. Somit ergibt sich für die Kovarianzmatrix +In unserem Fall ist der Anfangszustand gut bekannt. +Wir gehen davon aus, dass das System in Ruhe und in Abwesenheit eines Erdbeben startet, somit kann die Matrix mit Nullen bestückt werden. +Als Initialwert für die für die Kovarianzmatrix ergibt sich -\begin{equation} +\[ {P_0 }= \left( \begin{array}{ccc} @@ -141,229 +116,189 @@ In unserem Fall ist der Anfangszustand gut bekannt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass da 0 & 0 &0 \\ \end{array} \right). -\end{equation} -Diese Matrix beschreibt die Unsicherheit des geschätzten Zustandes und wird sowohl für die Vorhersage als auch die Korrektur benötigt. Sie wird nach jeder Schätzung aktualisiert.. Für einen gut bekannten Zustandsvektor können kleine Werte eingesetzt werden, für ungenaue Anfangsbedingungen sollten grosse Werte (1 Million) verwendet werden. Grosse Werte ermöglichen dem Filter sich schnell einzupendeln. - + \] +Diese Matrix beschreibt die Unsicherheit des geschätzten Zustandes und wird sowohl für die Vorhersage als auch die Korrektur benötigt. +Sie wird nach jeder Schätzung aktualisiert. +Für einen gut bekannten Zustandsvektor können kleine Werte eingesetzt werden, für ungenaue Anfangsbedingungen sollten grosse Werte verwendet werden. +Grosse Werte ermöglichen dem Filter sich schnell einzupendeln. \subsubsection*{Dynamikmatrix $A$} -Die Dynamikmatrix bildet den Kern des Filters. Diese wurde weiter oben Bereits beschrieben. Dabei wollen wird die äussere Kraft des Systems ermitteln. -Da nichts über die äussere Kraft bekannt ist, müssen wir annehmen das deren Ableitung 0 ist. +Das Kalman-Filter benötigt für die Vorhersage des nächsten Zustandes eine Beschreibung der Systemdynamik. +Die Dynamikmatrix bildet den Kern des Filters. Diese wurde weiter oben bereits beschrieben. +Dabei wollen wird die äussere Kraft des Systems ermitteln. +Da nichts über die äussere Kraft bekannt ist, müssen wir annehmen das deren Ableitung 0 ist. Die System Vektor-Gleichung lautet daher: - - -\begin{equation} +\[ A = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1& 0 \\ - \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ 0 & 0& 0\\ \end{array}\right) -\end{equation} + \] +Dabei soll der Kalman-Filter in diskreten Zeitschritten $\Delta t$ arbeiten. +Die Übergangs-Matrix erhalten wir aus der Systemdynamikmatrix mittels Exponentialfunktion: +\[\Phi = \exp(A\Delta t). \] \subsubsection*{Prozessrauschkovarianzmatrix $Q$} -Die Prozessrauschmatrix teilt dem Filter mit, wie sich der Systemzustand verändert. Kalman-Filter berücksichtigen Unsicherheiten wie Messfehler und -rauschen. Bei unserem Modell könnte das beispielsweise ein Windstoss an die Masse sein. Für uns wäre dies: -\begin{equation} +Die Prozessrauschmatrix teilt dem Filter mit, wie sich der Prozess verändert. +Kalman-Filter berücksichtigen Unsicherheiten wie Messfehler und -rauschen. +Bei unserem Modell könnte das beispielsweise ein Windstoss an die Masse sein. +Für uns wäre dies: +\[ Q = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} -{\sigma_x }^2& 0& 0 \\ +{\sigma_s }^2& 0& 0 \\ 0 & {\sigma_v }^2& 0\\ 0 & 0& {\sigma_f }^2\\ \end{array}\right) -\end{equation} + \] -Die Standabweichungen müssten Statistisch ermittelt werden, da der Fehler nicht vom Sensor kommt und somit nicht vom Hersteller gegeben ist. Das Bedeutet wiederum dass $Q$ die Unsicherheit des Prozesses beschreibt, und die der Messung. +Die Standabweichungen müssten statistisch ermittelt werden, da der Fehler nicht vom Sensor kommt und somit nicht vom Hersteller gegeben ist. +Das Bedeutet wiederum dass $Q$ die Unsicherheit des Prozesses beschreibt und nicht die der Messung. \subsubsection*{Messmatrix $H$} -Die Messmatrix gibt an, welche Parameter gemessen werden soll. In unserem Falle ist es nur die Position der Massen. +Die Messmatrix gibt an, welche Parameter gemessen werden +In unserem Falle ist es die Position der Massen. \[ H = (1, 0, 0) \] - \subsubsection*{Messrauschkovarianz $R$} -Die Messrauschkovarianzmatrix beinhaltet, wie der Name es schon sagt, das Rauschen der Positionssensoren. In unserem Fall wird nur die Position der Masse gemessen. Da wir keine anderen Sensoren haben ist $R$ lediglich: -\begin{equation} -R= ({\sigma_x}^2). -\end{equation} -Diese Messrauchen wird meistens vom Sensorhersteller angegeben. Für unsere Theoretische Apparatur wird hier ein kleiner Fehler eingesetzt. - -\subsection{Fiter Algorithmus} -Nachdem alle Parameter aufgestellt sind, wird der Filter initialisiert und wird den Zustand der Feder vorherzusagen, die Messung zu präzisieren und laufend zu aktualisieren. Das Filter berechnet aufgrund der aktuellen Schätzung eine Vorhersage. Diese wird, sobald verfügbar, mit der Messung verglichen. Aus dieser Differenz und den Unsicherheiten des Prozesses ($Q$) und der Messung ($R$) wird der wahrscheinlichste, neue Zustand geschätzt. - +Die Messrauschkovarianzmatrix beinhaltet, wie der Name es schon sagt, das Rauschen der Positionsmessung. +In unserem Fall wird nur die Position der Masse gemessen. Da wir keine anderen Sensoren haben ist $R$ lediglich: +\[ R= ({\sigma_{sensor}}^2). + \] +Diese Messrauchen wird meistens vom Sensorhersteller angegeben. +Für unsere Theoretische Apparatur wird hier ein kleiner Fehler eingesetzt da heutige Sensoren sehr genau messen können. + +\subsection{Fiter-Agorithmus} +Nachdem alle Parameter aufgestellt sind, wird das Filter initialisiert. +Zuerst wird der nächste Zustand der Feder vorhergesagt, danach wird die Messung präzisiert und laufend zu aktualisieren. +Das Filter berechnet aufgrund der aktuellen Schätzung eine Vorhersage. +Diese wird, sobald verfügbar, mit der Messung verglichen. +Aus dieser Differenz und den Unsicherheiten des Prozesses ($Q$) und der Messung ($R$) wird der wahrscheinlichste, neue Zustand geschätzt. \subsubsection*{Vorhersage} -Im Filterschritt Vorhersage wird der nächste Zustand anhand des Anfangszustand und der Systemmatrix berechnet. Dies funktioniert mit dem Rechenschritt: -\begin{equation} -{x_{t+1}}=A\cdot{x_t}. -\end{equation} - +Im Filterschritt Vorhersage wird der nächste Zustand anhand des Anfangszustand und der Systemmatrix berechnet. +Dies funktioniert mit dem Rechenschritt: +\[ +{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}. + \] + +Die Kovarianz $P_{pred}$ wird ebenfalls neu berechnet. Da wir ein mehrdimensionales System haben, kommt noch die Prozessunsicherheit $Q$ dazu, so dass die Unsicherheit des Anfangsfehlers $P$ laufend verändert. +Dies funktioniert durch multiplizieren der Systemmatrix mit dem aktualisierten Anfangsfehler. +Dazu wird noch die Prozessunsicherheit addiert, somit entsteht die Gleichung +\[ {P_{k|k-1}} = {\Phi_k} {P_{k-1|k-1}} {\Phi_k} ^T + {Q_{k-1}} .\] +Es vergeht genau $dt$ Zeit, und dieser Vorgang wird wiederholt. +Dabei wird in den späteren Schritten überprüft, wie genau die letzte Anpassung von $P$ zur Messung stimmt. +Ist der Unterschied klein, wird die Kovarianz $P$ kleiner, ist der Unterschied gross, wird auch die Kovarianz grösser. +Das Filter passt sich selber an und korrigiert sich bei grosser Abweichung. -Die Kovarianz $P_{pred}$ wird ebenfalls neu berechnet. Da wir ein mehrdimensionales System haben, kommt noch die Prozessunsicherheit $Q$ dazu, so dass die Unsicherheit des Anfangsfehlers $P$ laufend verändert. Dies funktioniert durch multiplizieren der Systemmatrix mit dem aktualisierten Anfangsfehler. Dazu wird noch die Prozessunsicherheit addiert, somit entsteht die Gleichung -\[ P_\mathrm{pred} = A P A^T + Q . \] +\subsubsection*{Messen} +Der Sensor wurde noch nicht benutz, doch genau der liefert Werte für das Filter. +Die aktuellen Messwerte $z$ werden die Innovation $w$ mit dem Zustandsvektor $x$ und der Messmatrix $H$ zusammengerechnet. +Hier bei wird lediglich die Messung mit dem Fehler behaftet, und die Messmatrix $H$ mit der Vorhersage multipliziert -wird dieser Vorgang wiederholt, schaut der Filter wie genau die letzte Anpassung von $P$ zur Messung stimmt. Ist der Unterschied klein, wird die Kovarianz $P$ kleiner, ist der Unterschied gross, wird auch die Kovarianz grösser. Das Filter passt sich selber an und korrigiert sich bei grosser Abweichung. +\[{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H_{k}}\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}.\] -\subsubsection*{Messen} -Der Sensor wurde noch nicht benutz, doch genau der liefert Werte für den Filter. Die aktuellen Messwerte $z$ werden die Innovation $w$ mit dem Zustandsvektor $x$ und der Messmatrix $H$ zusammengerechnet. -Hier bei wird lediglich die Messung mit dem Fehler behaftet, und die Messmatrix $H$ -\begin{equation} -w=Z-(H\cdot x) -\end{equation} -Die Innovation ist der Teil der Messung, die nicht durch die Systemdynamik erklärt werden kann. Die Hilfsgröße Innovation beschreibt, wie genau der vorhergesagte Mittelwert den aktuellen Messwert mittels der Beobachtungsgleichung beschreiben kann. Für eine schlechte Vorhersage wird die dazugehörige Innovation gross, für eine genaue Vorhersage dagegen klein sein. Entsprechende Korrekturen müssen dann gross bzw. nur gering ausfallen. Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies ist intuitiv logisch, eine Innovation von 0 bedeutet, dass die Messung nichts Neues hervorbrachte. +Die Innovation ist der Teil der Messung, die nicht durch die Systemdynamik erklärt werden kann. +Die Hilfsgröße Innovation beschreibt, wie genau die Vorhersage den aktuellen Messwert mittels der Systemmatrix $\phi$ beschreiben kann. +Für eine schlechte Vorhersage wird die dazugehörige Innovation gross, für eine genaue Vorhersage dagegen klein sein. +Entsprechende Korrekturen müssen dann gross bzw. nur gering ausfallen. +Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies ist intuitiv logisch, eine Innovation von 0 bedeutet, dass die Messung nichts Neues hervorbrachte. Im nächsten Schritt wir analysiert, mit welcher Kovarianz weiter gerechnet wird. Hierbei wird die Unsicherheit $P$, die Messmatrix $H$ und die Messunsicherheit $R$ miteinander verrechnet. -\begin{equation} -S=Z-(H\cdot P\cdot H`+R) -\end{equation} - +\[ +{S_{k}}={H_{k}}{P_{k|k-1}}{H_{k}}^T+{R_{k}} + \] \subsubsection*{Aktualisieren} Im nächsten Schritt kommt nun die Wahrscheinlichkeit nach Gauss dazu. - -\begin{equation} -K= \frac{P \cdot H`}S -\end{equation} -Dieser Vorgang wird Kalman-Gain genannt. Er sagt aus, welcher Kurve mehr Vertraut werden soll, dem Messwert oder der Systemdynamik. -Das Kalman-Gain wird geringer wen der Messwert dem vorhergesagten Systemzustand entspricht. Sind die Messwerte komplett anders als die Vorhersage, wo werden die Elemente in der Matrix $K$ grösser. - +\[ +{K_{k}}= {{P_{k|k-1}} \cdot {H_{k}^T}}\cdot {S_{k}}^{-1} + \] +Dieser Vorgang wird Kalman-Gain genannt. +Er sagt aus, welcher Kurve mehr Vertraut werden soll, dem Messwert oder der Systemdynamik. +Das Kalman-Gain wird geringer wen der Messwert dem vorhergesagten Systemzustand entspricht. +Sind die Messwerte komplett anders als die Vorhersage, wo werden die Elemente in der Matrix $K$ grösser. Anhand der Informationen aus dem Kalman-Gain $K$ wird das System geupdated. -\begin{equation} -x=x+(K \cdot w) -\end{equation} +\[ +{x_{k|k}}={x_{k|k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) + \] Dazu kommt eine neue Kovarianz für den nächste Vorhersageschritt: -\begin{equation} -P=(I-(K \cdot H)) \cdot P -\end{equation} +\[ +{P_{k|k}}=(I-({K_{k}} \cdot {H_{k}})) \cdot {P_{k|k-1}} + \] Der ganze Ablauf wird nun zum Algorithmus und beginnt wieder mit der Vorhersage -\begin{equation} -{x_{t+1}}=e^{A\Delta t}{ x_t}. -\end{equation} +\[ +{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}. + \] \subsection{Zusammenfassung } -Zusammenfassend kann das Kalman-Filter in offizieller Typus dargestellt werden. Dabei beginnt das Filter mit dem Anfangszustand für $k=0$ +Zusammenfassend kann das Kalman-Filter in offizieller Typus dargestellt werden. +Dabei beginnt das Filter mit dem Anfangszustand für $k=0$ 1. Nächster Zustand vorhersagen -\begin{equation} -{x_{k|k-1}}={A_{k-1}}{x_{k-1}}+{B_{k-1}}{u_{k-1}} -\end{equation} +\[{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}.\] 2. Nächste Fehlerkovarianz vorhersagen -\begin{equation} -{P_{k|k-1}}={A_{k-1}}{P_{k-1}}{A_{k-1}^T}+{Q_{k-1}} -\end{equation} - +\[{P_{k|k-1}}={\Phi _{k}} {P_{k-1|k-1}} {\Phi _{k}}^T + {Q_{k-1}}.\] 3. Das Kalman Filter anwenden -\begin{equation} -{K_k}={P_{k-1}}{H_{k}^T({H_k}{P_{k|k-1}}{H_k}^T}+{R_k})^{-1} -\end{equation} +\[{K_{k}}= {P_{k|k-1}} \cdot {H_{k}^T}\cdot {S_{k}^{-1}}\] 4. Schätzung aktualisieren -\begin{equation} -{x_k}={x_{k|k-1}}+{K_k}({z_k}-{H_k}{x_{k|k-1}}) -\end{equation} +\[{x_{k|k}}={x_{k|k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) \] 5. Fehlerkovarianz aktualisieren -\begin{equation} -{P_k}=(I-{K_k}{H_k}){P_{k|k-1}} -\end{equation} - -6. Die Outputs von $k$ werden die Inputs für ${k-1}$ und werden wieder im Schritt 1 verwendet - - -\section{Matlab-Code} -Um das simulierte Erdbeben auf die theoretische Apparatur zu bringen und mit dem Kalman-Filter Resultate zu generieren, wurde in Matlab der Algorithmus programmiert. -\begin{lstlisting} -%% Initialisierte Werte -t0 = 0.00; % Anfangszeit -deltat = 0.01; % Zeitschritt -tend = 50.00; % Endzeit - -% Standard-Abweichungen Prozess -sigmax = 0.05e-3; % Position -sigmav = 0.01e-3; % Geschwindigkeit -sigmaf = 1; % (Äussere) Kraft - -% Standard-Abweichung Messung -sigmam = 0.01e-3; +\[{P_{k|k}}=(I-({K_{k}}\cdot {H_{k}})) \cdot {P_{k|k-1}} \] -% Systemparameter -m = 1.00; % Masse -D = 0.30; % Federkonstante -k = 0.10; % Dämpfung - -%% Kalmanfilter -% Initialisierung - - -% Anfangszustand (Position, Geschwindigkeit, Kraft) -x0 = [0; 0; 0]; - -% Unsicherheit des Anfangszustand -P0 = [0, 0, 0; ... - 0, 0, 0; ... - 0, 0, 0]; - -% Systemmatrizen -A = [0, 1, 0;... % Dynamikmatrix - -D/m, -2*k/m, 1;... - 0, 0, 0]; % Ableitungen von f(t) unbekant. Annahme: 0 -A = expm(A * deltat); - -Q = [sigmax^2, 0, 0;... - 0, sigmav^2, 0;... - 0, 0, sigmaf^2]; % Prozessrauschen (Covarianz) - -% Messprozess -H = [1, 0, 0]; % Messmatrix -R = sigmam^2; % Messrauschen (Könnte durch Versuche bestimmt werden) - -I = eye(3); % Identity matrix (Einheitsmatrix) - -% Filterprozess - -% Initialisieren der Variablen -N = length(t); % Anzahl Punkte im Einheitsvektor (= Anzahl Messwerte) -xhat = zeros(3, N); % Matrix mit geschätzten Zuständen - -% Index ':' bedeutet: 'alles' -% Index '(1, :)' bedeutet: 'alles aus der 1. Zeile' - -% Anfangszustand setzen -xhat(:, 1) = x0; -P = P0; - -% Kalman-Matrizen konvergiert. Vorab-Berechnung in 'genügenden' Iterationen -for idx = 1:100 - Ppred = A * P * A' + Q; % Prädizieren der Kovarianz - S = (H * Ppred * H' + R); % Innovationskovarianz - K = Ppred * H' / S; % Filter-Matrix (Kalman-Gain) - P = (I - K * H) * Ppred; % Aktualisieren der Kovarianz -end - -% Anfangszustand gegeben -% Erster zu berechnender Wert ist der zweite -for idx = 2:N - % Vorhersage - xpred = A * xhat(:, idx-1); % Prädizierter Zustand aus Bisherigem und System - % Ppred = A * P * A' + Q; % Prädizieren der Kovarianz - - % Korrektur - y = xt(idx) - H * xpred; % Messungen/ Kraft aus System - Vohersage - % S = (H * Ppred * H' + R); % Innovationskovarianz - % K = Ppred * H' / S; - - xhat(:, idx) = xpred + K * y; % Aktualisieren des Systemzustands - % P = (I - K * H) * Ppred; % Aktualisieren der Kovarianz -end -\end{lstlisting} +6. Die Outputs von $k$ werden die Inputs für ${k-1}$ und werden wieder im Schritt 1 verwendet +\end{document} + + +@article{faragher_understanding_2012, + title = {Understanding the Basis of the Kalman Filter Via a Simple and Intuitive Derivation [Lecture Notes]}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {1053-5888}, + url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6279585/}, + doi = {10.1109/MSP.2012.2203621}, + pages = {128--132}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {{IEEE} Signal Processing Magazine}, + shortjournal = {{IEEE} Signal Process. Mag.}, + author = {Faragher, Ramsey}, + urldate = {2021-07-09}, + date = {2012-09} +} +@article{Wikipedia, + title = Kalmanfilter}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman-Filter}, + pages = {128--132}, + number = {5}, + urldate = {2021-07-09}, +} + +@article{mueller_deconvolving_2008, + title = {Deconvolving oscillatory transients with a {Kalman} filter}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4676}, + abstract = {This paper describes a method to filter oscillatory transients from measurements of a time series which were at least an order of magnitude larger than the signal to be measured. Based on a Kalman filter, it has an optimality property and a natural scaling parameter that allows to tune it to high resolution or low noise.}, + urldate = {2021-07-09}, + journal = {arXiv:0809.4676 [math]}, + author = {Mueller, Andreas}, + month = sep, + year = {2008}, + note = {arXiv: 0809.4676}, + keywords = {93E11, Mathematics - Optimization and Control}, + annote = {Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures}, -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5a77dba064b9f1a841930dcc823cb2e83a759839 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2021 16:39:12 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?L=C3=B6schen=20von=20\end?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex | 44 +----------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 43 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex index a4e2220..52872f6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Da wir die äussere Kraft nicht direkt messen können, benötigen wir ein Werkzeug, welches aus der gemessenen Position, die Krafteinwirkung auf unsere System schätzt. Dies ist eine Typische Anwendung für den linearen Kalman-Filter. Unser Ziel ist es, anhand der Messung die eigentlich interessante Grösse $f$ zu bestimmen. -Dabei wird durch eine deterministische Vorhersage, in dem der Zustand \cdot Eigendynamik des Systems gerechnet. +Dabei wird durch eine deterministische Vorhersage, in dem der Zustand * Eigendynamik des Systems gerechnet. Die Idee dahinter ist, dass das Kalman-Filter die nicht-deterministische Grösse $f$ anhand der Messung und der Vorhersage zu bestimmen. Für mehrere Dimensionen (x,y,z) würde der Pythagoras für das System benötigt werden. @@ -262,46 +262,4 @@ Dabei beginnt das Filter mit dem Anfangszustand für $k=0$ 6. Die Outputs von $k$ werden die Inputs für ${k-1}$ und werden wieder im Schritt 1 verwendet -\end{document} - - -@article{faragher_understanding_2012, - title = {Understanding the Basis of the Kalman Filter Via a Simple and Intuitive Derivation [Lecture Notes]}, - volume = {29}, - issn = {1053-5888}, - url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6279585/}, - doi = {10.1109/MSP.2012.2203621}, - pages = {128--132}, - number = {5}, - journaltitle = {{IEEE} Signal Processing Magazine}, - shortjournal = {{IEEE} Signal Process. Mag.}, - author = {Faragher, Ramsey}, - urldate = {2021-07-09}, - date = {2012-09} -} -@article{Wikipedia, - title = Kalmanfilter}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman-Filter}, - pages = {128--132}, - number = {5}, - urldate = {2021-07-09}, -} - -@article{mueller_deconvolving_2008, - title = {Deconvolving oscillatory transients with a {Kalman} filter}, - url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.4676}, - abstract = {This paper describes a method to filter oscillatory transients from measurements of a time series which were at least an order of magnitude larger than the signal to be measured. Based on a Kalman filter, it has an optimality property and a natural scaling parameter that allows to tune it to high resolution or low noise.}, - urldate = {2021-07-09}, - journal = {arXiv:0809.4676 [math]}, - author = {Mueller, Andreas}, - month = sep, - year = {2008}, - note = {arXiv: 0809.4676}, - keywords = {93E11, Mathematics - Optimization and Control}, - annote = {Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures}, - - - - - -- cgit v1.2.1 From 51d891e986fa62c66cb18c6d558458cec41dd540 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2021 16:49:21 +0200 Subject: Update references.bib --- buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib b/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib index aef5de9..56ca24b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib @@ -1,35 +1,57 @@ -% -% references.bib -- Bibliography file for the paper erdbeben -% -% (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil -% +%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. +%% https://bibdesk.sourceforge.io/ + +%% Created for lukas zogg at 2021-07-17 16:48:19 +0200 + + +%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) + + + +@article{aragher_understanding_2012, + author = {Faragher, Ramsey}, + date-added = {2021-07-17 16:44:00 +0200}, + date-modified = {2021-07-17 16:45:54 +0200}, + journal = { Signal Processing Magazine}, + month = {09}, + number = {5}, + pages = {128--132}, + title = {Understanding the Basis of the Kalman Filter Via a Simple and Intuitive Derivation }, + volume = {29}, + year = {2012}, + Bdsk-File-1 = {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}} + +@url{erdbeben:wikipedia, + author = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman-Filter}, + date-added = {2021-07-17 16:42:22 +0200}, + date-modified = {2021-07-17 16:43:53 +0200}, + title = {Kalmanfilter}, + urldate = {2021-07-0}} @online{erdbeben:bibtex, + date = {2020-02-06}, + day = {6}, + month = {2}, title = {BibTeX}, url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} + Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}} @book{erdbeben:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} + isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, + publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, + title = {Numerical Analysis}, + volume = {2}, + year = {2002}} @article{erdbeben:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} -} - + author = {Tabea M{\'e}ndez and Andreas M{\"u}ller}, + journal = {Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, + pages = {607--627}, + title = {Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004}, + volume = 47, + year = 2019, + Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004}} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 4f7ee11ffe36d2414a71698fbaee603342977186 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Sat, 17 Jul 2021 18:03:18 +0200 Subject: Fix typos in intro --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex | 21 ++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex index 24212e7..2e15442 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex @@ -1,14 +1,13 @@ \section{Einleitung} Es gibt viele Möglichkeiten sich in Kristallen zu verlieren. -Auch wen man nur die mathematischen Betrachtunngsweisen berüksichtigt, hat man noch viel zu viele Optionen sich mit Kristallen zu beschäftigen. -In diesem Kapitel ist daher der Fokus ``nur'' auf die Symmetrie gelegt. -Zu beginn werden wir zeigen was eine Symmetrie ausmacht und dass sie noch weit mehr in sich verbirgt als nur schön auszusehen. -Die vorgestellten Symmetrien sind äusserst gut geeignet um die Grundeigenschaften eines Kristalles zu Beschreiben. -Mit etwas kiffligen geometrischen Überlegungen kann man zeigen wass in der Welt der Kristallographie alles möglich ist oder nicht. -Die Einschränkungen sind durchaus wilkommen, dank ihnen halten sich die möglichen Kristallgitter in Grenzen und Lassen sich Kategorisieren. -Kategorien sind nicht nur für einen besseren Überblich nützlich, sondern kann man aus ihnen auch auf Physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen, als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. -Die Piezoelektrizität ist vielleicht noch nicht jedem bekannt, sie versteckt sich aber in diversen Altagsgegenständen zum Beispiel sorgen sie in den meisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. -Ein Funken Interesse ist hoffentlich geweckt um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. - - +Auch wen man nur die mathematischen Betrachtungsweisen berücksichtigt, hat man noch viel zu viele Optionen, sich mit Kristallen zu beschäftigen. +In diesem Kapitel wird daher der Fokus ``nur'' auf die Symmetrie gelegt. +Zu Beginn werden wir zeigen was eine Symmetrie ausmacht und dass sie noch weit mehr in sich verbirgt als nur schön auszusehen. +Die vorgestellten Symmetrien sind äusserst gut geeignet, um die Grundeigenschaften eines Kristalls zu beschreiben. +Mit etwas kniffligen geometrischen Überlegungen kann man zeigen was in der Welt der Kristallographie alles möglich ist oder nicht. +Die Einschränkungen sind durchaus willkommen, dank ihnen halten sich die möglichen Kristallgitter in Grenzen und lassen sich kategorisieren. +Kategorien sind nicht nur für einen besseren Überblick nützlich, sondern man kann aus ihnen auch auf physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen. Als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. +Die Piezoelektrizität ist vielleicht noch nicht jedem bekannt, sie versteckt sich aber in diversen Alltagsgegenständen zum Beispiel sorgen sie in den meisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. +Ein Funken Interesse ist hoffentlich geweckt um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen Thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. +%% vim:linebreak breakindent showbreak=.. spell spelllang=de: -- cgit v1.2.1 From a9b9236ce6ed9905b21e02ce6cf5c1b5bf19927f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 10:59:30 +0200 Subject: Fix typos and suggested changes in crystals section --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 107 ++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index abd0c27..8c655e2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ \section{Kristalle} %einleitung sollte noch an das ende von der Symmetrie angepasst werden -Unter dem Begriff Kristall sollte sich jeder ein Bild machen können. +Unter dem Begriff Kristall sollte sich jeder ein Bild machen können. Wir werden uns aber nicht auf sein Äusseres fokussieren, sondern was ihn im Inneren ausmacht. Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. \begin{definition}[Kristall] @@ -17,37 +17,33 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. \end{figure} \subsection{Kristallgitter} Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice}. -Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt und betrachten dies nur in Zwei Dimensionen. -Die eingezeichneten Vektoren $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. -Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt -und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, -endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. -Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor $\vec{c}$ also +Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes dargestellt und betrachten dies nur in zwei Dimensionen. +Die eingezeichneten Vektoren \(\vec{a}\) und \(\vec{b}\) sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. +Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von \(\vec{a}\) und \(\vec{b}\) verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. +Im dreidimensionalen Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor \(\vec{c}\) also \[ - \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} + \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} \] -erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. -Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben , -ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. +erreicht werden sofern \(\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}\) sind. +Sind die Vektoren \(\vec{a}\), \(\vec{b}\), \(\vec{c}\) gegeben, ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. -Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, -da die Umgebungen aller Punkte Identisch sind. -Mit anderen worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation +Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, da die Umgebungen aller Punkte Identisch sind. +Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter \( G \) ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation \[ - Q_i(G) = G + \vec{a_i} -\] wobei der Vektor $a_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. -Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, -können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination -der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. -Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, -solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. + \vec{Q}_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i, +\] +wobei der Vektor \(\vec{a}_i\) ein Grundvektor sein muss. +Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination der Vektoren \(\vec{a}\), \(\vec{b}\) und \(\vec{c}\) erlaubt sind oder kurz, um \(\vec{r}\). +Verschiebungen um \(\vec{r}\) bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. - Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, - können nur Rotationssymmetrische Kristalle bestimmter Rotationswinkel erzeugt werden. + Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, können nur Rotationssymmetrische Kristalle bestimmter Rotationswinkel erzeugt werden. + + % Suggestion from Muller: + % dass nur ganz bestimmt Drehwinkel \"uberhaupt m\"oglich sind. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -58,50 +54,49 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \label{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} \end{figure} - \subsubsection{Translationssymmetrie $Q$ in Kombination mit Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$} % Müssen uns auf eine schreibweise für Symmetrie Operationen einigen oder sicher am Ende überprüfen + \subsubsection{Translationssymmetrie \(\vec{Q}\) in Kombination mit Rotationssymmetrie \(C_\alpha\)} % Müssen uns auf eine schreibweise für Symmetrie Operationen einigen oder sicher am Ende überprüfen In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} Sehen wir Gitterpunkte und deren Zusammenhänge. \begin{itemize} - \item $A$ ist unser erster Gitterpunkt. + \item \(A\) ist unser erster Gitterpunkt. - \item $A'$ ist gegeben, weil wir $A$ mit der Translation $Q$ um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, - dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der Verschobenen Stelle sein muss. - \item $B$ entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$ auf den Punkt $A$ anwenden. - Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel $\alpha$. - Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt $A'$ abgedreht wird. - An der neuen Position von $A'$ muss also auch ein Punkt sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. - \item $B$ ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. - Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir $C_\alpha$ auch auf $A'$ anwenden. - Also wenden wir $C_\alpha$ invertiert - \footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. - Genauere Überlegungen hierzu werden dem Leser überlassen, da sich die Autoren nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} - auch auf $A'$ an. - Dies dreht $A$ auf einen neuen Punkt. - \item $B'$ ist kein zufälliger Name für diesen neuen Punkt, denn wir wissen, dass zwischen allen Punkten eine Translationssymmetrie bestehen muss. - Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen $B$ und $B'$ ist hier als $Q'$ bezeichnet. + \item \(A'\) ist gegeben, weil wir \(A\) mit der Translation \(\vec{Q}\) um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der verschobenen Stelle sein muss. + \item \(B\) entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie \(C_\alpha\) auf den Punkt \(A\) anwenden. + Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel \(\alpha\). + Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt \(A'\) abgedreht wird. + An der neuen Position \(B\) von \(A'\) muss also auch ein Punkt des Gitters sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. + \item \(B\) ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. + Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir \(C_\alpha\) auch auf \(A'\) anwenden. + Also wenden wir \(C_\alpha\) invertiert + \footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. + Genauere Überlegungen hierzu werden dem Leser überlassen, da sich die Autoren nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} + auch auf \(A'\) an. + Dies dreht \(A\) auf einen neuen Punkt. + \item \(B'\) ist kein zufälliger Name für diesen neuen Punkt, denn wir wissen, dass zwischen allen Punkten eine Translationssymmetrie bestehen muss. + Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen \(B\) und \(B'\) ist hier als \(\vec{Q}'\) bezeichnet. \end{itemize} Mit den gegebenen Punkten lassen sich geometrische Folgerungen ziehen. - Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge der Translation $Q$ mit jener von $Q'$ vergleichen. - Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass $|Q| = |Q'|+ 2x$. - Ist $Q$ ein Grundvektor so muss $|Q'|$ ein ganzes vielfaches von $|Q|$ sein. Also + Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge \(Q\) der Translation \(\vec{Q}\) mit jener von \(\vec{Q}'\) vergleichen. + Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass \(Q = Q' + 2x\). + Ist \(\vec{Q}\) ein Grundvektor so muss \(Q'\) ein ganzes vielfaches von \(Q\) sein. + Also \[ - |Q'| = n|Q| = |Q| + 2x + Q' = nQ = Q + 2x \] - Die Strecke $x$ lässt sich auch mit hilfe der Trigonometrie und dem angenommenen Rotationswinkel $\alpha$ ausdrücken: + Die Strecke \(x\) lässt sich auch mit hilfe der Trigonometrie und dem angenommenen Rotationswinkel \(\alpha\) ausdrücken: \[ - n|Q| = |Q| + 2|Q|\sin(\alpha - \pi/2) + nQ = Q + 2Q\sin(\alpha - \pi/2) \] - Wir können mit $|Q|$ dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, - was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangieren soll. + Wir können durch \(Q\) dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangiert. Zusätzlich können wir den Sinusterm vereinfachen. \[ - n = 1 - 2\cos\alpha \qquad + n = 1 - 2\cos\alpha \quad\iff\quad \alpha = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{1-n}{2}\right) \] Dies schränkt die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien auf - \[ + \( \alpha \in \left\{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\right\} - \] + \) ein. \begin{figure} @@ -114,13 +109,13 @@ ein. \subsection{Kristallklassen} Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. Mit weiteren ähnlichen überlegungen gezeigt werden kann, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum -\footnote{Alle $17$ möglichen zweidimensionalen Symmetrien sind als Wandmustergruppen bekannt} -nur auf genau $32$ Arten punktsymmetrisch sein können. -Diese $32$ möglichen Punktsymmetrien scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. +\footnote{Alle \(17\) möglichen zweidimensionalen Symmetrien sind als Wandmustergruppen bekannt} +nur auf genau \(32\) Arten punktsymmetrisch sein können. +Diese \(32\) möglichen Punktsymmetrien scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. Eine mögliche Art, die Klassen zu benennen ist nacht dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich mit der Klasifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinandergesetzt hat. Auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} sind die möglichen Punktsymmetrien mit deren Schönfliesnotation aufgelistet. -Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei $5$ Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht gezeichnet wurden. - +Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei \(5\) Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht gezeichnet wurden. +%% vim:spell spelllang=de showbreak=.. breakindent linebreak: -- cgit v1.2.1 From 4dd42de2dd28bbbdf7e08693719e9c43f9294348 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 11:00:07 +0200 Subject: Fix standalone makefile target --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile index 47affeb..98e7149 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< .PHONY: standalone -standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) +standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) $(FIGURES) mkdir -p standalone cd ../..; \ pdflatex \ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 32d6788d0f7b0b9120f4dc71d55b8bcaccf33fe5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 11:09:14 +0200 Subject: Review crystal classes subsection and fix typos --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 19 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 8c655e2..922afd9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigens Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, da die Umgebungen aller Punkte Identisch sind. Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter \( G \) ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation \[ - \vec{Q}_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i, + \vec{Q}(G) = G + \vec{a}, \] -wobei der Vektor \(\vec{a}_i\) ein Grundvektor sein muss. +wobei der Vektor \(\vec{a}\) ein Grundvektor sein muss. Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination der Vektoren \(\vec{a}\), \(\vec{b}\) und \(\vec{c}\) erlaubt sind oder kurz, um \(\vec{r}\). Verschiebungen um \(\vec{r}\) bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Verschiebungen um \(\vec{r}\) bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir \end{itemize} Mit den gegebenen Punkten lassen sich geometrische Folgerungen ziehen. Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge \(Q\) der Translation \(\vec{Q}\) mit jener von \(\vec{Q}'\) vergleichen. - Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass \(Q = Q' + 2x\). + Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass \(Q' = Q + 2x\). Ist \(\vec{Q}\) ein Grundvektor so muss \(Q'\) ein ganzes vielfaches von \(Q\) sein. Also \[ @@ -107,15 +107,12 @@ ein. \end{figure} \subsection{Kristallklassen} -Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. -Mit weiteren ähnlichen überlegungen gezeigt werden kann, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum -\footnote{Alle \(17\) möglichen zweidimensionalen Symmetrien sind als Wandmustergruppen bekannt} -nur auf genau \(32\) Arten punktsymmetrisch sein können. -Diese \(32\) möglichen Punktsymmetrien scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. -Eine mögliche Art, die Klassen zu benennen ist nacht dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, -welcher sich mit der Klasifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinandergesetzt hat. +Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind\footnote{Alle 17 möglichen zweidimensionalen Symmetrien sind als Wandmustergruppen bekannt}. +Mit weiteren ähnlichen \"Uberlegungen kann gezeigt werden, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum nur auf genau 32 Arten punktsymmetrisch sein können. +Diese 32 möglichen Punktsymmetrien scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. +Eine mögliche Art, die Klassen zu benennen ist nach dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich mit der Klassifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinandergesetzt hat. Auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} sind die möglichen Punktsymmetrien mit deren Schönfliesnotation aufgelistet. -Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei \(5\) Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht gezeichnet wurden. +Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei die gestrichelte Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. %% vim:spell spelllang=de showbreak=.. breakindent linebreak: -- cgit v1.2.1 From c6f44d256b3bf705b2bb13352cb01eda6a1bd961 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 11:20:54 +0200 Subject: Recompile figures --- .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force.pdf | Bin 1496 -> 1496 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still.pdf | Bin 1307 -> 1307 bytes .../figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.pdf | Bin 15334 -> 12453 bytes .../figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.pdf | Bin 15377 -> 12490 bytes 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michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 14:57:21 +0200 Subject: file updated --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex index 83e0f94..4b30ec9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex @@ -6,14 +6,40 @@ \section{Anwendungen des Reed-Solomon-Codes \label{reedsolomon:section:anwendung}} \rhead{Anwendungen} -\textcolor{red}{Platzierung der Bilder? Quellenangabe der Bilder?} In den vorherigen Abschnitten haben wir betrachtet, wie Reed-Solomon-Codes in der Theorie Funktionieren. In diesem Abschnitt werden wir einige Anwendungen vorstellen, bei denen ein Reed-Solomon-Code zum Einsatz kommt. + +Dabei teilen all diese Anwendungen das gleiche Problem: Die Daten können nur durch einen (höchst Wahrscheinlichen) fehlerbehafteten Kanal empfangen werden. Es gibt keine andere Methode an diese Daten zu kommen als über diesen Kanal. + + +In der Netzwerktechnik zum Beispiel ist es üblich, dass bei Paketverluste oder beschädigt empfangene Datenpakete diese einfach noch einmal inert wenigen Millisekunden angefordert werden können. +In der Raumfahrt ist dies nicht möglich, da aufgrund der beschränkten Speichermöglichkeit die gesammelten Daten so rasch wie möglich zur Erde gesendet werden. +Diese Daten wiederum brauchen aufgrund der grossen Distanz Stunden bis die Daten beim Empfänger ankommen. +Fehlerhafte Daten kann also auf Grund der Zeitverzögerung nicht mehr angefordert werden. + +Bei CDs oder DVDs gibt es zwar kein Zeitliches Problem, jedoch erschweren Kratzer, Verschmutzungen oder Produktionsfehler das Lesen einer solchen Disk. +Da vor allem Produktionsfehler und Kratzer irreversibel sind und die Disk nicht nach jedem Kratzer ersetzt werden muss, so wird die korrekte Ausgabe der gespeicherten Information durch die Fehlerkorrektur sichergestellt. + +Ein ähnlicher Ansatz verfolgen QR-Codes, wobei die Information auch dann noch gelesen werden kann wenn der Code nicht mehr vollständig vorhanden ist. + +%Wie man sieht, eignen sich Reed-Solomon-Codes vor allem für Anwendungen, bei der die Informationen nicht auf einen Anderen Weg beschafft werden kann. +% +% +%, bei denen die Wahrscheinlichkeit hoch ist, dass während der Übertragung +% +%Es ist deshalb umso wichtiger die Daten Codiert zu lesen um so gleich die Lesefehler zu korrigieren. +% +% da aufgrund der grossen Distanz Stunden vergehen können bis gesendete Daten auf der Erde empfangen werden kann. +% + + Obwohl alle diese Codes nach dem gleichen Prinzip arbeiten gibt es starke Unterschiede in deren Funktionsweise. Dies kommt vor allem daher, da die Codes nur Ressourcen zur Verfügung haben, die von der Hardware bereitstellt wird, auf denen die Codes implementiert wurden. Diese Codes bedienen sich daher verschiedener Tricks und Optimierungen um möglichst effizient zu arbeiten. -% + +Um die Fähigkeit eines verwendeten Reed-Solomon-Codes zu beschreiben verwendet man die Notation ($n$,$k$), wobei $n$ die Grösse des Nachrichtenblocks angibt und $k$ die Anzahl der Stellen, die für Nutzdaten gebraucht werden können. + %Dies kommt vor allem daher, da diese Codes an ihre Hardware gebunden sind, auf denen sie implementiert worden sind. %Deshalb wurden diese Codes stark optimiert damit sie möglichst Effizient arbeiten können. % @@ -45,8 +71,17 @@ Diese Codes bedienen sich daher verschiedener Tricks und Optimierungen um mögli %In den letzten abschnitten haben wir uns ausführlich die Funktionsweise des Reed-Solomon-Codes angeschaut. In diesem Abschnitt möchten wir dem Leser ein paar bekannte beispiele vorstellen, in denen Reed-Solomon-Codes zum einsatz kommen. Es sei jedoch angemerkt, dass diese Anwendungen in der Umsetzung oft ein wenig anderst funktionieren als hier vorgestellt. Dies wurde vor allem wegen technischen optimierungen realisiert. (technische tricks und finessen), von der logik jedoch sehr stark an unserem Beispiel orientieren \subsection{Raumfahrt} -Obwohl Reed-Solomon-Codes bereits in den 1960er entwickelt wurden fanden sie erstmals Anwendung in der Voyager Raumsonde der NASA. Die Daten der zwei im Jahre 1977 gestarteten Sonden werden mit einem RS(255,233)-Code \textcolor{red}{benötigt das weitere erklärungen, wie z.b. 255: grösse nachrichtenblock, 233: anzahl der nutzbaren daten ?} zusammen mit einem konventionellen Faltungscode übertragen. - +Obwohl Reed-Solomon-Codes bereits in den 1960er entwickelt wurden fanden sie erstmals Anwendung in der Voyager Raumsonde der NASA. Die Daten der zwei im Jahre 1977 gestarteten Sonden (siehe Abbildung \ref{fig:voyager}) werden mit einem ($255$,$233$)-Code +Codiert. +Der Nachrichtenblock hat somit eine Länge von $255$ Zahlen, wovon $233$ als Nutzlast zur Verfügung stehen. +Damit ist es möglich bis zu $11$ Fehler im Nachrichtenblock zu korrigieren. +Der Codierte Nachrichtenblock wird in kleinere Blöcke aufgeteilt, mit einem Faltungscode erneut Codiert und anschliessend gesendet. Ein Faltungscode ist wie ein Reed-Solomon-Code in der Lage Fehler zu korrigieren, Funktioniert aber nach einem ganz anderen Prinzip. +Durch diese doppelte Codierung wird eine äusserst hohe Übertragungssicherheit garantiert. +% +%Dabei steht die Zahl 255 für grösse des Nachrichtenblocks, der die Anzahl 233 +% +% +% \textcolor{red}{benötigt das weitere Erklärungen, wie z.b. 255: grösse Nachrichtenblock, 233: anzahl der nutzbaren daten ?} zusammen mit einem konventionellen Faltungscode übertragen. Eine von der Sonde gesendete Nachricht hat eine Blockgrösse von 255 Zeichen, wovon 233 für die Nutzdaten gebraucht werden können. Dieser Code ist somit in der Lage 11 Fehler in einem Nachrichtenblock zu korrigieren. % % Die zwei im Jahre 1977 gestarteten Sonden senden Daten mit der Hilfe eines RS(255,233)-Code für die digitalen Bilder sowie einem konventionellen Faltungscode. % @@ -56,14 +91,14 @@ Obwohl Reed-Solomon-Codes bereits in den 1960er entwickelt wurden fanden sie ers \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/Voyager_Sonde} - \caption{Voyager Raumsonde} + \caption{Mit einer Entfernung von über 22.8 Milliarden Kilometer ist die Voyager 1 Raumsonde das am weitesten entfernte, von Menschen erschaffene Objekt. Obwohl ihre Schwestersonde Voyager 2 zuerst ins All gestartet wurde befindet Sie sich ``nur'' 19 Milliarden Kilometer weit weg von der Erde. Aufgrund abnehmender Batterieleistung werden die beiden Sonden ihre wissenschaftlichen Aktivitäten etwa 2025 einstellen, bleiben aber bis in die 2030er mit uns in Kontakt.} \label{fig:voyager} \end{figure} \subsection{CD/DVD} Compact discs verwenden sogar zwei ineinander verschachtelte Reed-Solomon-Codes, einen (32,28)-Code und einen (28,24)-Code. -Beide Codes sind in der Lage, Fehler aus dem jeweils anderen gelesenen Block zu korrigieren. Dieses spezielle zusammenspielen dieser beiden Codes werden auch Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon-Codes (CIRC) genannt. -Diese Vorgehensweise erzielt eine hohe Robustheit gegenüber Produktionsfehler oder Verschmutzung auf der Disc. Bei CD's sind diese in der Lage bis zu 4000 fehlerhafte Bits am Stück (ca. $2.5mm$) zu erkennen und zu korrigieren. +Beide Codes sind in der Lage, Fehler aus dem jeweils anderen gelesenen Block zu korrigieren. Dieses spezielle Zusammenspielen dieser beiden Codes werden auch Cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon-Codes (CIRC) genannt. +Diese Vorgehensweise erzielt eine hohe Robustheit gegenüber Produktionsfehlern oder Verschmutzung auf der Disc. Bei CDs sind diese in der Lage, bis zu 4000 fehlerhafte Bits am Stück (ca. $2.5mm$) zu erkennen und zu korrigieren. Die Digital Video Disc funktioniert nach dem selben Konzept mit grösseren Codeblöcken. Die DVD verwendet einen (208,192)-Code und einen (182,172)-Code. @@ -73,12 +108,19 @@ Die Digital Video Disc funktioniert nach dem selben Konzept mit grösseren Codeb \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc} - \caption{Compact Disc} + \caption{CDs kamen 1982 auf den Markt. Sie funktioniert durch das ``einbrennen'' von Punkten und Strichen, die die Daten repräsentieren. Gelesen werden diese wiederum durch die Reflektion eines Lasers an diesen Punkten und Strichen.} \label{fig:cd} \end{figure} \subsection{QR-Codes} -Quick Response Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel, nur dass QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Je nach grösse der Codierung ist der QR-Code im Endeffekt robuster gegen Beschädigungen. Bei Low Level Codes können 7\% der Daten Wiederhergestellt werden, beim High Level Code sind das sogar 30\%. +Quick Response Codes oder auch QR-Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel der Abschnitte \ref{reedsolomon:section:codebsp} - \ref{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion} nur das QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Die Physische Grösse eines Codes ist stark abhängig von der Grösse der Codierung sowie dem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Es ist so auf dem ersten Blick nicht ersichtlich, wie viel Nutzinformationen ein Qr-Code enthält. Die QR-Codes in Abbildung \ref{fig:qr} zeigen jeweils die Gleiche Information mit unterschiedlichem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Codes mit einem höheren Korrektur-Level können auch für Desingner-Codes Zweckentfremdet werden. Dabei wird z.B. das Firmenlogo oder einen Schriftzug über den Qr-Code gelegt, ohne das die Funktion des Codes beeinträchtigt wird. Ein Beispiel dazu ist ebenfalls unter Abbildung \ref{fig:qr} \textcolor{red}{(noch nicht erstellt + beschreibung anpassen)} zu finden. + +% + +%So kann auf den ersten Blick nicht +% +% +% funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel, nur dass QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Je nach grösse der Codierung ist der QR-Code im Endeffekt robuster gegen Beschädigungen. Bei Low Level Codes können 7\% der Daten Wiederhergestellt werden, beim High Level Code sind das sogar 30\%. \begin{figure} \centering -- cgit v1.2.1 From 45d314f08914f3a507e989df1eb1b0f75d9e1e33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 21:28:19 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Erg=C3=A4nzunugen?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Erläuterungen zu Dijkstra- und A*-Algorithmus angebracht. --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 72 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 6a5dc28..d96d450 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -2,35 +2,83 @@ \label{section:verkehr/einfuehrung} \subsection{Verkehrsnetze} -Das Verkehrsnetz besteht aus allen Anlagen, auf oder unter der Erdoberfläche, auf denen eine räumliche Fortbewegung von Personen oder auch Gütern stattfindet. Verkehrsnetze sind ein Bestandteil der Verkehrsinfrastruktur, die auf topografischen Karten festgehalten werden. Sie umfassen den Schienenverkehr, alle Strassen und Wege, wie auch Flugplätze und alle dazugehörigen Bauwerke. +Das Verkehrsnetz besteht aus allen Anlagen, auf oder unter der Erdoberfläche, auf denen eine räumliche Fortbewegung von Personen oder auch Gütern stattfindet. Verkehrsnetze sind ein Bestandteil der Verkehrsinfrastruktur, die auf topografischen Karten festgehalten werden. Sie umfassen den Schienenverkehr, alle Strassen und Wege, wie auch Flugplätze und alle dazugehörigen Bauwerke. Aus verkehrsgeografischer Sicht besteht das Verkehrsnetz aus Kanten, Knotenpunkten und dem Hinterland. Die Knotenpunkte werden auch hier durch die Kanten verbunden, die den Verkehrsstrom aufnehmen, wobei das Hinterland durch einzelne Knoten versorgt wird. Die Aufteilung in Kanten und Knotenpunkte ermöglicht eine Vereinfachung komplexer Verkehrsnetze, damit sie mittels der Graphentheorie untersucht werden können. -Grundsätzlich können kurze Wege zwischen den Knotenpunkten das Ziel beim -Aufbau eines Verkehrsnetzes sein. Es kann aber auch versucht werden, die Bau- und Unterhaltskosten des Verkehrsnetzes in einem gewissen Rahmen zu halten. Aus diesen Vorgaben ergibt sich dann, je nach dem was gewünscht wird, eine grob- oder feinmaschige Struktur des Netzes. +Grundsätzlich können kurze Wege zwischen den Knotenpunkten das Ziel beim Aufbau eines Verkehrsnetzes sein. Es kann aber auch versucht werden, die Bau- und Unterhaltskosten des Verkehrsnetzes in einem gewissen Rahmen zu halten. Aus diesen Vorgaben ergibt sich dann, je nach dem was gewünscht wird, eine grob- oder feinmaschige Struktur des Netzes. Ziel ist aber ein möglichst wirtschaftliches und optimales Verkehrsnetz. \subsection{Suchalgorithmen} \subsubsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Infomratikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Den Algorithmus hat er im Jahr 1959 erfunden. -Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist ein Greedy-Algorithmus (gieriger Algorithmus), der schrittweise einen Folgezustand auswählt, damit beim Zeitpunkt der Wahl der grösste Gewinn bzw. das beste Ergebnis erzielt werden kann. +Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist ein Greedy-Algorithmus (gieriger Algorithmus), der schrittweise einen Folgezustand auswählt, damit beim Zeitpunkt der Wahl der grösste Gewinn bzw. das beste Ergebnis erzielt werden kann. Trotz der Schnelligkeit der Greedy-Algorithmen, können viele Probleme nicht optimal gelöst werden. Vereinfacht wird beim Dijkstra-Algorithmus, ausgehend von einem Startknoten so lange dem kürzesten Pfad gefolgt, bis der Zielknoten erreicht wird. Dabei muss für jeden besuchten Knoten die Kostenfunktion als auch der Pfad dahin (vorheriger Knoten) gespeichert werden. Dadurch wird hingegen garantiert, dass, wenn der Zielknoten erreicht wird, auch der kürzeste Pfad gefunden wurde. Grundlegende Voraussetzung für den Dijkstra-Algorithmus ist die strikte Positivität der Kantengewichte. Andernfalls würde ein wiederholtes Ablaufen einer Kante mit negativem Gewicht zu einer stetigen Reduktion der Kostenfunktion führen, was zu einer unendlichen Schlaufe führen würde. +Gegeben sei ein Netzwerk mit $n$ Knoten und dem Startknoten $a$. +Alle Kanten sind mit $k(i, j)$ bewertet. +Gesucht wird der kürzeste Pfad zwischen dem Startknoten und allen übrigen Knoten im Netz. +$D(i)$ ist die kürzeste Distanz vom Startknoten $a$ zum Knoten $i, V(i)$ ist der unmittelbare Vorgängerknoten vom Knoten $i$ auf dem kürzesten Weg vom Startknoten $a$ zum Konten $i$ und die Menge $M$ ist die Menge einer bestimmten Auswahl an Knoten. + +Dabei gilt +\begin{equation}M={a}\end{equation} +\begin{equation}D(a)=0\end{equation} wobei +\begin{equation}D(i)=\infty\end{equation} und +\begin{equation}i \neq a \end{equation} +Ausserdem gilt \begin{equation}V(i)=(-) \text{für alle Knoten $i$}\end{equation}\\ + +%THEORIE... +Iteration + +1. Auswahl eines Knotens \begin{equation} K\in M \text{mit} D(K)=D(i);i\in M\end{equation} + +2. Für alle Nachfolger $N(j)$ vom Knoten $K$ gilt: +\begin{equation}D(K) + k_Kj < D(j)\end{equation} dann wird \begin{equation}D(j) = D(K) + k_Kj, V(j) = K\end{equation} gesetzt und somit wird der Knoten $j$ in die Menge $M$ aufgenommen. + +3. Der ausgewählte Knoten \begin{equation}K\in M\text{wird aus der Menge herausgelöscht}\end{equation}\\ +Diese drei Schritte werden so lange wiederholt bis gilt +\begin{equation}M=\{\}\end{equation} + \subsubsection{A*-Algorithmus} Suchalgorithmen werden nach einfachen (uninformierte) und heuristischen (informierten) Algorithmen unterschieden. Während einfache Algorithmen den Suchraum intuitiv durchsuchen, beziehen heuristische Algorithmen Wissen über den Suchraum mit ein. Der A*-Algorithmus geht auf seine Erfinder Peter Hart, Nils Nilsson und Bertram Raphael zurück, die den Algorithmus erstmals im Jahr 1968 beschrieben. Der A*-Algorithmus ist ein heuristischer Suchalgorithmus, der den kürzesten Pfad zwischen zwei Knoten in einem Graphen mit positiven Kantengewichten berechnet. -Im Gegensatz zu einfachen Suchalgorithmen, wird beim A*-Algorithmus eine Schätzfunktion, die sogenannte Heuristik, verwendet. Dies ermöglicht ein zielgerichtetes Suchen und gleichzeitig wird die Laufzeit verringert. +Im Gegensatz zu einfachen Suchalgorithmen, wird beim A*-Algorithmus eine Schätzfunktion, die sogenannte Heuristik, verwendet. Dies ermöglicht ein zielgerichtetes Suchen und gleichzeitig wird die Laufzeit verringert. Ausserdem findet der A*-Algorithmus immer eine optimale Lösung, sofern eine vorhanden ist. -Der A*-Algorithmus wird als Verallgemeinerung gehandhabt und gilt als Erweiterung des Dijkstra-Algorithmus. -======= +Der A*-Algorithmus wird als Verallgemeinerung gehandhabt und gilt als Erweiterung des Dijkstra-Algorithmus. + +\subsubsection{Anwendung A*-Algorithmus} +Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus von Dijkstra. Gemäss dem Algorihtmus von Dijkstra werden von einem Startknoten aus die jeweiligen Nachbarknoten, die Nachbarknoten der Nachbarknoten usw. verarbeitet. Die Kantengewichte werden dabei aufsummiert und die Priorität wird auf die Kante gelegt, die das geringste Gewicht aufweist. Mit diesem Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass die erste gefundene Lösung auch die optimalste Lösung darstellt.\\ + +Die Kantengewichte werden für jeden Knoten in Form einer Funktion dargestellt +\begin{equation}f(n)=g(n)\end{equation} mit +\begin{equation}g(n)=\text{Summe aller Kantengewichte vom Startknoten bis n}\end{equation}\\ +Der A*-Algorithmus erweitert die Vorgehensweise des Algorithmus von Dijkstra um die Heuristik $h(n)$, die für jeden Knoten $n$ die geschätzte Entfernung zum Zielknoten beschreibt. +Somit gilt: +\begin{equation}f(n)=g(n)+h(n)\end{equation}\\ +Wie auch der Algorithmus von Dijkstra findet der A*-Algorithmus die optimalste Lösung. \subsubsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} -Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. -Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die kürzesten , beziehungsweise die optimalsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet, sofern der Graph keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. -Ein Kreis in einem Graphen ist ein Weg, bei dem Start- und Endpunkt den gleichen Knoten aufweisen. Dieser wird negativ, wenn die Summe der gewichteten Kanten kleiner als Null wird. +Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus, auch Tripel-Algorithmus genannt, wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. +Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die kürzesten , beziehungsweise die optimalsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph aber keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. +Ein Kreis (Zyklus) in einem Graphen ist ein Weg, bei dem Start- und Endpunkt den gleichen Knoten aufweisen. Dieser wird negativ, wenn die Summe der gewichteten Kanten kleiner als Null wird.\\ +Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus besteht grundsätzlich aus Floyd's Berechnung der kürzesten Distanzen zwischen zwei Knoten und Warshall's Konstruktion der kürzesten Wege. Werden diese beiden Teilgebiete zusammengefügt, ergibt sich der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus. + +\subsubsection{Anwendung Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} + +Wie oben erwähnt, besteht der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus aus dem Teil von Floyd zur Berechnung der kürzesten Pfade und dem Teil von Warshall zur Konstruktion der kürzesten Pfade. + +%THEORIE... +Als erstes wird eine Gewichtsmatrix $W$ mit den Matrixeinträgen $W[i, j]$ erstellt. +Der Algorithmus berechnet danach in einer Hauptschleife alle Knoten $k$ von 1 bis $n$. +Dabei versucht er in jeder Iteration alle Wege von $i$ nach $j$ durch die Wege $(i, k)$ und $(k, j)$ zu verbessern. +Falls dieser mögliche Umweg zu einer Verbesserung führt, wird der Algorithmus aktualisiert. + +Die aktuelle Gewichtung der Pfade wird mit +\begin{equation}d[i, j]=min[d[i,j], d[i,k] + d[k,i]]\end{equation} +ermittelt. \subsubsection{Euklidische Heuristik} Bei Verkehrsnetzen ist die euklidische Distanz eine gängige und zuverlässige Heurstik. Dabei wird zu den effektiven Reisekosten zum aktuellen Knoten die euklidische Distanz bis zum Zielknoten hinzuaddiert. Dadurch wird die Kostenfunktion konsequent nie überschätzt. Dies stellt eine Voraussetzung an eine zulässige Heuristik dar. @@ -40,7 +88,7 @@ Was bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz einfach zu bewältigen ist, da Koordinaten Der PageRank-Algorithmus wurde von den Gründern von Google, Larry Page und Sergey Brin im Jahr 1996 entwickelt und zum Patent angemeldet. Zwei Jahre später gründeten sie ihr Unternehmen Google Inc.. Beim PageRank-Algorithmus handelt es sich um den Algorithmus von Google, aus dem die Google-Matrix abgeleitet wird. Die Google-Matrix ist eine immens grosse Matrix mit Millionen Zeilen und Spalten, die für die schnelle und vor allem exakte Bestimmung der PageRanks (Gewichtung) eine grosse Bedeutung hat. -Der PageRank-Algorithmus analysiert und gewichtet beispielsweise die Verlinkungsstruktur verschiedener Websites des World Wide Web anhand ihrer Struktur. +Der PageRank-Algorithmus analysiert und gewichtet beispielsweise die Verlinkungsstruktur verschiedener Websites des World Wide Web anhand ihrer Struktur. Der PageRank wird umso höher, je mehr hochwertige Links auf eine Webseite verweisen und je höher die Gewichtung einer Webseite ist, desto grösser ist der Effekt.\\ Dabei handelt es sich um einen iterativen Prozess. Ausgegangen wird von der Adjazenz-Matrix $A$, für welche gilt. @@ -49,7 +97,7 @@ Grundsätzlich setzt sich der PageRank Algorithmus mit der Fragestellung auseina \begin{equation} A_{i,j}=\left\{ \begin{matrix} -1 & \text{Kante von $j$ nach $i$} \\ 0 & \text{keine Kante von $j$ nach $i$} +1 & \text{Kante von $j$ nach $i$} \\ 0 & \text{keine Kante von $j$ nach $i$} \end{matrix} \right. \label{verkehr:Adja} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 353a32e07fdf128409c8894f723ff4c49bb9322a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2021 21:38:59 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?apply=20m=C3=BCller=20correction=20in=20punktgruppen=20?= =?UTF-8?q?und=20Intro?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------- buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex | 29 ++++++++++++++------- 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 1aec16f..76b3f72 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -17,28 +17,28 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. } \end{figure} \subsection{Kristallgitter} -Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice}. -Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt und betrachten dies nur in Zwei Dimensionen. +Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} dargestellt. +Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes gewählt und betrachten dies nur in zwei Dimensionen. Die eingezeichneten Vektoren $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von $\vec{a}$ und $\vec{b}$ verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. -Im Dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor $\vec{c}$ also +Im dreidimensionalen-Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor $\vec{c}$ also \[ \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} \] erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. -Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben , +Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben, ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, -da die Umgebungen aller Punkte Identisch sind. -Mit anderen worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation +da die Umgebungen aller Punkte identisch sind. +Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation \[ - Q_i(G) = G + \vec{a_i} -\] wobei der Vektor $a_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. + Q_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i +\] wobei der Vektor $\vec{a}_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. @@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. - Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist das auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, - können nur Rotationssymmetrische Kristalle bestimmter Rotationswinkel erzeugt werden. + Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist dass auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, + sind nur rotationssymmetrische Kristalle ganz bestimmter Rotationswinkel möglich. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \end{figure} \subsubsection{Translationssymmetrie $Q$ in Kombination mit Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$} % Müssen uns auf eine schreibweise für Symmetrie Operationen einigen oder sicher am Ende überprüfen - In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} Sehen wir Gitterpunkte und deren Zusammenhänge. + In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} sehen wir Gitterpunkte und deren Zusammenhänge. \begin{itemize} \item $A$ ist unser erster Gitterpunkt. \item $A'$ ist gegeben, weil wir $A$ mit der Translation $Q$ um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, - dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der Verschobenen Stelle sein muss. + dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der verschobenen Stelle sein muss. \item $B$ entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$ auf den Punkt $A$ anwenden. Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel $\alpha$. Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt $A'$ abgedreht wird. - An der neuen Position von $A'$ muss also auch ein Punkt sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. + An der neuen Position $B$ von $A'$ muss also auch ein Punkt des Gitters sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. \item $B$ ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir $C_\alpha$ auch auf $A'$ anwenden. Also wenden wir $C_\alpha$ invertiert @@ -93,11 +93,14 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \[ n|Q| = |Q| + 2|Q|\sin(\alpha - \pi/2) \] - Wir können mit $|Q|$ dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, - was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangieren soll. + Wir können durch $|Q|$ dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, + was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangiert. Zusätzlich können wir den Sinusterm vereinfachen. \[ n = 1 - 2\cos\alpha + + \] + \[ \alpha = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{1-n}{2}\right) \] Dies schränkt die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien auf @@ -115,14 +118,19 @@ ein. \subsection{Kristallklassen} Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. -Mit weiteren ähnlichen überlegungen gezeigt werden kann, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum -\footnote{Alle $17$ möglichen zweidimensionalen Symmetrien sind als Wandmustergruppen bekannt} -nur auf genau $32$ Arten punktsymmetrisch sein können. -Diese $32$ möglichen Punktsymmetrien scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. +Mit weiteren ähnlichen Überlegungen kann gezeigt werden, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum +nur auf genau $32$ Arten rein punktsymmetrische +\footnote{Werden translationssymmetrien auch mit gezählt beschreibt man die 230 Raumgruppen} +Symmetriegruppen bilden können. +Diese $32$ möglichen Symmetriegruppen scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. Eine mögliche Art, die Klassen zu benennen ist nacht dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich mit der Klasifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinandergesetzt hat. Auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} sind die möglichen Punktsymmetrien mit deren Schönfliesnotation aufgelistet. -Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei $5$ Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht gezeichnet wurden. +Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei die gestrichelten $5$ Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. + + +\subsubsection{Schönflies Notation} +TODO diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex index 24212e7..7b4e732 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex @@ -1,14 +1,25 @@ \section{Einleitung} Es gibt viele Möglichkeiten sich in Kristallen zu verlieren. -Auch wen man nur die mathematischen Betrachtunngsweisen berüksichtigt, hat man noch viel zu viele Optionen sich mit Kristallen zu beschäftigen. -In diesem Kapitel ist daher der Fokus ``nur'' auf die Symmetrie gelegt. -Zu beginn werden wir zeigen was eine Symmetrie ausmacht und dass sie noch weit mehr in sich verbirgt als nur schön auszusehen. -Die vorgestellten Symmetrien sind äusserst gut geeignet um die Grundeigenschaften eines Kristalles zu Beschreiben. -Mit etwas kiffligen geometrischen Überlegungen kann man zeigen wass in der Welt der Kristallographie alles möglich ist oder nicht. -Die Einschränkungen sind durchaus wilkommen, dank ihnen halten sich die möglichen Kristallgitter in Grenzen und Lassen sich Kategorisieren. -Kategorien sind nicht nur für einen besseren Überblich nützlich, sondern kann man aus ihnen auch auf Physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen, als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. -Die Piezoelektrizität ist vielleicht noch nicht jedem bekannt, sie versteckt sich aber in diversen Altagsgegenständen zum Beispiel sorgen sie in den meisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. -Ein Funken Interesse ist hoffentlich geweckt um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. +Auch wen man nur die mathematischen Betrachtunngsweisen berücksichtigt, +hat man noch viel zu viele Optionen sich mit Kristallen zu beschäftigen. +In diesem Kapitel wird daher der Fokus ``nur'' auf die Symmetrie gelegt. +Zu Beginn werden wir zeigen was eine Symmetrie ausmacht und +dass sie noch weit mehr in sich verbirgt als nur schön auszusehen. +Die vorgestellten Symmetrien sind äusserst gut geeignet, +um die Grundeigenschaften eines Kristalles zu beschreiben. +Mit etwas kniffligen geometrischen Überlegungen kann man zeigen, +was in der Welt der Kristallographie alles möglich ist oder nicht. +Die Einschränkungen sind durchaus willkommen, +dank ihnen halten sich die möglichen Kristallgitter in Grenzen +und lassen sich kategorisieren.%umformulieren +Kategorien sind nicht nur für einen besseren Überblick nützlich, +sondern kann man aus ihnen auch auf Physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen. +Als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. +Die Piezoelektrizität ist vielleicht noch nicht jedem bekannt, +sie versteckt sich aber in diversen Altagsgegenständen +zum Beispiel sorgen sie in den meisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. +Ein Funken Interesse ist hoffentlich geweckt +um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 88de7e8d421d3d7395840fdf916bbd015254d43c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 16:30:45 +0200 Subject: update --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 14 ++++---- buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex | 10 +++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++------------- 3 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index 025be3a..d276760 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -3,13 +3,17 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Diskrete Fourien Transformation +\section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation \label{reedsolomon:section:dtf}} \rhead{Umwandlung mit DTF} Um die Polynominterpolation zu umgehen, gehen wir nun über in die Fourientransformation. Dies wird weder eine erklärung der Forientransorfmation noch ein genauer gebrauch für den Reed-Solomon-Code. Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourientransformation auf Fehler reagiert. -wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nütlich ist. +wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nützlich ist. + +\subsection{Diskrete Fourientransformation Zusamenhang +\label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} +Die Diskrete Fourientransformation ist definiert als \subsection{Übertragungsabfolge \label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} @@ -22,9 +26,7 @@ Kommen nuun drei Fehler... hinzu zu diesem codierten Signal sind diese nicht zu Nach dem Empfangen... und decodieren ... erkennt man die fehlerhafte information in den Punkten 64 bis 100. Filtert man nur diese Punkte heraus und Transformiert sie mit Fourier erhält man die stellen an denen die Fehler sich eingeschlichen haben. -\subsection{Diskrete Fourientransformation Zusamenhang -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} -Die Diskrete Fourientransformation ist definiert als -.... + + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex index 3d40db1..2b1d878 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ \section{Einleitung \label{reedsolomon:section:einleitung}} \rhead{Einleitung} -Der Reed-Solomon-Code ist entstaden im ... vom .. um, -das Problem der Daten Übertragung zu lösen. -In deiesem Abschnitt wird möglichst verständlich die mathematische Abfolge, Funktion oder Algorithmus erklärt. +Der Reed-Solomon-Code ist entstanden um, +das Problem der Fehler, bei der Datenübertragung, zu lösen. +In diesem Abschnitt wird möglichst verständlich die mathematische Abfolge, Funktion oder Algorithmus erklärt. Es wird jedoch nicht auf die technische Umsetzung oder Implementierung eingegangen. -Um beim Daten Übertragen fehler zu erkennen könnte man die Daten jeweils doppelt senden, +Um beim Datenübertragen Fehler zu erkennen, könnte man die Daten jeweils doppelt senden, und so jeweilige Fehler zu erkennen. -Doch dies braucht schnell unmengen an Daten, wenn man nach vielen Fehler absichern möchte. +Doch nur schon um weinige Fehler zu erkennen werden überproportional viele Daten doppelt und dreifach gesendet. Der Reed-Solomon-Code macht dies auf eine andere, clevere Weise. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 4a7716a..b0a772e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -8,51 +8,65 @@ \rhead{Problemstellung} Das Problem liegt darin Informationen, Zahlen, zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. -Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkenen, +Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkennen, man kann sogar einige Fehler korrigieren. \rhead{Polynom-Ansatz} -Eine Idee ist die Daten, -ein Polynom zu bilden und dieses dann mit bestimmten Punkten überträgt. +Eine Idee ist aus den Daten +ein Polynom zu bilden. +Diese Polynomfunktion bei bestimmten Werten, ausrechnet und diese Punkte dann überträgt. Nehmen wir als beisbiel die Zahlen \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5}, welche uns dann das Polynom \begin{equation} p(x) = -2x^2 + 1x + 5 +\textcolor{blue}{2}x^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}x + \textcolor{blue}{5} \label{reedsolomon:equation1} \end{equation} ergeben. -Übertragen werden nun die stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. -Grafisch sieht man dies dann im Abbild //TODO -Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hatt, muss der Leser/Empfänger erkennen, welches das Richtige Polynom ist. -Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, mit welchem Grad das Polynom entwickelt wurde. +Übertragen werden nun die Werte an den stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. +Grafisch sieht man dies dann in Abbildung % TODO +Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hatt, muss der Leser/Empfänger diesen erkennen und das Polynom rekonstruieren. +Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt wurden. \subsection{Beispiel} -Für das Beispeil aus der Gleichung \ref{reedsolomon:equation1}, +Für das Beispeil aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, ist ein Polynome zweiten Grades durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben, kann man diese erkennen, da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. Ab wie vielen Fehler ist das Polynom nicht mehr erkennbar beim Übertragen von 7 Punkten? Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt. -Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkennt werden das das Polynom nicht stimmt. -Das Orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. -Dabei sollten mehr Übertragungspunkte gegeben werden. +Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkennt werden, dass das Polynom nicht stimmt. +Das orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. +Dafür sind mehr übertragene Werte nötig. \section{Fehlerbestimmung \label{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerbestimmmung}} So wird ein Muster indentifiziert, welches genau vorherbestimmen kann, wie gross das Polynom sein muss und wie viele Übertragungspunkte gegeben werden müssen. -Durch ein klein wenig Überlegung ist klar das die anzahl Zahlen (Daten, ab hier verwenden wir das Wort Nutzlast), -die dan Entschlüsselt werden sollen den Grad des Polynoms minus 1 ergeben. +Um zu bestimmen wie viel Fehler erkennt und korriegiert werden können. +Die Anzahl Zahlen (Daten, ab hier verwenden wir das Wort Nutzlast), +die Entschlüsselt werden sollen, brauchen die gleiche Anzahl an Polynomgraden, beginnend bei Grad 0. ( \( k-1 \) ) Für die Anzahl an Übertragungspunkte, muss bestimmt werden wieviel Fehler erkennt und korrigiert werden sollen. -Mit Hilfe der Tabelle.... sieht man das es bei $$t$$ Fehlern und $$k$$ Nutzlast, -für das Übertragen $$k+2t$$ Punkte gegben werden müssen. - -Ein toller Nebeneffekt ist das dadurch auch $$2t$$ Fehler erkannt werden. -um zurück auf unser Beispiel zu kommen, -können von den 7 Übertragungspunkten bis zu $$2t = 2*2 = 4 $$ Punkten falsch liegen -und es wird kein eindeutiges Polynom 2ten Grades erkannt, und somit die Nutzlast Daten als fehlerhaft deklariert. - -Ein Polynom durch Punkt mit Polynom Interpolation zu rekonstruieren ist schwierig und Fehleranfällig. +Mit Hilfe der Tabelle, sieht man das es bei $t$ Fehlern und $k$ Nutzlast Zahlen, +$k+2t$ Punkte übertragen werden müssen. +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ c c c } + \hline + Nutzlas & Fehler & Übertragen \\ + \hline + 3 & 2 & 7 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + 4 & 2 & 8 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 3 \\ + 3 & 3 & 9 Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad 2 \\ + \hline + $k$ & $t$ & $k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$ \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{center} +Ein toller Nebeneffekt ist das dadurch auch $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden. +Um zurück auf unser Beispiel zu kommen, +können von den 7 Übertragungspunkten bis zu $2t = 2\cdot2 = 4 $ Punkten falsch liegen +und es wird kein eindeutiges Polynom zweiten Grades erkannt, und somit die Nutzlast Daten als fehlerhaft deklariert. +Um aus den Übertragenen Zahlen wieder die Nutzlastzahlen zu bekommen könnte man eine Polynominterpolation anwenden, +doch die Punkte mit Polynominterpolation zu einem Polynom zu rekonstruieren ist schwierig und Fehleranfällig. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 997e5ae44bcb81c81fbbf0c4fa29269ffe93fc24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 16:55:45 +0200 Subject: try to add picture --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 10 +++++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index b0a772e..28b65bd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -25,9 +25,17 @@ p(x) \end{equation} ergeben. Übertragen werden nun die Werte an den stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. -Grafisch sieht man dies dann in Abbildung % TODO +Grafisch sieht man dies dann in Abbildung Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hatt, muss der Leser/Empfänger diesen erkennen und das Polynom rekonstruieren. Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt wurden. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.pdf} + \caption{Polynom \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} + \label{fig:polynom} +\end{figure} + \subsection{Beispiel} Für das Beispeil aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, ist ein Polynome zweiten Grades durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be9a65e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +% polynome2 +%------------------- +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\newcommand{\teiler}{40} +\begin{document} +% Übertragen von den Zahlen +% \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5} +% als $ p(x) = \textcolor{blue}{2}x^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}x + \textcolor{blue}{5} $.\newline +% Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, +% \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, +% \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, +% \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + + + \begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] + plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] + ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); + \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (8,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,150/\teiler) coordinate[label={right:$p(x)$}]; + \def\punkt#1{ + \fill[color=green] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} + %\punkt{(2,15/\teiler)} + %\punkt{(3,26/\teiler)} + \punkt{(4,41/\teiler)} + \punkt{(5,60/\teiler)} + \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} + \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} + \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] + plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] + ({\x},{(0.1958*\x^2-1.2875*\x+3.0417)}); + \def\erpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + \erpunkt{(2,50/\teiler)} + \erpunkt{(3,0.9414)} + + \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; + \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From faf8fab3819a2b1eeb5529866716d545b52f6285 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 17:36:11 +0200 Subject: another try --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/empfangen.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m | 22 ++++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 7 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex | 32 ++++---- buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex | 2 + 11 files changed, 712 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/empfangen.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a57fb3e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +305 +114.502535214877 +86.2532974498148 +10.2450106137816 +68.1373455525487 +12.2281691909479 +3.18633753309102 +20.0196562371296 +12.2767246322969 +11.7216140392957 +24.8752690882777 +16.2978466490127 +23.2518118214845 +16.5845482358975 +15.6140674930647 +33.396205039034 +20.7846096908265 +19.3528753492232 +16.3850575123207 +20.9502842499826 +17.064465004608 +11.7252100463969 +31.1005540675575 +29.4336965143315 +26.6270539113887 +18.0164813754079 +24.7444243500799 +7.51007272621331 +4.06984153366859 +27.215173252412 +17.2339815787965 +23.5539874432174 +22.2710574513201 +14.7961619823174 +25.5530773949688 +33.4185813747547 +11.5478676394508 +21.0691619228239 +28.7948800016184 +12.3795084046074 +17.0082930449459 +19.7473571196866 +18.4490385219626 +12.2195365467659 +7.58568158110485 +6.02300839250873 +14.565530706253 +3.78959213976527 +21 +3.78959213976527 +14.565530706253 +6.02300839250873 +7.58568158110485 +12.2195365467659 +18.4490385219626 +19.7473571196866 +17.0082930449459 +12.3795084046074 +28.7948800016184 +21.0691619228239 +11.5478676394508 +33.4185813747547 +25.5530773949688 +14.7961619823174 +22.2710574513201 +23.5539874432174 +17.2339815787965 +27.215173252412 +4.06984153366859 +7.51007272621331 +24.7444243500799 +18.0164813754079 +26.6270539113887 +29.4336965143315 +31.1005540675575 +11.7252100463969 +17.064465004608 +20.9502842499826 +16.3850575123207 +19.3528753492232 +20.7846096908265 +33.396205039034 +15.6140674930647 +16.5845482358975 +23.2518118214845 +16.2978466490127 +24.8752690882777 +11.7216140392957 +12.2767246322969 +20.0196562371296 +3.18633753309102 +12.2281691909479 +68.1373455525487 +10.2450106137816 +86.2532974498148 +114.502535214877 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5295e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +5.05208333333333 +4.02603841132848 +3.9866906905523 +2.98928833660435 +5.01944413899123 +5.01851886476838 +7.97795274966527 +7.9523893732277 +5.97396514457618 +4.00519657776884 +8.0006276895628 +4.97630831658918 +3.97918030102376 +9.01298821331865 +9.03553822210758 +6.02435577439403 +6.005269315244 +6.00739475784899 +2.02214193521707 +3.02175993431401 +5.00158984940366 +1.98176205240977 +7.97728830439693 +1.98491220960989 +1.98958333333333 +1.98491220960989 +1.97728880273589 +3.98152108172961 +3.00171929847136 +9.02175649397959 +4.02211963444795 +2.00740795901169 +9.00524899981178 +10.0243555198185 +4.03562322003676 +1.01362103081199 +2.97918487756672 +3.97630844288113 +6.00063199465927 +3.00522617023784 +5.97396514457618 +6.95239288504068 +1.97810392013073 +1.01862378300238 +3.0194483612015 +2.98928833660435 +3.9866906905523 +5.02603060999077 +1.05208333333333 +3.02605136876764 +7.9866590265379 +0.0177592928994289 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0000000..326dd83 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/empfangen.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +305 +114.502535214877 +86.2532974498148 +10.2450106137816 +68.1373455525487 +12.2281691909479 +4.75208293424194 +20.0196562371296 +12.2767246322969 +11.7216140392957 +24.8752690882777 +16.2978466490127 +23.2518118214845 +16.5845482358975 +15.6140674930647 +33.396205039034 +20.7846096908265 +19.3528753492232 +16.3850575123207 +20.9502842499826 +19.0535931901409 +11.7252100463969 +31.1005540675575 +29.4336965143315 +26.6270539113887 +18.0164813754079 +24.7444243500799 +7.51007272621331 +4.06984153366859 +27.215173252412 +17.2339815787965 +23.5539874432174 +22.2710574513201 +14.7961619823174 +25.5530773949688 +33.4185813747547 +11.5478676394508 +21.0691619228239 +28.7948800016184 +12.3795084046074 +17.0082930449459 +19.7473571196866 +18.4490385219626 +12.2195365467659 +7.58568158110485 +6.02300839250873 +14.565530706253 +3.78959213976527 +21 +3.78959213976527 +14.565530706253 +6.02300839250873 +7.58568158110485 +12.2195365467659 +18.4490385219626 +19.7473571196866 +17.0082930449459 +12.3795084046074 +28.7948800016184 +21.0691619228239 +11.5478676394508 +33.4185813747547 +25.5530773949688 +14.7961619823174 +22.2710574513201 +23.5539874432174 +17.2339815787965 +27.215173252412 +4.06984153366859 +7.51007272621331 +24.7444243500799 +18.0164813754079 +26.6270539113887 +29.4336965143315 +30.3915028428898 +11.7252100463969 +17.064465004608 +20.9502842499826 +16.3850575123207 +19.3528753492232 +20.7846096908265 +33.396205039034 +15.6140674930647 +16.5845482358975 +23.2518118214845 +16.2978466490127 +24.8752690882777 +11.7216140392957 +12.2767246322969 +20.0196562371296 +3.18633753309102 +12.2281691909479 +68.1373455525487 +10.2450106137816 +86.2532974498148 +114.502535214877 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m index 6bdc741..5e4da85 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# -# f.m -- Reed-Solomon-Visualisierung mit FFT -# -# (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule -# +% +% f.m -- Reed-Solomon-Visualisierung mit FFT +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule + N = 64; b = 32; l = N + b; @@ -59,3 +59,15 @@ plot(locator); xlim([1, l]); title("Locator"); pause() + +writematrix(abs(signal), 'signal.txt') +writematrix(abs(codiert), 'codiert.txt') +writematrix(fehler, 'fehler.txt') +writematrix(abs(empfangen), 'empfangen.txt') +writematrix(abs(decodiert), 'decodiert.txt') +writematrix(abs(syndrom), 'syndrom.txt') +writematrix(locator, 'locator.txt') + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8f9afb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +2 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +2 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +1 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..421d36e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0.0301224340566959 +0.141653026854878 +0.138226631799375 +0.0339903276086926 +0.310585462557496 +0.551427312631386 +0.628514858396816 +0.511023862515591 +0.275861355940448 +0.0502396354182231 +0.0901855025475772 +0.110759344849757 +0.0684618905062958 +0.0362855426992255 +0.0697096919781522 +0.109288539370249 +0.0923187999496619 +0.0512198536768151 +0.274192386987786 +0.513496149536541 +0.633154426602464 +0.553283743533939 +0.307840573214511 +0.0341664350328389 +0.140270857956999 +0.138527177682829 +0.0296375477361526 +0.0816962563186064 +0.0944383203811072 +0.0263932110686224 +0.058588134840207 +0.0737117341600011 +0.0239973937701886 +0.0464215468420024 +0.0616218854220982 +0.0221963086695035 +0.0390764778127614 +0.0537637218396927 +0.0208333333333355 +0.0343107696069015 +0.0483441215964522 +0.0198077862118787 +0.0311207395968709 +0.0444955089373439 +0.0190533549944134 +0.0290049795038704 +0.0417536642697542 +0.0185261550443044 +0.0277059929762204 +0.0398606084144781 +0.0181978813094801 +0.0271098219177536 +0.0386836665079658 +0.018051861104682 +0.0272138992557153 +0.0381891287148298 +0.0180809085252426 +0.0281418959420076 +0.0384596362516644 +0.0182864418432244 +0.0302250788423177 +0.0397874837986374 +0.0186786556701704 +0.0342489348284176 +0.0429932815348636 +0.0192777878591794 +0.0422808966932026 +0.0506815964680558 +0.0201167847752232 +0.0615048274405276 +0.074495389450843 +0.0212460545964937 +0.142602265816219 +0.273502052865438 +0.325309673287598 +0.272705389655347 +0.149074257381343 +0.0247199397628717 +0.0680137859566989 +0.0753882708734869 +0.0273637831604916 +0.0407867704453288 +0.0632964886441987 +0.0309749128751131 +0.0315202035072016 +0.0627625211892194 +0.0360843918243526 +0.0279492055149482 +0.0677921493367224 +0.0437167157553051 +0.0270640150996341 +0.0783380025231665 +0.0561293738314322 +0.0278742033265804 +0.0981443889498686 +0.0794543457386637 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..202dd02 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +5 +4 +4 +3 +5 +5 +8 +8 +6 +4 +8 +5 +4 +9 +9 +6 +6 +6 +2 +3 +5 +2 +8 +2 +2 +2 +2 +4 +3 +9 +4 +2 +9 +10 +4 +1 +3 +4 +6 +3 +6 +7 +2 +1 +3 +3 +4 +5 +1 +3 +8 +0 +9 +7 +5 +6 +2 +5 +10 +5 +5 +2 +5 +6 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59b9dc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0.0275599094902566 +0.0115837187254189 +0.0258777610142382 +0.0224618032819705 +0.0441059468994403 +0.0474504002669344 +0.0227694695500614 +0.0271436638090525 +0.0104166666666661 +0.027143663809052 +0.0227694695500605 +0.0474504002669342 +0.04410594689944 +0.0224618032819704 +0.0258777610142386 +0.0115837187254188 +0.027559909490256 +0.0245124379481791 +0.0499782237195213 +0.0401432022864264 +0.023292374765623 +0.0237974288564093 +0.0143895905726623 +0.0271745729691686 +0.0275599094902561 +0.051550167218498 +0.0358255004834538 +0.0247005083663728 +0.0210194725405181 +0.0177592928994299 +0.0261327016093146 +0.0314909067039408 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 28b65bd..5e91559 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.pdf} + %\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2} + %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex} \caption{Polynom \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} \label{fig:polynom} \end{figure} @@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben, kann man diese erkennen, da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. Ab wie vielen Fehler ist das Polynom nicht mehr erkennbar beim Übertragen von 7 Punkten? Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, -gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt. +gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt.\ref{fig:polynom} Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkennt werden, dass das Polynom nicht stimmt. Das orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. Dafür sind mehr übertragene Werte nötig. @@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ die Entschlüsselt werden sollen, brauchen die gleiche Anzahl an Polynomgraden, Für die Anzahl an Übertragungspunkte, muss bestimmt werden wieviel Fehler erkennt und korrigiert werden sollen. Mit Hilfe der Tabelle, sieht man das es bei $t$ Fehlern und $k$ Nutzlast Zahlen, $k+2t$ Punkte übertragen werden müssen. + \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ c c c } \hline @@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ $k+2t$ Punkte übertragen werden müssen. \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} + Ein toller Nebeneffekt ist das dadurch auch $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden. Um zurück auf unser Beispiel zu kommen, können von den 7 Übertragungspunkten bis zu $2t = 2\cdot2 = 4 $ Punkten falsch liegen diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex index be9a65e..4fdfc81 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ % polynome2 %------------------- -\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} -\usepackage{amsmath} -\usepackage{times} -\usepackage{txfonts} -\usepackage{pgfplots} -\usepackage{csvsimple} -\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +%\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +%\usepackage{amsmath} +%\usepackage{times} +%\usepackage{txfonts} +%\usepackage{pgfplots} +%\usepackage{csvsimple} +%\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} \newcommand{\teiler}{40} -\begin{document} -% Übertragen von den Zahlen -% \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5} -% als $ p(x) = \textcolor{blue}{2}x^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}x + \textcolor{blue}{5} $.\newline -% Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, -% \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, -% \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, -% \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ +%\begin{document} + Übertragen von den Zahlen + \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5} + als $ p(x) = \textcolor{blue}{2}x^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}x + \textcolor{blue}{5} $.\newline + Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, + \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, + \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, + \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ \begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] @@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; \end{tikzpicture} -\end{document} +%\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex index 3643731..4b1ee68 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 1a539e1764591e3daf7a254a038f956209e7f942 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 17:46:05 +0200 Subject: minor changes --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex | 40 --------------------------------------- 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 5e91559..08864cf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt \centering %\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2} %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex} - \caption{Polynom \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} + \caption{Polynom } \label{fig:polynom} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index 6bd04f2..18994dc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren % Joshua \input{papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex} -\input{papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex} +%\input{papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex} % Michael diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index b2adc9f..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{reedsolomon:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{reedsolomon:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - -- cgit v1.2.1 From bb1a2ba9187459d0304e2fa073306c333ae5f236 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 20:47:33 +0200 Subject: final pictures added, sources updated --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex | 28 ++++++++++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode.png | Bin 0 -> 163253 bytes .../images/designer_qrcode_ohnelogo.png | Bin 0 -> 133792 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 6 +++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++ 5 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode.png create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode_ohnelogo.png (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex index 4b30ec9..c03b1a4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Die Digital Video Disc funktioniert nach dem selben Konzept mit grösseren Codeb \end{figure} \subsection{QR-Codes} -Quick Response Codes oder auch QR-Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel der Abschnitte \ref{reedsolomon:section:codebsp} - \ref{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion} nur das QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Die Physische Grösse eines Codes ist stark abhängig von der Grösse der Codierung sowie dem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Es ist so auf dem ersten Blick nicht ersichtlich, wie viel Nutzinformationen ein Qr-Code enthält. Die QR-Codes in Abbildung \ref{fig:qr} zeigen jeweils die Gleiche Information mit unterschiedlichem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Codes mit einem höheren Korrektur-Level können auch für Desingner-Codes Zweckentfremdet werden. Dabei wird z.B. das Firmenlogo oder einen Schriftzug über den Qr-Code gelegt, ohne das die Funktion des Codes beeinträchtigt wird. Ein Beispiel dazu ist ebenfalls unter Abbildung \ref{fig:qr} \textcolor{red}{(noch nicht erstellt + beschreibung anpassen)} zu finden. +Quick Response Codes oder auch QR-Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel der Abschnitte \ref{reedsolomon:section:codebsp} - \ref{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion} nur das QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Die Physische Grösse eines Codes ist stark abhängig von der Grösse der Codierung sowie dem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Es ist so auf dem ersten Blick nicht ersichtlich, wie viel Nutzinformationen ein Qr-Code enthält. Die QR-Codes in Abbildung \ref{fig:qr} zeigen jeweils die Gleiche Information mit unterschiedlichem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Codes mit einem höheren Korrektur-Level können auch für Designer-Codes Zweckentfremdet werden. Dabei wird z.B. das Firmenlogo oder einen Schriftzug über den Qr-Code gelegt, ohne das die Funktion des Codes beeinträchtigt wird. Ein Beispiel dazu ist unter Abbildung \ref{fig:designqr} zu finden. % @@ -130,6 +130,30 @@ Quick Response Codes oder auch QR-Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen \subfigure[]{ \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l} } - \caption{(a) High Level Code, (b) Low Level Code} +% \subfigure[]{ +% \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode_ohnelogo} +% } +% \subfigure[]{ +% \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode} +% } + \caption{Anhand der grösse würde man darauf schliessen, dass bei (a) mehr Informationen Codiert sind als bei (b). Tatsächlich aber beinhalten beide Codes die gleiche Information. Das liegt daran, da die Fehlerkorrekturfähigkeit von QR-Codes sich in insgesamt vier Levels aufteilen lassen. Der höchste Fehlerkorrektur-Level, der bei (a) angewendet wurde, ist in der Lage, bis zu 30\% der Daten wiederherzustellen. Der kleinste Level schafft etwa 7\%, der in (b) veranschaulicht wird. Da die Grösse also nichts über die Menge an Daten aussagt, könnte es sich bei (a) auch um einen Code mit viel Nutzdaten und kleinem Fehlerkorrektur-Level handeln. Der Unterschied ist von Auge nicht sichtbar.} \label{fig:qr} \end{figure} + +\begin{figure} + \centering +% \subfigure[]{ +% \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_h} +% } +% \subfigure[]{ +% \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/qrcode_l} +% } + \subfigure[]{ + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode_ohnelogo} + } + \subfigure[]{ + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode} + } + \caption{Während (a) noch ein unveränderter QR-Code repräsentiert, handelt es sich bei (b) nun um einen Designer-QR-Code. Beide Codes verfügen über einen mittleren Fehlerkorrektur-Level von theoretisch 15\%. Da bei (b) jetzt einen Teil des Codes durch ein Logo verdeckt wird, schränkt sich dadurch die Fehlerkorrekturfähigkeit je nach grösse des verdeckten Teils mehr oder weniger stark ein. Unser Designer-Code in (b) ist nur noch in der Lage etwa 9\% des Codes zu rekonstruieren.} + \label{fig:designqr} +\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode.png b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9e0505 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode_ohnelogo.png b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode_ohnelogo.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe4251d Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode_ohnelogo.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index 6bd04f2..a400508 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \nocite{reedsolomon:weitz} \nocite{reedsolomon:informationkommunikation} +\nocite{reedsolomon:voyager_programm} +\nocite{reedsolomon:voyager} +\nocite{reedsolomon:cd_wiki} +\nocite{reedsolomon:cd} +\nocite{reedsolomon:qr_wiki} +\nocite{reedsolomon:qr} %\nocite{reedsolomon:mendezmueller} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib index 731bd35..e0a75a8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib @@ -23,3 +23,56 @@ volume = {1} } +@online{reedsolomon:voyager_programm, + title = {Information über das Voyager Programm}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager-Programm}, + date = {2021-07-19}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {19} +} + +@online{reedsolomon:voyager, + title = {Bild der Voyager Raumsonde}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1}, + date = {2021-07-19}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {19} +} + +@online{reedsolomon:cd_wiki, + title = {Alles über die CD}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc}, + date = {2021-07-19}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {19} +} + +@online{reedsolomon:cd, + title = {Funktionsweise des QR-Codes}, + url = {https://www.stickpng.com/img/electronics/compact-discs/stack-compact-disc}, + date = {2021-07-19}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {19} +} + +@online{reedsolomon:qr_wiki, + title = {Funktionsweise des QR-Codes}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR-Code}, + date = {2021-07-19}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {19} +} + +@online{reedsolomon:qr, + title = {Tool zum erstellen von QR-Codes}, + url = {https://www.qrcode-generator.ch}, + date = {2021-07-19}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {19} +} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From a1284996aea194e255d8bd292874080bf2f3cc44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2021 23:27:52 +0200 Subject: Write schoenflies und minor fixes --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++-------- buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 31 +++++++++++++++++++------------ 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index a124442..e8dfa76 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben, ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. +%TODOO fix Q define without vector symb. -> ask naoki + \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, @@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ ein. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections} - \caption{Kristallklassen mit zugehöriger Schönfliesnotation} + \caption{Kristallklassen mit zugehörigem Schönflies-Symbol} \label{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} \end{figure} @@ -112,17 +114,27 @@ ein. Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. Mit weiteren ähnlichen Überlegungen kann gezeigt werden, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum nur auf genau 32 Arten rein punktsymmetrische -\footnote{Werden translationssymmetrien auch mit gezählt beschreibt man die 230 Raumgruppen} Symmetriegruppen bilden können. Diese 32 möglichen Symmetriegruppen scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. -Eine mögliche Art, die Klassen zu benennen ist nach dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, -welcher sich mit der Klasifizierung dieser Symmetrien auseinandergesetzt hat. -Auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} sind die möglichen Punktsymmetrien mit deren Schönfliesnotation aufgelistet. -Als Darstellungsmethode wurde die stereographische Projektion gewählt, wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. +Die 32 möglichen Kristallklassen sind auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen. +Die Darstellung von dreidimensionalen Punktsymmetrien wurde mit der stereographischen Projektion +\footnote{Die Markierten Kreise/Kreuze repräsentieren Punkte auf einer Kugel. +Die Orte der Symbole stehen für einen Schattenwurf eines Punktes auf dem Boden, auf welcher sich die Kugel befindet. +Wobei die Lichtquelle am Nord/Südpol liegt.} +ermöglicht, +wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. + + +\subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbilok} +Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem Schöönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. +Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, +welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Kristallklassen auseinandergesetzt hat. +Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. +Anschaulich ist als Beispiel die Drehgruppe \[C\]. +Die Elemente einer Untergruppe werden erst mit ihren Zusätzen eindeutig wie \[C_{3i}\], +was für eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum steht. -\subsubsection{Schönflies Notation} -TODO diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index 3c3957b..feac9e5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -39,22 +39,30 @@ Die Polarisation resultiert über eine gesamte Oberfläche eines Kristalles, ent Wir wollen dazu die verschiedenen Kristallstrukturen auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} diskutieren. In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} gilt für alle Strukturen, dass rote Kreise Positive Ionen und blaue negative Ionen repräsentieren. %liste oder anderes format?.. -Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} ist dasselbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. +Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. +Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} ist dasselbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld, welches entsteht, weil mitlleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gerdrückt werden. -Als hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, so wird ersichtlich, dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. +Als hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, so wird ersichtlich, +dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} ist nicht piezoelektrisch. Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} unterdruck setzt und sich die Struktur zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} verformt. -Setzt man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten scheint es als würden rechts mehr Positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden und links umgekehrt. -Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn der Kristall nach oben und periodisch wiederholt. +Setzt man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten, +scheint es als würden rechts mehr Positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden und links umgekehrt. +Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn die Struktur sich nach oben und unten periodisch wiederholt. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zeigt \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} in unter horizontaler Belastung. -Was in zwischen $(b)$ und $(c)$ zu beobachten ist, ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, im Gegensatz zu $(b)$. -Daraus kann man schlissen, dass $(a)$ keine Rotationssymmetrie von $90^\circ$ besitzen kann, weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer $90^\circ$ Drehung. -Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von $(a)$ bestätigt werden. +Was zwischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} und \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zu beobachten ist, +ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, +im Gegensatz zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh}. +Daraus kann man schlissen, dass \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} keine Rotationssymmetrie von $90^\circ$ besitzen kann, +weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer $90^\circ$ Drehung. +Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} bestätigt werden. -\subsection{Punktsymmetrie}\footnote{In der Literatur wird ein Punktsymmetrisches Kristallgitter oft als Kristallgitter mit Inversionszentrum bezeichnet.} -Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht Punktsymmetrisch sein. +\subsection{Punktsymmetrie} +Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht Punktsymmetrisch +\footnote{In der Literatur wird ein Punktsymmetrisches Kristallgitter oft als Kristallgitter mit Inversionszentrum bezeichnet.} sein. Kristallgitter, bei welchen eine Punktspiegelung eine symmetrische Operation ist, können keine piezoelektrische Kristalle bilden. -Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst $(a)$ ein nicht Punktsymmetrischer Kristall mit einem Punktsymmetrischen $(d)$ verglichen worden. +Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} ein nicht Punktsymmetrischer Kristall +mit einem Punktsymmetrischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid}verglichen worden. Als vereinfachte Erklärung kann mann sich wieder das Bild vor augen führen, eines Kristalles, welcher unter Druck auf der einen Seite negative und der anderen Seite positive Ionen an seine Oberfläche verdrängt. Spiegelt man nun den Kristall um den Gitterpunkt in der mitte des Kristalles, so würden die negativen Ionen auf den Positiven auf der anderen seite landen, @@ -73,5 +81,4 @@ Sollten Sie also eines Tages in die Situation geraten, in welcher Sie zwei versc und ein piezoelektrisches Feuerzeug bauen müssen, wobei Sie aber wissen, dass einer eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, versuche sie es mit dem anderen. -Ich muss aber anmerken, dass aus den $21$ möglichen Kristallsymmetrien ohne Punktsymmetrie einer nicht piezoelektrisch ist. -ein wenig glück brauchen Sie also immer noch. + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 294c88d822acddaf1edd63fb111fec169c43123e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tschwall <55748566+tschwall@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 09:46:38 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=9Cberarbeitung=20Kapitel=2018.1?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Das Kapitel 18.1 Vektoroperationen wurde überarbeitet --- buch/papers/clifford/0_ElevatorPitch.tex | 8 +- buch/papers/clifford/1_Vektordarstellung.tex | 14 +- buch/papers/clifford/2_QuadratVektoren.tex | 108 +++++++------ buch/papers/clifford/3_MultiplikationVektoren.tex | 184 +++++++++++----------- buch/papers/clifford/4_GeometrischesProdukt.tex | 18 +-- buch/papers/clifford/references.bib | 35 +--- 6 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 187 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/0_ElevatorPitch.tex b/buch/papers/clifford/0_ElevatorPitch.tex index 0db5617..ad9bcc2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/0_ElevatorPitch.tex +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/0_ElevatorPitch.tex @@ -1,2 +1,6 @@ -TODO... -GA [Geometric Algebra i.a.W. Clifford Algebra] provides a unified language for the whole of physics and for much of mathematics and its applications that is conceptually and computationally superior to alternative mathematical systems in many application domains. \ No newline at end of file + +Der Nutzen, welche die Clifford Algebra hat, lässt sich am besten mit den Worten des modernen Begründers dieser erläutern. + +"GA [Geometric Algebra i.a.W. Clifford Algebra] provides a unified language for the whole of physics and for much of mathematics and its applications that is conceptually and computationally superior to alternative mathematical systems in many application domains." \cite{clifford:hestenes_GA} + +Im folgenden hoffen wir den Leser von der Nützlichkeit und der geometrischen Schönheit der Clifford Algebra zu überzeugen. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/1_Vektordarstellung.tex b/buch/papers/clifford/1_Vektordarstellung.tex index 88a5789..ac00a33 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/1_Vektordarstellung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/1_Vektordarstellung.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ \section{Vektoroperationen\label{clifford:section:Vektoroperationen}} \rhead{Vektoroperationen} \subsection{Vektordarstellung\label{clifford:section:Vektordarstellung}} -Vektoren können neben der üblichen Darstellung, auch als Linearkombination aus Basisvektoren dargestellt werden +Vektoren können neben der üblichen Spaltendarstellung, auch als Linearkombination aus Basisvektoren \begin{equation} \begin{split} \textbf{a} @@ -31,12 +31,14 @@ Vektoren können neben der üblichen Darstellung, auch als Linearkombination aus \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \textbf{e}_i \qquad a_i \in \mathbb{R} - , \textbf{e}_i \in \mathbb{R}^n. + , \textbf{e}_i \in \mathbb{R}^n \end{split} \end{equation} -Diese Basisvektoren sollen orthonormal sein und um die Darstellung zu vereinfachen werden sie durch $\textbf{e}_1 , \textbf{e}_2, ...$ ersetzt. +dargestellt werden. +Diese Basisvektoren werden so gewählt, dass sie orthonormal sind. +Um die Darstellung zu vereinfachen werden sie durch $\textbf{e}_1 , \textbf{e}_2, \dots$ ersetzt. \begin{beispiel} -Linearkombination von Basisvektoren in $\mathbb{R}^4$ +Eine Linearkombination von Basisvektoren in $\mathbb{R}^4$ könnte wie folgt aussehen \begin{equation} \begin{pmatrix} 42 \\ 2 \\ 1291 \\ 4 @@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ Linearkombination von Basisvektoren in $\mathbb{R}^4$ + 1291\textbf{e}_3 + - 4\textbf{e}_4 + 4\textbf{e}_4. \end{equation} +Dieses Beispiel ist für einen vier dimensionalen Vektor, dies kann selbstverständlich für beliebig viele Dimensionen nach demselben Schema erweitert werden. \end{beispiel} -Wobei Beispiel für einen vier dimensionalen Vektor ist, dies kann selbstverständlich für beliebig viele Dimensionen nach demselben Schema erweitert werden. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/2_QuadratVektoren.tex b/buch/papers/clifford/2_QuadratVektoren.tex index cfb05d6..6c6fb7d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/2_QuadratVektoren.tex +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/2_QuadratVektoren.tex @@ -1,54 +1,71 @@ \subsection{Quadrat von Vektoren} -Was eine Addition von Vektoren bedeutet ist sehr intuitiv und auch leicht geometrisch darzustellen, was allerdings das Produkt von Vektoren ergibt mag anfänglich unintuitiv wirken. +\subsubsection{Ziel der Multiplikation} +Was eine Addition von Vektoren bedeutet ist sehr intuitiv und auch leicht geometrisch darzustellen wie in Abbildung \ref{figure:addition}, was allerdings das Produkt von Vektoren ergibt mag anfänglich unintuitiv wirken. +\begin{figure}[htb] + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture} + \draw[thin,gray!40] (0,0) grid (4,4); + \draw[blue,thick,->] (0,0)--(3.5,2) node[midway,above,sloped] {$\textbf{a}$}; + \draw[red,thick,->] (3.5,2)--(1.5,3.8) node[midway,above,sloped] {$\textbf{b}$}; + \draw[black,thick,->] (0,0)--(1.5,3.8)node[midway,above,sloped] {$\textbf{a} +\textbf{b} = \textbf{c} $}; + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Addition von zwei Vektoren\label{figure:addition}} +\end{figure} Was soll es schon heissen zwei Vektoren miteinander zu multiplizieren? -\newline Im Folgenden werden wir versuchen diese Operation ähnlich intuitiv darzustellen. -\newline -Um sinnvoll eine neue Operation zwischen zwei Elementen einer Algebra, in diesem Fall Vektoren, zu definieren, muss man überlegen, was das Ziel dieser Operation ist. -Als grundsätzliches Ziel wird definiert, dass das Quadrat eines Vektor dessen Länge im Quadrat ergibt, da dies auch in vielen anderen Bereichen der Mathematik,zum Beispiel bei komplexen Zahlen, auch so definiert ist. -\newline -Zusätzlich wollen wir auch das Assoziativgesetz und das Kommutativgesetz für Skalare beibehalten. Wobei das Kommutativgesetz leider, oder wie man sehen wird zum Glück, in der geometrischen Algebra im generellen nicht mehr gilt. Das heisst wir dürfen ausklammern \ref{eq:assoziativ} und die Position von Skalaren im Produkt ändern \ref{eq:kommSkalar}, allerdings nicht die Position der Vektoren \ref{eq:kommVector}. + +Um sinnvoll eine neue Operation zwischen zwei Elementen einer Algebra, in diesem Fall sind diese Elemente Vektoren, zu definieren, muss man überlegen, was das Ziel dieser Operation sein soll. + +Als grundsätzliches Ziel wird definiert, dass das Quadrat eines Vektor dessen Länge im Quadrat ergibt, da dies auch in vielen anderen Bereichen der Mathematik,zum Beispiel bei komplexen Zahlen,so definiert ist. + +Zusätzlich soll auch das Assoziativgesetz für die Multiplikation von Vektoren gelten, dass heisst wir dürfen ausklammern \begin{equation} \label{eq:assoziativ} \textbf{e}_i(\textbf{e}_j + \textbf{e}_k) = - \textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + \textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_k + \textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + \textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_k. \end{equation} +Allerdings gilt das Kommutativgesetz leider, oder wie man sehen wird zum Glück, nur für skalare Elemente \begin{equation} \label{eq:kommSkalar} a\textbf{e}_ib\textbf{e}_j = - ab\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + ab\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j \qquad a,b \in \mathbb{R} \end{equation} +und nicht für Vektoren \begin{equation} \label{eq:kommVector} \textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j \neq - \textbf{e}_j\textbf{e}_i + \textbf{e}_j\textbf{e}_i. +\end{equation} +\subsubsection{Quadrieren eines Vektors} +Betrachten wir nun mit diesen Regeln das Quadrat eines Vektors. Zuerst werden die Vektoren als Linearkombinationen geschrieben +\begin{equation} + \textbf{a}^2 = + \left ( + \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \textbf{e}_i + \right ) + \left ( + \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \textbf{e}_i + \right ) + \label{eq:quad_a_1}. +\end{equation} +Das Quadrat kann nun in zwei Summen aufgeteilt werden +\begin{equation} + \textbf{a}^2 = + \textcolor{red}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i^2\textbf{e}_i^2} + + + \textcolor{blue}{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n a_ia_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j } + \label{eq:quad_a_2}, +\end{equation} +wobei die roten Summe die quadrierten Terme und die blaue Summe die Mischterme beinhaltet. Da $\textbf{e}_i^2 = 1$ gilt, weil das zuvor definierte Ziel des Quadrates eines Vektors dessen Länge ergibt und die Basisvektoren Länge 1 haben, wird dies nun eingesetzt +\begin{equation} + \textbf{a}^2 = \textcolor{cyan}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i^2} + \textcolor{orange}{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n a_ia_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j}. + \label{eq:quad_a_3} \end{equation} -Betrachten wir nun mit diesen Regeln das Quadrat eines Vektors. -\begin{align} - \textbf{a}^2 &= - \left ( - \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \textbf{e}_i - \right ) - \left ( - \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i \textbf{e}_i - \right ) - \label{eq:quad_a_1} - \\ - &= - \textcolor{red}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i^2\textbf{e}_i^2} - + - \textcolor{blue}{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n a_ia_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j } - \label{eq:quad_a_2} - \\ - &= \textcolor{cyan}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_i^2} + \textcolor{orange}{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n a_ia_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j}. - \label{eq:quad_a_3} -\end{align} - \begin{beispiel} -Quadrat eines Vektors in $\mathbb{R}^2$ +Das Quadrat des Vektor $a$ in $\mathbb{R}^2$ ist \begin{equation} \begin{split} \textbf{a}^2 @@ -56,22 +73,17 @@ Quadrat eines Vektors in $\mathbb{R}^2$ &= \textcolor{red}{a_1^2\textbf{e}_1^2 + a_2^2\textbf{e}_2^2} + \textcolor{blue}{a_1\textbf{e}_1a_2\textbf{e}_2 + a_2\textbf{e}_2a_1\textbf{e}_2} \\\ & = \textcolor{cyan}{a_1^2 + a_2^2} + \textcolor{orange}{a_1b\textbf{e}_1a_2\textbf{e}_2 + a_2\textbf{e}_2a_1\textbf{e}_2} - \end{split} + \end{split}. \end{equation} - \end{beispiel} -Der Vektor wird in \ref{eq:quad_a_1} als Linearkombination geschrieben. -Das Quadrat kann, wie in \ref{eq:quad_a_2} gezeigt, in zwei Summen aufteilen werden , wobei die roten Summe die quadrierten Terme und die blaue Summe die Mischterme beinhaltet. -\newline -Da $\textbf{e}_i^2 = 1$ gilt, da zuvor vorausgesetzt wurde, dass man mit orthonormalen Einheitsvektoren arbeitet, wird dies nun eingesetzt ergibt sich \ref{eq:quad_a_3} -\newline -Die hellblaue Teil ist nun bereits Länge im Quadrat eines Vektors, also das Ziel der Multiplikation. -Daher muss der restliche Teil dieser Gleichung null ergeben. -Aus dieser Erkenntnis leiten wir in \ref{eq:Mischterme_Null} weitere Eigenschaften für die Multiplikation her. + +Die hellblaue Teil ist nun bereits die Länge im Quadrat, also das zuvor definierte Ziel der Multiplikation. +Daraus lässt sich schliessen, dass der restliche Teil dieser Gleichung null ergeben muss \begin{equation} \label{eq:Mischterme_Null} - \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n a_ia_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j = \textcolor{blue}{a_1a_2(\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2 + \textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_1)} + a_1a_3(\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_3 + \textbf{e}_3\textbf{e}_1) + \dots = 0 + \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n a_ia_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j = \textcolor{blue}{a_1a_2(\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2 + \textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_1)} + a_1a_3(\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_3 + \textbf{e}_3\textbf{e}_1) + \dots = 0. \end{equation} +Aus dieser Erkenntnis können weitere Eigenschaften für die Multiplikation hergeleitet werden. Da dies für beliebige $a_i$ gelten muss werden alle Terme bis auf $a_1$ und $a_2$ gleich null gesetzt. Somit fallen alle Terme bis auf den blauen weg. Wird dies weiter vereinfacht ergibt sich \begin{equation} \begin{split} @@ -81,15 +93,13 @@ Da dies für beliebige $a_i$ gelten muss werden alle Terme bis auf $a_1$ und $a_ \end{split} \end{equation} \begin{satz} - Die Multiplikation von Vektoren ist antikommutativ, wenn die multiplizierten Vektoren orthogonal sind. + Die Multiplikation von Vektoren ist antikommutativ, wenn die multiplizierten Vektoren orthogonal sind, es gilt also \begin{equation} - \textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j = -\textbf{e}_j\textbf{e}_i \qquad \textbf{e}_i \perp \textbf{e}_j + \textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j = -\textbf{e}_j\textbf{e}_i \quad \textrm{für} \quad \textbf{e}_i \perp \textbf{e}_j. \end{equation} \end{satz} -Dieses Wissen reicht nun bereits um alle Produkte der Basisvektoren zu berechnen, was in \ref{tab:multip_vec} gemacht wurde. +Dieses Wissen reicht nun bereits um alle Produkte der Basisvektoren zu berechnen, was in Tabelle \ref{tab:multip_vec} gemacht wurde. \begin{table} -\caption{Multiplikationstabelle für Vektoren} -\label{tab:multip_vec} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c|c|c| } \hline @@ -107,4 +117,6 @@ Dieses Wissen reicht nun bereits um alle Produkte der Basisvektoren zu berechnen \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} +\caption{Multiplikationstabelle für Vektoren} +\label{tab:multip_vec} \end{table} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/3_MultiplikationVektoren.tex b/buch/papers/clifford/3_MultiplikationVektoren.tex index 841dde4..0969b89 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/3_MultiplikationVektoren.tex +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/3_MultiplikationVektoren.tex @@ -1,11 +1,14 @@ \subsection{Multiplikation von Vektoren} -Was geschieht nun wenn zwei beliebige Vektoren,$u$ und $v$, miteinander multipliziert werden? +Was geschieht nun wenn zwei beliebige Vektoren, $u$ und $v$ \begin{equation} \textbf{u} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} u_i \textbf{e}_i \qquad \textbf{v} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} v_i \textbf{e}_i \end{equation} + miteinander multipliziert werden? + + Wieder werden die Vektoren zuerst als Linearkombinationen darstellen und danach in zwei Summen aufgeteilt, eine Summe mit quadrierten Termen und eine Summe mit Mischtermen \begin{equation} \begin{split} \textbf{u}\textbf{v} @@ -18,12 +21,12 @@ Was geschieht nun wenn zwei beliebige Vektoren,$u$ und $v$, miteinander multipli \right) = \sum_{i=1}^n u_iv_i\underbrace{\textbf{e}_i^2}_{1} - + \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + + \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j, \end{split} \end{equation} +wobei die Summe der quadrierten Termen bereits bekannt vorkommen könnte, es ist nämlich das Skalarprodukt von $u$ und $v$. Die Summe der Mischterme bilden etwas neues, dass wir das äussere Produkt von $u$ und $v$ nennen. \begin{beispiel} Multiplikation von Vektoren in $\mathbb{R}^2$ -\end{beispiel} \begin{equation} \begin{split} \textbf{u}\textbf{v} @@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ Was geschieht nun wenn zwei beliebige Vektoren,$u$ und $v$, miteinander multipli \underbrace{(u_1v_2 - u_2v_1)\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2}_{\text{Äusseres Produkt}} \end{split} \end{equation} -Der linke Teil dieser Multiplikation ergibt das Skalarprodukt der zwei Vektoren, der rechte Term ergibt etwas neues das sich das äussere Produkt der zwei Vektoren nennt. +\end{beispiel} \subsubsection{Äusseres Produkt} Das äussere Produkt von zwei Vektoren wird mit einem $\wedge$ dargestellt \begin{equation} @@ -53,123 +56,118 @@ Das äussere Produkt von zwei Vektoren wird mit einem $\wedge$ dargestellt \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j \end{equation} \begin{beispiel} -Äusseres Produkt von zwei Vektoren in $\mathbb{R}^3$ -\end{beispiel} +Das äusseres Produkt von zwei Vektoren in $\mathbb{R}^3$ ist \begin{equation} - \begin{split} - u \wedge v - &= - u_1v_2\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2 - + - u_1v_3\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_3 - + - u_2v_2\textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_3 - + - u_2v_1\textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_1 - + - u_3v_1\textbf{e}_3\textbf{e}_1 - + - u_3v_2\textbf{e}_3\textbf{e}_2 \\\ - &= - (u_1v_2 - u_2v_1)\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2 - + - (u_1v_3 - v_3u_1)\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_3 - + - (u_2v_3 - u_3v_2)\textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_3 - \end{split} + \begin{split} + u \wedge v + &= + u_1v_2\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2 + + + u_1v_3\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_3 + + + u_2v_2\textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_3 + + + u_2v_1\textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_1 + + + u_3v_1\textbf{e}_3\textbf{e}_1 + + + u_3v_2\textbf{e}_3\textbf{e}_2 \\\ + &= + (u_1v_2 - u_2v_1)\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2 + + + (u_1v_3 - v_3u_1)\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_3 + + + (u_2v_3 - u_3v_2)\textbf{e}_2\textbf{e}_3. + \end{split} \end{equation} -Im letzten Schritt des Beispiels wurden nun, mit Hilfe der antikommutativität des Produkts, die Vektorprodukte, welche die gleichen Einheitsvektoren beinhalten, zusammengefasst. Dieses Vorgehen kann man auch allgemein anwenden, wie in den Gleichungen \ref{eq:u_wedge_v}-\ref{eq:u_wedge_v_5} hergeleitet. +\end{beispiel} + +Im letzten Schritt des Beispiels wurden nun, mit Hilfe der antikommutativität des Produkts, die Vektorprodukte, welche die gleichen Einheitsvektoren beinhalten, zusammengefasst. Dieses Vorgehen kann man auch allgemein anwenden, wie in den Gleichungen \eqref{eq:u_wedge_v}-\eqref{eq:u_wedge_v_5} hergeleitet. Die Summe, \begin{align} \textbf{u}\wedge \textbf{v} &= \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i \neq j\end{subarray}}^n - u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j, \label{eq:u_wedge_v} - \\ + \intertext{wird in zwei verschiedene Summen aufgeteilt. + Wobei die linke Summe jeweils den Basisvektor mit dem höheren Index an erster Stelle und die rechte Summe diesen jeweils an zweiter Stelle hat} \label{eq:u_wedge_v_1} &= \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + - \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\j < i\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j - \\ + \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\j < i\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j. + \intertext{Nun werden die Indexe der zweiten Summe vertauscht} \label{eq:u_wedge_v_2} &= \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + - \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n u_jv_i\textbf{e}_j\textbf{e}_i - \\ - \label{eq:u_wedge_v_3} + \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n u_jv_i\textbf{e}_j\textbf{e}_i, + \intertext{und diese wird nun mit Hilfe der Antikommutativität umgeformt zu} &= \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n u_iv_j\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j - - \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n u_jv_i\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j - \\ + \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n u_jv_i\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j. + \intertext{Nun können die zwei Summen wieder zusammengefasst werden} \label{eq:u_wedge_v_4} &= - \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n (u_iv_j -u_jv_i)\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j - \\ - \label{eq:u_wedge_v_5} + \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n (u_iv_j -u_jv_i)\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j. + \intertext{Der Term in der Summe könnte einem bereits bekannt vorkommen, es ist nämlich die Determinante einer Matrix mit $u$ und $v$ als ihre Spalten} &= + \label{eq:u_wedge_v_5} \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n \begin{vmatrix} u_i & v_i \\ u_j & v_j - \end{vmatrix}\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j + \end{vmatrix}\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j. \end{align} -Die Summe aus \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_1} wird in \ref{eq:u_wedge_v} in zwei verschiedene Summen aufgeteilt. -Wobei die linke Summe jeweils den Basisvektor mit dem höheren Index an erster Stelle und die rechte Summe diesen jeweils an zweiter Stelle hat. -\newline -Bei \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_2} werden die Indexe der zweiten Summe vertauscht, damit man nun bei beiden Teilen die gleiche Summe hat. -Danach werden in \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_3}, mit Hilfe der Antikommutativität, die Einheitsvektoren der zweiten Summe vertauscht. -\newline -Nun können die Summen, wie in \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_4} wieder in eine Summe zusammengefasst werden. -\newline -Der Term in der Klammer in \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_4} kann auch als Determinante einer 2x2 Matrix dargestellt werden, was in \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_5} gemacht wird. -\newline -Die Determinante einer Matrix beschreibt welche von den Spaltenvektoren aufgespannt wird, wie in Abbildung \ref{figure:det} dargestellt. -\begin{figure} -\centering -\begin{tikzpicture} - \draw[thin,gray!40] (0,0) grid (4,4); - \draw[<->] (0,0)--(4,0) ; - \draw[<->] (0,0)--(0,4) ; - \draw[line width=0,fill=gray!40] (0,0)--(3,1)--(4,3)--(1,2); - \draw[line width=2pt,blue,-stealth](0,0)--(3,1) node[anchor=north - west]{$\boldsymbol{u}$}; - \draw[line width=2pt,red,-stealth](0,0)--(1,2) node[anchor=south east]{$\boldsymbol{v}$}; - \draw[black] (2,1.5)--(-0.5,2.5) node[anchor = east]{$\begin{vmatrix} - u_i & v_i \\ - u_j & v_j - \end{vmatrix} = u_iv_j - v_iu_j$}; -\end{tikzpicture} -\caption{Geometrische Interpretation der Determinante einer 2x2 Matrix\label{figure:det}} +Die Determinante einer Matrix beschreibt die Fläche, welche von den Spaltenvektoren aufgespannt wird, wie in Abbildung \ref{figure:det} dargestellt. +\begin{figure}[htb] + \centering + \begin{minipage}[t]{.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture} + \draw[thin,gray!40] (0,0) grid (4,4); + \draw[<->] (0,0)--(4,0) ; + \draw[<->] (0,0)--(0,4) ; + \draw[line width=0,fill=gray!40] (0,0)--(3,1)--(4,3)--(1,2); + \draw[line width=2pt,blue,-stealth](0,0)--(3,1) node[anchor=north + west]{$\boldsymbol{u}$}; + \draw[line width=2pt,red,-stealth](0,0)--(1,2) node[anchor=south east]{$\boldsymbol{v}$}; + \draw[black] (2,1.5)--(1.8,3.2) node[anchor = south]{$\begin{vmatrix} + u_i & v_i \\ + u_j & v_j + \end{vmatrix} = u_iv_j - v_iu_j$}; + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Geometrische Interpretation der Determinante einer $2 \times 2$ Matrix\label{figure:det}} + \end{minipage}% + \hfill% + \begin{minipage}[t]{.45\linewidth} + \centering + \begin{tikzpicture} + \draw[thin,gray!40] (0,0) grid (4,4); + \draw[<->] (0,0)--(4,0) node[right]{$x$}; + \draw[<->] (0,0)--(0,4) node[above]{$y$}; + \draw[line width=0,fill=gray!40] (0,0)--(3,1)--(4,3)--(1,2); + \draw[line width=2pt,blue,-stealth](0,0)--(3,1) node[anchor=north + west]{$\boldsymbol{u}$}; + \draw[line width=2pt,red,-stealth](0,0)--(1,2) node[anchor=south east]{$\boldsymbol{v}$}; + \draw[->] (2.15,1.5) arc (0:310:0.3); + \draw[black] (2,1.5)--(2.5,3.2) node[anchor = south]{$u\wedge v = \begin{vmatrix} + u_i & v_i \\ + u_j & v_j + \end{vmatrix} e_1e_2 = (u_iv_j - v_iu_j)\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2$}; + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Geometrische Interpretation des äusseren Produktes \label{figure:wedge}} + \end{minipage} \end{figure} -\newline Das äussere Produkt besteht nun also aus der Summe - $\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n$ + \(\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l}i,j=1\\i < j\end{subarray}}^n\) von Flächen - $\begin{vmatrix} - u_i & v_i \\ - u_j & v_j - \end{vmatrix}$, welche in $\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j$ aufgespannt sind, wie man in \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_5} sieht. + \(\begin{vmatrix} + u_i & v_i \\ + u_j & v_j + \end{vmatrix}\) +, welche in $\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j$ aufgespannt sind, wie man in \ref{eq:u_wedge_v_5} sieht. Dieses Produkt $\textbf{e}_i\textbf{e}_j$ der Basisvektoren interpretiert man als Umlaufrichtung. Wobei die gebildete Fläche in Richtung des ersten Vektors umschritten wird. -Dies ist in \ref{figure:wedge} dargestellt, wobei bei diesem Beispiel die Umlaufrichtung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn ist, da die Fläche in Richtung u umschritten wird. +Dies ist in Abbildung \ref{figure:wedge} dargestellt, wobei bei diesem Beispiel die Umlaufrichtung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn ist, da die Fläche in Richtung u umschritten wird. Diese Fläche mit einer Richtung nennt man in der geometrischen Algebra einen Bivektor, da er eine Art zwei dimensionaler Vektor ist. -\begin{figure} -\centering -\begin{tikzpicture} - \draw[thin,gray!40] (0,0) grid (4,4); - \draw[<->] (0,0)--(4,0) node[right]{$x$}; - \draw[<->] (0,0)--(0,4) node[above]{$y$}; - \draw[line width=0,fill=gray!40] (0,0)--(3,1)--(4,3)--(1,2); - \draw[line width=2pt,blue,-stealth](0,0)--(3,1) node[anchor=north - west]{$\boldsymbol{u}$}; - \draw[line width=2pt,red,-stealth](0,0)--(1,2) node[anchor=south east]{$\boldsymbol{v}$}; - \draw[->] (2.15,1.5) arc (0:310:0.3); - \draw[black] (2,1.5)--(-0.5,2.5) node[anchor = east]{$u\wedge v = \begin{vmatrix} - u_i & v_i \\ - u_j & v_j - \end{vmatrix} e_1e_2 = (u_iv_j - v_iu_j)\textbf{e}_1\textbf{e}_2$}; -\end{tikzpicture} -\caption{Geometrische Interpretation des äusseren Produkt in $\mathbb{R}^2$\label{figure:wedge}} -\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/4_GeometrischesProdukt.tex b/buch/papers/clifford/4_GeometrischesProdukt.tex index a19e983..f18b90d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/4_GeometrischesProdukt.tex +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/4_GeometrischesProdukt.tex @@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ Ein Multivektor besteht aus den verschiedenen Bauteilen, wie zum Beispiel Vektor M = \sum \left ( \prod a_i\textbf{e}_j \right) \end{equation} \end{definition} -Besteht eine Clifford Algebra aus n Basisvektoren so hat sie n Dimensionen, dies wird nicht wie in der linearen Algebra mit $\mathbb{R}^n$ sondern mit $\mathbb{G}^n$ beschrieben. +Besteht eine Clifford Algebra aus n Basisvektoren so hat sie n Dimensionen, dies wird nicht wie in der linearen Algebra mit $\mathbb{R}^n$ sondern mit $G_n(\mathbb{R})$ beschrieben. Dies wird so geschrieben da man eine neue Algebrastruktur um die Vektoren einführt. \begin{beispiel} -Allgemeiner Multivektor in $\mathbb{G}^3$ +Allgemeiner Multivektor in $G_3(\mathbb{R})$ \begin{equation} M = a + @@ -26,34 +26,30 @@ Allgemeiner Multivektor in $\mathbb{G}^3$ \end{equation} \end{beispiel} \begin{definition} -Um das Produkt von Basisvektoren in Zukunft darzustellen wird folgende Notation definiert +Für das Produkt von Basisvektoren wird folgende Notation definiert \begin{equation} - e_ie_j = e_{ij} + e_ie_j = e_{ij}. \end{equation} \end{definition} -Nun da das geometrische Produkt vollständig definiert wurde können Multiplikationstabellen für verschiedene Dimensionen $\mathbb{G}^n$ erstellt werden. In \ref{tab:multip} ist dies für $\mathbb{G}^3$ gemacht. +Nun da das geometrische Produkt vollständig definiert wurde können Multiplikationstabellen für verschiedene Dimensionen $G_n(\mathbb{R})$ erstellt werden. In Tabelle \ref{tab:multip} ist dies für $G_3(\mathbb{R})$ gemacht. \begin{table} - \caption{Multiplikationstabelle für $\mathbb{G^3}$} \label{tab:multip} \begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ |c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c| } + \begin{tabular}{ |c|ccc|ccc|c| } \hline 1 & $\textbf{e}_1$ & $\textbf{e}_2$ &$\textbf{e}_3$ & $\textbf{e}_{12}$ & $\textbf{e}_{13}$ & $\textbf{e}_{23}$ & $\textbf{e}_{123}$\\ \hline $\textbf{e}_1$ & 1 & $\textbf{e}_{12}$ & $\textbf{e}_{12}$ & $\textbf{e}_2$ & $\textbf{e}_3$ & $\textbf{e}_{123}$ & $\textbf{e}_{23}$\\ - \hline $\textbf{e}_2$ & $-\textbf{e}_{12}$ & 1 & $\textbf{e}_{23}$ & $-\textbf{e}_1$ & $-\textbf{e}_{123}$ & $\textbf{e}_3$ & $-\textbf{e}_{13}$\\ - \hline $\textbf{e}_3$ & $-\textbf{e}_{13}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{23}$ & 1 & $\textbf{e}_{123}$ & $-\textbf{e}_1$ & $-\textbf{e}_2$ & $\textbf{e}_{12}$\\ \hline $\textbf{e}_{12}$ & -$\textbf{e}_2$ & $\textbf{e}_1$& $\textbf{e}_{123}$ & -1 & $-\textbf{e}_{23}$ & $\textbf{e}_{13}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{3}$\\ - \hline $\textbf{e}_{13}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{3}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{123}$ & $\textbf{e}_{1}$ & $\textbf{e}_{23}$ & -1 & $-\textbf{e}_{12}$ & $\textbf{e}_{2}$\\ - \hline $\textbf{e}_{23}$ & $\textbf{e}_{123}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{3}$ & $\textbf{e}_{2}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{13}$ & $\textbf{e}_{12}$ & -1 & $-\textbf{e}_{1}$ \\ \hline $\textbf{e}_{123}$ & $\textbf{e}_{23}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{13}$ & $\textbf{e}_{12}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{3}$& $\textbf{e}_{2}$ & $-\textbf{e}_{1}$ & -1 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} + \caption{Multiplikationstabelle für $G_3(\mathbb{R})$} \end{table} diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/references.bib b/buch/papers/clifford/references.bib index ff829d6..9090005 100644 --- a/buch/papers/clifford/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/clifford/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,13 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{clifford:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{clifford:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{clifford:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@article{clifford:hestenes_GA, + author = { David Hestenes, Garret Eugene Sobczyk and James S. Marsh }, + title = { Clifford Algebra to Geometric Calculus. A Unified Language for Mathematics and Physics }, + journal = { American Journal of Physics }, + year = 1985, + volume = 53, + pages = {24}, + url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258944244_Clifford_Algebra_to_Geometric_Calculus_A_Unified_Language_for_Mathematics_and_Physics} } -- cgit v1.2.1 From d35889ab0e806e4df7871b5a100fe4bb6c52282b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 14:29:38 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?rewrite=20Sch=C3=B6nflies=20notation?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------- buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 3 +-- 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index e8dfa76..c110787 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektore %TODOO fix Q define without vector symb. -> ask naoki -\subsection{Translationssymmetrie} +\subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, da die Umgebungen aller Punkte identisch sind. @@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\ve Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. -\subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} +\subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} \label{txt:punktgruppen: Translationssymmetrie} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. - Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist dass auch wenn die Grundvektoren frei gewählt werden können, - sind nur rotationssymmetrische Kristalle ganz bestimmter Rotationswinkel möglich. - + Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, dass bei beliebigen Grundvektoren nicht beliebige Symmetrien erstellt werden können. + Die geforderte Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles schränkt weitere Symmetrien deutlich ein. + \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries} @@ -126,14 +126,30 @@ wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Deta \subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbilok} -Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem Schöönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. +Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schöönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, -welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Kristallklassen auseinandergesetzt hat. +welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. -Anschaulich ist als Beispiel die Drehgruppe \[C\]. -Die Elemente einer Untergruppe werden erst mit ihren Zusätzen eindeutig wie \[C_{3i}\], -was für eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum steht. - +Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Untergruppen von Schönflies verwendet. +Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\) Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). +Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. +Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. +Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen: Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. +Da das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. +Inzwischen wissen wir auch, dass \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da +\[ + 360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ +\] +was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen: Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. +Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. +Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum +\footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} +\(i\) oder eine horizontale +\footnote{Als Orientierungspunkt wird die Symmetrieachse höchster Ordnung (\(n\)) als vertikal definiert} +Spiegelachse \(h\). +Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. +\(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer +sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index feac9e5..6defcdc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer $90^\circ$ Drehung. Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} bestätigt werden. \subsection{Punktsymmetrie} -Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht Punktsymmetrisch -\footnote{In der Literatur wird ein Punktsymmetrisches Kristallgitter oft als Kristallgitter mit Inversionszentrum bezeichnet.} sein. +Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht Punktsymmetrisch sein. Kristallgitter, bei welchen eine Punktspiegelung eine symmetrische Operation ist, können keine piezoelektrische Kristalle bilden. Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} ein nicht Punktsymmetrischer Kristall mit einem Punktsymmetrischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid}verglichen worden. -- cgit v1.2.1 From ac695f41dd1961103af26522203ffb9b550cc105 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 16:24:39 +0200 Subject: fix Q notation --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 16 +++++++++------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index c110787..f8be01b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmög da die Umgebungen aller Punkte identisch sind. Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation \[ - Q_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i + \vec{Q}_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i \] wobei der Vektor $\vec{a}_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination @@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \begin{itemize} \item \(A\) ist unser erster Gitterpunkt. - \item \(A'\) ist gegeben, weil wir \(A\) mit der Translation \(\vec{Q}\) um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der verschobenen Stelle sein muss. + \item \(A'\) ist gegeben, weil wir \(A\) mit der Translation \(\vec{Q}\) um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, + dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der verschobenen Stelle sein muss. \item \(B\) entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie \(C_\alpha\) auf den Punkt \(A\) anwenden. Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel \(\alpha\). Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt \(A'\) abgedreht wird. @@ -77,13 +78,13 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. auch auf \(A'\) an. Dies dreht \(A\) auf einen neuen Punkt. \item \(B'\) ist kein zufälliger Name für diesen neuen Punkt, denn wir wissen, dass zwischen allen Punkten eine Translationssymmetrie bestehen muss. - Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen \(B\) und \(B'\) ist hier als \(\vec{Q}'\) bezeichnet. + Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen \(B\) und \(B'\) ist hier als \(\vec{Q}'\) bezeichnet. \end{itemize} Mit den gegebenen Punkten lassen sich geometrische Folgerungen ziehen. - Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge \(Q\) der Translation \(\vec{Q}\) mit jener von \(\vec{Q}'\) vergleichen. + Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge der Verschiebung \(|\vec{Q}| = Q\) setzen und \(|\vec{Q}'| = Q'\). Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass \(Q' = Q + 2x\). - Ist \(\vec{Q}\) ein Grundvektor so muss \(Q'\) ein ganzes vielfaches von \(Q\) sein. - Also + Da \(\vec{Q}\) eine Translation um ein Grundvektor ist , muss \(\vec{Q}'\) ein ganzes vielfaches von \(\vec{Q}\) sein. + Demnach auch die Längen \[ Q' = nQ = Q + 2x \] @@ -91,7 +92,8 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \[ nQ = Q + 2Q\sin(\alpha - \pi/2) \] - Wir können durch \(Q\) dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangiert. + Wir können durch \(Q\) dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, was auch Sinn macht, + da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangiert. Zusätzlich können wir den Sinusterm vereinfachen. \[ n = 1 - 2\cos\alpha \quad\iff\quad -- cgit v1.2.1 From 07e868a4275c0cecd4d743e9bd0c1e4f2b7c7be1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2021 17:19:47 +0200 Subject: Korrektur und Anpassungen --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex | 47 ++++++++++++++++--------- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------ 2 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex index 8ac5d6d..844245c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex @@ -6,16 +6,29 @@ \section{Teil 0\label{erdbeben:section:teil0}} \rhead{Erdbeben} \section{Erdbebenmessung} -\subsection{Was ist ein Erdbeben} -Fabio +subsection{Was ist ein Erdbeben?} +Für das Verständnis möchten wir zuerst erklären, was ein Erdbeben genau ist. +Das soll uns helfen, eine Verknüpfung zwischen dem Naturphänomen und der mathematischen Problemstellung herzustellen. + +Unter einem Erdbeben verstehen wir eine Erschütterung des Erdkörpers. +Dabei reiben zwei tektonische Platten aneinander, welche sich durch die Gesteinsverzahnung gegenseitig blockieren. +Aufgrund dieser Haftreibung entstehen Spannungen, die sich immer mehr bis zum Tipping Point aufbauen. +Irgendwann ist der Punkt erreicht, in dem die Scherfestigkeit der Gesteine überwunden wird. +Wenn dies passiert, entlädt sich die aufgebaute Spannung und setzt enorme Energien frei, die wir als Erdbeben wahrnehmen. + +Ein Erdbeben breitet sich vom Erdbebenherd in allen Richtungen gleich aus. +Vergleichbar ist, wenn man einen Stein in einen Teich wirft und die Wellen beobachten kann, die sich ausbreiten. + \subsection{Funktion eines Seismograph} Um ein Erdbeben kenntlich zu machen, werden in der Regel Seismographen mit vielen Sensoren verwendet. -Ein Seismograph besteht im Grunde aus einer federgelagerten Masse. Wirkt eine Bodenerregung auf das Gerät ein, bleibt die gekoppelte Masse stehen aber das Gehäuse schwingt mit. +Ein Seismograph besteht im Grunde aus einer federgelagerten Masse. Wirkt eine Bodenerregung auf das Gerät ein, schwing das Gehäuse und dadurch auch die gekoppelte Masse. +Stoppt das Erdbeben, schwingt das Gehäuse nicht mehr. +Die Masse schwing jedoch in seiner Eigendynamik weiter. Relativbewegung des Bodens kann damit als Auslenkung im Zeitverlauf gemessen werden. In modernen Seismographen wird die Bodenbewegung in alle Richtungen gemessen, sowohl Horizontal als auch Vertikal. -Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen mit eine Gehäuse, an dem zwei Federn und eine Masse befestigt ist. +Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen mit eine Gehäuse, an dem zwei Federn und eine Masse befestigt sind. Ein Sensor unter der Masse misst die Position, bzw. die Auslenkung der Feder und der Masse. -Dies bedeutet unser Seismograph kann nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. +Dies bedeutet, unser Seismograph kann nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. \begin{figure} \begin{center} @@ -30,7 +43,7 @@ Wir wollen jedoch die Beschleunigung $a(t)$ des Boden bzw. die Kraft $f(t)$ welc Anhand dieser Beschleunigung bzw. der Krafteinwirkung durch die Bodenbewegung wird später das Bauwerk bemessen. Dies bedeutet, die für uns interessante Grösse $f(t)$ wird nicht durch einen Sensor erfasst. Jedoch können wir durch zweifaches ableiten der Positionsmessung $s(t)$ die Beschleunigung der Masse berechnen. -Das heisst: Die Messung ist zweifach Integriert die Kraft $f(t)$ + der Eigendynamik der Masse. +Das heisst: Die Messung ist zweifach Integriert die Kraft $f(t)$ inklusive der Eigendynamik der Masse. Um die Bewegung der Masse zu berechnen, müssen wir Gleichungen für unser System finden. \subsection{Systemgleichung} @@ -40,21 +53,21 @@ Diese lautet: m\ddot s + 2k \dot s + Ds = f \end{equation} mit den Konstanten $m$ = Masse, $k$ = Dämpfungskonstante und $D$ = Federkonstante. -Um diese nun in die Systemmatrix umzuwandeln, wird die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung substituiert: -\[ {x_1}=s \qquad -{x_2}=\dot s, \qquad\] -Somit entstehen die Gleichungenür die Position $s(t)$ der Masse : -\[ \dot {x_1} = {x_2}\] +Da die DGL linear ist, kann sie in die kompaktere und einfachere Matrix-Form umgewandelt werden. Dazu wird die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung substituiert: +\[ {s_1}=s \qquad +{s_2}=\dot s, \qquad\] +Somit entstehen die Gleichungen für die Position $s(t)$ der Masse : +\[ \dot {s_1} = {s_2}\] und -\[ \dot x_2 = -\frac{D}{m} {x_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {x_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] für die Geschwindigkeit $v(t)$ der Masse. +\[ \dot s_2 = -\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] für die Beschleunigung $a(t)$ der Masse. Diese können wir nun in der Form -\[ {x_3}=-\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] +\[ {s_3}=-\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] auch als Matrix-Vektor-Gleichung darstellen. Dafür wird die Gleichung in die Zustände aufgeteilt. Die für uns relevanten Zustände sind die Position der Masse, die Geschwindigkeit der Masse und die äussere Beschleunigung des ganzen System. Dabei muss unterschieden werden, um welche Beschleunigung es sich handelt. -Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse (innere Beschleunigung), als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur (äussere Beschleunigung). +Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse, innere Beschleunigung, als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur, äussere Beschleunigung. In unserem Fall wird die äusseren Beschleunigung gesucht, da diese der Erdbebenanregung gleich kommt. \begin{equation} \frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} {s_1} \\ {s_2} \end{array}\right) = \left( @@ -70,11 +83,13 @@ Durch Rücksubstituion ergibt sich: \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1& 0 \\ - \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ +0 & 0 & 0\\ \end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c} s(t)\\ v(t)\\ f(t) \end{array}\right). \end{equation} Wir wissen nicht wie sich die Kraft verhält. -Deshalb treffen wir die Annahme, das sich die Kraft über die Beobachtungszeit nicht verändert. -Diese unzutreffende Annahme wird später durch einen grossen Systemfehler kompensiert. +Deshalb treffen wir die Annahme, das sich die Kraft über die Beobachtungszeit nicht verändert. +Diese Annahme ist nicht zulässig, jedoch ist dies das beste, was wir Annehmen können. +Diese unzutreffende Annahme wird späteren Berechnungen berücksichtigen werden Da die Kraft unbekannt ist, wird die letzte Zeile mit Nullen gefüllt, denn genau diese Werte wollen wir. diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex index 52872f6..e07800f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ \section{Kalman-Filter} Da wir die äussere Kraft nicht direkt messen können, benötigen wir ein Werkzeug, welches aus der gemessenen Position, die Krafteinwirkung auf unsere System schätzt. -Dies ist eine Typische Anwendung für den linearen Kalman-Filter. +Dies ist eine typische Anwendung für das Kalman-Filter. Unser Ziel ist es, anhand der Messung die eigentlich interessante Grösse $f$ zu bestimmen. Dabei wird durch eine deterministische Vorhersage, in dem der Zustand * Eigendynamik des Systems gerechnet. Die Idee dahinter ist, dass das Kalman-Filter die nicht-deterministische Grösse $f$ anhand der Messung und der Vorhersage zu bestimmen. @@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ Für ein nicht-lineares System werden Extended Kalman-Filter benötigt, bei dene Einfachheitshalber beschränken wir uns auf den linearen Fall, da dadurch die wesentlichen Punkte bereits aufgezeigt werden. \subsection{Geschichte} -Das Kalman-Filter wurde 1960 von Rudolf Emil Kalman entdeckt und direkt von der NASA für die Appollo Mission benutzt. Der Filter kommt mit wenig Rechenleistung aus und war somit dafür geeignet die Rakete bei der Navigation zu unterstützen. Das Filter schätzt den Zustand eines Systems anhand von Messungen und kann den nächsten Zustand errechnen. Eine typische Anwendungen des Kalman-Filters ist Glättung von verrauschten Daten und die Schätzung von Parametern. Dies kommt heutzutage in jedem Satellit, Navigationssystem, Smartphones und Videospielen vor. +Das Kalman-Filter wurde 1960 von Rudolf Emil Kalman entdeckt und direkt von der NASA für die Appollo Mission benutzt. +Das Filter kommt mit wenig Rechenleistung aus und war somit dafür geeignet die Rakete bei der Navigation zu unterstützen. +Das Filter schätzt den Zustand eines Systems anhand von Messungen und kann den nächsten Zustand errechnen. Eine typische Anwendungen des Kalman-Filters ist Glättung von verrauschten Daten und die Schätzung von Parametern. Dies kommt heutzutage in jedem Satellit, Navigationssystem, Smartphones und Videospielen vor. \subsection{Wahrscheinlichkeit} Das Kalman-Filter schätzt den wahrscheinlichsten Wert zwischen Normalverteilungen. @@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ Sie ist also gewichtet und die best mögliche Schätzung. \end{figure} -Was in 2 Dimensionen erklärt wurde, funktioniert auch in mehreren Dimensionen. +Was in zwei Dimensionen erklärt wurde, funktioniert auch in mehreren Dimensionen. Dieses Prinzip mach sich das Kalman Filter zu nutze, und wird von uns für die Erdbeben Berechnung genutzt. \section{Filter-Matrizen} @@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ Kovarianz: Cov(x, y) und Varianz: Var(x) = Cov(x, x) In unserem Fall ist der Anfangszustand gut bekannt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das System in Ruhe und in Abwesenheit eines Erdbeben startet, somit kann die Matrix mit Nullen bestückt werden. -Als Initialwert für die für die Kovarianzmatrix ergibt sich +Als Initialwert für die Kovarianzmatrix ergibt sich \[ {P_0 }= @@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ Das Kalman-Filter benötigt für die Vorhersage des nächsten Zustandes eine Bes Die Dynamikmatrix bildet den Kern des Filters. Diese wurde weiter oben bereits beschrieben. Dabei wollen wird die äussere Kraft des Systems ermitteln. Da nichts über die äussere Kraft bekannt ist, müssen wir annehmen das deren Ableitung 0 ist. -Die System Vektor-Gleichung lautet daher: +Die System-Matrix lautet daher: \[ A = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} @@ -139,10 +141,12 @@ A = \left( Dabei soll der Kalman-Filter in diskreten Zeitschritten $\Delta t$ arbeiten. Die Übergangs-Matrix erhalten wir aus der Systemdynamikmatrix mittels Exponentialfunktion: \[\Phi = \exp(A\Delta t). \] +Die Matrix $\Phi$ beschreibt die Übergänge zwischen zeitlich aufeinanderfolgenden Zuständen $x_{k-1}$ und $x_{k}$ \subsubsection*{Prozessrauschkovarianzmatrix $Q$} Die Prozessrauschmatrix teilt dem Filter mit, wie sich der Prozess verändert. -Kalman-Filter berücksichtigen Unsicherheiten wie Messfehler und -rauschen. +Kalman-Filter berücksichtigen sowohl Unsicherheiten wie Messfehler und -rauschen. +In der Matrix $Q$ geht es jedoch im die Unsicherheit die der Prozess mit sich bringt. Bei unserem Modell könnte das beispielsweise ein Windstoss an die Masse sein. Für uns wäre dies: \[ @@ -158,22 +162,23 @@ Die Standabweichungen müssten statistisch ermittelt werden, da der Fehler nicht Das Bedeutet wiederum dass $Q$ die Unsicherheit des Prozesses beschreibt und nicht die der Messung. \subsubsection*{Messmatrix $H$} -Die Messmatrix gibt an, welche Parameter gemessen werden +Die Messmatrix gibt an, welche Parameter gemessen werden. +$H$ ist die Gleichung die für die Vorhersage der Messung. In unserem Falle ist es die Position der Massen. \[ H = (1, 0, 0) \] \subsubsection*{Messrauschkovarianz $R$} -Die Messrauschkovarianzmatrix beinhaltet, wie der Name es schon sagt, das Rauschen der Positionsmessung. +Die Messrauschkovarianzmatrix beinhaltet, wie der Name schon sagt, das Rauschen der Messung. In unserem Fall wird nur die Position der Masse gemessen. Da wir keine anderen Sensoren haben ist $R$ lediglich: \[ R= ({\sigma_{sensor}}^2). \] Diese Messrauchen wird meistens vom Sensorhersteller angegeben. -Für unsere Theoretische Apparatur wird hier ein kleiner Fehler eingesetzt da heutige Sensoren sehr genau messen können. +Für unsere theoretische Apparatur wird hier ein kleiner Fehler eingesetzt da heutige Sensoren sehr genau messen können. \subsection{Fiter-Agorithmus} Nachdem alle Parameter aufgestellt sind, wird das Filter initialisiert. -Zuerst wird der nächste Zustand der Feder vorhergesagt, danach wird die Messung präzisiert und laufend zu aktualisieren. +Zuerst wird der nächste Zustand der Masse vorhergesagt, danach wird die Messung präzisiert und laufend aktualisiert. Das Filter berechnet aufgrund der aktuellen Schätzung eine Vorhersage. Diese wird, sobald verfügbar, mit der Messung verglichen. Aus dieser Differenz und den Unsicherheiten des Prozesses ($Q$) und der Messung ($R$) wird der wahrscheinlichste, neue Zustand geschätzt. @@ -182,14 +187,14 @@ Aus dieser Differenz und den Unsicherheiten des Prozesses ($Q$) und der Messung Im Filterschritt Vorhersage wird der nächste Zustand anhand des Anfangszustand und der Systemmatrix berechnet. Dies funktioniert mit dem Rechenschritt: \[ -{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}. +{x_{k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k-1}}. \] Die Kovarianz $P_{pred}$ wird ebenfalls neu berechnet. Da wir ein mehrdimensionales System haben, kommt noch die Prozessunsicherheit $Q$ dazu, so dass die Unsicherheit des Anfangsfehlers $P$ laufend verändert. Dies funktioniert durch multiplizieren der Systemmatrix mit dem aktualisierten Anfangsfehler. Dazu wird noch die Prozessunsicherheit addiert, somit entsteht die Gleichung -\[ {P_{k|k-1}} = {\Phi_k} {P_{k-1|k-1}} {\Phi_k} ^T + {Q_{k-1}} .\] -Es vergeht genau $dt$ Zeit, und dieser Vorgang wird wiederholt. +\[ {P_{k-1}} = {\Phi_k} {P_{k-1}} {\Phi_k} ^T + {Q_{k-1}} .\] +Es vergeht genau $t$ Zeit, und dieser Vorgang wird wiederholt. Dabei wird in den späteren Schritten überprüft, wie genau die letzte Anpassung von $P$ zur Messung stimmt. Ist der Unterschied klein, wird die Kovarianz $P$ kleiner, ist der Unterschied gross, wird auch die Kovarianz grösser. Das Filter passt sich selber an und korrigiert sich bei grosser Abweichung. @@ -199,10 +204,10 @@ Der Sensor wurde noch nicht benutz, doch genau der liefert Werte für das Filter Die aktuellen Messwerte $z$ werden die Innovation $w$ mit dem Zustandsvektor $x$ und der Messmatrix $H$ zusammengerechnet. Hier bei wird lediglich die Messung mit dem Fehler behaftet, und die Messmatrix $H$ mit der Vorhersage multipliziert -\[{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H_{k}}\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}.\] +\[{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H}\cdot{x_{k-1}}.\] Die Innovation ist der Teil der Messung, die nicht durch die Systemdynamik erklärt werden kann. -Die Hilfsgröße Innovation beschreibt, wie genau die Vorhersage den aktuellen Messwert mittels der Systemmatrix $\phi$ beschreiben kann. +Die Hilfsgröße Innovation beschreibt, wie genau die Vorhersage den aktuellen Messwert mittels der Systemmatrix $\Phi$ beschreiben kann. Für eine schlechte Vorhersage wird die dazugehörige Innovation gross, für eine genaue Vorhersage dagegen klein sein. Entsprechende Korrekturen müssen dann gross bzw. nur gering ausfallen. Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies ist intuitiv logisch, eine Innovation von 0 bedeutet, dass die Messung nichts Neues hervorbrachte. @@ -210,34 +215,34 @@ Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies ist intuitiv logisch, eine Innovation vo Im nächsten Schritt wir analysiert, mit welcher Kovarianz weiter gerechnet wird. Hierbei wird die Unsicherheit $P$, die Messmatrix $H$ und die Messunsicherheit $R$ miteinander verrechnet. \[ -{S_{k}}={H_{k}}{P_{k|k-1}}{H_{k}}^T+{R_{k}} +{S_{k}}={H}{P_{k-1}}{H}^T+{R_{k}} \] \subsubsection*{Aktualisieren} -Im nächsten Schritt kommt nun die Wahrscheinlichkeit nach Gauss dazu. +Im nächsten Schritt kommt nun die Wahrscheinlichkeit dazu. \[ -{K_{k}}= {{P_{k|k-1}} \cdot {H_{k}^T}}\cdot {S_{k}}^{-1} +{K_{k}}= {{P_{k-1}} \cdot {H_{k}^T}}\cdot {S_{k}}^{-1} \] Dieser Vorgang wird Kalman-Gain genannt. Er sagt aus, welcher Kurve mehr Vertraut werden soll, dem Messwert oder der Systemdynamik. -Das Kalman-Gain wird geringer wen der Messwert dem vorhergesagten Systemzustand entspricht. -Sind die Messwerte komplett anders als die Vorhersage, wo werden die Elemente in der Matrix $K$ grösser. -Anhand der Informationen aus dem Kalman-Gain $K$ wird das System geupdated. +Das Kalman-Gain wird geringer, wenn der Messwert dem vorhergesagten Systemzustand entspricht. +Sind die Messwerte komplett anders als die Vorhersage, werden die Elemente in der Matrix $K$ grösser. +Anhand der Informationen aus dem Kalman-Gain $K$ wird das System aktualisiert. \[ -{x_{k|k}}={x_{k|k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) +{x_{k|k}}={x_{k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) \] Dazu kommt eine neue Kovarianz für den nächste Vorhersageschritt: \[ -{P_{k|k}}=(I-({K_{k}} \cdot {H_{k}})) \cdot {P_{k|k-1}} +{P_{k}}=(I-({K_{k}} \cdot {H})) \cdot {P_{k-1}} \] -Der ganze Ablauf wird nun zum Algorithmus und beginnt wieder mit der Vorhersage +Der ganze Algorithmus und beginnt wieder mit der Vorhersage \[ -{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}. +{x_{k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k-1}}. \] @@ -246,20 +251,25 @@ Zusammenfassend kann das Kalman-Filter in offizieller Typus dargestellt werden. Dabei beginnt das Filter mit dem Anfangszustand für $k=0$ 1. Nächster Zustand vorhersagen -\[{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k|k-1}}.\] +\[{x_{k-1}}={\Phi} \cdot {x_{k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k-1}}.\] 2. Nächste Fehlerkovarianz vorhersagen -\[{P_{k|k-1}}={\Phi _{k}} {P_{k-1|k-1}} {\Phi _{k}}^T + {Q_{k-1}}.\] +\[{P_{k-1}}={\Phi} {P_{k-1}} {\Phi _{k}}^T + {Q_{k-1}}.\] -3. Das Kalman Filter anwenden -\[{K_{k}}= {P_{k|k-1}} \cdot {H_{k}^T}\cdot {S_{k}^{-1}}\] +3. Zustand wird gemessen +\[{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H}\cdot{x_{k-1}}.\] -4. Schätzung aktualisieren -\[{x_{k|k}}={x_{k|k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) \] +4. Innovation (= Messung - Vorhersage) +\[ {S_{k}}={H}{P_{k-1}}{H}^T+{R_{k}}\] -5. Fehlerkovarianz aktualisieren -\[{P_{k|k}}=(I-({K_{k}}\cdot {H_{k}})) \cdot {P_{k|k-1}} \] +5. Das Kalman Filter anwenden +\[{K_{k}}= {P_{k-1}} \cdot {H^T}\cdot {S_{k}^{-1}}\] +6. Schätzung aktualisieren +\[{x_{k}}={x_{k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) \] -6. Die Outputs von $k$ werden die Inputs für ${k-1}$ und werden wieder im Schritt 1 verwendet +7. Fehlerkovarianz aktualisieren +\[{P_{k}}=(I-({K_{k}}\cdot {H})) \cdot {P_{k-1}} \] + +8. Die Outputs von $k$ werden die Inputs für ${k-1}$ und werden wieder im Schritt 1 verwendet -- cgit v1.2.1 From c8ac17e1f78eca79d8a2a62d0567f5ee02f4575c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 15:17:21 +0200 Subject: update --- .../RS presentation/images/polynom1 - Kopie.tex | 33 ++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 10 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt | 192 ++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt | 192 ++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/empfangen.txt | 192 ++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m | 17 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt | 192 ++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt | 192 ++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex | 91 ++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt | 192 ++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt | 192 ++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 27 +-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex | 77 +++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex | 88 +++++----- 14 files changed, 946 insertions(+), 741 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/images/polynom1 - Kopie.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/images/polynom1 - Kopie.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/images/polynom1 - Kopie.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..038e93e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/RS presentation/images/polynom1 - Kopie.tex @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +% polynome1 +%------------------- +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\newcommand{\teiler}{40} +\begin{document} + + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + + \begin{axis}[ + axis lines = left, + xlabel = \(x\), + ylabel = {\(f(x)\)}, + ] + %Below the red parabola is defined + \addplot[ + color=blue, + ] + coordinates { + (0,23.1)(10,27.5)(20,32)(30,37.8)(40,44.6)(60,61.8)(80,83.8)(100,114) + }; + %Here the blue parabola is defined + + \end{axis} +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index d276760..f011ac3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ Kommen nuun drei Fehler... hinzu zu diesem codierten Signal sind diese nicht zu Nach dem Empfangen... und decodieren ... erkennt man die fehlerhafte information in den Punkten 64 bis 100. Filtert man nur diese Punkte heraus und Transformiert sie mit Fourier erhält man die stellen an denen die Fehler sich eingeschlichen haben. - - - - +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} + \caption{Übertragungsabfolge \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} + \label{fig:sendorder} +\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt index a57fb3e..4a481d8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt @@ -1,96 +1,96 @@ -305 -114.502535214877 -86.2532974498148 -10.2450106137816 -68.1373455525487 -12.2281691909479 -3.18633753309102 -20.0196562371296 -12.2767246322969 -11.7216140392957 -24.8752690882777 -16.2978466490127 -23.2518118214845 -16.5845482358975 -15.6140674930647 -33.396205039034 -20.7846096908265 -19.3528753492232 -16.3850575123207 -20.9502842499826 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+79,23.217268502288 +80,4.58257569495584 +81,10.1736266929292 +82,13.5324640263625 +83,44.9845039238714 +84,32.1114345314062 +85,24.5237955316204 +86,15.6627133315015 +87,12.3214904922455 +88,18.2010889773887 +89,37.3066577242559 +90,24.0186013379153 +91,69.1793197789512 +92,23.8408857476069 +93,12.1189172092243 +94,41.9840308053375 +95,131.570790435043 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt index 5295e2a..f6221e6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt @@ -1,96 +1,96 @@ -5.05208333333333 -4.02603841132848 -3.9866906905523 -2.98928833660435 -5.01944413899123 -5.01851886476838 -7.97795274966527 -7.9523893732277 -5.97396514457618 -4.00519657776884 -8.0006276895628 -4.97630831658918 -3.97918030102376 -9.01298821331865 -9.03553822210758 -6.02435577439403 -6.005269315244 -6.00739475784899 -2.02214193521707 -3.02175993431401 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+72,15.0332963783729 +73,35.9073375743642 +74,44.6135417384784 +75,10.4219666223433 +76,4.84567134895776 +77,6.89948680823017 +78,16.5769107917917 +79,23.217268502288 +80,4.58257569495584 +81,10.1736266929292 +82,13.5324640263625 +83,44.9845039238714 +84,32.1114345314062 +85,24.5237955316204 +86,15.6627133315015 +87,12.3214904922455 +88,18.2010889773887 +89,37.3066577242559 +90,24.0186013379153 +91,69.1793197789512 +92,23.8408857476069 +93,12.1189172092243 +94,41.9840308053375 +95,131.570790435043 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m index 5e4da85..bf2587c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/f.m @@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ syndrom(1:N,1) = zeros(N,1) plot(abs(syndrom)); xlim([1, l]); title("Syndrom"); + pause() locator = abs(fft(syndrom)) @@ -60,14 +61,12 @@ xlim([1, l]); title("Locator"); pause() -writematrix(abs(signal), 'signal.txt') -writematrix(abs(codiert), 'codiert.txt') -writematrix(fehler, 'fehler.txt') -writematrix(abs(empfangen), 'empfangen.txt') -writematrix(abs(decodiert), 'decodiert.txt') -writematrix(abs(syndrom), 'syndrom.txt') -writematrix(locator, 'locator.txt') - - +writematrix([transpose(counter), abs(signal)], 'signal.txt') +writematrix([transpose(counter), abs(codiert)], 'codiert.txt') +writematrix([transpose(counter), fehler], 'fehler.txt') +writematrix([transpose(counter), abs(empfangen)], 'empfangen.txt') +writematrix([transpose(counter), abs(decodiert)], 'decodiert.txt') +writematrix([transpose(counter), abs(syndrom)], 'syndrom.txt') +writematrix([transpose(counter), locator], 'locator.txt') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt index b8f9afb..23f1a83 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt @@ -1,96 +1,96 @@ -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -2 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -2 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 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b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt @@ -1,96 +1,96 @@ -0.0301224340566959 -0.141653026854878 -0.138226631799375 -0.0339903276086926 -0.310585462557496 -0.551427312631386 -0.628514858396816 -0.511023862515591 -0.275861355940448 -0.0502396354182231 -0.0901855025475772 -0.110759344849757 -0.0684618905062958 -0.0362855426992255 -0.0697096919781522 -0.109288539370249 -0.0923187999496619 -0.0512198536768151 -0.274192386987786 -0.513496149536541 -0.633154426602464 -0.553283743533939 -0.307840573214511 -0.0341664350328389 -0.140270857956999 -0.138527177682829 -0.0296375477361526 -0.0816962563186064 -0.0944383203811072 -0.0263932110686224 -0.058588134840207 -0.0737117341600011 -0.0239973937701886 -0.0464215468420024 -0.0616218854220982 -0.0221963086695035 -0.0390764778127614 -0.0537637218396927 -0.0208333333333355 -0.0343107696069015 -0.0483441215964522 -0.0198077862118787 -0.0311207395968709 -0.0444955089373439 -0.0190533549944134 -0.0290049795038704 -0.0417536642697542 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+88,0.0677921493367236 +89,0.0437167157553067 +90,0.0270640150996317 +91,0.0783380025231622 +92,0.0561293738314281 +93,0.0278742033265809 +94,0.0981443889498639 +95,0.0794543457386548 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf9aadc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +% polynome1 +%------------------- +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usepackage{pgfplotstable} +\usepackage{filecontents} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\newcommand{\x}{10} +\newcommand{\y}{-8} +\begin{document} + +\tikzset{ + node/.style={rectangle, draw=black!100, thick, on grid}, % on grid added + dangling node/.style={node, fill=black!30} +} +\begin{tikzpicture}[] + +\filldraw[red] (0,0) circle (5mm); + %Knote +\matrix[draw = none, column sep=20mm, row sep=20mm]{ + \node(signal) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Signal}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {signal.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(codiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {codiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ + + &\node(fehler) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {fehler.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(decodiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {decodiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(empfangen) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {empfangen.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(syndrom) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {syndrom.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(locator) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {locator.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ +}; + %FFT & IFFT deskription + + \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,15) to (0,-15); + \node(FFT) [ scale=0.7] at (0,15.3) {FFT IFFT}; + + %Arrows + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (fehler.south) to (empfangen.north); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); + \draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); + + + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt index 202dd02..c4fa5f8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt @@ -1,96 +1,96 @@ -5 -4 -4 -3 -5 -5 -8 -8 -6 -4 -8 -5 -4 -9 -9 -6 -6 -6 -2 -3 -5 -2 -8 -2 -2 -2 -2 -4 -3 -9 -4 -2 -9 -10 -4 -1 -3 -4 -6 -3 -6 -7 -2 -1 -3 -3 -4 -5 -1 -3 -8 -0 -9 -7 -5 -6 -2 -5 -10 -5 -5 -2 -5 -6 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 +0,6 +1,6 +2,0 +3,6 +4,4 +5,0 +6,5 +7,2 +8,1 +9,2 +10,1 +11,2 +12,0 +13,6 +14,3 +15,5 +16,7 +17,5 +18,5 +19,4 +20,1 +21,5 +22,9 +23,9 +24,3 +25,2 +26,6 +27,6 +28,4 +29,2 +30,9 +31,1 +32,1 +33,1 +34,2 +35,6 +36,6 +37,1 +38,9 +39,7 +40,7 +41,1 +42,9 +43,9 +44,10 +45,9 +46,8 +47,5 +48,2 +49,4 +50,1 +51,0 +52,9 +53,3 +54,3 +55,3 +56,5 +57,6 +58,0 +59,8 +60,6 +61,9 +62,3 +63,4 +64,0 +65,0 +66,0 +67,0 +68,0 +69,0 +70,0 +71,0 +72,0 +73,0 +74,0 +75,0 +76,0 +77,0 +78,0 +79,0 +80,0 +81,0 +82,0 +83,0 +84,0 +85,0 +86,0 +87,0 +88,0 +89,0 +90,0 +91,0 +92,0 +93,0 +94,0 +95,0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt index 59b9dc4..8ca9eed 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt @@ -1,96 +1,96 @@ -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0.0275599094902566 -0.0115837187254189 -0.0258777610142382 -0.0224618032819705 -0.0441059468994403 -0.0474504002669344 -0.0227694695500614 -0.0271436638090525 -0.0104166666666661 -0.027143663809052 -0.0227694695500605 -0.0474504002669342 -0.04410594689944 -0.0224618032819704 -0.0258777610142386 -0.0115837187254188 -0.027559909490256 -0.0245124379481791 -0.0499782237195213 -0.0401432022864264 -0.023292374765623 -0.0237974288564093 -0.0143895905726623 -0.0271745729691686 -0.0275599094902561 -0.051550167218498 -0.0358255004834538 -0.0247005083663728 -0.0210194725405181 -0.0177592928994299 -0.0261327016093146 -0.0314909067039408 +0,0 +1,0 +2,0 +3,0 +4,0 +5,0 +6,0 +7,0 +8,0 +9,0 +10,0 +11,0 +12,0 +13,0 +14,0 +15,0 +16,0 +17,0 +18,0 +19,0 +20,0 +21,0 +22,0 +23,0 +24,0 +25,0 +26,0 +27,0 +28,0 +29,0 +30,0 +31,0 +32,0 +33,0 +34,0 +35,0 +36,0 +37,0 +38,0 +39,0 +40,0 +41,0 +42,0 +43,0 +44,0 +45,0 +46,0 +47,0 +48,0 +49,0 +50,0 +51,0 +52,0 +53,0 +54,0 +55,0 +56,0 +57,0 +58,0 +59,0 +60,0 +61,0 +62,0 +63,0 +64,0.0275599094902563 +65,0.0115837187254191 +66,0.025877761014238 +67,0.0224618032819697 +68,0.04410594689944 +69,0.0474504002669341 +70,0.0227694695500626 +71,0.0271436638090525 +72,0.0104166666666667 +73,0.0271436638090523 +74,0.0227694695500608 +75,0.0474504002669343 +76,0.0441059468994397 +77,0.0224618032819701 +78,0.0258777610142379 +79,0.0115837187254183 +80,0.027559909490256 +81,0.0245124379481793 +82,0.0499782237195209 +83,0.0401432022864265 +84,0.0232923747656228 +85,0.0237974288564099 +86,0.0143895905726624 +87,0.0271745729691685 +88,0.0275599094902567 +89,0.0515501672184983 +90,0.0358255004834542 +91,0.024700508366373 +92,0.0210194725405171 +93,0.0177592928994296 +94,0.0261327016093158 +95,0.0314909067039411 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 08864cf..39adbbf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -25,23 +25,20 @@ p(x) \end{equation} ergeben. Übertragen werden nun die Werte an den stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. -Grafisch sieht man dies dann in Abbildung +Grafisch sieht man dies dann in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, +mit den Punkten, $p(1),p(2),...,p(7) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, +\textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, +\textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, +\textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hatt, muss der Leser/Empfänger diesen erkennen und das Polynom rekonstruieren. Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt wurden. -\begin{figure} - \centering - %\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2} - %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex} - \caption{Polynom } - \label{fig:polynom} -\end{figure} - \subsection{Beispiel} Für das Beispeil aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, ist ein Polynome zweiten Grades durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. -Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben, kann man diese erkennen, -da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. +Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben,(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{red}{roten Punkte}) kann man diese erkennen, +da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. +(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{green}{grünen Punkte}) Ab wie vielen Fehler ist das Polynom nicht mehr erkennbar beim Übertragen von 7 Punkten? Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt.\ref{fig:polynom} @@ -49,6 +46,14 @@ Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkennt werden, dass das Polynom nicht stimmt. Das orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. Dafür sind mehr übertragene Werte nötig. +\begin{figure} + \centering + %\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2} + \input{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex} + \caption{Polynom $p(x)$ \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} + \label{fig:polynom} +\end{figure} + \section{Fehlerbestimmung \label{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerbestimmmung}} So wird ein Muster indentifiziert, welches genau vorherbestimmen kann, diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6d3b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +% +% Plot der èbertrangungsabfolge ins FFT und zurück mit IFFT +% +\tikzset{ + node/.style={rectangle, draw=black!100, thick, on grid}, % on grid added + dangling node/.style={node, fill=black!30} +} +\begin{tikzpicture}[] + +%--------------------------------------------------------------- + %Knote +\matrix[draw = none, column sep=20mm, row sep=20mm]{ + \node(signal) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Signal}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {signal.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(codiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {codiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ + + &\node(fehler) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {fehler.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(decodiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {decodiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(empfangen) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {empfangen.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(syndrom) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {syndrom.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(locator) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {locator.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ +}; +%------------------------------------------------------------- + %FFT & IFFT deskription + + \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,15) to (0,-15); + \node(FFT) [ scale=0.7] at (0,15.3) {FFT IFFT}; + + %Arrows + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (fehler.south) to (empfangen.north); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); + \draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); + + \end{tikzpicture} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex index 4fdfc81..288b51c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex @@ -1,51 +1,49 @@ -% polynome2 +% polynome %------------------- -%\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} -%\usepackage{amsmath} -%\usepackage{times} -%\usepackage{txfonts} -%\usepackage{pgfplots} -%\usepackage{csvsimple} -%\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +% Teiler für das Skalieren der Grafik /40 \newcommand{\teiler}{40} -%\begin{document} - Übertragen von den Zahlen - \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5} - als $ p(x) = \textcolor{blue}{2}x^2 + \textcolor{blue}{1}x + \textcolor{blue}{5} $.\newline - Versende $ (p(1),p(2),...,p(7)) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, - \textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, - \textcolor{green}{ 41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, - \textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ + + +%////////////////////////////////////// + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] + plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] + ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); + + \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (8,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,150/\teiler) coordinate[label={right:$p(x)$}]; + + \def\punkt#1{ + \fill[color=green] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + + \def\hellpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=lightgray] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + + \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} + \hellpunkt{(2,15/\teiler)} + \hellpunkt{(3,26/\teiler)} + \punkt{(4,41/\teiler)} + \punkt{(5,60/\teiler)} + \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} + \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} + \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] + plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] + ({\x},{(7.832*\x^2-51.5*\x+121.668)/\teiler}); - \begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] - \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] - plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] - ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); - \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (8,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; - \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,150/\teiler) coordinate[label={right:$p(x)$}]; - \def\punkt#1{ - \fill[color=green] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; - \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; - } - \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} - %\punkt{(2,15/\teiler)} - %\punkt{(3,26/\teiler)} - \punkt{(4,41/\teiler)} - \punkt{(5,60/\teiler)} - \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} - \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} - \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] - plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] - ({\x},{(0.1958*\x^2-1.2875*\x+3.0417)}); - \def\erpunkt#1{ - \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; - \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; - } - \erpunkt{(2,50/\teiler)} - \erpunkt{(3,0.9414)} + \def\erpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + \erpunkt{(2,50/\teiler)} + \erpunkt{(3,37.66/\teiler)} - \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; - \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; - \end{tikzpicture} + \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; + \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; +\end{tikzpicture} %\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 3e112e15ffe65ede9c2a13077e358e9efe565d03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 15:26:35 +0200 Subject: txt files to images ordner --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7 files changed, 672 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a481d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0,284 +1,131.570790435043 +2,41.9840308053375 +3,12.1189172092243 +4,23.8408857476069 +5,69.1793197789512 +6,24.0186013379153 +7,37.3066577242559 +8,18.2010889773887 +9,12.3214904922455 +10,15.6627133315015 +11,24.5237955316204 +12,32.1114345314062 +13,44.9845039238714 +14,13.5324640263625 +15,10.1736266929292 +16,4.58257569495584 +17,23.217268502288 +18,16.5769107917917 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a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b28988c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0,0.0301224340567056 +1,0.141653026854885 +2,0.138226631799377 +3,0.0339903276086929 +4,0.310585462557496 +5,0.551427312631385 +6,0.628514858396814 +7,0.51102386251559 +8,0.275861355940449 +9,0.0502396354182268 +10,0.090185502547573 +11,0.110759344849756 +12,0.0684618905063001 +13,0.0362855426992259 +14,0.0697096919781468 +15,0.109288539370248 +16,0.0923187999496653 +17,0.0512198536768088 +18,0.274192386987782 +19,0.51349614953654 +20,0.633154426602466 +21,0.553283743533942 +22,0.307840573214514 +23,0.0341664350328392 +24,0.140270857957 +25,0.138527177682831 +26,0.029637547736156 +27,0.0816962563186052 +28,0.0944383203811073 +29,0.0263932110686261 +30,0.0585881348402056 +31,0.0737117341599984 +32,0.0239973937701886 +33,0.0464215468420038 +34,0.0616218854220964 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+78,0.0680137859566976 +79,0.075388270873485 +80,0.0273637831604903 +81,0.0407867704453274 +82,0.0632964886441949 +83,0.0309749128751093 +84,0.0315202035072035 +85,0.0627625211892184 +86,0.0360843918243497 +87,0.02794920551495 +88,0.0677921493367236 +89,0.0437167157553067 +90,0.0270640150996317 +91,0.0783380025231622 +92,0.0561293738314281 +93,0.0278742033265809 +94,0.0981443889498639 +95,0.0794543457386548 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4fa5f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0,6 +1,6 +2,0 +3,6 +4,4 +5,0 +6,5 +7,2 +8,1 +9,2 +10,1 +11,2 +12,0 +13,6 +14,3 +15,5 +16,7 +17,5 +18,5 +19,4 +20,1 +21,5 +22,9 +23,9 +24,3 +25,2 +26,6 +27,6 +28,4 +29,2 +30,9 +31,1 +32,1 +33,1 +34,2 +35,6 +36,6 +37,1 +38,9 +39,7 +40,7 +41,1 +42,9 +43,9 +44,10 +45,9 +46,8 +47,5 +48,2 +49,4 +50,1 +51,0 +52,9 +53,3 +54,3 +55,3 +56,5 +57,6 +58,0 +59,8 +60,6 +61,9 +62,3 +63,4 +64,0 +65,0 +66,0 +67,0 +68,0 +69,0 +70,0 +71,0 +72,0 +73,0 +74,0 +75,0 +76,0 +77,0 +78,0 +79,0 +80,0 +81,0 +82,0 +83,0 +84,0 +85,0 +86,0 +87,0 +88,0 +89,0 +90,0 +91,0 +92,0 +93,0 +94,0 +95,0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ca9eed --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0,0 +1,0 +2,0 +3,0 +4,0 +5,0 +6,0 +7,0 +8,0 +9,0 +10,0 +11,0 +12,0 +13,0 +14,0 +15,0 +16,0 +17,0 +18,0 +19,0 +20,0 +21,0 +22,0 +23,0 +24,0 +25,0 +26,0 +27,0 +28,0 +29,0 +30,0 +31,0 +32,0 +33,0 +34,0 +35,0 +36,0 +37,0 +38,0 +39,0 +40,0 +41,0 +42,0 +43,0 +44,0 +45,0 +46,0 +47,0 +48,0 +49,0 +50,0 +51,0 +52,0 +53,0 +54,0 +55,0 +56,0 +57,0 +58,0 +59,0 +60,0 +61,0 +62,0 +63,0 +64,0.0275599094902563 +65,0.0115837187254191 +66,0.025877761014238 +67,0.0224618032819697 +68,0.04410594689944 +69,0.0474504002669341 +70,0.0227694695500626 +71,0.0271436638090525 +72,0.0104166666666667 +73,0.0271436638090523 +74,0.0227694695500608 +75,0.0474504002669343 +76,0.0441059468994397 +77,0.0224618032819701 +78,0.0258777610142379 +79,0.0115837187254183 +80,0.027559909490256 +81,0.0245124379481793 +82,0.0499782237195209 +83,0.0401432022864265 +84,0.0232923747656228 +85,0.0237974288564099 +86,0.0143895905726624 +87,0.0271745729691685 +88,0.0275599094902567 +89,0.0515501672184983 +90,0.0358255004834542 +91,0.024700508366373 +92,0.0210194725405171 +93,0.0177592928994296 +94,0.0261327016093158 +95,0.0314909067039411 -- cgit v1.2.1 From 93db2b408895beda3ec4d06ff3f81180ca3c7377 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 15:47:40 +0200 Subject: to fix --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index f011ac3..27c6150 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Filtert man nur diese Punkte heraus und Transformiert sie mit Fourier erhält ma \begin{figure} \centering - \input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} + %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} \caption{Übertragungsabfolge \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} \label{fig:sendorder} \end{figure} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5397a77e20a23338279ffe4faa59453104be5b95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 21 Jul 2021 21:18:31 +0200 Subject: update --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 41 ++++++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex | 130 +++++++++++++++------------ buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex | 68 ++++++++------ buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex | 2 +- 4 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index 27c6150..a111527 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -14,21 +14,42 @@ wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nützlich ist. \subsection{Diskrete Fourientransformation Zusamenhang \label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} Die Diskrete Fourientransformation ist definiert als - + \[ + \label{ft_discrete} + \hat{c}_{k} + = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} + {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} + \] +, wenn man nun + \[ + w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} + \] +ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man + \[ + \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) + \] +was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. \subsection{Übertragungsabfolge \label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} -Das Signal.... sind die Daten, Zahlen welche übertragen werden sollen. -Das speziell ist das wir 100 Punkte übertragen und von 64 bis 100, -werden nur Null Punkte übertragen, dies weiss auch unser Empfänger. -Nun wird das Signal in Abbildung... codiert... -Somit wird die Information jedes Punktes auf das ganze spektrum von 0 bis 100 übertragen. -Kommen nuun drei Fehler... hinzu zu diesem codierten Signal sind diese nicht zu erkennen. -Nach dem Empfangen... und decodieren ... erkennt man die fehlerhafte information in den Punkten 64 bis 100. -Filtert man nur diese Punkte heraus und Transformiert sie mit Fourier erhält man die stellen an denen die Fehler sich eingeschlichen haben. + +\begin{enumerate}[1)] +\item Das Signal hat 64 die Daten, Zahlen welche übertragen werden sollen. +Dabei zusätzlich nach 16 Fehler abgesichert, macht insgesamt 96 Übertragungszahlen. +\item Nun wurde mittels der schnellen diskreten Fourientransformation diese 96 codiert. +Das heisst alle information ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. +\item Nun kommen drei Fehler dazu an den Übertragungsstellen 7, 21 und 75. +\item Dieses wird nun Empfangen und mittels inversen diskreten Fourientransormation, wieder rücktransformiert. +\item Nun sieht man den Fehler im Decodieren in den Übertragungsstellen 64 bis 96. +\item Nimmt man nun nur diese Stellen 64 bis 96, auch Syndrom genannt, und Transformiert diese. +\item Bekommt man die Fehlerstellen im Locator wieder, zwar nichtso genau, dennoch erkkent man wo die Fehler stattgefunden haben. +\end{enumerate} \begin{figure} \centering - %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} + \resizebox{0.9\textwidth}{!}{ + %\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/plot.pdf} + \input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} + } \caption{Übertragungsabfolge \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} \label{fig:sendorder} \end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex index bf9aadc..2196c82 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex @@ -13,69 +13,73 @@ \newcommand{\y}{-8} \begin{document} -\tikzset{ - node/.style={rectangle, draw=black!100, thick, on grid}, % on grid added - dangling node/.style={node, fill=black!30} -} \begin{tikzpicture}[] - -\filldraw[red] (0,0) circle (5mm); - %Knote -\matrix[draw = none, column sep=20mm, row sep=20mm]{ - \node(signal) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Signal}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {signal.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; & - \node(codiert) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {codiert.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ + %--------------------------------------------------------------- + %Knote + \matrix[draw = none, column sep=20mm, row sep=4mm]{ + \node(signal) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[ + title = {\Large {Signal}}, + xlabel={Anzahl Übertragene Zahlen}, + xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98},] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {signal.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & - &\node(fehler) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {fehler.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}};\\ - - \node(decodiert) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {decodiert.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; & - - \node(empfangen) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {empfangen.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}};\\ - - \node(syndrom) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {syndrom.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; & - - \node(locator) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {locator.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}};\\ -}; + \node(codiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {codiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ + + &\node(fehler) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}] + \addplot[red] table[col sep=comma] {fehler.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(decodiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {decodiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(empfangen) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {empfangen.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(syndrom) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {syndrom.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(locator) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {locator.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + }; + %------------------------------------------------------------- %FFT & IFFT deskription - - \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,15) to (0,-15); - \node(FFT) [ scale=0.7] at (0,15.3) {FFT IFFT}; + \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,12) to (0,-12); + \node(IFFT) [scale=0.7] at (0,12.3) {IFFT}; + \draw[<-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); + \node(FFT) [scale=0.7, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; + \draw[->](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); + + \draw[thick, ->,] (fehler.west)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); %Arrows \draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); \draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); @@ -85,7 +89,15 @@ \draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; \draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); + %item + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west)+(1,0) {1}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (fehler.north west) {3}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (empfangen.north west) {4}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (decodiert.north west) {5}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (syndrom.north west) {6}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (locator.north west) {7}; - \end{tikzpicture} +\end{tikzpicture} \end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex index e6d3b47..83a89eb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex @@ -1,77 +1,89 @@ % -% Plot der èbertrangungsabfolge ins FFT und zurück mit IFFT +% Plot der Übertrangungsabfolge ins FFT und zurück mit IFFT % -\tikzset{ - node/.style={rectangle, draw=black!100, thick, on grid}, % on grid added - dangling node/.style={node, fill=black!30} -} \begin{tikzpicture}[] %--------------------------------------------------------------- %Knote -\matrix[draw = none, column sep=20mm, row sep=20mm]{ +\matrix[draw = none, column sep=25mm, row sep=2mm]{ \node(signal) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Signal}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {signal.txt}; + \begin{axis} + [title = {\Large {Signal}}, + xlabel={Anzahl Übertragene Zahlen}, + xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98},] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}}; & \node(codiert) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {codiert.txt}; + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ &\node(fehler) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {fehler.txt}; + \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}, + xtick={7,21,75}] + \addplot[red] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}};\\ \node(decodiert) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {decodiert.txt}; + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}}; & \node(empfangen) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {empfangen.txt}; + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}};\\ \node(syndrom) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {syndrom.txt}; + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}}; & \node(locator) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {locator.txt}; + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}};\\ }; %------------------------------------------------------------- %FFT & IFFT deskription - \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,15) to (0,-15); - \node(FFT) [ scale=0.7] at (0,15.3) {FFT IFFT}; - - %Arrows - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (fehler.south) to (empfangen.north); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); - \draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); - - \end{tikzpicture} \ No newline at end of file +\draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,12) to (0,-12); +\node(IFFT) [scale=0.7] at (0,12.3) {IFFT}; +\draw[<-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); +\node(FFT) [scale=0.7, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; +\draw[->](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); + +\draw[thick, ->,] (fehler.west)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); +%Arrows +\draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); +\draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); +\draw[ultra thick, ->] (fehler.south) to (empfangen.north); +\draw[ultra thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); +\draw[ultra thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); +\draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; +\draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); + +%item +\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west) {1}; +\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2}; +\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (fehler.north west) {3}; +\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (empfangen.north west) {4}; +\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (decodiert.north west) {5}; +\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (syndrom.north west) {6}; +\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (locator.north west) {7}; +\end{tikzpicture} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex index 4b1ee68..b84e228 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex @@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ %\usepackage{packagename} \usepackage{pgfplots} - +\usepackage{filecontents} -- cgit v1.2.1 From f5dc85609d5db143cbdefcbb1430b4dfec7a8d3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 09:38:24 +0200 Subject: Create figure for stereographic projection --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile | 1 + .../figures/stereographic-projections.pdf | Bin 0 -> 2045 bytes .../tikz/stereographic-projections.tex | 90 +++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 91 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile index 98e7149..03ad15a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile @@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ TIKZFIGURES := \ tikz/lattice.tex \ tikz/piezo.tex \ tikz/projections.tex \ + tikz/stereographic-projections.tex \ tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex FIGURES := $(patsubst tikz/%.tex, figures/%.pdf, $(TIKZFIGURES)) diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59db126 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4091ad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{tikz-3dplot} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + +\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{130} +\pgfmathsetmacro{\l}{2} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + tdplot_main_coords, + dot/.style = { + black, fill = black, circle, + outer sep = 0, inner sep = 0, + minimum size = 1mm + }, + round/.style = { + draw = orange, thick, circle, + minimum size = 1mm, + inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0pt, + }, + cross/.style = { + cross out, draw = magenta, thick, + minimum size = 1mm, + inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0pt + }, + ] + + % origin + \coordinate (O) at (0,0,0); + + % poles + \coordinate (NP) at (0,0,\l); + \coordinate (SP) at (0,0,-\l); + + % axis + % \draw[->] (O) -- ++(1.5*\l,0,0); + % \draw[->] (O) -- ++(0,1.5*\l,0); + % \draw[->] (O) -- ++(0,0,1.5*\l); + + % gray unit circle + \tdplotdrawarc[gray, dashed]{(O)}{\l}{0}{360}{}{}; + \draw[gray, dashed] (-\l, 0, 0) to (\l, 0, 0); + \draw[gray, dashed] (0, -\l, 0) to (0, \l, 0); + + % meridians + \foreach \phi in {0, 30, 60, ..., 150}{ + \tdplotsetrotatedcoords{\phi}{90}{0}; + \tdplotdrawarc[lightgray, dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords]{(O)}{\l}{0}{360}{}{}; + } + + % dot above and its projection + \pgfmathsetmacro{\phi}{120} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\theta}{60} + + \pgfmathsetmacro{\px}{cos(\phi)*sin(\theta)*\l} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\py}{sin(\phi)*sin(\theta)*\l} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\pz}{cos(\theta)*\l}) + + \coordinate (A) at (\px,\py,\pz); + \coordinate (Aproj) at ({\px * \l / (\l + \pz)}, {\py * \l / (\l + \pz)}, 0); + + % projection line + \draw[] (A) to (SP); + \draw[gray] (SP) to (O) to (Aproj); + + % dot + \draw (O) node[dot] {}; + \draw (SP) node[dot] {}; + \draw (A) node[dot, fill=magenta] {}; + \draw[very thick, magenta] + (Aproj) ++(.15,0) to ($(Aproj)+(-.15, 0)$) + (Aproj) ++(0,.15) to ($(Aproj) +(0, -.15)$); + + % \draw (O) to ({cos(\phi)*\l}, {sin(\phi)*\l}, 0); + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et: -- cgit v1.2.1 From 38950a79c5e5d4a4a064f17539d7f0fc5a9a2ef0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 09:38:44 +0200 Subject: Rebuild figures --- .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-force.pdf | Bin 1496 -> 1496 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-grid-still.pdf | Bin 0 -> 1307 bytes .../figures/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.pdf | Bin 0 -> 12453 bytes .../figures/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.pdf | Bin 0 -> 12490 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/atoms-piezo-still.pdf | Bin 0 -> 1643 bytes .../punktgruppen/figures/combine-symmetries.pdf | Bin 14414 -> 12054 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/lattice.pdf | Bin 27886 -> 25646 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo-atoms.pdf | Bin 35693 -> 0 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf | Bin 16865 -> 14077 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf | Bin 27953 -> 26440 bytes 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index f8be01b..0e4d6c7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -107,9 +107,14 @@ ein. \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections} - \caption{Kristallklassen mit zugehörigem Schönflies-Symbol} - \label{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} + \includegraphics[height=6cm]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections} + \caption{ + Stereografische Projektion: Es wird eine Linie vom magentafarbenen Punkt auf der oberen Hälfte der Kugel zum Südpol gezogen. + Wo die Linie die Ebene schneidet (\(z = 0\)), ist die Projektion des Punktes. + Die Koordinaten der Projektionen sind einfach zu berechnen: + ein Punkt auf eine Kugel mit Radius \(r\) mit den Koordinaten \(x, y, z,\) wird auf \(xr/(r - z), yr/(r - z)\) projiziert. + } + \label{fig:punktgruppen:stereographic-projections} \end{figure} \subsection{Kristallklassen} @@ -119,15 +124,17 @@ nur auf genau 32 Arten rein punktsymmetrische Symmetriegruppen bilden können. Diese 32 möglichen Symmetriegruppen scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. Die 32 möglichen Kristallklassen sind auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen. -Die Darstellung von dreidimensionalen Punktsymmetrien wurde mit der stereographischen Projektion -\footnote{Die Markierten Kreise/Kreuze repräsentieren Punkte auf einer Kugel. -Die Orte der Symbole stehen für einen Schattenwurf eines Punktes auf dem Boden, auf welcher sich die Kugel befindet. -Wobei die Lichtquelle am Nord/Südpol liegt.} -ermöglicht, -wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. +Die Darstellung von dreidimensionalen Punktsymmetrien wurde mit der stereographischen Projektion ermöglicht (siehe Abb. \ref{fig:punktgruppen:stereographic-projections}), wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections} + \caption{Kristallklassen mit zugehörigem Schönflies-Symbol} + \label{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} +\end{figure} \subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbilok} + Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schöönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 09da726608ea811d6d9aa51261e48c787a4300ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 10:28:08 +0200 Subject: Fix piezo figure E-Field --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf | Bin 14077 -> 15599 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex | 2 +- 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf index d82ee96..904250a 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/piezo.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex index 56e9463..6542f26 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ \node[ rectangle, fill = gray!20!white, minimum width = 3cm, minimum height = 1.5cm, - ] (body) {\(\vec{E}_p = \vec{0}\)}; + ] (body) {\(\vec{E}_p \neq \vec{0}\)}; \node[ draw, rectangle, thick, black, fill = red!50, -- cgit v1.2.1 From cccb51c61e5423ab8bc42ff327bc577dfc5aca24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 10:35:04 +0200 Subject: typo --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile.inc | 18 +++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile.inc index 6a676f8..ea51f7a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile.inc @@ -6,9 +6,17 @@ dependencies-reedsolomon = \ papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex \ papers/reedsolomon/main.tex \ - papers/reedsolomon/references.bib \ - papers/reedsolomon/teil0.tex \ - papers/reedsolomon/teil1.tex \ - papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex \ - papers/reedsolomon/teil3.tex + papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/endlichekoerper.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/codebsp.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/decohnefehler.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/decmitfehler.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/rekonstruktion.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/zusammenfassung.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/hilfstabellen.tex \ + papers/reedsolomon/references.bib + -- cgit v1.2.1 From bb830b17b647c27c48cc611af44045ed9eab7ae8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 10:48:02 +0200 Subject: Add missing reference --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex | 1 + buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib | 9 +++++++++ 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex index a6e246c..ea19421 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ \nocite{punktgruppen:pinter-algebra} \nocite{punktgruppen:sands-crystal} \nocite{punktgruppen:lang-elt2} +\nocite{punktgruppen:ouchem} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib index 9edb8bd..a29640c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib @@ -33,3 +33,12 @@ inseries = {Vorlesungsskript zum Modul ELT}, } +@online{punktgruppen:ouchem, + title = {Symmetry in Crystallography}, + author = {Dept. of Chemistry \& Biochemistry, Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, University of Oklahoma}, + year = {2019}, + month = {11}, + day = {17}, + url = {http://archive.today/2021.07.22-083802/http://xrayweb.chem.ou.edu/notes/symmetry.html}, + urldate = {2021-07-22}, +} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 2d4039ca87a6b2fb7897cc47ed1d81256a25d79d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 14:17:29 +0200 Subject: Fix Makefile.inc --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc | 17 ++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc index 8cde9d7..3b49602 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc @@ -11,8 +11,15 @@ dependencies-punktgruppen = \ papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex \ papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex \ papers/punktgruppen/references.bib \ - papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ - papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex \ - papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ - papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex \ - papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex \ + paers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex -- cgit v1.2.1 From 98b291860c3de86df4d35a7ef3d58315722c2c18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 18:47:29 +0200 Subject: Update teil0.tex --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex index 844245c..ba6552b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex @@ -12,10 +12,8 @@ Das soll uns helfen, eine Verknüpfung zwischen dem Naturphänomen und der mathe Unter einem Erdbeben verstehen wir eine Erschütterung des Erdkörpers. Dabei reiben zwei tektonische Platten aneinander, welche sich durch die Gesteinsverzahnung gegenseitig blockieren. -Aufgrund dieser Haftreibung entstehen Spannungen, die sich immer mehr bis zum Tipping Point aufbauen. -Irgendwann ist der Punkt erreicht, in dem die Scherfestigkeit der Gesteine überwunden wird. +Diese Haftreibung durch die Steine wird so lange aufgebaut, bis sie nicht mehr gehalten werden kann. Wenn dies passiert, entlädt sich die aufgebaute Spannung und setzt enorme Energien frei, die wir als Erdbeben wahrnehmen. - Ein Erdbeben breitet sich vom Erdbebenherd in allen Richtungen gleich aus. Vergleichbar ist, wenn man einen Stein in einen Teich wirft und die Wellen beobachten kann, die sich ausbreiten. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 88fef8a83dcae2c49edab204809b438a27c24482 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 08:46:39 +0200 Subject: Some corrections on the symmetry section --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 39 +++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 1dc6f98..6655864 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ \section{Symmetrie} Das Wort Symmetrie ist sehr alt und hat sich seltsamerweise von seinem ursprünglichen griechischen Wort -\(\mathrm{\Sigma\nu\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\) +\(\mathrm{\Sigma\upsilon\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\) \footnote{\emph{Symmetr\'ia}: ein gemeinsames Mass habend, gleichmässig, verhältnismässig} fast nicht verändert. In der Alltagssprache mag es ein locker definierter Begriff sein, aber in der Mathematik hat Symmetrie eine sehr @@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert lässt. Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für -\(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. Dies ist -hoffentlich ausreichend, um die Bedeutung hinter der Notation zu verstehen, die -nun eingeführt wird. +\(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. % Vieleicht eine kurze Einführung in für die Definition, ich habe das gefühl, dass in der Definition die Symmetrie-Operation und die Gruppe auf einmal erklährt wird \subsubsection{Symetriegruppe} @@ -46,39 +44,40 @@ nicht nur um $\sigma$ sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um $90^\circ$ Fässt man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] - Sei \(g\) eine Operation, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lässt. - Bei einer anderen Operation \(h\) definieren wir die Komposition \(h\circ g\) - als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. Alle Operationen bilden unter - Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. + Sei \(g\) eine umkehrbare Operation, die ein mathematisches Objekt + unverändert lässt. Bei einer anderen Operation \(h\) definieren wir die + Komposition \(h\circ g\) als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. Alle + Operationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt + wird. \end{definition} % ich lese diese Definition ein wenig holprig, vieleicht können wir sie zusammen anschauen % Nach meinem Geschmack könne es hier auch eine einleitung wie mein Beispiel geben dammit man den Text flüssiger lesen kann \begin{definition}[Zyklische Untergruppe, Erzeuger] Sei \(g\) ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische - Untergruppe von \(G\), und \(g\) wird ihr Erzeuger genannt. Die erzeugte - Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle\) wird mit spitzen Klammern um den Erzeuger - bezeichnet. + Untergruppe von \(G\), und \(g\) wird ihr Erzeuger genannt. Die von \(g\) + erzeugte Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle = \left\{ g^k : k \in \mathbb{Z} + \right\}\) wird mit spitzen Klammern bezeichnet. \end{definition} -Mit dem oben Gesagten können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. +Damit können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. Bezeichnen wir mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn von \(360^\circ/n\) um einen Punkt. Diese Definition reicht aus, um die gesamte Symmetriegruppe \[ C_n = \langle r \rangle = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} \] -der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu definieren. Das liegt daran, -dass wir durch die mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen, der -die Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als -wiederholte Komposition gemeint, dass heisst \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots -r\circ r\). Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem -Erzeugendensystemen komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. +der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu erzeugen. Das liegt daran, dass wir durch die +mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen k\"onnen, der die +Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als wiederholte +Komposition gemeint, dass heisst \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). +Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem Erzeugendensystemen +komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. \begin{definition}[Erzeugendensysteme] % please fix this unreadable mess - Jede Gruppe kann durch eines oder mehrere ihrer Elemente generiert werden. - Wir lassen \(g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n\) erzeugenden Elemente einer + Jede disktrete Gruppe kann durch eines oder mehrere ihrer Elemente generiert + werden. Wir lassen \(g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n\) erzeugenden Elemente einer Symmetriegruppe sein. Da es mehrere Erzeuger gibt, müssen auch die sogenannte Definitionsgleichungen gegeben werden, die die Multiplikationstabelle vollständig definieren. Die Gleichungen sind ebenfalls -- cgit v1.2.1 From 472b3d0a253879552d139cc4f41a2e00e5f6e4f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 09:08:08 +0200 Subject: Change stereographic projection to Ci --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 5 +-- .../figures/stereographic-projections.pdf | Bin 2045 -> 2377 bytes .../tikz/stereographic-projections.tex | 34 ++++++++++++++++----- 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 0e4d6c7..b59ae0e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -109,10 +109,11 @@ ein. \centering \includegraphics[height=6cm]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections} \caption{ - Stereografische Projektion: Es wird eine Linie vom magentafarbenen Punkt auf der oberen Hälfte der Kugel zum Südpol gezogen. + Stereografische Projektion einer \(C_{i}\) Symmetrie. Es wird eine Linie vom magentafarbenen Punkt auf der oberen Hälfte der Kugel zum Südpol gezogen. Wo die Linie die Ebene schneidet (\(z = 0\)), ist die Projektion des Punktes. Die Koordinaten der Projektionen sind einfach zu berechnen: - ein Punkt auf eine Kugel mit Radius \(r\) mit den Koordinaten \(x, y, z,\) wird auf \(xr/(r - z), yr/(r - z)\) projiziert. + ein Punkt auf eine Kugel mit Radius \(r\) mit den Koordinaten \(x, y, z,\) wird auf \(xr/(r + z), yr/(r + z)\) projiziert. + Für den orangefarbenen Punkt unterhalb des Äquators wird die Linie zum Nordpol gezogen und die Projektionsformel hat stattdessen einen Nenner von \(r - z\). } \label{fig:punktgruppen:stereographic-projections} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf index 59db126..7598265 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/stereographic-projections.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex index 4091ad9..7d612fb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex @@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ % \draw[->] (O) -- ++(0,0,1.5*\l); % gray unit circle - \tdplotdrawarc[gray, dashed]{(O)}{\l}{0}{360}{}{}; - \draw[gray, dashed] (-\l, 0, 0) to (\l, 0, 0); - \draw[gray, dashed] (0, -\l, 0) to (0, \l, 0); + \tdplotdrawarc[gray, thick]{(O)}{\l}{0}{360}{}{}; + \draw[gray, dotted] (-\l, 0, 0) to (\l, 0, 0); + \draw[gray, dotted] (0, -\l, 0) to (0, \l, 0); % meridians \foreach \phi in {0, 30, 60, ..., 150}{ @@ -71,19 +71,37 @@ \coordinate (A) at (\px,\py,\pz); \coordinate (Aproj) at ({\px * \l / (\l + \pz)}, {\py * \l / (\l + \pz)}, 0); - % projection line - \draw[] (A) to (SP); + % dot below and its projection + \pgfmathsetmacro{\phi}{-60} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\theta}{120} + + \pgfmathsetmacro{\px}{cos(\phi)*sin(\theta)*\l} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\py}{sin(\phi)*sin(\theta)*\l} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\pz}{cos(\theta)*\l}) + + \coordinate (B) at (\px,\py,\pz); + \coordinate (Bproj) at ({\px * \l / (\l - \pz)}, {\py * \l / (\l - \pz)}, 0); + + % projection lines + \draw[gray] (A) to (SP); \draw[gray] (SP) to (O) to (Aproj); - % dot + \draw[gray] (B) to (NP); + \draw[gray] (NP) to (O) to (Bproj); + + % dots \draw (O) node[dot] {}; \draw (SP) node[dot] {}; - \draw (A) node[dot, fill=magenta] {}; + \draw (NP) node[dot] {}; + \draw (A) node[dot, fill = magenta, minimum size = 1.5mm] {}; + \draw (B) node[dot, fill = orange, minimum size = 1.5mm] {}; + + % projection markers \draw[very thick, magenta] (Aproj) ++(.15,0) to ($(Aproj)+(-.15, 0)$) (Aproj) ++(0,.15) to ($(Aproj) +(0, -.15)$); - % \draw (O) to ({cos(\phi)*\l}, {sin(\phi)*\l}, 0); + \tdplotdrawarc[orange, very thick]{(Bproj)}{.1}{0}{360}{}{}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7e173afd620b52d542cec0f939299a995eb34689 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 09:19:32 +0200 Subject: Change crystal restriction to theorem style with proof --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 26 ++++++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index b59ae0e..5211b68 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben, ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. -%TODOO fix Q define without vector symb. -> ask naoki - \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, @@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\ve Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. -\subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} \label{txt:punktgruppen: Translationssymmetrie} +\subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} \label{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, dass bei beliebigen Grundvektoren nicht beliebige Symmetrien erstellt werden können. Die geforderte Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles schränkt weitere Symmetrien deutlich ein. @@ -58,7 +56,18 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \label{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} \end{figure} - \subsubsection{Translationssymmetrie $Q$ in Kombination mit Rotationssymmetrie $C_\alpha$} % Müssen uns auf eine schreibweise für Symmetrie Operationen einigen oder sicher am Ende überprüfen +\begin{satz} + Die Rotationssymmetrien eines Kristalls sind auf 2-fach, 3-fach, 4-fach und 6-fach beschränkt. + Mit anderen Worten: Es sind nur Drehwinkel von + 0\(^{\circ}\), + 60\(^{\circ}\), + 90\(^{\circ}\), + 120\(^{\circ}\) und + 180\(^{\circ}\) + erlaubt. +\end{satz} + +\begin{proof} In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} sehen wir Gitterpunkte und deren Zusammenhänge. \begin{itemize} @@ -66,13 +75,13 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \item \(A'\) ist gegeben, weil wir \(A\) mit der Translation \(\vec{Q}\) um einen Grundvektor verschieben und wir wissen, dass nach einer Translation wieder ein Gitterpunkt an der verschobenen Stelle sein muss. - \item \(B\) entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie \(C_\alpha\) auf den Punkt \(A\) anwenden. - Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel \(\alpha\). + \item \(B\) entsteht, weil wir die Rotationssymmetrie \(C_n\) auf den Punkt \(A\) anwenden. + Dadurch dreht sich das ganze Gitter um den Winkel \(360^\circ/n\). Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt \(A'\) abgedreht wird. An der neuen Position \(B\) von \(A'\) muss also auch ein Punkt des Gitters sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. \item \(B\) ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. - Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir \(C_\alpha\) auch auf \(A'\) anwenden. - Also wenden wir \(C_\alpha\) invertiert + Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir \(C_n\) auch auf \(A'\) anwenden. + Also wenden wir \(C_n\) invertiert \footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. Genauere Überlegungen hierzu werden dem Leser überlassen, da sich die Autoren nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} auch auf \(A'\) an. @@ -104,6 +113,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. \alpha \in \left\{ 0^\circ, 60^\circ, 90^\circ, 120^\circ, 180^\circ\right\} \) ein. +\end{proof} \begin{figure} \centering -- cgit v1.2.1 From f33a109c77b9430ce39d2513ee48b4d820527922 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 09:26:23 +0200 Subject: Fix typo in Makefile.inc --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc | 24 ++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc index 3b49602..fbb073e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/Makefile.inc @@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ dependencies-punktgruppen = \ papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex \ papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex \ papers/punktgruppen/references.bib \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex \ - paers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-force.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-horizontal.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-force-vertical.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/atoms-piezo-still.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/combine-symmetries.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/lattice.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo-atoms.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/piezo.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/stereographic-projections.tex \ + papers/punktgruppen/tikz/symmetric-shapes.tex -- cgit v1.2.1 From cb91b7005c8a886e05595d73710ee3dfa29fe193 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 10:37:52 +0200 Subject: Fix broken references --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 8 ++------ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 5211b68..33e7b54 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -154,13 +154,9 @@ Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Un Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\) Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. -Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen: Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. +Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. Da das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. -Inzwischen wissen wir auch, dass \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da -\[ - 360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ -\] -was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen: Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. +Inzwischen wissen wir auch, dass \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum \footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} -- cgit v1.2.1 From ca9b453a796c6fb80a563d0bd979b5393acec373 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 11:00:22 +0200 Subject: Anpassungen teil0 und main --- buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex | 25 +++---------------------- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex | 4 +--- 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex index 8f9c8d5..95f1f4b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex @@ -3,30 +3,11 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:erdbeben}} +\chapter{Erdbebenmessung\label{chapter:erdbeben}} \lhead{Thema} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - +\chapterauthor{Lukas Zogg und +Fabio Veicelli} \input{papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex} \input{papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex} %\input{papers/erdbeben/teil2.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex index ba6552b..8ce8ff2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex @@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil %% -\section{Teil 0\label{erdbeben:section:teil0}} +\section{Was ist ein Erdbeben? \label{erdbeben:section:teil0}} \rhead{Erdbeben} -\section{Erdbebenmessung} -subsection{Was ist ein Erdbeben?} Für das Verständnis möchten wir zuerst erklären, was ein Erdbeben genau ist. Das soll uns helfen, eine Verknüpfung zwischen dem Naturphänomen und der mathematischen Problemstellung herzustellen. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 0d46748d5accdf9f2f176dc72c287cfcef7433f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 11:10:46 +0200 Subject: Update symmetry section --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 117 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 6655864..dd8883e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -26,22 +26,19 @@ ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. \subsection{Geometrische Symmetrien} In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, -die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, an -deren es gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige -Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete -Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um -einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert -lässt. Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche -Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für -\(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. - -% Vieleicht eine kurze Einführung in für die Definition, ich habe das gefühl, dass in der Definition die Symmetrie-Operation und die Gruppe auf einmal erklährt wird -\subsubsection{Symetriegruppe} -\texttt{TODO: review this paragraph, explain what is \(\mathds{1}\).} -Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. -Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} -nicht nur um $\sigma$ sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um $90^\circ$ gedreht werden. -Fässt man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. +die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, +an deren es gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. +Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine +diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine +Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur +unverändert lässt. Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine +unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele +Werte für \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. Ein +Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. Als Beispiel, kann das +Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} nicht nur um +\(\sigma\) sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um \(90^\circ\) gedreht +werden. Fasst man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine +Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] Sei \(g\) eine umkehrbare Operation, die ein mathematisches Objekt @@ -51,7 +48,18 @@ Fässt man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. wird. \end{definition} % ich lese diese Definition ein wenig holprig, vieleicht können wir sie zusammen anschauen -% Nach meinem Geschmack könne es hier auch eine einleitung wie mein Beispiel geben dammit man den Text flüssiger lesen kann +Ausserdem benötigen wir zur Bildung einer Gruppe ein neutrales Element, das wir +mit \(\mathds{1}\) bezeichnen. Die Anwendung der neutralen Operation ist +gleichbedeutend damit, alles unverändert zu lassen. \(\mathds{1}\) ist auch +äquivalent dazu, eine Operation anzuwenden und sie dann rückgängig zu machen +(ihre Umkehrung anzuwenden). +Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, +es wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. Das liegt daran, dass +manchmal die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet +wird. Die Verwendung einer multiplikativen Schreibweise ermöglicht es, einige +Ausdrücke kompakter zu schreiben, z.B. durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = +r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine wiederholte Komposition. + \begin{definition}[Zyklische Untergruppe, Erzeuger] Sei \(g\) ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische @@ -59,18 +67,28 @@ Fässt man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. erzeugte Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle = \left\{ g^k : k \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}\) wird mit spitzen Klammern bezeichnet. \end{definition} +\begin{beispiel} + Um die Syntax zu verstehen, betrachten Sie eine durch \(a\) erzeugte Gruppe + \(G = \langle a \rangle\). Das bedeutet, dass \(G\) die Elemente \(a, aa, + aaa, \ldots\) sowie \(a^{-1}, a^{-1}a^{-1}, \ldots\) und ein neutrales + Element \(\mathds{1} = aa^{-1}\) enthält. +\end{beispiel} +\begin{beispiel} + Nun zu einem sinnvolleren Beispiel, wir können das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel + formalisieren. Bezeichnen wir mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn + von \(360^\circ/n\) um einen Punkt. Diese Definition reicht aus, um die + gesamte Symmetriegruppe + \[ + C_n = \langle r \rangle + = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} + \] + der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu erzeugen. Das liegt daran, dass wir durch + die mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen k\"onnen, der die + Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. In ähnlicher Weise, aber weniger interessant die + Reflexionssymmetriegruppe \(\langle\sigma\rangle\) enthält nur + \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\), weil \(\sigma^2 = \mathds{1}\). +\end{beispiel} -Damit können wir das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel formalisieren. -Bezeichnen wir mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn von \(360^\circ/n\) -um einen Punkt. Diese Definition reicht aus, um die gesamte Symmetriegruppe -\[ - C_n = \langle r \rangle - = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} -\] -der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu erzeugen. Das liegt daran, dass wir durch die -mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen k\"onnen, der die -Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. Hier die Potenzen von \(r\) sind als wiederholte -Komposition gemeint, dass heisst \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\). Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem Erzeugendensystemen komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. @@ -84,18 +102,24 @@ komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. in den Klammern angegeben. Die erzeugende Elementen zusammen mit der Definitionsgleichungen bauen ein Erzeugendensysteme. \end{definition} - -\texttt{TODO: should put examples for generators?} \\ - -Die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe ist nicht so interessant, da sie nur -\(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\) enthält. Kombiniert man sie jedoch mit -der Rotation, erhält man die so genannte Diedergruppe -\[ - D_n = \langle r, \sigma : r^{n-1} = \sigma^2 = (\sigma r)^2 = \mathds{1} \rangle - = \left\{ - \mathds{1}, r, \ldots, r^{n-1}, \sigma, \sigma r, \ldots, \sigma r^{n-1} - \right\}. -\] +\begin{beispiel} + Wir werden nun alle Symmetrien eines \(n\)-Gons beschreiben, was bedeutet, + dass wir die Operationen \(r\) und \(\sigma\) kombinieren. Die + Definitionsgleichungen sind \(r^n = \mathds{1}\), \(\sigma^2 = + \mathds{1}\) und \((\sigma r)^2 = \mathds{1}\). + Die ersten beiden sind ziemlich offensichtlich. Die letzte wird oft auch als + Inversion bezeichnet, weil die Anwendung von \(\sigma r\) dasselbe ist wie + das Ziehen einer Linie von einem Punkt, die durch den Ursprung geht, und das + Verschieben des Punktes auf die andere Seite des Nullpunkts. Wenn man das + zweimal macht, geht man zurück zum Anfangspunkt. + Daraus ergibt sich die so genannte Diedergruppe + \begin{align*} + D_n &= \langle r, \sigma : r^n = \sigma^2 = (\sigma r)^2 = \mathds{1} \rangle \\ + &= \left\{ + \mathds{1}, r, \ldots, r^{n-1}, \sigma, \sigma r, \ldots, \sigma r^{n-1} + \right\}. + \end{align*} +\end{beispiel} Die Symmetrieoperationen, die wir bis jetzt besprochen haben, haben immer mindestens einen Punkt gehabt, der wieder auf sich selbst abgebildet wird. Im @@ -105,16 +129,16 @@ Symmetrien gibt, die jeden Punkt zu einem anderen Punkt verschieben können. Diesen Spezialfall, bei dem mindestens ein Punkt unverändert bleibt, nennt man Punktsymmetrie. \begin{definition}[Punktgruppe] - Wenn jede Operation in einer Symmetriegruppe die Eigenschaft hat, mindestens - einen Punkt unverändert zu lassen, sagt man, dass die Symmetriegruppe eine - Punktgruppe ist. + Wenn es einen Punkt gibt, der von jeder Gruppenoperation unverändert gelassen + wird, sagt man, dass die Symmetriegruppe eine Punktgruppe ist. \end{definition} \subsection{Algebraische Symmetrien} Wir haben nun unseren Operationen Symbole gegeben, mit denen es tatsächlich -möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. Die naheliegende Frage ist dann, könnte -es sein, dass wir bereits etwas haben, das dasselbe tut? Natürlich, ja. -Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. +möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. Die folgende Frage ist dann, ob wir +bereits mathematische Objekte haben, mit denen wir Gleichungen schreiben, die +sich auf die gleiche Weise verhalten. Die Antwort lautet natürlich ja. Um es +formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. \begin{definition}[Gruppenhomomorphismus] Seien \(G\) und \(H\) Gruppe mit unterschiedlicher Operation \(\diamond\) bzw. \(\star\). Ein Homomorphismus\footnote{ Für eine ausführlichere @@ -154,7 +178,6 @@ Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. \circ r) = \Phi(r^2)\Phi(r)\). \end{beispiel} -\texttt{TODO: rewrite section on translational symmetry.} %% TODO: title / fix continuity % Um das Konzept zu illustrieren, werden wir den umgekehrten Fall diskutieren: % eine Symmetrie, die keine Punktsymmetrie ist, die aber in der Physik sehr -- cgit v1.2.1 From 9cf1c0416deac9e1f5043775a1b25f9a1f4de07c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 11:15:33 +0200 Subject: Make crystal basis vector notation consistent with pictures --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 16 +++++++--------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 33e7b54..0cea6ef 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -18,27 +18,25 @@ Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. \subsection{Kristallgitter} Ein zweidimensionales Beispiel eines solchen Muster ist Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice}. Für die Überschaubarkeit haben wir ein simples Motiv eines einzelnen grauen Punktes dargestellt und betrachten dies nur in zwei Dimensionen. -Die eingezeichneten Vektoren \(\vec{a}\) und \(\vec{b}\) sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. -Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von \(\vec{a}\) und \(\vec{b}\) verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. +Die eingezeichneten Vektoren \(\vec{a}_1\) und \(\vec{a}_2\) sind die kleinstmöglichen Schritte im Raum bis sich das Kristallgitter wiederholt. +Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von \(\vec{a}_1\) und \(\vec{a}_2\) verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. Im dreidimensionalen Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor \(\vec{c}\) also \[ - \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a} + n_2 \vec{b} + n_3 \vec{c} + \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a}_1 + n_2 \vec{a}_2 + n_3 \vec{a}_3 = \sum_i n_i \vec{a}_i \] -erreicht werden sofern $\{n_1,n_2,n_3\} \in \mathbb{Z}$ sind. -Sind die Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ , $\vec{c}$ gegeben, -ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. +erreicht werden sofern \(n_1,n_2,n_3 \in \mathbb{Z}\) sind. +Sind die Vektoren \(\vec{a}_1\), \(\vec{a}_2\), \(\vec{a}_3\) gegeben, ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. -Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, -da die Umgebungen aller Punkte identisch sind. +Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, da die Umgebungen aller Punkte identisch sind. Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation \[ \vec{Q}_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i \] wobei der Vektor $\vec{a}_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination -der Vektoren $\vec{a}$ , $\vec{b}$ und $\vec{c}$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. +der Vektoren $\vec{a}_1$ , $\vec{a}_2$ und $\vec{a}_3$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7613cec184c17ed05460e991603529ebacf029c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 13:19:38 +0200 Subject: Small rewrites in symmetry.txt and minor topos fixed --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 9 ++++--- buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex | 8 +++--- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 47 +++++++++++++++++------------------ 3 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 0cea6ef..465c862 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -149,12 +149,13 @@ Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Untergruppen von Schönflies verwendet. -Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\) Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). +Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. -Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. -Da das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. -Inzwischen wissen wir auch, dass \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. +Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, +Weol das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. +Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt +\ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum \footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex index d2e4644..b6a72b5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex @@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ Die vorgestellten Symmetrien sind äusserst gut geeignet, um die Grundeigenschaften eines Kristalles zu beschreiben. Mit etwas kniffligen geometrischen Überlegungen kann man zeigen, was in der Welt der Kristallographie alles möglich ist oder nicht. -Die Einschränkungen sind durchaus willkommen, -dank ihnen halten sich die möglichen Kristallgitter in Grenzen -und lassen sich kategorisieren.%umformulieren +Einschränkungen in Kristallsymmetrien sind durchaus willkommen, +da dank ihnen sich die möglichen Kristallgitter in Grenzen halten +und sich kategorisieren lassen. Kategorien sind nicht nur für einen besseren Überblick nützlich, sondern kann man aus ihnen auch auf Physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen. Als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. Die Piezoelektrizität ist vielleicht noch nicht jedem bekannt, sie versteckt sich aber in diversen Altagsgegenständen zum Beispiel sorgen sie in den meisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. -Ein Funken Interesse ist hoffentlich geweckt +Hiermit ist hoffentlich ein Funken Interesse geweckt um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen Thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index dd8883e..07f2bc5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ ursprünglichen griechischen Wort \(\mathrm{\Sigma\upsilon\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\) \footnote{\emph{Symmetr\'ia}: ein gemeinsames Mass habend, gleichmässig, verhältnismässig} fast nicht verändert. In der Alltagssprache mag es ein -locker definierter Begriff sein, aber in der Mathematik hat Symmetrie eine sehr +locker definierter Begriff sein, in der Mathematik hat Symmetrie jedoch eine sehr präzise Bedeutung. \begin{definition}[Symmetrie] Ein mathematisches Objekt wird als symmetrisch bezeichnet, wenn es unter einer @@ -27,43 +27,42 @@ ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, -an deren es gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. +an deren es gespiegelt(Operation) werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern(invariant). %What do you think about the () Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine -Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur +Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert lässt. Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele -Werte für \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. Ein -Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. Als Beispiel, kann das +Werte für \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. +Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} nicht nur um \(\sigma\) sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um \(90^\circ\) gedreht werden. Fasst man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] - Sei \(g\) eine umkehrbare Operation, die ein mathematisches Objekt - unverändert lässt. Bei einer anderen Operation \(h\) definieren wir die - Komposition \(h\circ g\) als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. Alle - Operationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt - wird. -\end{definition} % ich lese diese Definition ein wenig holprig, vieleicht können wir sie zusammen anschauen + \(g\) und \(h\) sein umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt + unverändert lassen. Die Komposition \(h\circ g\) definieren wir als die Anwendung + der Operationen nacheinander. Alle möglichen Operationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, + die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. +\end{definition} % rewritten, make shore it works for you -Ausserdem benötigen wir zur Bildung einer Gruppe ein neutrales Element, das wir +Eine Gruppe benötigt ausserdem auch zwingend ein neutrales Element, welches wir mit \(\mathds{1}\) bezeichnen. Die Anwendung der neutralen Operation ist gleichbedeutend damit, alles unverändert zu lassen. \(\mathds{1}\) ist auch äquivalent dazu, eine Operation anzuwenden und sie dann rückgängig zu machen (ihre Umkehrung anzuwenden). Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, es wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. Das liegt daran, dass -manchmal die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet +in manchen Fällen die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet wird. Die Verwendung einer multiplikativen Schreibweise ermöglicht es, einige Ausdrücke kompakter zu schreiben, z.B. durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine wiederholte Komposition. \begin{definition}[Zyklische Untergruppe, Erzeuger] - Sei \(g\) ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen + \(g\) sei ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische - Untergruppe von \(G\), und \(g\) wird ihr Erzeuger genannt. Die von \(g\) + Untergruppe von \(G\), wobei \(g\) Erzeuger der Untergruppe genannt wird. Die von \(g\) erzeugte Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle = \left\{ g^k : k \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}\) wird mit spitzen Klammern bezeichnet. \end{definition} @@ -74,8 +73,8 @@ r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine wiederholte Komposition. Element \(\mathds{1} = aa^{-1}\) enthält. \end{beispiel} \begin{beispiel} - Nun zu einem sinnvolleren Beispiel, wir können das \(n\)-Gon Beispiel - formalisieren. Bezeichnen wir mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn + Als anschaulicheres Beispiel, können wir eine Zyklische Untergruppe des \(n\)-Gon + formalisieren. Wir bezeichnen mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn von \(360^\circ/n\) um einen Punkt. Diese Definition reicht aus, um die gesamte Symmetriegruppe \[ @@ -84,8 +83,8 @@ r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine wiederholte Komposition. \] der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu erzeugen. Das liegt daran, dass wir durch die mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen k\"onnen, der die - Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. In ähnlicher Weise, aber weniger interessant die - Reflexionssymmetriegruppe \(\langle\sigma\rangle\) enthält nur + Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. In ähnlicher Weise, aber weniger interessant + enthält die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe \(\langle\sigma\rangle\) nur \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\), weil \(\sigma^2 = \mathds{1}\). \end{beispiel} @@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. Die ersten beiden sind ziemlich offensichtlich. Die letzte wird oft auch als Inversion bezeichnet, weil die Anwendung von \(\sigma r\) dasselbe ist wie das Ziehen einer Linie von einem Punkt, die durch den Ursprung geht, und das - Verschieben des Punktes auf die andere Seite des Nullpunkts. Wenn man das + Verschieben des Punktes auf die andere Seite des Nullpunkts. Wenn man dies zweimal macht, geht man zurück zum Anfangspunkt. Daraus ergibt sich die so genannte Diedergruppe \begin{align*} @@ -126,21 +125,21 @@ mindestens einen Punkt gehabt, der wieder auf sich selbst abgebildet wird. Im Fall der Rotation war es der Drehpunkt, bei der Spiegelung die Punkte der Spiegelachse. Dies ist jedoch keine Voraussetzung für eine Symmetrie, da es Symmetrien gibt, die jeden Punkt zu einem anderen Punkt verschieben können. -Diesen Spezialfall, bei dem mindestens ein Punkt unverändert bleibt, nennt man +Diesen Spezialfall, bei dem immer mindestens ein Punkt unverändert bleibt, nennt man Punktsymmetrie. \begin{definition}[Punktgruppe] Wenn es einen Punkt gibt, der von jeder Gruppenoperation unverändert gelassen - wird, sagt man, dass die Symmetriegruppe eine Punktgruppe ist. + wird, ist die Symmetriegruppe eine Punktgruppe. \end{definition} \subsection{Algebraische Symmetrien} Wir haben nun unseren Operationen Symbole gegeben, mit denen es tatsächlich -möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. Die folgende Frage ist dann, ob wir +möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. Die anschliesende Frage ist dann, ob wir bereits mathematische Objekte haben, mit denen wir Gleichungen schreiben, die sich auf die gleiche Weise verhalten. Die Antwort lautet natürlich ja. Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. \begin{definition}[Gruppenhomomorphismus] - Seien \(G\) und \(H\) Gruppe mit unterschiedlicher Operation \(\diamond\) + \(G\) und \(H\) seien Gruppen mit unterschiedlichen Operationen \(\diamond\) bzw. \(\star\). Ein Homomorphismus\footnote{ Für eine ausführlichere Diskussion siehe \S\ref{buch:grundlagen:subsection:gruppen} im Buch.} ist eine Funktion \(f: G \to H\), so dass für jedes \(a, b \in G\) gilt -- cgit v1.2.1 From 846a04a614a53cb8a5978057364b8b88d7a38e25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 13:40:10 +0200 Subject: One sentence per line, small typos and fix footnotes Sorry for the fixed 72 chars. Tip! With Vim one can use vipJ and then :'<,'>s:\. :\.\r:g to do this *very* quickly. --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 50 +++---- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 246 +++++++++++++--------------------- 2 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 184 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 465c862..de3deda 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -79,8 +79,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. An der neuen Position \(B\) von \(A'\) muss also auch ein Punkt des Gitters sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. \item \(B\) ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir \(C_n\) auch auf \(A'\) anwenden. - Also wenden wir \(C_n\) invertiert - \footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. + Also wenden wir \(C_n\) invertiert\footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. Genauere Überlegungen hierzu werden dem Leser überlassen, da sich die Autoren nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} auch auf \(A'\) an. Dies dreht \(A\) auf einen neuen Punkt. @@ -119,21 +118,20 @@ ein. \caption{ Stereografische Projektion einer \(C_{i}\) Symmetrie. Es wird eine Linie vom magentafarbenen Punkt auf der oberen Hälfte der Kugel zum Südpol gezogen. Wo die Linie die Ebene schneidet (\(z = 0\)), ist die Projektion des Punktes. - Die Koordinaten der Projektionen sind einfach zu berechnen: - ein Punkt auf eine Kugel mit Radius \(r\) mit den Koordinaten \(x, y, z,\) wird auf \(xr/(r + z), yr/(r + z)\) projiziert. + Die Koordinaten der Projektionen sind einfach zu berechnen: ein Punkt auf eine Kugel mit Radius \(r\) mit den Koordinaten \(x, y, z,\) wird auf \(xr/(r + z), yr/(r + z)\) projiziert. Für den orangefarbenen Punkt unterhalb des Äquators wird die Linie zum Nordpol gezogen und die Projektionsformel hat stattdessen einen Nenner von \(r - z\). } \label{fig:punktgruppen:stereographic-projections} \end{figure} \subsection{Kristallklassen} + Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. -Mit weiteren ähnlichen Überlegungen kann gezeigt werden, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum -nur auf genau 32 Arten rein punktsymmetrische -Symmetriegruppen bilden können. -Diese 32 möglichen Symmetriegruppen scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. -Die 32 möglichen Kristallklassen sind auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen. -Die Darstellung von dreidimensionalen Punktsymmetrien wurde mit der stereographischen Projektion ermöglicht (siehe Abb. \ref{fig:punktgruppen:stereographic-projections}), wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. + Mit weiteren ähnlichen Überlegungen kann gezeigt werden, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum nur auf genau 32 Arten rein punktsymmetrische Symmetriegruppen bilden können. + Diese 32 möglichen Symmetriegruppen scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. + Die 32 möglichen Kristallklassen sind auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen. + Die Darstellung von dreidimensionalen Punktsymmetrien wurde mit der stereographischen Projektion ermöglicht (siehe Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:stereographic-projections}), wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. + \begin{figure} \centering @@ -145,26 +143,18 @@ Die Darstellung von dreidimensionalen Punktsymmetrien wurde mit der stereographi \subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbilok} Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schöönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. -Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, -welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. -Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. -Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Untergruppen von Schönflies verwendet. -Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). -Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. -Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. -Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, -Weol das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. -Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt -\ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. -Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. -Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum -\footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} -\(i\) oder eine horizontale -\footnote{Als Orientierungspunkt wird die Symmetrieachse höchster Ordnung (\(n\)) als vertikal definiert} -Spiegelachse \(h\). -Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. -\(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer -sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. + Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. + Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. + Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Untergruppen von Schönflies verwendet. + Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). + Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. + Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. + Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, Weol das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. + Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. + Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. + Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum\footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} \(i\) oder eine horizontale\footnote{Als Orientierungspunkt wird die Symmetrieachse höchster Ordnung (\(n\)) als vertikal definiert} Spiegelachse \(h\). + Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. + \(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 07f2bc5..0bb4aec 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -1,196 +1,134 @@ \section{Symmetrie} Das Wort Symmetrie ist sehr alt und hat sich seltsamerweise von seinem -ursprünglichen griechischen Wort -\(\mathrm{\Sigma\upsilon\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\) -\footnote{\emph{Symmetr\'ia}: ein gemeinsames Mass habend, gleichmässig, -verhältnismässig} fast nicht verändert. In der Alltagssprache mag es ein -locker definierter Begriff sein, in der Mathematik hat Symmetrie jedoch eine sehr -präzise Bedeutung. +ursprünglichen griechischen Wort \(\mathrm{\Sigma\upsilon\mu\mu\varepsilon\tau\rho\iota\alpha}\)\footnote{\emph{Symmetr\'ia}: ein gemeinsames Mass habend, gleichmässig,verhältnismässig} fast nicht verändert. +In der Alltagssprache mag es ein locker definierter Begriff sein, in der Mathematik hat Symmetrie jedoch eine sehr präzise Bedeutung. \begin{definition}[Symmetrie] - Ein mathematisches Objekt wird als symmetrisch bezeichnet, wenn es unter einer - bestimmten Operation invariant ist. + Ein mathematisches Objekt wird als symmetrisch bezeichnet, wenn es unter einer bestimmten Operation invariant ist. \end{definition} -Die intuitivsten Beispiele kommen aus der Geometrie, daher werden wir mit -einigen geometrischen Beispielen beginnen. Wie wir jedoch später sehen werden, -ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. +Die intuitivsten Beispiele kommen aus der Geometrie, daher werden wir mit einigen geometrischen Beispielen beginnen. +Wie wir jedoch später sehen werden, ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich viel allgemeiner. \begin{figure} - \centering - \includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes} - \caption{ - Beispiele für geometrisch symmetrische Formen. - \label{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} - } + \centering + \includegraphics{papers/punktgruppen/figures/symmetric-shapes} + \caption{ + Beispiele für geometrisch symmetrische Formen. + \label{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} + } \end{figure} \subsection{Geometrische Symmetrien} -In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, -die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, -an deren es gespiegelt(Operation) werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern(invariant). %What do you think about the () -Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine -diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine -Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur -unverändert lässt. Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine -unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele -Werte für \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. -Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. Als Beispiel, kann das -Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} nicht nur um -\(\sigma\) sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um \(90^\circ\) gedreht -werden. Fasst man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine -Symmetriegruppe. +In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. +Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, an deren es gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. +Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert lässt. +Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. +Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. +Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} nicht nur um \(\sigma\) sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um \(90^\circ\) gedreht werden. +Fasst man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] - \(g\) und \(h\) sein umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt - unverändert lassen. Die Komposition \(h\circ g\) definieren wir als die Anwendung - der Operationen nacheinander. Alle möglichen Operationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, - die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. -\end{definition} % rewritten, make shore it works for you + \(g\) und \(h\) sein umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lassen. + Die Komposition \(h\circ g\) definieren wir als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. + Alle möglichen Operationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. +\end{definition} -Eine Gruppe benötigt ausserdem auch zwingend ein neutrales Element, welches wir -mit \(\mathds{1}\) bezeichnen. Die Anwendung der neutralen Operation ist -gleichbedeutend damit, alles unverändert zu lassen. \(\mathds{1}\) ist auch -äquivalent dazu, eine Operation anzuwenden und sie dann rückgängig zu machen -(ihre Umkehrung anzuwenden). -Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, -es wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. Das liegt daran, dass -in manchen Fällen die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet -wird. Die Verwendung einer multiplikativen Schreibweise ermöglicht es, einige -Ausdrücke kompakter zu schreiben, z.B. durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = -r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine wiederholte Komposition. +Eine Gruppe benötigt ausserdem auch zwingend ein neutrales Element, welches wir mit \(\mathds{1}\) bezeichnen. +Die Anwendung der neutralen Operation ist gleichbedeutend damit, alles unverändert zu lassen. +\(\mathds{1}\) ist auch äquivalent dazu, eine Operation anzuwenden und sie dann rückgängig zu machen (ihre Inverse anzuwenden). + Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, es wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. +Das liegt daran, dass in manchen Fällen die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet wird. +Die Verwendung einer multiplikativen Schreibweise ermöglicht es, einige Ausdrücke kompakter zu schreiben, z.B. +durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine wiederholte Komposition. \begin{definition}[Zyklische Untergruppe, Erzeuger] - \(g\) sei ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen - Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische - Untergruppe von \(G\), wobei \(g\) Erzeuger der Untergruppe genannt wird. Die von \(g\) - erzeugte Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle = \left\{ g^k : k \in \mathbb{Z} - \right\}\) wird mit spitzen Klammern bezeichnet. + \(g\) sei ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). + Alle möglichen Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische Untergruppe von \(G\), wobei \(g\) Erzeuger der Untergruppe genannt wird. + Die von \(g\) erzeugte Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle = \left\{ g^k : k \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}\) wird mit spitzen Klammern bezeichnet. \end{definition} \begin{beispiel} - Um die Syntax zu verstehen, betrachten Sie eine durch \(a\) erzeugte Gruppe - \(G = \langle a \rangle\). Das bedeutet, dass \(G\) die Elemente \(a, aa, - aaa, \ldots\) sowie \(a^{-1}, a^{-1}a^{-1}, \ldots\) und ein neutrales - Element \(\mathds{1} = aa^{-1}\) enthält. + Um die Syntax zu verstehen, betrachten wir eine durch \(a\) erzeugte Gruppe \(G = \langle a \rangle\). + Das bedeutet, dass \(G\) die Elemente \(a, aa, aaa, \ldots\) sowie \(a^{-1}, a^{-1}a^{-1}, \ldots\) und ein neutrales Element \(\mathds{1} = aa^{-1}\) enthält. \end{beispiel} \begin{beispiel} - Als anschaulicheres Beispiel, können wir eine Zyklische Untergruppe des \(n\)-Gon - formalisieren. Wir bezeichnen mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn - von \(360^\circ/n\) um einen Punkt. Diese Definition reicht aus, um die - gesamte Symmetriegruppe - \[ - C_n = \langle r \rangle - = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} - \] - der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu erzeugen. Das liegt daran, dass wir durch - die mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen k\"onnen, der die - Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. In ähnlicher Weise, aber weniger interessant - enthält die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe \(\langle\sigma\rangle\) nur - \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\), weil \(\sigma^2 = \mathds{1}\). + Als anschaulicheres Beispiel, können wir eine Zyklische Untergruppe des \(n\)-Gon formalisieren. + Wir bezeichnen mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn von \(360^\circ/n\) um einen Punkt. + Diese Definition reicht aus, um die gesamte Symmetriegruppe + \[ + C_n = \langle r \rangle + = \left\{\mathds{1}, r, r^2, \ldots, r^{n-1}\right\} + \] + der Drehungen eines \(n\)-Gons zu erzeugen. + Das liegt daran, dass wir durch die mehrfache Verwendung von \(r\) jeden Winkel erzeugen k\"onnen, der die Rotationssymmetrie bewahrt. + In ähnlicher Weise, aber weniger interessant enthält die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe \(\langle\sigma\rangle\) nur \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\), weil \(\sigma^2 = \mathds{1}\). \end{beispiel} Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem Erzeugendensystemen komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. \begin{definition}[Erzeugendensysteme] - % please fix this unreadable mess - Jede disktrete Gruppe kann durch eines oder mehrere ihrer Elemente generiert - werden. Wir lassen \(g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n\) erzeugenden Elemente einer - Symmetriegruppe sein. Da es mehrere Erzeuger gibt, müssen auch die - sogenannte Definitionsgleichungen gegeben werden, die die - Multiplikationstabelle vollständig definieren. Die Gleichungen sind ebenfalls - in den Klammern angegeben. Die erzeugende Elementen zusammen mit der - Definitionsgleichungen bauen ein Erzeugendensysteme. + Jede disktrete Gruppe kann durch eines oder mehrere ihrer Elemente generiert werden. + Wir lassen \(g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n\) erzeugenden Elemente einer Symmetriegruppe sein. + Da es mehrere Erzeuger gibt, müssen auch die sogenannte Definitionsgleichungen gegeben werden, die die Multiplikationstabelle vollständig definieren. + Die Gleichungen sind ebenfalls in den Klammern angegeben. + Die erzeugende Elementen zusammen mit der Definitionsgleichungen bauen ein Erzeugendensysteme. \end{definition} \begin{beispiel} - Wir werden nun alle Symmetrien eines \(n\)-Gons beschreiben, was bedeutet, - dass wir die Operationen \(r\) und \(\sigma\) kombinieren. Die - Definitionsgleichungen sind \(r^n = \mathds{1}\), \(\sigma^2 = - \mathds{1}\) und \((\sigma r)^2 = \mathds{1}\). - Die ersten beiden sind ziemlich offensichtlich. Die letzte wird oft auch als - Inversion bezeichnet, weil die Anwendung von \(\sigma r\) dasselbe ist wie - das Ziehen einer Linie von einem Punkt, die durch den Ursprung geht, und das - Verschieben des Punktes auf die andere Seite des Nullpunkts. Wenn man dies - zweimal macht, geht man zurück zum Anfangspunkt. - Daraus ergibt sich die so genannte Diedergruppe - \begin{align*} - D_n &= \langle r, \sigma : r^n = \sigma^2 = (\sigma r)^2 = \mathds{1} \rangle \\ - &= \left\{ - \mathds{1}, r, \ldots, r^{n-1}, \sigma, \sigma r, \ldots, \sigma r^{n-1} - \right\}. - \end{align*} + Wir werden nun alle Symmetrien eines \(n\)-Gons beschreiben, was bedeutet, dass wir die Operationen \(r\) und \(\sigma\) kombinieren. + Die Definitionsgleichungen sind \(r^n = \mathds{1}\), \(\sigma^2 = \mathds{1}\) und \((\sigma r)^2 = \mathds{1}\). + Die ersten beiden sind ziemlich offensichtlich. + Die letzte wird oft auch als Inversion bezeichnet, weil die Anwendung von \(\sigma r\) dasselbe ist wie das Ziehen einer Linie von einem Punkt, die durch den Ursprung geht, und das Verschieben des Punktes auf die andere Seite des Nullpunkts. + Wenn man dies zweimal macht, geht man zurück zum Anfangspunkt. + Daraus ergibt sich die so genannte Diedergruppe + \begin{align*} + D_n &= \langle r, \sigma : r^n = \sigma^2 = (\sigma r)^2 = \mathds{1} \rangle \\ + &= \left\{ + \mathds{1}, r, \ldots, r^{n-1}, \sigma, \sigma r, \ldots, \sigma r^{n-1} + \right\}. + \end{align*} \end{beispiel} -Die Symmetrieoperationen, die wir bis jetzt besprochen haben, haben immer -mindestens einen Punkt gehabt, der wieder auf sich selbst abgebildet wird. Im -Fall der Rotation war es der Drehpunkt, bei der Spiegelung die Punkte der -Spiegelachse. Dies ist jedoch keine Voraussetzung für eine Symmetrie, da es -Symmetrien gibt, die jeden Punkt zu einem anderen Punkt verschieben können. -Diesen Spezialfall, bei dem immer mindestens ein Punkt unverändert bleibt, nennt man -Punktsymmetrie. +Die Symmetrieoperationen, die wir bis jetzt besprochen haben, haben immer mindestens einen Punkt gehabt, der wieder auf sich selbst abgebildet wird. +Im Fall der Rotation war es der Drehpunkt, bei der Spiegelung die Punkte der Spiegelachse. +Dies ist jedoch keine Voraussetzung für eine Symmetrie, da es Symmetrien gibt, die jeden Punkt zu einem anderen Punkt verschieben können. + Diesen Spezialfall, bei dem immer mindestens ein Punkt unverändert bleibt, nennt man Punktsymmetrie. \begin{definition}[Punktgruppe] - Wenn es einen Punkt gibt, der von jeder Gruppenoperation unverändert gelassen - wird, ist die Symmetriegruppe eine Punktgruppe. + Wenn es einen Punkt gibt, der von jeder Gruppenoperation unverändert gelassen wird, ist die Symmetriegruppe eine Punktgruppe. \end{definition} \subsection{Algebraische Symmetrien} -Wir haben nun unseren Operationen Symbole gegeben, mit denen es tatsächlich -möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. Die anschliesende Frage ist dann, ob wir -bereits mathematische Objekte haben, mit denen wir Gleichungen schreiben, die -sich auf die gleiche Weise verhalten. Die Antwort lautet natürlich ja. Um es -formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. +Wir haben nun unseren Operationen Symbole gegeben, mit denen es tatsächlich möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. +Die anschliesende Frage ist dann, ob wir bereits mathematische Objekte haben, mit denen wir Gleichungen schreiben, die sich auf die gleiche Weise verhalten. +Die Antwort lautet natürlich ja. +Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. \begin{definition}[Gruppenhomomorphismus] - \(G\) und \(H\) seien Gruppen mit unterschiedlichen Operationen \(\diamond\) - bzw. \(\star\). Ein Homomorphismus\footnote{ Für eine ausführlichere - Diskussion siehe \S\ref{buch:grundlagen:subsection:gruppen} im Buch.} ist - eine Funktion \(f: G \to H\), so dass für jedes \(a, b \in G\) gilt - \(f(a\diamond b) = f(a) \star f(b)\). Man sagt, dass der Homomorphismus - \(f\) \(G\) in \(H\) transformiert. + \(G\) und \(H\) seien Gruppen mit unterschiedlichen Operationen \(\diamond\) bzw. + \(\star\). + Ein Homomorphismus\footnote{ Für eine ausführlichere Diskussion siehe \S\ref{buch:grundlagen:subsection:gruppen} im Buch.} ist eine Funktion \(f: G \to H\), so dass für jedes \(a, b \in G\) gilt \(f(a\diamond b) = f(a) \star f(b)\). + Man sagt, dass der Homomorphismus \(f\) \(G\) in \(H\) transformiert. \end{definition} \begin{beispiel} - Die Rotationssymmetrie des Kreises \(C_\infty\), mit einem unendlichen - Kontinuum von Werten \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\), entspricht perfekt dem - komplexen Einheitskreis. Der Homomorphismus \(\phi: C_\infty \to \mathbb{C}\) - ist durch die Eulersche Formel \(\phi(r) = e^{i\alpha}\) gegeben. + Die Rotationssymmetrie des Kreises \(C_\infty\), mit einem unendlichen Kontinuum von Werten \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\), entspricht perfekt dem komplexen Einheitskreis. + Der Homomorphismus \(\phi: C_\infty \to \mathbb{C}\) ist durch die Eulersche Formel \(\phi(r) = e^{i\alpha}\) gegeben. \end{beispiel} \begin{definition}[Darstellung einer Gruppe] - Die Darstellung einer Gruppe ist ein Homomorphismus, der eine Symmetriegruppe - auf eine Menge von Matrizen abbildet. - \[ - \Phi: G \to \operatorname{GL}_n(\mathbb{R}). - \] - Äquivalent kann man sagen, dass ein Element aus der Symmetriegruppe auf einen - Vektorraum \(V\) wirkt, indem man definiert \(\Phi : G \times V \to V\). + Die Darstellung einer Gruppe ist ein Homomorphismus, der eine Symmetriegruppe auf eine Menge von Matrizen abbildet. + \[ + \Phi: G \to \operatorname{GL}_n(\mathbb{R}). + \] + Äquivalent kann man sagen, dass ein Element aus der Symmetriegruppe auf einen Vektorraum \(V\) wirkt, indem man definiert \(\Phi : G \times V \to V\). \end{definition} \begin{beispiel} - Die Elemente \(r^k \in C_n\), wobei \(0 < k < n\), stellen abstrakt eine - Drehung von \(2\pi k/n\) um den Ursprung dar. Die mit der Matrix - \[ - \Phi(r^k) = \begin{pmatrix} - \cos(2\pi k/n) & -\sin(2\pi k/n) \\ - \sin(2\pi k/n) & \cos(2\pi k/n) - \end{pmatrix} - \] - definierte Funktion von \(C_n\) nach \(O(2)\) ist eine Darstellung von - \(C_n\). In diesem Fall ist die erste Gruppenoperation die Komposition und - die zweite die Matrixmultiplikation. Man kann überprüfen, dass \(\Phi(r^2 - \circ r) = \Phi(r^2)\Phi(r)\). + Die Elemente \(r^k \in C_n\), wobei \(0 < k < n\), stellen abstrakt eine Drehung von \(2\pi k/n\) um den Ursprung dar. + Die mit der Matrix + \[ + \Phi(r^k) = \begin{pmatrix} + \cos(2\pi k/n) & -\sin(2\pi k/n) \\ + \sin(2\pi k/n) & \cos(2\pi k/n) + \end{pmatrix} + \] + definierte Funktion von \(C_n\) nach \(O(2)\) ist eine Darstellung von \(C_n\). + In diesem Fall ist die erste Gruppenoperation die Komposition und die zweite die Matrixmultiplikation. + Man kann überprüfen, dass \(\Phi(r^2 \circ r) = \Phi(r^2)\Phi(r)\). \end{beispiel} - -%% TODO: title / fix continuity -% Um das Konzept zu illustrieren, werden wir den umgekehrten Fall diskutieren: -% eine Symmetrie, die keine Punktsymmetrie ist, die aber in der Physik sehr -% nützlich ist, nämlich die Translationssymmetrie. Von einem mathematischen -% Objekt \(U\) wird gesagt, dass es eine Translationssymmetrie \(Q(x) = x + a\) -% hat, wenn es die Gleichung -% \[ -% U(x) = U(Q(x)) = U(x + a), -% \] -% für ein gewisses \(a\), erfüllt. Zum Beispiel besagt das erste Newtonsche -% Gesetz, dass ein Objekt, auf das keine Kraft einwirkt, eine -% zeitranslationsinvariante Geschwindigkeit hat, d.h. wenn \(\vec{F} = \vec{0}\) -% dann \(\vec{v}(t) = \vec{v}(t + \tau)\). - -% \subsection{Sch\"onflies notation} - -% vim:ts=2 sw=2 spell spelllang=de: -- cgit v1.2.1 From 67c134a41c5b47b926d0b5e461892dd267f36b5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2021 18:07:14 +0200 Subject: Fix typo --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index de3deda..21e29c9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkass Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. - Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, Weol das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. + Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, weil das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum\footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} \(i\) oder eine horizontale\footnote{Als Orientierungspunkt wird die Symmetrieachse höchster Ordnung (\(n\)) als vertikal definiert} Spiegelachse \(h\). -- cgit v1.2.1 From cecdcdb230662af594ce68715c61f1263bff9ace Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Mon, 26 Jul 2021 07:57:58 +0200 Subject: add munkres files --- .../papers/munkres/figures/Netzwerkdarstellung.png | Bin 0 -> 307876 bytes buch/papers/munkres/figures/beispiel_munkres.png | Bin 0 -> 245951 bytes buch/papers/munkres/figures/bipartiter_graph.png | Bin 0 -> 246867 bytes buch/papers/munkres/main.tex | 26 +---- buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex | 27 +++-- buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex | 62 +++-------- buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex | 110 ++++++++++++------ buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex | 124 ++++++++++++++++----- buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex | 36 ++++++ 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b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/bipartiter_graph.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87c164c Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/bipartiter_graph.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex index 4dd20fa..8915a3d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,18 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:munkres}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Munkres-Algorithmus\label{chapter:munkres}} +\lhead{Munkres-Algorithmus} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{Marc Kühne} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} \input{papers/munkres/teil0.tex} \input{papers/munkres/teil1.tex} \input{papers/munkres/teil2.tex} \input{papers/munkres/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/munkres/teil4.tex} +\input{papers/munkres/teil5.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex index de522c7..1ef0538 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,19 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{munkres:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{munkres:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. +\section{Geschichte\label{munkres:section:teil0}} +\rhead{Geschichte} +Die Ungarische Methode wurde 1955 von Harold Kuhn entwickelt und veröffentlicht. +Der Name ``Ungarische Methode'' ergab sich, weil der Algorithmus +weitestgehend auf den früheren Arbeiten zweier ungarischer Mathematiker +basierte: Dénes Kőnig und Jenő Egerváry. +James Munkres überprüfte den Algorithmus im Jahr 1957 und stellte fest, +dass der Algorithmus (stark) polynomiell ist. +Seitdem ist der Algorithmus auch als Kuhn-Munkres oder +Munkres-Zuordnungsalgorithmus bekannt. +Die Zeitkomplexität des ursprünglichen Algorithmus war $O(n^4)$, +später wurde zudem festgestellt, dass er modifiziert werden kann, +um eine $O(n^3)$-Laufzeit zu erreichen. -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex index f4f5e39..7cbbbfd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex @@ -3,53 +3,19 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 +\section{Was ist die ungarische Methode? \label{munkres:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{munkres:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{munkres:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{munkres:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{munkres:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - +Es ist ein kombinatorischer Optimierungsalgorithmus, der das Zuordnungsproblem +in polynomieller Zeit löst. +\begin{itemize} +\item +Polynom = vielgliedrig +\end{itemize} +Der Begriff polynomielle Laufzeit bedeutet, dass die Laufzeit des Programms +wie $n^2$, $n^3$, $n^4$, etc.~wächst und vernünftig skaliert. +Mit der ungarischen Methode können also lineare Optimierungsprobleme gelöst +werden, die bei gewichteten Zuordnungen in bipartiten Graphen entstehen. +Mit ihr kann die eindeutige Zuordnung von Objekten aus zwei Gruppen so +optimiert werden, dass die Gesamtkosten minimiert werden bzw.~der +Gesamtgewinn maximiert werden kann. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex index 23536b9..29db8d7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,86 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 +\section{Das Zuordnungsproblem \label{munkres:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +\rhead{Das Zuordnungsproblem} +Das (lineare) Zuordnungsproblem ist ein diskretes Optimierungsproblem aus +der Graphentheorie. +Es handelt sich um einen Spezialfall eines maximalen Matchings +minimalen Gewichtes in einem bipartiten, gewichteten Graphen + +Vereinfacht gesagt sind Zuordnungsprobleme spezielle Transportprobleme. +Der Unterschied zu klassischen Transportproblemen liegen darin, +dass hier nicht Mengen möglichst kostenminimal von einem zum anderen +Ort transportiert werden sollen, sondern es geht um die kostenminimale +Zuordnung von z.~B.~Personen, oder Bau-Materialien auf bestimmte +Orte, Stellen oder Aufgaben. +Dabei sind alle Angebots- und Bedarfsmenge gleich 1 +\begin{equation} +a_{i}=b_{j}=1 +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Zuordnungsproblem in Netzwerkdarstellung +\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Netzwerkdarstellung} +\caption{Typische Netzwerkdarstellung eines Zuordnungsproblems.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Matrix Formulierung +\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} +In der Matrixformulierung ist eine nicht-negative $n\times n$-Matrix +gegeben, wobei das Element in der $i$-ten Zeile und $j$-ten Spalte +die Kosten für die Zuweisung des $j$-ten Jobs an den $i$-ten Arbeiter +darstellt. +Wir müssen eine Zuordnung der Jobs zu den Arbeitern finden, so dass +jeder Job einem Arbeiter zugewiesen wird und jeder Arbeiter einen +Job zugewiesen bekommt, so dass die Gesamtkosten der Zuordnung +minimal sind. +Dies kann als Permutation der Zeilen und Spalten einer Kostenmatrix +$C$ ausgedrückt werden, um die Spur einer Matrix zu minimieren: +\begin{equation} +\min(L,R)Tr (LCR) +\end{equation} +wobei $L$ und $R$ Permutationsmatrizen sind. +Wenn das Ziel ist, die Zuordnung zu finden, die die maximalen Kosten +ergibt, kann das Problem durch Negieren der Kostenmatrix $C$ gelöst +werden. + +\subsection{Suche der optimalen Lösung +\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} +Ist eine maximale Zuordnung (maximales Matching) gefunden, so steht +in jeder Zeile und jeder Spalte der Matrix genau ein Element, das +zur optimalen Lösung gehört, eine solche Gruppe von Positionen wird +auch als Transversale der Matrix bezeichnet. +Deshalb kann die Problemstellung auch anders formuliert werden: Man +ordne die Zeilen- oder die Spaltenvektoren so um, dass die Summe +der Elemente in der Hauptdiagonale maximal wird. +Hieraus wird sofort ersichtlich, dass es in einer +$n\times n$-Matrix genau so viele Möglichkeiten gibt, die Zeilen- +bzw.~Spaltenvektoren zu ordnen, wie es Permutationen von $n$ Elementen +gibt, also $n!$. +Außer bei kleinen Matrizen ist es nahezu aussichtslos, die optimale +Lösung durch Berechnung aller Möglichkeiten zu finden. +Schon bei einer $10\times 10$-Matrix gibt es nahezu 3,63 Millionen (3.628.800) +zu berücksichtigender Permutationen. + +\subsection{Formulierung Bipartiter Graph \label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +Der Algorithmus ist einfacher zu beschreiben, wenn wir das Problem +anhand eines bipartiten Graphen formulieren. +Wir haben einen vollständigen zweistufigen Graphen $G=(S,T;E)$ mit +$n$ Arbeiter-Eckpunkten ($S$) und $n$ Job-Scheitelpunkte ($T$), und +jede Kante hat einen nichtnegativen Preis $c(i,j)$. +Wir wollen ein perfektes Matching mit minimalen Gesamtkosten finden. +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/bipartiter_graph} +\caption{$K_{3,3}$ vollständig bipartiter Graph mit 3 Knoten pro Teilmenge.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex index b67ad74..806cd83 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex @@ -3,38 +3,102 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 3 +\section{Der Algorithmus in Form von bipartiten Graphen \label{munkres:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? +\rhead{Der Algorithmus in Form von bipartiten Graphen} +Mit der ungarischen Methode können also lineare Optimierungsprobleme +gelöst werden, die bei gewichteten Zuordnungen in bipartiten Graphen +entstehen. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +Mit ihr kann die eindeutige Zuordnung von Objekten aus zwei Gruppen +so optimiert werden, dass die Gesamtkosten minimiert werden bzw.~der +Gesamtgewinn maximiert werden kann. + +Ein bipartiter Graph ist ein mathematisches Modell für Beziehungen +zwischen den Elementen zweier Mengen. +Es eignet sich sehr gut zur Untersuchung von Zuordnungsproblemen» + +\subsection{Beweis, dass der Algorithmus Fortschritte macht +\label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} +Wir müssen zeigen, dass der Algorithmus, solange das Matching nicht +die maximal mögliche Größe hat, immer in der Lage ist, Fortschritte +zu machen --- das heißt, entweder die Anzahl der übereinstimmenden +Kanten zu erhöhen oder mindestens eine Kante zu straffen. +Es genügt zu zeigen, dass bei jedem Schritt mindestens eine der +folgenden Bedingungen erfüllt ist: + +\begin{itemize} +\item +$M$ die maximal mögliche Größe. +\item +$Gy$ enthält einen Erweiterungspfad. +\item +$G$ enthält einen losen Pfad: einen Pfad von einem Knoten in $Rs$ +zu einem Knoten in $T$ / $Z$ die aus einer beliebigen Anzahl von +festen Kanten, gefolgt von einer einzelnen losen Kante, besteht. +Die freie Kante einer freien Bahn ist also $Z$ (beinhaltet $T$), +so garantiert es, dass Delta gut definiert ist. +\end{itemize} +Wenn $M$ die maximal mögliche Größe hat, sind wir natürlich fertig. +Andernfalls muss es nach Berges Lemma im zugrundeliegenden Graphen +$G$ einen Augmentierungspfad $P$ in Bezug auf $M$ geben. +Dieser Pfad darf jedoch nicht in $G_y$ existieren: Obwohl jede +geradzahlige Kante in $P$ durch die Definition von $M$ fest ist, +können ungeradzahlige Kanten lose sein und in $G_y$ fehlen. +Ein Endpunkt von $P$ liegt in $R_{S}$, der andere in $R_T$; w.l.o.g., +nehmen Sie an, es beginnt in $R_{S}$. +Wenn jede Kante von $P$ dicht ist, dann bleibt sie ein augmentierender +Pfad in $G_y$ und wir sind fertig. +Andernfalls sei $uv$ die erste lose Kante auf $P$. +Wenn $v$ kein Element von $Z$ ist, dann haben wir einen losen Pfad +gefunden und sind fertig. +Andernfalls ist $v$ von irgendeinem anderen Pfad $Q$ aus festen +Kanten von einem Knoten in $R_{S}$ erreichbar. +Sei $P_{v}$ der Teilpfad von $P$, der bei $v$ beginnt und bis zum +Ende reicht, und sei $P'$ der Pfad, der gebildet wird, indem man +entlang $Q$ gebildet wird, bis ein Scheitelpunkt auf $P_{v}$ erreicht +wird, und dann weiter bis zum Ende von $P_{v}$. +Beachten Sie, dass $P'$ ein erweiternder Pfad in $G$ mit mindestens +einer losen Kante weniger als $P$ ist. +$P$ kann durch $P'$ ersetzt und dieser Argumentationsprozess iteriert +werden (formal, unter Verwendung von Induktion auf die Anzahl der +losen Kanten), bis entweder ein erweiternder Pfad in $G_y$ oder ein +losender Pfad in $G$ gefunden wird. + +\subsection{Beweis, dass die Anpassung des Potentials $y$ $M$ unverändert lässt \label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +Um zu zeigen, dass jede Kante in $M$ nach der Anpassung von $y$ +erhalten bleibt, genügt es zu zeigen, dass für eine beliebige Kante +in $M$ entweder beide Endpunkte oder keiner von ihnen in $Z$ liegen. +Zu diesem Zweck sei $vu$ eine Kante in $M$ von $T$ nach $S$. +Es ist leicht zu sehen, dass wenn $v$ in $Z$ ist, dann muss auch +$u$ in $Z$ sein, da jede Kante in $M$ dicht ist. +Nehmen wir nun an, dass $u$ kein Element von $Z$ und auch $v$ kein +Element von $Z$ ist. +$u$ selbst kann nicht in $R_{S}$ sein, da es der Endpunkt einer +angepassten Kante ist, also muss es einen gerichteten Pfad von engen +Kanten von einem Knoten in $R_{S}$ zu $u$ geben. +Dieser Pfad muss $v$ vermeiden, da es per Annahme nicht in $Z$ ist, +also ist der Knoten, der $u$ in diesem Pfad unmittelbar vorausgeht, +ein anderer Knoten $v$ (ein Element von $T$) und $v$ ein Element +von $u$ ist eine enge Kante von $T$ nach $S$ und ist somit in $M$. +Aber dann enthält $M$ zwei Kanten, die den Knoten $u$ teilen, was +der Tatsache widerspricht, dass $M$ ein Matching ist. +Jede Kante in $M$ hat also entweder beide Endpunkte oder keinen +Endpunkt in $Z$. +\subsection{Beweis, dass $y$ ein Potential bleibt +\label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} +Um zu zeigen, dass y nach der Anpassung ein Potenzial bleibt, genügt +es zu zeigen, dass keine Kante ihr Gesamtpotenzial über ihre Kosten +hinaus erhöht. +Dies ist für Kanten in $M$ bereits durch den vorangegangenen Absatz +bewiesen. +Man betrachtet also eine beliebige Kante $uv$ von $S$ nach $T$. +Wenn $y(u)$ erhöht wird um $\Delta$, dann wird entweder $v\in +\mathbb{Z}_n$ in diesem Fall wird $y(v)$ verringert um $\Delta$, +wobei das Gesamtpotenzial der Kante unverändert bleibt, oder $v\in +T\setminus Z$, wobei die Definition von $\Delta$ garantiert, dass +$y(u)+y(v)+\Delta \le c(u,v)$ +Also $y$ bleibt ein Potential. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d76743 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +% +% teil4.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 4 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Matrix-Interpretation +\label{munkres:section:teil4}} +\rhead{Matrix-Interpretation} +Gegeben ist die quadratische Matrix $C=(c_{ij})$ der Grösse $n\times n$. +Ohne Beschränkung der Allgemeinheit werden eine Zuordnung $j +\rightarrow s_j$, $j = 1, \dots, n$ mit minimaler Gesamtsumme +$\sum_{j=1}^{n}c_{s_j,j}$ gesucht, wobei die $s_j$ eine Permutation +von $\{1,\ldots ,n\}$ sind. +Soll die Summe maximiert werden, dann kann $C$ durch $-C$ ersetzt werden. +Die Grundlage dieses Verfahrens ist, dass sich die optimale Zuordnung +unter bestimmten Änderungen der Matrix nicht ändert, sondern nur +der Optimalwert. +Diese Änderungen sind durch Knotenpotentiale bzw.~duale Variablen +\begin{equation} +u_1 u_2,{\dots}, u_n +\end{equation} + +für die Zeilen und + +\begin{equation}v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n \end{equation} fuer die Spalten angegeben. +Die modifizierte Matrix hat dann die Komponenten $\tilde{c}_{i,j} += c_{ij} - u_j - v_j$. + +In der Summe über jede kantenmaximale Zuordnung kommt jedes +Knotenpotential genau einmal vor, so dass die Änderung der Zielfunktion +eine Konstante ist. +Sind die Einträge von $C$ nichtnegativ, und sind alle Knotenpotentiale +ebenfalls nichtnegativ, so nennt man die modifizierte Matrix \~{C} +auch eine Reduktion. +Ziel ist, in der reduzierten Matrix möglichst viele Komponenten auf +den Wert Null zu bringen und unter diesen die Zuordnung zu konstruieren. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8138f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +% +% teil5.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 5 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Ungarische Methode anhand eines Beispiels +\label{munkres:section:teil5}} +\rhead{Ungarische Methode anhand eines Beispiels} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/beispiel_munkres} +\caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1 From f12bfc8392b2f09416fb2171a4dd0107ebe16722 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Mon, 26 Jul 2021 14:17:05 +0200 Subject: update some files too --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile | 50 ++++++++++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 29 ++++--- buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex | 10 +-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf | Bin 0 -> 60217 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf | Bin 0 -> 20327 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 13 ++- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt | 96 --------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt | 96 --------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt | 96 --------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt | 96 --------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt | 96 --------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex | 89 ------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex | 49 ----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt | 96 --------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt | 96 --------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 20 ----- buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone.tex | 30 +++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf | Bin 0 -> 1782700 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/codiert.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/decodiert.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/empfangen.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/fehler.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/locator.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex | 99 ++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex | 57 +++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/signal.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/syndrom.txt | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++ 28 files changed, 939 insertions(+), 853 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/codiert.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/decodiert.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/empfangen.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/fehler.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/locator.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/signal.txt create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/syndrom.txt (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile index 9c96e88..25fd98b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/Makefile @@ -4,6 +4,52 @@ # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # -images: - @echo "no images to be created in reedsolomon" +SOURCES := \ + anwendungen.tex \ + codebsp.tex \ + decmitfehler.tex \ + decohnefehler.tex \ + dtf.tex \ + einleitung.tex \ + endlichekoerper.tex \ + hilfstabellen.tex \ + idee.tex \ + main.tex \ + packages.tex \ + rekonstruktion.tex \ + restetabelle1.tex \ + restetabelle2.tex \ + standalone.tex \ + zusammenfassung.tex + +TIKZFIGURES := \ + tikz/polynom2.tex \ + tikz/plotfft.tex + +FIGURES := $(patsubst tikz/%.tex, figures/%.pdf, $(TIKZFIGURES)) + + +all: images standalone + + +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex + mkdir -p figures + pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< + +.PHONY: standalone +standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) $(FIGURES) + mkdir -p standalone + cd ../..; \ + pdflatex \ + --halt-on-error \ + --shell-escape \ + --output-directory=papers/reedsolomon/standalone \ + papers/reedsolomon/standalone.tex; + cd standalone; \ + bibtex standalone; \ + makeindex standalone; + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index a111527..62e44cc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -14,20 +14,27 @@ wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nützlich ist. \subsection{Diskrete Fourientransformation Zusamenhang \label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} Die Diskrete Fourientransformation ist definiert als - \[ - \label{ft_discrete} +\begin{equation} \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} - \] + \label{reedsolomon:DFT} +\end{equation} + , wenn man nun - \[ - w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} - \] +\begin{equation} + w = + e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} + \label{reedsolomon:DFT_summand} +\end{equation} + ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man - \[ - \hat{c}_{k}=\frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) - \] +\begin{equation} + \hat{c}_{k}= + \frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) + \label{reedsolomon:DFT_polynom} +\end{equation} + was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. \subsection{Übertragungsabfolge \label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} @@ -47,8 +54,8 @@ Das heisst alle information ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. \begin{figure} \centering \resizebox{0.9\textwidth}{!}{ - %\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/plot.pdf} - \input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft} + %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} } \caption{Übertragungsabfolge \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} \label{fig:sendorder} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex index 2b1d878..074df05 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex @@ -7,13 +7,11 @@ \label{reedsolomon:section:einleitung}} \rhead{Einleitung} Der Reed-Solomon-Code ist entstanden um, -das Problem der Fehler, bei der Datenübertragung, zu lösen. -In diesem Abschnitt wird möglichst verständlich die mathematische Abfolge, Funktion oder Algorithmus erklärt. +das Problem der Fehler bei der Datenübertragung, zu lösen. +In diesem Abschnitt wird möglichst verständlich die mathematische Abfolge, +Funktion oder Algorithmus des Reed-Solomon-Code erklärt. Es wird jedoch nicht auf die technische Umsetzung oder Implementierung eingegangen. -Um beim Datenübertragen Fehler zu erkennen, könnte man die Daten jeweils doppelt senden, -und so jeweilige Fehler zu erkennen. -Doch nur schon um weinige Fehler zu erkennen werden überproportional viele Daten doppelt und dreifach gesendet. -Der Reed-Solomon-Code macht dies auf eine andere, clevere Weise. + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex index 2196c82..4b156bb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/plot.tex @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ \draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); %item - \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west)+(1,0) {1}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west) {1}; \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2}; \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (fehler.north west) {3}; \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (empfangen.north west) {4}; diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27992c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae68385 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 39adbbf..e18ccd2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -1,15 +1,22 @@ % -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% idee.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Idee \label{reedsolomon:section:idee}} \rhead{Problemstellung} +Um beim Datenübertragen Fehler zu erkennen, könnte man die Daten jeweils doppelt senden, +und so jeweilige Fehler zu erkennen. +Doch nur schon um Fehler zu erkennen werden überproportional viele Daten doppelt und dreifach gesendet. +Der Reed-Solomon-Code macht dies auf eine andere, clevere Weise. Das Problem liegt darin Informationen, Zahlen, zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkennen, man kann sogar einige Fehler korrigieren. +Der unterschied des Fehler erkennen und korrigiren, ist das beim Erkennen nur die Frage kommt hat es Fehler oder keine, +beim korrigieren muss man den Fehler erkennun und dann zusätzlich noch den original Wert rekonstruieren. +Auch eine variante wäre es die Daten nach einem Fehler einfach nochmals zu senden, was bei Reed-Solomon-Code-Anwendungen nicht immer sinnvolll ist. \ref(reedsolomon:section:anwendung) \rhead{Polynom-Ansatz} Eine Idee ist aus den Daten @@ -48,8 +55,8 @@ Dafür sind mehr übertragene Werte nötig. \begin{figure} \centering - %\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2} - \input{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2} + %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex} \caption{Polynom $p(x)$ \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} \label{fig:polynom} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4a481d8..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,284 -1,131.570790435043 -2,41.9840308053375 -3,12.1189172092243 -4,23.8408857476069 -5,69.1793197789512 -6,24.0186013379153 -7,37.3066577242559 -8,18.2010889773887 -9,12.3214904922455 -10,15.6627133315015 -11,24.5237955316204 -12,32.1114345314062 -13,44.9845039238714 -14,13.5324640263625 -15,10.1736266929292 -16,4.58257569495584 -17,23.217268502288 -18,16.5769107917917 -19,6.89948680823017 -20,4.84567134895776 -21,10.4219666223433 -22,43.6179140616243 -23,35.9073375743642 -24,15.0332963783729 -25,21.7594021268945 -26,23.2496572716993 -27,17.9815599423852 -28,11.3577742151117 -29,38.467599433197 -30,28.3035029562577 -31,9.54321919833388 -32,21.377558326432 -33,17.6292439561917 -34,12.6951848921471 -35,20.0667752354841 -36,22.9097309529208 -37,8.78894645948548 -38,13.360682005498 -39,25.1757616314718 -40,38.0357773686457 -41,18.4633287776253 -42,19.0584505869806 -43,10.8631093309173 -44,12.6147770818983 -45,12.5398140021274 -46,34.901983501949 -47,22.3480442021702 -48,6 -49,22.3480442021702 -50,34.901983501949 -51,12.5398140021274 -52,12.6147770818983 -53,10.8631093309173 -54,19.0584505869806 -55,18.4633287776253 -56,38.0357773686457 -57,25.1757616314718 -58,13.360682005498 -59,8.78894645948548 -60,22.9097309529208 -61,20.0667752354841 -62,12.6951848921471 -63,17.6292439561917 -64,21.377558326432 -65,9.54321919833388 -66,28.3035029562577 -67,38.467599433197 -68,11.3577742151117 -69,17.9815599423852 -70,23.2496572716993 -71,21.7594021268945 -72,15.0332963783729 -73,35.9073375743642 -74,43.6179140616243 -75,10.4219666223433 -76,4.84567134895776 -77,6.89948680823017 -78,16.5769107917917 -79,23.217268502288 -80,4.58257569495584 -81,10.1736266929292 -82,13.5324640263625 -83,44.9845039238714 -84,32.1114345314062 -85,24.5237955316204 -86,15.6627133315015 -87,12.3214904922455 -88,18.2010889773887 -89,37.3066577242559 -90,24.0186013379153 -91,69.1793197789512 -92,23.8408857476069 -93,12.1189172092243 -94,41.9840308053375 -95,131.570790435043 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f6221e6..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,6.05208333333333 -1,6.02602539785853 -2,0.0261327016093151 -3,5.98927158561317 -4,4.019445724874 -5,0.0247005083663722 -6,4.97798278395618 -7,1.95246440445439 -8,0.974000110512201 -9,2.00528527696027 -10,1.00071804528155 -11,1.97630907888264 -12,0.0232923747656228 -13,6.01302820392331 -14,3.03567381915226 -15,5.02435590137329 -16,7.00526061008995 -17,5.00739608089369 -18,5.02211514480064 -19,4.02175864806658 -20,1.00236543833726 -21,4.98147315261261 -22,8.97728828610336 -23,8.98481304394618 -24,2.98958333333333 -25,1.98491220960989 -26,5.97728835934715 -27,5.98144124907561 -28,4.00163839998525 -29,2.02176249296313 -30,9.02210713874162 -31,1.00742763919872 -32,1.00557258081044 -33,1.02435888848794 -34,2.03577412756745 -35,6.01302820392331 -36,5.97917574041123 -37,0.976310374034338 -38,9.00062625447998 -39,7.00515849238528 -40,6.97396416790894 -41,0.95256880864368 -42,8.97794719866783 -43,9.01850701506487 -44,10.0194409579917 -45,8.98926601525997 -46,7.9866590265379 -47,5.02603060999077 -48,2.05208333333333 -49,4.02603841132848 -50,0.986882897867895 -51,0.0177592928994285 -52,9.01944131204563 -53,3.0185365665612 -54,2.97803642439316 -55,2.95243072164649 -56,4.97396651395488 -57,6.00516695947321 -58,0.0143895905726619 -59,7.97630812771393 -60,5.97917574041123 -61,9.01298821331865 -62,3.03567381915226 -63,4.02435609145793 -64,0.0275599094902563 -65,0.0115837187254191 -66,0.025877761014238 -67,0.0224618032819697 -68,0.04410594689944 -69,0.0474504002669341 -70,0.0227694695500626 -71,0.0271436638090525 -72,0.0104166666666667 -73,0.0271436638090523 -74,0.0227694695500608 -75,0.0474504002669343 -76,0.0441059468994397 -77,0.0224618032819701 -78,0.0258777610142379 -79,0.0115837187254183 -80,0.027559909490256 -81,0.0245124379481793 -82,0.0499782237195209 -83,0.0401432022864265 -84,0.0232923747656228 -85,0.0237974288564099 -86,0.0143895905726624 -87,0.0271745729691685 -88,0.0275599094902567 -89,0.0515501672184983 -90,0.0358255004834542 -91,0.024700508366373 -92,0.0210194725405171 -93,0.0177592928994296 -94,0.0261327016093158 -95,0.0314909067039411 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 38c13b0..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,284 -1,131.570790435043 -2,41.9840308053375 -3,12.1189172092243 -4,23.8408857476069 -5,69.1793197789512 -6,23.6290258699579 -7,37.3066577242559 -8,18.2010889773887 -9,12.3214904922455 -10,15.6627133315015 -11,24.5237955316204 -12,32.1114345314062 -13,44.9845039238714 -14,13.5324640263625 -15,10.1736266929292 -16,4.58257569495584 -17,23.217268502288 -18,16.5769107917917 -19,6.89948680823017 -20,5.55320238736303 -21,10.4219666223433 -22,43.6179140616243 -23,35.9073375743642 -24,15.0332963783729 -25,21.7594021268945 -26,23.2496572716993 -27,17.9815599423852 -28,11.3577742151117 -29,38.467599433197 -30,28.3035029562577 -31,9.54321919833388 -32,21.377558326432 -33,17.6292439561917 -34,12.6951848921471 -35,20.0667752354841 -36,22.9097309529208 -37,8.78894645948548 -38,13.360682005498 -39,25.1757616314718 -40,38.0357773686457 -41,18.4633287776253 -42,19.0584505869806 -43,10.8631093309173 -44,12.6147770818983 -45,12.5398140021274 -46,34.901983501949 -47,22.3480442021702 -48,6 -49,22.3480442021702 -50,34.901983501949 -51,12.5398140021274 -52,12.6147770818983 -53,10.8631093309173 -54,19.0584505869806 -55,18.4633287776253 -56,38.0357773686457 -57,25.1757616314718 -58,13.360682005498 -59,8.78894645948548 -60,22.9097309529208 -61,20.0667752354841 -62,12.6951848921471 -63,17.6292439561917 -64,21.377558326432 -65,9.54321919833388 -66,28.3035029562577 -67,38.467599433197 -68,11.3577742151117 -69,17.9815599423852 -70,23.2496572716993 -71,21.7594021268945 -72,15.0332963783729 -73,35.9073375743642 -74,44.6135417384784 -75,10.4219666223433 -76,4.84567134895776 -77,6.89948680823017 -78,16.5769107917917 -79,23.217268502288 -80,4.58257569495584 -81,10.1736266929292 -82,13.5324640263625 -83,44.9845039238714 -84,32.1114345314062 -85,24.5237955316204 -86,15.6627133315015 -87,12.3214904922455 -88,18.2010889773887 -89,37.3066577242559 -90,24.0186013379153 -91,69.1793197789512 -92,23.8408857476069 -93,12.1189172092243 -94,41.9840308053375 -95,131.570790435043 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 23f1a83..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,0 -1,0 -2,0 -3,0 -4,0 -5,0 -6,2 -7,0 -8,0 -9,0 -10,0 -11,0 -12,0 -13,0 -14,0 -15,0 -16,0 -17,0 -18,0 -19,0 -20,2 -21,0 -22,0 -23,0 -24,0 -25,0 -26,0 -27,0 -28,0 -29,0 -30,0 -31,0 -32,0 -33,0 -34,0 -35,0 -36,0 -37,0 -38,0 -39,0 -40,0 -41,0 -42,0 -43,0 -44,0 -45,0 -46,0 -47,0 -48,0 -49,0 -50,0 -51,0 -52,0 -53,0 -54,0 -55,0 -56,0 -57,0 -58,0 -59,0 -60,0 -61,0 -62,0 -63,0 -64,0 -65,0 -66,0 -67,0 -68,0 -69,0 -70,0 -71,0 -72,0 -73,0 -74,1 -75,0 -76,0 -77,0 -78,0 -79,0 -80,0 -81,0 -82,0 -83,0 -84,0 -85,0 -86,0 -87,0 -88,0 -89,0 -90,0 -91,0 -92,0 -93,0 -94,0 -95,0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b28988c..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,0.0301224340567056 -1,0.141653026854885 -2,0.138226631799377 -3,0.0339903276086929 -4,0.310585462557496 -5,0.551427312631385 -6,0.628514858396814 -7,0.51102386251559 -8,0.275861355940449 -9,0.0502396354182268 -10,0.090185502547573 -11,0.110759344849756 -12,0.0684618905063001 -13,0.0362855426992259 -14,0.0697096919781468 -15,0.109288539370248 -16,0.0923187999496653 -17,0.0512198536768088 -18,0.274192386987782 -19,0.51349614953654 -20,0.633154426602466 -21,0.553283743533942 -22,0.307840573214514 -23,0.0341664350328392 -24,0.140270857957 -25,0.138527177682831 -26,0.029637547736156 -27,0.0816962563186052 -28,0.0944383203811073 -29,0.0263932110686261 -30,0.0585881348402056 -31,0.0737117341599984 -32,0.0239973937701886 -33,0.0464215468420038 -34,0.0616218854220964 -35,0.0221963086695009 -36,0.0390764778127646 -37,0.0537637218396934 -38,0.0208333333333332 -39,0.0343107696069045 -40,0.0483441215964552 -41,0.0198077862118806 -42,0.0311207395968725 -43,0.0444955089373458 -44,0.0190533549944159 -45,0.0290049795038723 -46,0.0417536642697558 -47,0.0185261550443084 -48,0.0277059929762261 -49,0.0398606084144816 -50,0.0181978813094817 -51,0.0271098219177584 -52,0.0386836665079729 -53,0.0180518611046889 -54,0.0272138992557141 -55,0.0381891287148314 -56,0.0180809085252469 -57,0.0281418959420061 -58,0.0384596362516637 -59,0.0182864418432272 -60,0.0302250788423173 -61,0.0397874837986351 -62,0.0186786556701694 -63,0.0342489348284216 -64,0.0429932815348666 -65,0.0192777878591759 -66,0.0422808966931999 -67,0.0506815964680563 -68,0.0201167847752226 -69,0.0615048274405271 -70,0.0744953894508454 -71,0.021246054596492 -72,0.142602265816215 -73,0.273502052865436 -74,0.325309673287599 -75,0.272705389655349 -76,0.149074257381345 -77,0.0247199397628712 -78,0.0680137859566976 -79,0.075388270873485 -80,0.0273637831604903 -81,0.0407867704453274 -82,0.0632964886441949 -83,0.0309749128751093 -84,0.0315202035072035 -85,0.0627625211892184 -86,0.0360843918243497 -87,0.02794920551495 -88,0.0677921493367236 -89,0.0437167157553067 -90,0.0270640150996317 -91,0.0783380025231622 -92,0.0561293738314281 -93,0.0278742033265809 -94,0.0981443889498639 -95,0.0794543457386548 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 83a89eb..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -% -% Plot der Übertrangungsabfolge ins FFT und zurück mit IFFT -% -\begin{tikzpicture}[] - -%--------------------------------------------------------------- - %Knote -\matrix[draw = none, column sep=25mm, row sep=2mm]{ - \node(signal) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis} - [title = {\Large {Signal}}, - xlabel={Anzahl Übertragene Zahlen}, - xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98},] - \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; & - - \node(codiert) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/codiert.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ - - &\node(fehler) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}, - xtick={7,21,75}] - \addplot[red] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/fehler.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}};\\ - - \node(decodiert) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] - \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/decodiert.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; & - - \node(empfangen) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/empfangen.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}};\\ - - \node(syndrom) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] - \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; & - - \node(locator) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {papers/reedsolomon/images/locator.txt}; - \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}};\\ -}; -%------------------------------------------------------------- - %FFT & IFFT deskription - -\draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,12) to (0,-12); -\node(IFFT) [scale=0.7] at (0,12.3) {IFFT}; -\draw[<-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); -\node(FFT) [scale=0.7, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; -\draw[->](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); - -\draw[thick, ->,] (fehler.west)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); -%Arrows -\draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); -\draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); -\draw[ultra thick, ->] (fehler.south) to (empfangen.north); -\draw[ultra thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); -\draw[ultra thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); -\draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; -\draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); - -%item -\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west) {1}; -\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2}; -\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (fehler.north west) {3}; -\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (empfangen.north west) {4}; -\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (decodiert.north west) {5}; -\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (syndrom.north west) {6}; -\node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (locator.north west) {7}; -\end{tikzpicture} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 288b51c..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -% polynome -%------------------- -% Teiler für das Skalieren der Grafik /40 -\newcommand{\teiler}{40} - - -%////////////////////////////////////// - -\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] - \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] - plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] - ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); - - \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (8,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; - \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,150/\teiler) coordinate[label={right:$p(x)$}]; - - \def\punkt#1{ - \fill[color=green] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; - \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; - } - - \def\hellpunkt#1{ - \fill[color=lightgray] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; - \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; - } - - \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} - \hellpunkt{(2,15/\teiler)} - \hellpunkt{(3,26/\teiler)} - \punkt{(4,41/\teiler)} - \punkt{(5,60/\teiler)} - \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} - \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} - - \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] - plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] - ({\x},{(7.832*\x^2-51.5*\x+121.668)/\teiler}); - - \def\erpunkt#1{ - \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; - \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; - } - \erpunkt{(2,50/\teiler)} - \erpunkt{(3,37.66/\teiler)} - - \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; - \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; -\end{tikzpicture} -%\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c4fa5f8..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/signal.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,6 -1,6 -2,0 -3,6 -4,4 -5,0 -6,5 -7,2 -8,1 -9,2 -10,1 -11,2 -12,0 -13,6 -14,3 -15,5 -16,7 -17,5 -18,5 -19,4 -20,1 -21,5 -22,9 -23,9 -24,3 -25,2 -26,6 -27,6 -28,4 -29,2 -30,9 -31,1 -32,1 -33,1 -34,2 -35,6 -36,6 -37,1 -38,9 -39,7 -40,7 -41,1 -42,9 -43,9 -44,10 -45,9 -46,8 -47,5 -48,2 -49,4 -50,1 -51,0 -52,9 -53,3 -54,3 -55,3 -56,5 -57,6 -58,0 -59,8 -60,6 -61,9 -62,3 -63,4 -64,0 -65,0 -66,0 -67,0 -68,0 -69,0 -70,0 -71,0 -72,0 -73,0 -74,0 -75,0 -76,0 -77,0 -78,0 -79,0 -80,0 -81,0 -82,0 -83,0 -84,0 -85,0 -86,0 -87,0 -88,0 -89,0 -90,0 -91,0 -92,0 -93,0 -94,0 -95,0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8ca9eed..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/syndrom.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,0 -1,0 -2,0 -3,0 -4,0 -5,0 -6,0 -7,0 -8,0 -9,0 -10,0 -11,0 -12,0 -13,0 -14,0 -15,0 -16,0 -17,0 -18,0 -19,0 -20,0 -21,0 -22,0 -23,0 -24,0 -25,0 -26,0 -27,0 -28,0 -29,0 -30,0 -31,0 -32,0 -33,0 -34,0 -35,0 -36,0 -37,0 -38,0 -39,0 -40,0 -41,0 -42,0 -43,0 -44,0 -45,0 -46,0 -47,0 -48,0 -49,0 -50,0 -51,0 -52,0 -53,0 -54,0 -55,0 -56,0 -57,0 -58,0 -59,0 -60,0 -61,0 -62,0 -63,0 -64,0.0275599094902563 -65,0.0115837187254191 -66,0.025877761014238 -67,0.0224618032819697 -68,0.04410594689944 -69,0.0474504002669341 -70,0.0227694695500626 -71,0.0271436638090525 -72,0.0104166666666667 -73,0.0271436638090523 -74,0.0227694695500608 -75,0.0474504002669343 -76,0.0441059468994397 -77,0.0224618032819701 -78,0.0258777610142379 -79,0.0115837187254183 -80,0.027559909490256 -81,0.0245124379481793 -82,0.0499782237195209 -83,0.0401432022864265 -84,0.0232923747656228 -85,0.0237974288564099 -86,0.0143895905726624 -87,0.0271745729691685 -88,0.0275599094902567 -89,0.0515501672184983 -90,0.0358255004834542 -91,0.024700508366373 -92,0.0210194725405171 -93,0.0177592928994296 -94,0.0261327016093158 -95,0.0314909067039411 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index e68b947..327d01a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -8,29 +8,9 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Joshua Bär und Michael Steiner} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - % Joshua \input{papers/reedsolomon/einleitung.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex} -%\input{papers/reedsolomon/teil2.tex} \input{papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex} % Michael diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c850d1f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone.tex @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +\documentclass{book} + +\input{common/packages.tex} + +% additional packages used by the individual papers, add a line for +% each paper +\input{papers/common/addpackages.tex} + +% workaround for biblatex bug +\makeatletter +\def\blx@maxline{77} +\makeatother +\addbibresource{chapters/references.bib} + +% Bibresources for each article +\input{papers/common/addbibresources.tex} + +% make sure the last index starts on an odd page +\AtEndDocument{\clearpage\ifodd\value{page}\else\null\clearpage\fi} +\makeindex + +%\pgfplotsset{compat=1.12} +\setlength{\headheight}{15pt} % fix headheight warning +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + +\begin{document} + \input{common/macros.tex} + \def\chapterauthor#1{{\large #1}\bigskip\bigskip} + \input{papers/reedsolomon/main.tex} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80af280 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/codiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/codiert.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a481d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/codiert.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0,284 +1,131.570790435043 +2,41.9840308053375 +3,12.1189172092243 +4,23.8408857476069 +5,69.1793197789512 +6,24.0186013379153 +7,37.3066577242559 +8,18.2010889773887 +9,12.3214904922455 +10,15.6627133315015 +11,24.5237955316204 +12,32.1114345314062 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+75,0.272705389655349 +76,0.149074257381345 +77,0.0247199397628712 +78,0.0680137859566976 +79,0.075388270873485 +80,0.0273637831604903 +81,0.0407867704453274 +82,0.0632964886441949 +83,0.0309749128751093 +84,0.0315202035072035 +85,0.0627625211892184 +86,0.0360843918243497 +87,0.02794920551495 +88,0.0677921493367236 +89,0.0437167157553067 +90,0.0270640150996317 +91,0.0783380025231622 +92,0.0561293738314281 +93,0.0278742033265809 +94,0.0981443889498639 +95,0.0794543457386548 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3036e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +% +% Plot der Übertrangungsabfolge ins FFT und zurück mit IFFT +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{pgfplotstable} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usepackage{filecontents} + + +\begin{document} +\begin{tikzpicture}[] + + %--------------------------------------------------------------- + %Knote + \matrix[draw = none, column sep=25mm, row sep=2mm]{ + \node(signal) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis} + [title = {\Large {Signal}}, + xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98},] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/signal.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(codiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/codiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ + + &\node(fehler) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}, + xtick={7,21,75}] + \addplot[red] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/fehler.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(decodiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/decodiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(empfangen) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/empfangen.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(syndrom) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/syndrom.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(locator) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] + \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/locator.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + }; + %------------------------------------------------------------- + %FFT & IFFT deskription + + \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,12) to (0,-12); + \node(IFFT) [scale=0.7] at (0,12.3) {IFFT}; + \draw[<-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); + \node(FFT) [scale=0.7, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; + \draw[->](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); + + \draw[thick, ->,] (fehler.west)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); + %Arrows + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (fehler.south) to (empfangen.north); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); + \draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; + \draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); + + %item + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west) {1}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (fehler.north west) {3}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (empfangen.north west) {4}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (decodiert.north west) {5}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (syndrom.north west) {6}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (locator.north west) {7}; +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..456e067 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +% polynome +%------------------- + +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + + +\begin{document} +% Teiler für das Skalieren der Grafik /40 +\newcommand{\teiler}{40} + + +%////////////////////////////////////// + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] + plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] + ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); + + \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (8,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,150/\teiler) coordinate[label={right:$p(x)$}]; + + \def\punkt#1{ + \fill[color=green] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + + \def\hellpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=lightgray] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + + \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} + \hellpunkt{(2,15/\teiler)} + \hellpunkt{(3,26/\teiler)} + \punkt{(4,41/\teiler)} + \punkt{(5,60/\teiler)} + \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} + \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} + + \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] + plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] + ({\x},{(7.832*\x^2-51.5*\x+121.668)/\teiler}); + + \def\erpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + \erpunkt{(2,50/\teiler)} + \erpunkt{(3,37.66/\teiler)} + + \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; + \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/signal.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/signal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4fa5f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/signal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0,6 +1,6 +2,0 +3,6 +4,4 +5,0 +6,5 +7,2 +8,1 +9,2 +10,1 +11,2 +12,0 +13,6 +14,3 +15,5 +16,7 +17,5 +18,5 +19,4 +20,1 +21,5 +22,9 +23,9 +24,3 +25,2 +26,6 +27,6 +28,4 +29,2 +30,9 +31,1 +32,1 +33,1 +34,2 +35,6 +36,6 +37,1 +38,9 +39,7 +40,7 +41,1 +42,9 +43,9 +44,10 +45,9 +46,8 +47,5 +48,2 +49,4 +50,1 +51,0 +52,9 +53,3 +54,3 +55,3 +56,5 +57,6 +58,0 +59,8 +60,6 +61,9 +62,3 +63,4 +64,0 +65,0 +66,0 +67,0 +68,0 +69,0 +70,0 +71,0 +72,0 +73,0 +74,0 +75,0 +76,0 +77,0 +78,0 +79,0 +80,0 +81,0 +82,0 +83,0 +84,0 +85,0 +86,0 +87,0 +88,0 +89,0 +90,0 +91,0 +92,0 +93,0 +94,0 +95,0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/syndrom.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/syndrom.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ca9eed --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/syndrom.txt @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +0,0 +1,0 +2,0 +3,0 +4,0 +5,0 +6,0 +7,0 +8,0 +9,0 +10,0 +11,0 +12,0 +13,0 +14,0 +15,0 +16,0 +17,0 +18,0 +19,0 +20,0 +21,0 +22,0 +23,0 +24,0 +25,0 +26,0 +27,0 +28,0 +29,0 +30,0 +31,0 +32,0 +33,0 +34,0 +35,0 +36,0 +37,0 +38,0 +39,0 +40,0 +41,0 +42,0 +43,0 +44,0 +45,0 +46,0 +47,0 +48,0 +49,0 +50,0 +51,0 +52,0 +53,0 +54,0 +55,0 +56,0 +57,0 +58,0 +59,0 +60,0 +61,0 +62,0 +63,0 +64,0.0275599094902563 +65,0.0115837187254191 +66,0.025877761014238 +67,0.0224618032819697 +68,0.04410594689944 +69,0.0474504002669341 +70,0.0227694695500626 +71,0.0271436638090525 +72,0.0104166666666667 +73,0.0271436638090523 +74,0.0227694695500608 +75,0.0474504002669343 +76,0.0441059468994397 +77,0.0224618032819701 +78,0.0258777610142379 +79,0.0115837187254183 +80,0.027559909490256 +81,0.0245124379481793 +82,0.0499782237195209 +83,0.0401432022864265 +84,0.0232923747656228 +85,0.0237974288564099 +86,0.0143895905726624 +87,0.0271745729691685 +88,0.0275599094902567 +89,0.0515501672184983 +90,0.0358255004834542 +91,0.024700508366373 +92,0.0210194725405171 +93,0.0177592928994296 +94,0.0261327016093158 +95,0.0314909067039411 -- cgit v1.2.1 From 91c10deedee35f5fa673de585c41c06b81248f14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michael-OST <75078383+michael-OST@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 26 Jul 2021 20:59:51 +0200 Subject: Bonus-Chapter updated --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex | 35 +++++++++++++-------- .../reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc_zoomed_in.png | Bin 0 -> 45679 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex | 1 + buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib | 11 ++++++- 4 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc_zoomed_in.png (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex index c03b1a4..b9b1d69 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen.tex @@ -7,21 +7,20 @@ \label{reedsolomon:section:anwendung}} \rhead{Anwendungen} -In den vorherigen Abschnitten haben wir betrachtet, wie Reed-Solomon-Codes in der Theorie Funktionieren. +In den vorherigen Abschnitten haben wir betrachtet, wie Reed-Solomon-Codes in der Theorie funktionieren. In diesem Abschnitt werden wir einige Anwendungen vorstellen, bei denen ein Reed-Solomon-Code zum Einsatz kommt. -Dabei teilen all diese Anwendungen das gleiche Problem: Die Daten können nur durch einen (höchst Wahrscheinlichen) fehlerbehafteten Kanal empfangen werden. Es gibt keine andere Methode an diese Daten zu kommen als über diesen Kanal. +Dabei teilen all diese Anwendungen das gleiche Problem: Die Daten können nur durch einen (höchst Wahrscheinlichen) fehlerbehafteten Kanal empfangen werden. Es gibt keine andere Methode, an diese Daten zu kommen, als über diesen Kanal. - -In der Netzwerktechnik zum Beispiel ist es üblich, dass bei Paketverluste oder beschädigt empfangene Datenpakete diese einfach noch einmal inert wenigen Millisekunden angefordert werden können. +In der Netzwerktechnik zum Beispiel ist es üblich, dass bei Paketverluste oder beschädigt empfangene Datenpaketen diese einfach noch einmal innert wenigen Millisekunden angefordert werden können. In der Raumfahrt ist dies nicht möglich, da aufgrund der beschränkten Speichermöglichkeit die gesammelten Daten so rasch wie möglich zur Erde gesendet werden. Diese Daten wiederum brauchen aufgrund der grossen Distanz Stunden bis die Daten beim Empfänger ankommen. Fehlerhafte Daten kann also auf Grund der Zeitverzögerung nicht mehr angefordert werden. -Bei CDs oder DVDs gibt es zwar kein Zeitliches Problem, jedoch erschweren Kratzer, Verschmutzungen oder Produktionsfehler das Lesen einer solchen Disk. +Bei CDs oder DVDs gibt es zwar kein zeitliches Problem, jedoch erschweren Kratzer, Verschmutzungen oder Produktionsfehler das Lesen einer solchen Disk. Da vor allem Produktionsfehler und Kratzer irreversibel sind und die Disk nicht nach jedem Kratzer ersetzt werden muss, so wird die korrekte Ausgabe der gespeicherten Information durch die Fehlerkorrektur sichergestellt. -Ein ähnlicher Ansatz verfolgen QR-Codes, wobei die Information auch dann noch gelesen werden kann wenn der Code nicht mehr vollständig vorhanden ist. +Einen ähnlichen Ansatz verfolgen QR-Codes, wobei die Information auch dann noch gelesen werden kann wenn der Code nicht mehr vollständig vorhanden ist. %Wie man sieht, eignen sich Reed-Solomon-Codes vor allem für Anwendungen, bei der die Informationen nicht auf einen Anderen Weg beschafft werden kann. % @@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ Ein ähnlicher Ansatz verfolgen QR-Codes, wobei die Information auch dann noch g % da aufgrund der grossen Distanz Stunden vergehen können bis gesendete Daten auf der Erde empfangen werden kann. % - Obwohl alle diese Codes nach dem gleichen Prinzip arbeiten gibt es starke Unterschiede in deren Funktionsweise. Dies kommt vor allem daher, da die Codes nur Ressourcen zur Verfügung haben, die von der Hardware bereitstellt wird, auf denen die Codes implementiert wurden. Diese Codes bedienen sich daher verschiedener Tricks und Optimierungen um möglichst effizient zu arbeiten. @@ -75,8 +73,14 @@ Obwohl Reed-Solomon-Codes bereits in den 1960er entwickelt wurden fanden sie ers Codiert. Der Nachrichtenblock hat somit eine Länge von $255$ Zahlen, wovon $233$ als Nutzlast zur Verfügung stehen. Damit ist es möglich bis zu $11$ Fehler im Nachrichtenblock zu korrigieren. -Der Codierte Nachrichtenblock wird in kleinere Blöcke aufgeteilt, mit einem Faltungscode erneut Codiert und anschliessend gesendet. Ein Faltungscode ist wie ein Reed-Solomon-Code in der Lage Fehler zu korrigieren, Funktioniert aber nach einem ganz anderen Prinzip. -Durch diese doppelte Codierung wird eine äusserst hohe Übertragungssicherheit garantiert. +Der Codierte Nachrichtenblock wird in kleinere Blöcke aufgeteilt, mit einem Faltungscode erneut Codiert und anschliessend gesendet. +Ein Faltungscode ist wie ein Reed-Solomon-Code in der Lage Fehler zu korrigieren, +Codiert seine Information aber auf eine andere weise. Aus jedem unterteilten Block wird vor dem Versenden ein Paritätsbit erzeugt und dem Block angehängt. Anhand diesem Paritätsbit überprüft der Empfänger, ob bei der Übertragung der Block beschädigt wurde. Ist dies der Fall, wird der Block bei der Decodierung nicht beachtet. Diese so entstandenen ``Lücken'' im Datenstrom werden wiederum vom Reed-Solomon-Code korrigiert. Dieses Zusammenspiel beider Codes garantiert so eine hohe Robustheit gegenüber Übertragungsfeher. + +% +% Funktioniert aber nach einem ganz anderen Prinzip. +% +%Durch diese doppelte Codierung wird eine äusserst hohe Übertragungssicherheit garantiert. % %Dabei steht die Zahl 255 für grösse des Nachrichtenblocks, der die Anzahl 233 % @@ -107,13 +111,18 @@ Die Digital Video Disc funktioniert nach dem selben Konzept mit grösseren Codeb \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc} - \caption{CDs kamen 1982 auf den Markt. Sie funktioniert durch das ``einbrennen'' von Punkten und Strichen, die die Daten repräsentieren. Gelesen werden diese wiederum durch die Reflektion eines Lasers an diesen Punkten und Strichen.} + \subfigure[]{ + \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc} + } + \subfigure[]{ + \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc_zoomed_in} + } + \caption{CDs kamen 1982 auf den Markt. Sie funktioniert durch das Einpressen oder Einbrennen von Punkten und Strichen, die die Daten repräsentieren. Gelesen werden diese wiederum durch die Reflektion eines Lasers an diesen Punkten und Strichen.} \label{fig:cd} \end{figure} \subsection{QR-Codes} -Quick Response Codes oder auch QR-Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel der Abschnitte \ref{reedsolomon:section:codebsp} - \ref{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion} nur das QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Die Physische Grösse eines Codes ist stark abhängig von der Grösse der Codierung sowie dem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Es ist so auf dem ersten Blick nicht ersichtlich, wie viel Nutzinformationen ein Qr-Code enthält. Die QR-Codes in Abbildung \ref{fig:qr} zeigen jeweils die Gleiche Information mit unterschiedlichem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Codes mit einem höheren Korrektur-Level können auch für Designer-Codes Zweckentfremdet werden. Dabei wird z.B. das Firmenlogo oder einen Schriftzug über den Qr-Code gelegt, ohne das die Funktion des Codes beeinträchtigt wird. Ein Beispiel dazu ist unter Abbildung \ref{fig:designqr} zu finden. +Quick Response Codes oder auch QR-Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen Prinzip wie in unserem Beispiel der Abschnitte \ref{reedsolomon:section:codebsp} - \ref{reedsolomon:section:rekonstruktion} nur das QR-Codes in einem $\mathbb{F}_{256}$ Körper arbeiten. Die physische Grösse eines Codes ist stark abhängig von der Menge an codierten Daten sowie dem verwendeten Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Es ist so auf dem ersten Blick nicht ersichtlich, wie viel Nutzinformationen ein Qr-Code enthält. Die QR-Codes in Abbildung \ref{fig:qr} zeigen jeweils die Gleiche Information mit unterschiedlichem Fehlerkorrektur-Level. Codes mit einem höheren Korrektur-Level können auch für Designer-Codes Zweckentfremdet werden. Dabei wird z.B. das Firmenlogo oder einen Schriftzug über den Qr-Code gelegt, ohne das die Funktion des Codes beeinträchtigt wird. Ein Beispiel dazu ist unter Abbildung \ref{fig:designqr} zu finden. % @@ -154,6 +163,6 @@ Quick Response Codes oder auch QR-Codes funktionieren nach einem sehr ähnlichen \subfigure[]{ \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/images/designer_qrcode} } - \caption{Während (a) noch ein unveränderter QR-Code repräsentiert, handelt es sich bei (b) nun um einen Designer-QR-Code. Beide Codes verfügen über einen mittleren Fehlerkorrektur-Level von theoretisch 15\%. Da bei (b) jetzt einen Teil des Codes durch ein Logo verdeckt wird, schränkt sich dadurch die Fehlerkorrekturfähigkeit je nach grösse des verdeckten Teils mehr oder weniger stark ein. Unser Designer-Code in (b) ist nur noch in der Lage etwa 9\% des Codes zu rekonstruieren.} + \caption{Während (a) noch einen unveränderten QR-Code repräsentiert, handelt es sich bei (b) nun um einen Designer-QR-Code. Beide Codes verfügen über einen mittleren Fehlerkorrektur-Level von theoretisch 15\%. Da bei (b) jetzt einen Teil des Codes durch ein Logo verdeckt wird, schränkt sich die Fehlerkorrekturfähigkeit je nach Grösse des verdeckten Teils mehr oder weniger stark ein. Unser Designer-Code in (b) ist nur noch in der Lage etwa 9\% des Codes zu rekonstruieren.} \label{fig:designqr} \end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc_zoomed_in.png b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc_zoomed_in.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69556d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/images/Compact_Disc_zoomed_in.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex index e68b947..ab4e4be 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/main.tex @@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \nocite{reedsolomon:voyager} \nocite{reedsolomon:cd_wiki} \nocite{reedsolomon:cd} +\nocite{reedsolomon:strichepunkte} \nocite{reedsolomon:qr_wiki} \nocite{reedsolomon:qr} %\nocite{reedsolomon:mendezmueller} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib index e0a75a8..b84b5a4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/references.bib @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ } @online{reedsolomon:cd, - title = {Funktionsweise des QR-Codes}, + title = {Abbildung einer CD}, url = {https://www.stickpng.com/img/electronics/compact-discs/stack-compact-disc}, date = {2021-07-19}, year = {2021}, @@ -59,6 +59,15 @@ day = {19} } +@online{reedsolomon:strichepunkte, + title = {Abbildung der Striche und Punkte einer CD}, + url = {https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-readable-area-of-a-CD-is-magnified-in-order- to-see-the-pit-and-land-sizing-The_fig7_303401629}, + date = {2021-07-26}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {26} +} + @online{reedsolomon:qr_wiki, title = {Funktionsweise des QR-Codes}, url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR-Code}, -- cgit v1.2.1 From adb7f34e662733e831d1caa86eacb9fdf13b3eed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 08:45:43 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Titel=20hinzugef=C3=BCgt?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/main.tex | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/main.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/main.tex index 6348993..98d0581 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/main.tex @@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:verkehr}} -\lhead{Verkehrsfluss und Verkehrsnetze} +\chapter{Verkehrsfluss und Verkehrsnetze\label{chapter:verkehr}} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Pascal Andreas Schmid und Robine Luchsinger} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 22d2b924b156f953409cd9f524501c7d71f7eb9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 08:50:58 +0200 Subject: Some corrections from feedback --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 51 ++++++++++++++++++---------------- buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 52 +++++++++++++++++------------------ buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 18 ++++++------ 3 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 21e29c9..18b8395 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ \section{Kristalle} -%einleitung sollte noch an das ende von der Symmetrie angepasst werden +% TODO: einleitung sollte noch an das ende von der Symmetrie angepasst werden +% TODO: sich jeder => paper sprache Unter dem Begriff Kristall sollte sich jeder ein Bild machen können. Wir werden uns aber nicht auf sein Äusseres fokussieren, sondern was ihn im Inneren ausmacht. Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. @@ -30,10 +31,11 @@ Sind die Vektoren \(\vec{a}_1\), \(\vec{a}_2\), \(\vec{a}_3\) gegeben, ist ein \subsection{Translationssymmetrie} Da sich das ganze Kristallgitter wiederholt, wiederholen sich auch dessen Eigenschaften periodisch mit den Grundvektoren. Sollte man sich auf einem Gitterpunkt in einem Kristall aufhalten, ist es unmöglich zu wissen, auf welchem Gitterpunkt man sich befindet, da die Umgebungen aller Punkte identisch sind. -Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{Translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation +Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{translationssymmetrisch} in der Translation \[ - \vec{Q}_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i -\] wobei der Vektor $\vec{a}_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. + \vec{Q}_i(G) = G + \vec{a}_i, +\] +wobei der Vektor $\vec{a}_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination der Vektoren $\vec{a}_1$ , $\vec{a}_2$ und $\vec{a}_3$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. @@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. 90\(^{\circ}\), 120\(^{\circ}\) und 180\(^{\circ}\) - erlaubt. + m\"oglich. \end{satz} \begin{proof} @@ -78,9 +80,8 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. Für uns bedeutet dies lediglich, dass unser zweiter Punkt \(A'\) abgedreht wird. An der neuen Position \(B\) von \(A'\) muss also auch ein Punkt des Gitters sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. \item \(B\) ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. - Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgittes periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir \(C_n\) auch auf \(A'\) anwenden. - Also wenden wir \(C_n\) invertiert\footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren. - Genauere Überlegungen hierzu werden dem Leser überlassen, da sich die Autoren nicht explizit mit dieser Frage Auseinander gesetzt haben.} + Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgitters periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir \(C_n\) auch auf \(A'\) anwenden. + Also wenden wir \(C_n\) invertiert\footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren.} auch auf \(A'\) an. Dies dreht \(A\) auf einen neuen Punkt. \item \(B'\) ist kein zufälliger Name für diesen neuen Punkt, denn wir wissen, dass zwischen allen Punkten eine Translationssymmetrie bestehen muss. @@ -89,14 +90,14 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. Mit den gegebenen Punkten lassen sich geometrische Folgerungen ziehen. Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge der Verschiebung \(|\vec{Q}| = Q\) setzen und \(|\vec{Q}'| = Q'\). Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass \(Q' = Q + 2x\). - Da \(\vec{Q}\) eine Translation um ein Grundvektor ist , muss \(\vec{Q}'\) ein ganzes vielfaches von \(\vec{Q}\) sein. - Demnach auch die Längen + Da \(\vec{Q}\) eine Translation um ein Grundvektor ist , muss \(\vec{Q}'\) ein ganzes Vielfaches von \(\vec{Q}\) sein. + Demnach ist auch die Länge \[ - Q' = nQ = Q + 2x + Q' = nQ = Q + 2x . \] - Die Strecke \(x\) lässt sich auch mit hilfe der Trigonometrie und dem angenommenen Rotationswinkel \(\alpha\) ausdrücken: + Die Strecke \(x\) lässt sich auch mit Hilfe der Trigonometrie und dem angenommenen Rotationswinkel \(\alpha\) ausdrücken: \[ - nQ = Q + 2Q\sin(\alpha - \pi/2) + nQ = Q + 2Q\sin(\alpha - \pi/2) . \] Wir können durch \(Q\) dividieren um unabhängig von der Läge des Grundvektors zu werden, was auch Sinn macht, da eine Skalierung eines Kristalles seine Symmetrieeigenschaften nicht tangiert. @@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ ein. \subsection{Kristallklassen} -Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. +Im vorausgegangenen Abschnitt wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. Mit weiteren ähnlichen Überlegungen kann gezeigt werden, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum nur auf genau 32 Arten rein punktsymmetrische Symmetriegruppen bilden können. Diese 32 möglichen Symmetriegruppen scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. Die 32 möglichen Kristallklassen sind auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen. @@ -140,21 +141,23 @@ Vorgehend wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht al \label{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} \end{figure} -\subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbilok} +\subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbolik} Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schöönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Untergruppen von Schönflies verwendet. - Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). - Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. - Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. - Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, weil das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. - Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. - Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. - Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum\footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} \(i\) oder eine horizontale\footnote{Als Orientierungspunkt wird die Symmetrieachse höchster Ordnung (\(n\)) als vertikal definiert} Spiegelachse \(h\). - Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. - \(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. + \begin{itemize} + \item Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). + Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. + Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. + \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, weil das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. + Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. + \item Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. + Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum\footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} \(i\) oder eine horizontale\footnote{Als Orientierungspunkt wird die Symmetrieachse höchster Ordnung (\(n\)) als vertikal definiert} Spiegelachse \(h\). + \item Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. + \(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. + \end{itemize} diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index 6defcdc..67e6214 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ \section{Piezoelektrizität} -Die Piezoelektrizität ist per Definition spannend. -Sie beschreibt die Eigenschaft, dass gewisse Kristalle eine elektrische Spannung erzeugen, wenn machanischer Druck auf sie ausgeübt wird. +%% TODO: improve this paragraph +Die Piezoelektrizität ist die spannende Eigenschaft, dass gewisse Kristalle eine elektrische Spannung erzeugen, wenn mechanischer Druck auf sie ausgeübt wird. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ Sie beschreibt die Eigenschaft, dass gewisse Kristalle eine elektrische Spannung \end{figure} \subsection{Polarisierung} -Piezoelektrizität basiert darauf, dass zwischen den Oberflächen des Kristalles ein Ladungsungleichgewicht entsteht siehe Abbildung\ref{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo}. +Piezoelektrizität basiert darauf, dass zwischen den Oberflächen des Kristalles ein Ladungsungleichgewicht entsteht (siehe Abbildung\ref{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo}). Dieses Ungleichgewicht resultiert, -weil durch den mechanischen Druck auf der einen Oberfläche des Kristalles positiv Ione näher an die Oberfläche gelangen, -wärend auf der gegenüberliegenden Oberfläche sich mehr negative Ionen Sammeln. +weil durch den mechanischen Druck auf der einen Oberfläche des Kristalles positiv Ionen näher an die Oberfläche gelangen, +wärend auf der gegenüberliegenden Oberfläche sich mehr negative Ionen sammeln. Das sich die atomare Struktur eines Kristalles unter Druck genau so verformt ist nicht bei jedem Kristall gegeben. Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles sind daher relevant für die Entstehung dieses Effektes. @@ -37,47 +37,45 @@ Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles sind daher relevant für \subsection{Atomarer Aufbau} Die Polarisation resultiert über eine gesamte Oberfläche eines Kristalles, entscheidend ist aber der atomare Aufbau. Wir wollen dazu die verschiedenen Kristallstrukturen auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} diskutieren. -In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} gilt für alle Strukturen, dass rote Kreise Positive Ionen und blaue negative Ionen repräsentieren. -%liste oder anderes format?.. +In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} gilt für alle Strukturen, dass rote Kreise positive Ionen und blaue negative Ionen repräsentieren. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} ist dasselbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. -Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld, welches entsteht, weil mitlleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gerdrückt werden. -Als hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, so wird ersichtlich, +Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld, welches entsteht, weil die mittleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gedrückt werden. +Als Hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, so wird ersichtlich, dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. +\par \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} ist nicht piezoelektrisch. -Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} unterdruck setzt und sich die Struktur zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} verformt. +Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} unter Druck setzt und sich die Struktur zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} verformt. Setzt man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten, -scheint es als würden rechts mehr Positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden und links umgekehrt. +scheint es als würden rechts mehr positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden und links umgekehrt. Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn die Struktur sich nach oben und unten periodisch wiederholt. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zeigt \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} in unter horizontaler Belastung. +\par Was zwischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} und \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zu beobachten ist, ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, im Gegensatz zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh}. -Daraus kann man schlissen, dass \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} keine Rotationssymmetrie von $90^\circ$ besitzen kann, -weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer $90^\circ$ Drehung. -Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann mit betrachten von \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} bestätigt werden. +Daraus kann man schliessen, dass \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} keine Rotationssymmetrie von \(90^\circ\) besitzen kann, +weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer \(90^\circ\) Drehung. +Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann in \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} beobachtet werden. \subsection{Punktsymmetrie} -Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht Punktsymmetrisch sein. +Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht punktsymmetrisch sein. Kristallgitter, bei welchen eine Punktspiegelung eine symmetrische Operation ist, können keine piezoelektrische Kristalle bilden. -Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} ein nicht Punktsymmetrischer Kristall -mit einem Punktsymmetrischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid}verglichen worden. -Als vereinfachte Erklärung kann mann sich wieder das Bild vor augen führen, eines Kristalles, +Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} ein nicht punktsymmetrischer Kristall +mit einem punktsymmetrischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} verglichen worden. +Als vereinfachte Erklärung kann man sich wieder das Bild eines Kristalles vor Augen führen, welcher unter Druck auf der einen Seite negative und der anderen Seite positive Ionen an seine Oberfläche verdrängt. -Spiegelt man nun den Kristall um den Gitterpunkt in der mitte des Kristalles, so würden die negativen Ionen auf den Positiven auf der anderen seite landen, +Spiegelt man nun den Kristall um den Gitterpunkt in der Mitte des Kristalles, so würden die negativen Ionen auf den positiven auf der anderen Seite landen, was der Definition einer Symmetrie deutlich widerspricht. \subsection{Vom Kristall zum Feuer} -Piezoelektrizität hat durchaus nutzen im Alltag. +Piezoelektrizität hat durchaus Nutzen im Alltag. Feuerzeuge welche nicht auf dem Prinzip beruhen einen Zündstein abzuschleifen, sonder ohne Verschleiss auf Knopfdruck einen Zündfunken erzeugen, basieren auf dem Prinzip der Piezoelektrizität. -Drückt der Nutzende auf den Zündknopf spannt sich eine Feder bis zu einer Konfigurierten Spannung. +Drückt der Nutzende auf den Zündknopf, spannt sich eine Feder bis zu eine konfigurierten Spannung. Wird vom Nutzenden weiter gedrückt entspannt sich die Feder schlagartig und beschleunigt mit der gespeicherten Energie ein Hammer, -welcher auf das Piezoelement aufschlägt. -Der augenblicklich hohe Druck sorgt an den Piezokontakten für eine eben so Kurze aber hohe elekrische Spannung. +welchen auf das Piezoelement aufschlägt. +Der augenblicklich hohe Druck sorgt an den Piezokontakten für eine eben so kurze aber hohe elektrische Spannung. Die Spannung reicht aus, um eine Funkenstrecke zu überwinden und so eine entflammbares Gas zu entzünden. -Sollten Sie also eines Tages in die Situation geraten, in welcher Sie zwei verschiedene Kristalle vor sich haben -und ein piezoelektrisches Feuerzeug bauen müssen, -wobei Sie aber wissen, dass einer eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, -versuche sie es mit dem anderen. +Sollte der Leser eines Tages in die Situation geraten, in welcher er zwei verschiedene Kristalle vor sich hat und ein piezoelektrisches Feuerzeug bauen musst, wobei bekannt ist, dass einer eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, empfiehlt es sich mit die anderen zu versuchen. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 0bb4aec..a5b2fe2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -22,27 +22,29 @@ Wie wir jedoch später sehen werden, ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich vi In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, an deren es gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert lässt. -Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. +Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für den Drehwinkel \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, der die Form unverändert lassen. Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. -Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} nicht nur um \(\sigma\) sondern auch Diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um \(90^\circ\) gedreht werden. +Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} nicht nur um \(\sigma\) sondern auch diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um \(90^\circ\) gedreht werden. Fasst man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] - \(g\) und \(h\) sein umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lassen. + %% TODO + Seien \(g\) und \(h\) umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lassen. Die Komposition \(h\circ g\) definieren wir als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. - Alle möglichen Operationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. + Alle möglichen Symmetrieoperationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. \end{definition} Eine Gruppe benötigt ausserdem auch zwingend ein neutrales Element, welches wir mit \(\mathds{1}\) bezeichnen. Die Anwendung der neutralen Operation ist gleichbedeutend damit, alles unverändert zu lassen. \(\mathds{1}\) ist auch äquivalent dazu, eine Operation anzuwenden und sie dann rückgängig zu machen (ihre Inverse anzuwenden). - Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, es wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. +%% TODO + Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, sie wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. Das liegt daran, dass in manchen Fällen die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet wird. Die Verwendung einer multiplikativen Schreibweise ermöglicht es, einige Ausdrücke kompakter zu schreiben, z.B. durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine wiederholte Komposition. \begin{definition}[Zyklische Untergruppe, Erzeuger] - \(g\) sei ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). + Sei \(g\) ein Element einer Symmetriegruppe \(G\). Alle möglichen Kompositionen von \(g\) und \(g^{-1}\) bilden eine sogenannte zyklische Untergruppe von \(G\), wobei \(g\) Erzeuger der Untergruppe genannt wird. Die von \(g\) erzeugte Untergruppe \(\langle g \rangle = \left\{ g^k : k \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}\) wird mit spitzen Klammern bezeichnet. \end{definition} @@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine Das bedeutet, dass \(G\) die Elemente \(a, aa, aaa, \ldots\) sowie \(a^{-1}, a^{-1}a^{-1}, \ldots\) und ein neutrales Element \(\mathds{1} = aa^{-1}\) enthält. \end{beispiel} \begin{beispiel} - Als anschaulicheres Beispiel, können wir eine Zyklische Untergruppe des \(n\)-Gon formalisieren. + Als anschaulicheres Beispiel, können wir eine zyklische Untergruppe des \(n\)-Gon formalisieren. Wir bezeichnen mit \(r\) eine Drehung im Gegenuhrzeigersinn von \(360^\circ/n\) um einen Punkt. Diese Definition reicht aus, um die gesamte Symmetriegruppe \[ @@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ Dies ist jedoch keine Voraussetzung für eine Symmetrie, da es Symmetrien gibt, \subsection{Algebraische Symmetrien} Wir haben nun unseren Operationen Symbole gegeben, mit denen es tatsächlich möglich ist, Gleichungen zu schreiben. -Die anschliesende Frage ist dann, ob wir bereits mathematische Objekte haben, mit denen wir Gleichungen schreiben, die sich auf die gleiche Weise verhalten. +Die anschliessende Frage ist dann, ob wir bereits mathematische Objekte haben, mit denen wir Gleichungen schreiben, die sich auf die gleiche Weise verhalten. Die Antwort lautet natürlich ja. Um es formaler zu beschreiben, werden wir einige Begriffe einführen. \begin{definition}[Gruppenhomomorphismus] -- cgit v1.2.1 From 08ab4d022e3ec5aa8c598deedca5af8448bf7b1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 08:52:01 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Strukturierung=20der=20Einf=C3=BChrung=20angepasst?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index d96d450..d793e4e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ -\section{Einführung} \label{section:verkehr/einfuehrung} -\subsection{Verkehrsnetze} Das Verkehrsnetz besteht aus allen Anlagen, auf oder unter der Erdoberfläche, auf denen eine räumliche Fortbewegung von Personen oder auch Gütern stattfindet. Verkehrsnetze sind ein Bestandteil der Verkehrsinfrastruktur, die auf topografischen Karten festgehalten werden. Sie umfassen den Schienenverkehr, alle Strassen und Wege, wie auch Flugplätze und alle dazugehörigen Bauwerke. Aus verkehrsgeografischer Sicht besteht das Verkehrsnetz aus Kanten, Knotenpunkten und dem Hinterland. Die Knotenpunkte werden auch hier durch die Kanten verbunden, die den Verkehrsstrom aufnehmen, wobei das Hinterland durch einzelne Knoten versorgt wird. Die Aufteilung in Kanten und Knotenpunkte ermöglicht eine Vereinfachung komplexer Verkehrsnetze, damit sie mittels der Graphentheorie untersucht werden können. Grundsätzlich können kurze Wege zwischen den Knotenpunkten das Ziel beim Aufbau eines Verkehrsnetzes sein. Es kann aber auch versucht werden, die Bau- und Unterhaltskosten des Verkehrsnetzes in einem gewissen Rahmen zu halten. Aus diesen Vorgaben ergibt sich dann, je nach dem was gewünscht wird, eine grob- oder feinmaschige Struktur des Netzes. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 6f673d1626cf26d479f22499eaa578a300637a8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 08:54:49 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Sections=20eine=20Stufe=20einger=C3=BCckt?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index d793e4e..ae13ac5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ Aus verkehrsgeografischer Sicht besteht das Verkehrsnetz aus Kanten, Knotenpunkt Grundsätzlich können kurze Wege zwischen den Knotenpunkten das Ziel beim Aufbau eines Verkehrsnetzes sein. Es kann aber auch versucht werden, die Bau- und Unterhaltskosten des Verkehrsnetzes in einem gewissen Rahmen zu halten. Aus diesen Vorgaben ergibt sich dann, je nach dem was gewünscht wird, eine grob- oder feinmaschige Struktur des Netzes. Ziel ist aber ein möglichst wirtschaftliches und optimales Verkehrsnetz. -\subsection{Suchalgorithmen} +\section{Suchalgorithmen} -\subsubsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} +\subsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Infomratikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Den Algorithmus hat er im Jahr 1959 erfunden. Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist ein Greedy-Algorithmus (gieriger Algorithmus), der schrittweise einen Folgezustand auswählt, damit beim Zeitpunkt der Wahl der grösste Gewinn bzw. das beste Ergebnis erzielt werden kann. Trotz der Schnelligkeit der Greedy-Algorithmen, können viele Probleme nicht optimal gelöst werden. @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Iteration Diese drei Schritte werden so lange wiederholt bis gilt \begin{equation}M=\{\}\end{equation} -\subsubsection{A*-Algorithmus} +\subsection{A*-Algorithmus} Suchalgorithmen werden nach einfachen (uninformierte) und heuristischen (informierten) Algorithmen unterschieden. Während einfache Algorithmen den Suchraum intuitiv durchsuchen, beziehen heuristische Algorithmen Wissen über den Suchraum mit ein. Der A*-Algorithmus geht auf seine Erfinder Peter Hart, Nils Nilsson und Bertram Raphael zurück, die den Algorithmus erstmals im Jahr 1968 beschrieben. Der A*-Algorithmus ist ein heuristischer Suchalgorithmus, der den kürzesten Pfad zwischen zwei Knoten in einem Graphen mit positiven Kantengewichten berechnet. @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Im Gegensatz zu einfachen Suchalgorithmen, wird beim A*-Algorithmus eine Schätz Ausserdem findet der A*-Algorithmus immer eine optimale Lösung, sofern eine vorhanden ist. Der A*-Algorithmus wird als Verallgemeinerung gehandhabt und gilt als Erweiterung des Dijkstra-Algorithmus. -\subsubsection{Anwendung A*-Algorithmus} +\subsection{Anwendung A*-Algorithmus} Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus von Dijkstra. Gemäss dem Algorihtmus von Dijkstra werden von einem Startknoten aus die jeweiligen Nachbarknoten, die Nachbarknoten der Nachbarknoten usw. verarbeitet. Die Kantengewichte werden dabei aufsummiert und die Priorität wird auf die Kante gelegt, die das geringste Gewicht aufweist. Mit diesem Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass die erste gefundene Lösung auch die optimalste Lösung darstellt.\\ Die Kantengewichte werden für jeden Knoten in Form einer Funktion dargestellt @@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ Somit gilt: \begin{equation}f(n)=g(n)+h(n)\end{equation}\\ Wie auch der Algorithmus von Dijkstra findet der A*-Algorithmus die optimalste Lösung. -\subsubsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} +\subsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus, auch Tripel-Algorithmus genannt, wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die kürzesten , beziehungsweise die optimalsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph aber keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. Ein Kreis (Zyklus) in einem Graphen ist ein Weg, bei dem Start- und Endpunkt den gleichen Knoten aufweisen. Dieser wird negativ, wenn die Summe der gewichteten Kanten kleiner als Null wird.\\ Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus besteht grundsätzlich aus Floyd's Berechnung der kürzesten Distanzen zwischen zwei Knoten und Warshall's Konstruktion der kürzesten Wege. Werden diese beiden Teilgebiete zusammengefügt, ergibt sich der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus. -\subsubsection{Anwendung Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} +\subsection{Anwendung Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} Wie oben erwähnt, besteht der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus aus dem Teil von Floyd zur Berechnung der kürzesten Pfade und dem Teil von Warshall zur Konstruktion der kürzesten Pfade. @@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ Die aktuelle Gewichtung der Pfade wird mit \begin{equation}d[i, j]=min[d[i,j], d[i,k] + d[k,i]]\end{equation} ermittelt. -\subsubsection{Euklidische Heuristik} +\subsection{Euklidische Heuristik} Bei Verkehrsnetzen ist die euklidische Distanz eine gängige und zuverlässige Heurstik. Dabei wird zu den effektiven Reisekosten zum aktuellen Knoten die euklidische Distanz bis zum Zielknoten hinzuaddiert. Dadurch wird die Kostenfunktion konsequent nie überschätzt. Dies stellt eine Voraussetzung an eine zulässige Heuristik dar. Was bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz einfach zu bewältigen ist, da Koordinaten von Verkehrsnetzen zur Berechnung der Distanz verwendet werden können, ist bei virtuellen Netzwerken (z.B. Servernetzen) entweder nicht möglich, oder nicht relevant. -\subsection{PageRank-Algorithmus} +\section{PageRank-Algorithmus} Der PageRank-Algorithmus wurde von den Gründern von Google, Larry Page und Sergey Brin im Jahr 1996 entwickelt und zum Patent angemeldet. Zwei Jahre später gründeten sie ihr Unternehmen Google Inc.. Beim PageRank-Algorithmus handelt es sich um den Algorithmus von Google, aus dem die Google-Matrix abgeleitet wird. Die Google-Matrix ist eine immens grosse Matrix mit Millionen Zeilen und Spalten, die für die schnelle und vor allem exakte Bestimmung der PageRanks (Gewichtung) eine grosse Bedeutung hat. -- cgit v1.2.1 From cf0c08db837b718b2e6844f39886c065e923d2fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 09:04:15 +0200 Subject: Typo --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index ae13ac5..40c8edf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Ziel ist aber ein möglichst wirtschaftliches und optimales Verkehrsnetz. \section{Suchalgorithmen} \subsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} -Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Infomratikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Den Algorithmus hat er im Jahr 1959 erfunden. +Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Informatikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Den Algorithmus hat er im Jahr 1959 erfunden. Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist ein Greedy-Algorithmus (gieriger Algorithmus), der schrittweise einen Folgezustand auswählt, damit beim Zeitpunkt der Wahl der grösste Gewinn bzw. das beste Ergebnis erzielt werden kann. Trotz der Schnelligkeit der Greedy-Algorithmen, können viele Probleme nicht optimal gelöst werden. Vereinfacht wird beim Dijkstra-Algorithmus, ausgehend von einem Startknoten so lange dem kürzesten Pfad gefolgt, bis der Zielknoten erreicht wird. Dabei muss für jeden besuchten Knoten die Kostenfunktion als auch der Pfad dahin (vorheriger Knoten) gespeichert werden. -- cgit v1.2.1 From f102e60cf34adc068ccdc717b9c27d4179d208f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 09:15:21 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Erl=C3=A4uterung=20zu=20A*?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 40c8edf..05c53c5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Der A*-Algorithmus geht auf seine Erfinder Peter Hart, Nils Nilsson und Bertram Der A*-Algorithmus ist ein heuristischer Suchalgorithmus, der den kürzesten Pfad zwischen zwei Knoten in einem Graphen mit positiven Kantengewichten berechnet. Im Gegensatz zu einfachen Suchalgorithmen, wird beim A*-Algorithmus eine Schätzfunktion, die sogenannte Heuristik, verwendet. Dies ermöglicht ein zielgerichtetes Suchen und gleichzeitig wird die Laufzeit verringert. Ausserdem findet der A*-Algorithmus immer eine optimale Lösung, sofern eine vorhanden ist. -Der A*-Algorithmus wird als Verallgemeinerung gehandhabt und gilt als Erweiterung des Dijkstra-Algorithmus. +Der A*-Algorithmus gilt als Erweiterung des Dijkstra-Algorithmus. \subsection{Anwendung A*-Algorithmus} Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus von Dijkstra. Gemäss dem Algorihtmus von Dijkstra werden von einem Startknoten aus die jeweiligen Nachbarknoten, die Nachbarknoten der Nachbarknoten usw. verarbeitet. Die Kantengewichte werden dabei aufsummiert und die Priorität wird auf die Kante gelegt, die das geringste Gewicht aufweist. Mit diesem Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass die erste gefundene Lösung auch die optimalste Lösung darstellt.\\ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 2bd577326030c895a37d9bacaec84d7d62e6fe8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 09:16:20 +0200 Subject: Grammatik --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 05c53c5..d18089d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Ausserdem findet der A*-Algorithmus immer eine optimale Lösung, sofern eine vor Der A*-Algorithmus gilt als Erweiterung des Dijkstra-Algorithmus. \subsection{Anwendung A*-Algorithmus} -Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus von Dijkstra. Gemäss dem Algorihtmus von Dijkstra werden von einem Startknoten aus die jeweiligen Nachbarknoten, die Nachbarknoten der Nachbarknoten usw. verarbeitet. Die Kantengewichte werden dabei aufsummiert und die Priorität wird auf die Kante gelegt, die das geringste Gewicht aufweist. Mit diesem Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass die erste gefundene Lösung auch die optimalste Lösung darstellt.\\ +Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus von Dijkstra. Gemäss dem Algorihtmus von Dijkstra werden von einem Startknoten aus die jeweiligen Nachbarknoten, die Nachbarknoten der Nachbarknoten usw. verarbeitet. Die Kantengewichte werden dabei aufsummiert und die Priorität wird auf die Kante gelegt, die das geringste Gewicht aufweist. Mit diesem Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass die erste gefundene Lösung auch eine optimale Lösung darstellt.\\ Die Kantengewichte werden für jeden Knoten in Form einer Funktion dargestellt \begin{equation}f(n)=g(n)\end{equation} mit -- cgit v1.2.1 From 3aafc071d7126b38c672047b95c1d584d52a3849 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 09:17:32 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Erl=C3=A4uterung=20Floyd-Warshall?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index d18089d..f66896e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Wie auch der Algorithmus von Dijkstra findet der A*-Algorithmus die optimalste L \subsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus, auch Tripel-Algorithmus genannt, wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. -Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die kürzesten , beziehungsweise die optimalsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph aber keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. +Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die günstigsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph aber keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. Ein Kreis (Zyklus) in einem Graphen ist ein Weg, bei dem Start- und Endpunkt den gleichen Knoten aufweisen. Dieser wird negativ, wenn die Summe der gewichteten Kanten kleiner als Null wird.\\ Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus besteht grundsätzlich aus Floyd's Berechnung der kürzesten Distanzen zwischen zwei Knoten und Warshall's Konstruktion der kürzesten Wege. Werden diese beiden Teilgebiete zusammengefügt, ergibt sich der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus. -- cgit v1.2.1 From fc8e18376f9db8e43a81006a3c7bd00e167d08b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 09:34:00 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Widerspruch=20aufgel=C3=B6st?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index f66896e..389c78c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -10,14 +10,13 @@ Ziel ist aber ein möglichst wirtschaftliches und optimales Verkehrsnetz. \subsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Informatikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Den Algorithmus hat er im Jahr 1959 erfunden. Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist ein Greedy-Algorithmus (gieriger Algorithmus), der schrittweise einen Folgezustand auswählt, damit beim Zeitpunkt der Wahl der grösste Gewinn bzw. das beste Ergebnis erzielt werden kann. -Trotz der Schnelligkeit der Greedy-Algorithmen, können viele Probleme nicht optimal gelöst werden. Vereinfacht wird beim Dijkstra-Algorithmus, ausgehend von einem Startknoten so lange dem kürzesten Pfad gefolgt, bis der Zielknoten erreicht wird. Dabei muss für jeden besuchten Knoten die Kostenfunktion als auch der Pfad dahin (vorheriger Knoten) gespeichert werden. Dadurch wird hingegen garantiert, dass, wenn der Zielknoten erreicht wird, auch der kürzeste Pfad gefunden wurde. Grundlegende Voraussetzung für den Dijkstra-Algorithmus ist die strikte Positivität der Kantengewichte. Andernfalls würde ein wiederholtes Ablaufen einer Kante mit negativem Gewicht zu einer stetigen Reduktion der Kostenfunktion führen, was zu einer unendlichen Schlaufe führen würde. Gegeben sei ein Netzwerk mit $n$ Knoten und dem Startknoten $a$. Alle Kanten sind mit $k(i, j)$ bewertet. -Gesucht wird der kürzeste Pfad zwischen dem Startknoten und allen übrigen Knoten im Netz. +Gesucht wird der kürzeste Pfad zwischen dem Startknoten und dem Knoten im Netz. $D(i)$ ist die kürzeste Distanz vom Startknoten $a$ zum Knoten $i, V(i)$ ist der unmittelbare Vorgängerknoten vom Knoten $i$ auf dem kürzesten Weg vom Startknoten $a$ zum Konten $i$ und die Menge $M$ ist die Menge einer bestimmten Auswahl an Knoten. Dabei gilt -- cgit v1.2.1 From 2b0d4d1b98f7bed5fa05e2ab6c30352390f22eef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "User-PC\\User" Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 11:15:54 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Diverse=20=C3=84nderungen=20/=20Korrekturen?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex | 27 ++++++++++++------------ buch/papers/spannung/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex | 23 +++++++++++---------- buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex | 7 +++---- buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex | 41 +++++++++++++++++++------------------ buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex | 32 +++++++++++++++-------------- buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex | 24 +++++++++++----------- 7 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex index b1588ff..8e0d36d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/Einleitung.tex @@ -1,17 +1,18 @@ \section{Einleitung\label{spannung:section:Einleitung}} \rhead{Einleitung} Das Hook'sche Gesetz beschreibt die Beziehung von Spannung und Dehnung von linear-elastischen Materialien im Eindimensionalen. -In diesem Kapitel geht es darum das Hook'sche Gesetz im Dreidimensionalen zu beschreiben. +In diesem Kapitel geht es darum, das Hook'sche Gesetz im Dreidimensionalen zu beschreiben. Durch variable Krafteinwirkungen entstehen in jedem Punkt des Materials eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Spannungen. In jedem erdenklichen Punkt im Dreidimensionalen herrscht daher ein entsprechender individueller Spannungszustand. Um das Hook'sche Gesetz für den 3D Spannungszustand formulieren zu können, reichen Skalare nicht aus. -Darum werden Vektoren, Matrizen und Tensoren zur Hilfe gezogen. +Darum werden Vektoren, Matrizen und Tensoren zu Hilfe gezogen. Mit diesen lässt sich eine Spannungsformel für den 3D Spannungszustand bilden. Diese Spannungsformel ist Grundlage für Computerprogramme und geotechnische Versuche, wie der Oedometer-Versuch. -Um die mathematische Untersuchung vorzunehmen, beschäftigt man sich zuerst mit den spezifischen Gegebenheiten und Voraussetzungen. -Ebenfalls gilt es ein paar wichtige Begriffe und deren mathematischen Zeichen einzuführen. -In diesem Kapitel gehen wir auch auf die Zusammenhänge von Spannung, Dehnungen und Verformungen an elastischen Materialien ein, +Um die mathematischen und physikalischen Berechnungen anwenden zu können, +müssen vorerst ein paar spezifische Bedingungen vorausgesetzt und Annahmen getroffen werden. +Ebenfalls gilt es, ein paar wichtige Begriffe und deren mathematischen Zeichen einzuführen. +In diesem Kapitel gehen wir auch auf die Zusammenhänge von Spannungen, Dehnungen und Verformungen an elastischen Materialien ein, wie sie in gängigen Lehrbüchern der Mechanik oder der Geotechnik behandelt werden, z.~B.~\cite{spannung:Grundlagen-der-Geotechnik}. \section{Spannungsausbreitung\label{spannung:section:Spannungsausbreitung}} @@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ Belastet man den Boden mit einer Spannung so wird diese in den Boden geleitet und von diesem kompensiert. Im Boden entstehen unterschiedlich hohe Zusatzspannungen. Diese Zusatzspannung breitet sich räumlich im Boden aus. -Im Falle einer konstanten Flächenlast $\sigma$ siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild4} breitet sich die Zusatzspannung zwiebelartig aus. +Im Falle einer konstanten Flächenlast $\sigma$ siehe Abbildung~\ref{fig:Bild4} breitet sich die Zusatzspannung zwiebelartig aus. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -38,11 +39,11 @@ Im Falle einer konstanten Flächenlast $\sigma$ siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bi \label{fig:Bild4} \end{figure} -Mit der Tiefe $t$ nimmt diese permanent ab (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild5}). -Wie diese Geometrie der Ausbreitung ist, kann durch viele Modelle und Ansätze näherungsweise beschrieben werden. +Mit der Tiefe $t$ nimmt diese permanent ab (siehe Abbildung~\ref{fig:Bild5}). +Wie diese Geometrie der Ausbreitung aussieht, kann durch viele Modelle und Ansätze näherungsweise beschrieben werden. Diese Zusatzspannung $\sigma$ ist im Wesentlichen abhängig von $(x,y,t)$. Je nach Modell werden noch andere Parameter berücksichtigt. -Das können beispielsweise jenste Bodenkennwerte oder auch der Wassergehalt sein. +Das können beispielsweise verschiedene Bodenkennwerte oder auch der Wassergehalt sein. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -72,18 +73,18 @@ berechnet werden mit: t &= \text{Tiefe [\si{\meter}]} \\ s &= \text{Setzung, Absenkung [m].} \end{align*} -Diese Zusammenhänge sind wie erwähnt unter anderem im Lehrbuch [\cite{spannung:Grundlagen-der-Geotechnik}] beschrieben. +Diese Zusammenhänge sind wie erwähnt unter anderem im Lehrbuch \cite{spannung:Grundlagen-der-Geotechnik} beschrieben. In der praktischen Geotechnik wird man allerdings weitaus schwierigere Situationen antreffen. -Ein Beispiel wäre eine Baugrube mit einem Baugrubenabschluss, wo ein Teil des Bodens abgetragen ist (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild3}). +Ein Beispiel wäre eine Baugrube mit einem Baugrubenabschluss, wo ein Teil des Bodens abgetragen ist (siehe Abbildung~\ref{fig:Bild3}). Die Ausbreitung der Zusatzspannung $\sigma(x,y,t)$ würde hier deutlich komplizierter ausfallen. Dies bedeutet auch eine komplexere Setzung der Bodenoberfläche infolge einer Flächenlast $\sigma$. Aus allen zusätzlichen Spannungen müssen die adäquaten Dehnungen mit Hilfe einer Spannungsgleichung berechnet werden. Diese beruht auf Annahmen nach Hooke auf einem linear-elastischen Boden. -Generell wird im Ingenieurwesen versucht Phänomene möglichst nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz abbilden zu können. +Generell wird im Bauingenieurwesen oder auch im Maschinenbau versucht, manche Phänomene möglichst nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz abbilden zu können. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild3.png} - \caption{Beispiel eines Lastauftrags auf den Boden bei einer komplexeren Situation, welches kompliziertere Spannungsausbreitung zur Folge hat} + \caption{Beispiel eines Lastauftrags auf den Boden bei einer komplexeren Situation, welche kompliziertere Spannungsausbreitung zur Folge hat} \label{fig:Bild3} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/main.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/main.tex index bbdf730..d2aeda9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/main.tex @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:spannung}} +\chapter{Dreidimensionaler Spannungszustand\label{chapter:spannung}} \lhead{Dreiachsiger Spannungszustand} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Adrian Schuler und Thomas Reichlin} diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex index 7647252..089c28e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil0.tex @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ \section{Der Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Der Spannungsustand}} \rhead{Der Spannungszustand} -Ein Spannungszustand ist durch alle Spannungen, welche in einem beliebigen Punkt im Körper wirken, definiert (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild2}). +Ein Spannungszustand ist durch alle Spannungen, welche in einem beliebigen Punkt im Körper wirken, definiert (siehe Abbildung~\ref{fig:Bild2}). Änderungen der äusseren Kräfte verändern die inneren Spannungszustände im Material. -Um alle Spannungen eines Punktes darstellen zu können, wird ein infinitesimales Bodenelement in Form eines Würfels modellhaft vorgestellt. -Man spricht auch von einem Elementarwürfel, da dieser elementar klein ist. +Um alle Spannungen eines Punktes darstellen zu können, +stellt man sich modellhaft ein infinitesimales Bodenelement in Form eines Würfels vor. +Man spricht auch von einem Elementarwürfel. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -15,19 +16,19 @@ Man spricht auch von einem Elementarwürfel, da dieser elementar klein ist. Es werden jeweils drei Seiten dieses Würfels betrachtet, wobei die drei gegenüberliegenden Seiten im Betrag die selben Spannungen aufweisen, sodass der Elementarwürfel im Gleichgewicht ist. Wäre dieses Gleichgewicht nicht vorhanden, käme es zu Verschiebungen und Drehungen. -Das infinitesimale Bodenteilchen hat die Koordinaten $1$, $2$, $3$. +Das infinitesimale Bodenteilchen hat die Koordinatenachsen $1$, $2$, $3$. Veränderungen der Normalspannungen können durch Schubspannungen kompensiert werden und umgekehrt. -So sind insgesamt neun verschiedene Spannungen möglich, wobei drei Normal- und sechs Schubspannungen sind. +So sind insgesamt neun verschiedene Spannungen möglich, konkret sind dies drei Normal- und sechs Schubspannungen. Normalspannungen wirken normal (mit rechtem Winkel) zur angreifenden Fläche und Schubspannungen parallel zur angreifenden Fläche. Alle Beträge dieser neun Spannungen am Elementarwürfel bilden den Spannungszustand. -Daraus können die äquivalenten Dehnungen $\varepsilon$ mit Hilfe des Hook'schen Gesetz berechnet werden. +Daraus können die äquivalenten Dehnungen $\varepsilon$ mit Hilfe des Hook'schen Gesetzes berechnet werden. Daher gibt es auch den entsprechenden Dehnungszustand. \section{Spannungszustand\label{spannung:section:Spannungsustand}} \rhead{Spannungszustand} -Im einachsigen Spannungszustand herrscht nur die Normalspannung $\sigma_{11}$ (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:Bild1}). +Im einachsigen Spannungszustand herrscht nur die Normalspannung $\sigma_{11}$ (siehe Abbildung~\ref{fig:Bild1}). Das Hook'sche Gesetz beschreibt genau diesen 1D Spannungszustand. Nach Hooke gilt: \[ @@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ mit A &= \text{Fläche [\si{\meter\squared}].} \end{align*} Diese Beziehung gilt bei linear-elastischen Materialien, welche reversible Verformungen zulassen. -Es ist praktisch die relative Dehnung $\varepsilon$ anzugeben und nicht eine absolute Längenänderung $\Delta l$. +Es ist praktisch, die relative Dehnung $\varepsilon$ anzugeben und nicht eine absolute Längenänderung $\Delta l$. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/Bild1.png} @@ -73,10 +74,10 @@ Mithilfe vom Elastizitätsmodul $E$ als Proportionalitätskonstante lässt sich E\cdot\varepsilon \] beschreiben. -Im Falle, dass $E$ nicht konstant ist, kann dieser näherungsweise durch +Im Falle, dass $E$ nicht konstant ist, wird dieser durch \[ E = -\frac{\Delta\sigma}{\Delta\varepsilon} +\frac{\text{d}\sigma}{\text{d}\varepsilon} \] -ausgedrückt werden. \ No newline at end of file +ausgedrückt. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex index 74516c1..647b452 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil1.tex @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ \section{Skalare, Vektoren, Matrizen und Tensoren\label{spannung:section:Skalare,_Vektoren,_Matrizen_und_Tensoren}} \rhead{Skalare, Vektoren, Matrizen und Tensoren} -Der Begriff Tensor kann als Überbegriff, der mathematischen Objekte Skalar, Vektor und Matrix, betrachtet werden. +Der Begriff Tensor kann als Überbegriff der mathematischen Objekte Skalar, Vektor und Matrix, betrachtet werden. Allerdings sind noch höhere Stufen dieser Objekte beinhaltet. -Ein Skalar, ein Vektor oder eine Matrix ist daher auch ein Tensor. +Skalare, Vektoren oder Matrizen sind daher auch Tensoren. Ein Skalar ist ein Tensor 0. Stufe. Mit einem Vektor können mehrere Skalare auf einmal beschrieben werden. Ein Vektor hat daher die Stufe 1 und ist höherstufig als ein Skalar. @@ -14,11 +14,10 @@ Jede Stufe von Tensoren verlangt andere Rechenregeln. So zeigt sich auch der Nachteil von Tensoren mit Stufen höher als 2. Man ist also bestrebt höherstufige Tensoren mit Skalaren, Vektoren oder Matrizen zu beschreiben. -Der Begriff Tensor wurde 1840 von Rowan Hamilton in die Mathematik eingeführt. +In den 40er Jahren vom 19. Jahrhundert wurde der Begriff Tensor von Rowan Hamilton in die Mathematik eingeführt. James Clerk Maxwell hat bereits mit Tensoren operiert, ohne den Begriff Tensor gekannt zu haben. Erst Woldemar Voigt hat den Begriff in die moderne Bedeutung von Skalar, Matrix und Vektor verallgemeinert. Er hat in der Elastizitätstheorie als erstes Tensoren eingesetzt und beschrieben. Auch Albert Einstein hat solche Tensoren eingesetzt, um in der Relativitätstheorie die Änderung der 4D Raumzeit beschreiben zu können. \cite{spannung:Tensor} -\cite{spannung:Voigtsche-Notation} diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex index 6326eab..8620afe 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil2.tex @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Durch komplexe Spannungsausbreitungen im Boden entstehen im 3D Spannungszustand unterschiedliche Normal- und Schubspannungen. \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/infinitesimalerWuerfel.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.30\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/infinitesimalerWuerfel.png} \caption{Beispiel eines Spannungszustandes; Vergrösserung eines infinitesimalen Bodenteilchen} \label{fig:infinitesimalerWuerfel} \end{figure} @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Der Dehnungstensor ist ebenfalls ein Tensor 2. Stufe und kann somit auch als $3\ dargestellt werden und beschreibt den gesamten Dehnungszustand. Der Spannungs- und Dehnungstensor 2. Stufe kann je in einen Tensor 1. Stufe überführt werden, welches ein Spaltenvektor ist. -Gemäss der Hadamard-Algebra dürfen Zeile um Zeile in eine Spalte notiert werden, sodass es einen Spaltenvektor ergibt. +Man darf Zeile um Zeile in eine Spalte notieren, sodass es einen Spaltenvektor ergibt. So ergibt sich der Spannungsvektor \[ @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ So ergibt sich der Spannungsvektor \sigma_{33} \end{pmatrix} \] -und Dehnungsvektor +und der Dehnungsvektor \[ \overline{\varepsilon} = @@ -140,14 +140,6 @@ C_{3311} & C_{3312} & C_{3313} & C_{3321} & C_{3322} & C_{3323} & C_{3331} & C_{ \end{pmatrix} \] geschrieben werden kann. -Dieser Elastizitätstensor muss für isotrope Materialien zwingend symmetrisch sein. -Folglich gilt: -\[ -\overline{\overline{C}} -= -\overline{\overline{C}}~^{T} -. -\] Die allgemeine Spannungsgleichung lautet nun: \[ \vec\sigma @@ -155,8 +147,7 @@ Die allgemeine Spannungsgleichung lautet nun: \overline{\overline{C}}\cdot\vec{\varepsilon} . \] - -Als Indexnotation +Sie kann ebenfalls als Indexnotation \[ \sigma_{ij} = @@ -164,7 +155,15 @@ Als Indexnotation \sum_{l=1}^3 C_{ijkl}\cdot\varepsilon_{kl} \] -kann dies ebenfalls geschrieben werden. +geschrieben werden. +Der Elastizitätstensor muss für isotrope Materialien zwingend symmetrisch sein. +Folglich gilt: +\[ +\overline{\overline{C}} += +\overline{\overline{C}}~^{T} +. +\] Die Konstanten $C$ werden nun nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz mit Hilfe des Elastizitätsmoduls $E$ definiert. Da dieser Modul durch die eindimensionale Betrachtung definiert ist, @@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ definiert ist. Trägt man die Konstanten in die Matrix ein, ergibt sich \end{pmatrix} . \] -Die Normalspannung $\sigma_{22}$ lässt sich exemplarisch als +Die Normalspannung $\sigma_{22}$ lässt sich zum Beispiel als \[ \sigma_{22} = @@ -229,11 +228,13 @@ Die Normalspannung $\sigma_{22}$ lässt sich exemplarisch als \] berechnen. +Reduzierte Spannungs- und Dehnungsgleichungen + Man betrachte nun die Eigenschaften des Elastizitätstensors. Dieser ist quadratisch und symmetrisch, die verschiedenen Einträge wechseln sich aber miteinander ab. Es ergeben sich keine Blöcke mit einheitlichen Einträgen. -Allerdings weiss man, dass im isotropen Boden der Spannungs-, Dehnungs- und daher auch Elastizitätstensor symmetrisch sind. +Allerdings weiss man, dass im isotropen Boden der Spannungs-, Dehnungs- und daher auch der Elastizitätstensor symmetrisch sind. Wäre dem nicht so, würde sich das Material je nach Richtung unterschiedlich elastisch verhalten. Diese Symmetrie setzt daher voraus, dass \[ @@ -399,7 +400,7 @@ Somit lässt sich die reduzierte allgemeine Spannungsgleichung mit \] beschreiben. Die Konstanten $C$ werden wieder nach dem Hook'schen Gesetz definiert. -Dies ergibt die Spannungsformel, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: +Dies ergibt die Spannungsgleichung, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: \begin{equation} \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_{11}\\ @@ -433,7 +434,7 @@ Dies ergibt die Spannungsformel, welche weit möglichst vereinfacht ist: Im Elastizitätstensor fallen zwei $3\times3$ Blöcke auf, welche nur Einträge mit $0$ haben. Der Tensor besagt also, dass diese jeweiligen Dehnungen keinen Einfluss auf unsere Spannung haben. -Man sieht nun auch ganz gut, dass sich im Vergleich zu der allgemeinen Spannungsgleichung, die Einträge verschoben haben. +Man sieht nun auch ganz gut, dass sich im Vergleich zu der allgemeinen Spannungsgleichung die Einträge verschoben haben. Da nach Voigt zuerst die Normalspannungen und anschliessend die Schubspannungen notiert worden sind, ergeben sich die $3\times3$ Blöcke. Man betrachte als Beispiel die Berechnung von $\sigma_{33}$. @@ -441,8 +442,8 @@ Es ist ersichtlich, dass die Schubdehnungen keinen Einfluss auf $\sigma_{33}$ ha Der Einfluss der zu $\sigma_{33}$ äquivalenten Dehnung $\varepsilon_{33}$ hat den grössten Einfluss. Die anderen Normalspannungen $\sigma_{11}$ und $\sigma_{22}$ haben einen unter anderem mit $\nu$ korrigierten Einfluss. -Von $\overline{\overline{C}}$ bildet man noch die inverse Matrix $\overline{\overline{C}}\mathstrut^{-1}$ um die Gleichung umstellen zu können. -Dadurch erhält man die Dehnungsgleichung: +Von $\overline{\overline{C}}$ bildet man die inverse Matrix $\overline{\overline{C}}\mathstrut^{-1}$, mithilfe des Gauss - Jordan Algorithmus, um die Gleichung umstellen zu können. +Durch einige Berechnungsschritte erhält man die Dehnungsgleichung: \[ \vec{\varepsilon} diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex index 3e456c3..a9080ea 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil3.tex @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ q \label{spannung:Invariante_q} . \end{equation} -Diese Zusammenhänge werden im Skript [\cite{spannung:Stoffgesetze-und-numerische-Modellierung-in-der-Geotechnik}] aufgezeigt. +Diese Zusammenhänge werden im Skript \cite{spannung:Stoffgesetze-und-numerische-Modellierung-in-der-Geotechnik} aufgezeigt. Die hydrostatische Spannung $p$ kann gemäss Gleichung \eqref{spannung:Invariante_p} als \[ p @@ -38,28 +38,28 @@ p \frac{\sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33}}{3} \] vereinfacht werden. -Die deviatorische Spannung $q$ wird gemäss Gleichung \eqref{spannung:Invariante_q}als +Die deviatorische Spannung $q$ wird gemäss Gleichung \eqref{spannung:Invariante_q} als \[ q = \sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33} \] -vereinfacht. Man kann $p$ als Isotrop und $q$ als Schub betrachten. +vereinfacht. Man kann $p$ als Druck und $q$ als Schub betrachten. -Die Invarianten können mit der Spannungsformel \eqref{spannung:Spannungsgleichung} berechnet werden. +Die Invarianten $p$ und $q$ können mit der Spannungsgleichung \eqref{spannung:Spannungsgleichung} berechnet werden. Durch geschickte Umformung dieser Gleichung, lassen sich die Module als Faktor separieren. Dabei entstehen spezielle Faktoren mit den Dehnungskomponenten. So ergibt sich \[ -\overbrace{\frac{\sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33}}{3}}^{p} +\overbrace{\frac{\sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33}}{3}}^{\displaystyle{p}} = -\frac{E}{3(1-2\nu)} \overbrace{(\varepsilon_{11} - 2\varepsilon_{33})}^{\varepsilon_{v}} +\frac{E}{3(1-2\nu)} \overbrace{(\varepsilon_{11} - 2\varepsilon_{33})}^{\displaystyle{{\varepsilon_{v}}}} \] und \[ -\overbrace{\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33}}^{q} +\overbrace{\sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33}}^{\displaystyle{q}} = -\frac{3E}{2(1+\nu)} \overbrace{\frac{2}{3}(\varepsilon_{11} - \varepsilon_{33})}^{\varepsilon_{s}} +\frac{3E}{2(1+\nu)} \overbrace{\frac{2}{3}(\varepsilon_{11} - \varepsilon_{33})}^{\displaystyle{\varepsilon_{s}}} . \] Die Faktoren mit den Dehnungskomponenten können so mit @@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ eingeführt werden, mit \varepsilon_{v} &= \text{Hydrostatische Dehnung [-]} \\ \varepsilon_{s} &= \text{Deviatorische Dehnung [-].} \end{align*} -Die hydrostatische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{v}$ kann mit einer Kompression verglichen werden. -Die deviatorische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{s}$ kann mit einer Verzerrung verglichen werden. +Die hydrostatische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{v}$ kann mit einer Kompression und +die deviatorische Dehnung $\varepsilon_{s}$ mit einer Verzerrung verglichen werden. Diese zwei Gleichungen kann man durch die Matrixschreibweise \begin{equation} @@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ Diese zwei Gleichungen kann man durch die Matrixschreibweise \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - \frac{3E}{2(1+\nu)} & 0 \\ - 0 & \frac{E}{3(1-2\nu)} + \displaystyle{\frac{3E}{2(1+\nu)}} & 0 \\ + 0 & \displaystyle{\frac{E}{3(1-2\nu)}} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_{s}\\ @@ -100,9 +100,11 @@ Diese zwei Gleichungen kann man durch die Matrixschreibweise \label{spannung:Matrixschreibweise} \end{equation} vereinfachen. -Man hat so eine Matrix multipliziert mit einem Vektor und erhält einen Vektor. -Änderungen des Spannungszustandes können mit dieser Gleichung vollumfänglich erfasst werden. +Änderungen des Spannungszustandes können mit diesen Gleichungen vollumfänglich erfasst werden. +Diese Spannungsgleichung mit den zwei Einträgen ($p$ und $q$) ist gleichwertig +wie die ursprüngliche Spannungsgleichung mit den neun Einträgen +($\sigma_{11}$, $\sigma_{12}$, $\sigma_{13}$, $\sigma_{21}$, $\sigma_{22}$, $\sigma_{23}$, $\sigma_{31}$, $\sigma_{32}$, $\sigma_{33}$). Mit dieser Formel \eqref{spannung:Matrixschreibweise} lassen sich verschieden Ergebnisse von Versuchen analysieren und berechnen. -Ein solcher Versuch, den oft in der Geotechnik durchgeführt wird, ist der Oedometer-Versuch. +Ein solcher Versuch, der oft in der Geotechnik durchgeführt wird, ist der Oedometer-Versuch. Im nächsten Kapitel wird die Anwendung der Matrix an diesem Versuch beschrieben. diff --git a/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex index 2f2e4ce..00b2d4f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/spannung/teil4.tex @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -\section{Oedometer-Versuch\label{spannung:section:Oedometer-Versuch}} -\rhead{Oedometer-Versuch} -Mit dem Oedometer-Versuch kann der oedometrische Elastizitätsmodul $E_{OED}$ bestimmt werden. +\section{Oedometrischer Elastizitätsmodul\label{spannung:section:Oedometrischer Elastizitätsmodul}} +\rhead{Oedometrischer Elastizitätsmodul} +Mit dem Oedometer-Versuch kann der oedometrische Elastizitätsmodul $E_{\text{OED}}$ bestimmt werden. Dieser beschreibt ebenfalls das Verhältnis zwischen Spannung und Dehnung, allerdings unter anderen Bedingungen. Diese Bedingung ist das Verhindern der seitlichen Verformung, sprich der Dehnung in Richtung $1$ und $2$. Es wird ein Probeelement mit immer grösseren Gewichten belastet, welche gleichmässig auf das Material drücken. @@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ Diese lautet nun: \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} - \frac{E_{OED}}{(1+\nu)} & 0 \\ - 0 & \frac{E_{OED}}{3(1-2\nu)} + \displaystyle{\frac{E_{\text{OED}}}{(1+\nu)}} & 0 \\ + 0 & \displaystyle{\frac{E_{\text{OED}}}{3(1-2\nu)}} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_{11}\\ @@ -52,28 +52,28 @@ Diese lautet nun: \end{pmatrix} . \] -Daraus lässt sich bei jedem Setzungsgrad der oedometrische Elastitzitätsmodul $E_{OED}$ und die seitlichen Spannungen $\sigma_{33}$ mit den 2 Gleichungen +Daraus lässt sich bei jedem Setzungsgrad der oedometrische Elastitzitätsmodul $E_{\text{OED}}$ und die seitlichen Spannungen $\sigma_{33}$ mit den zwei Gleichungen \[ \sigma_{11}-\sigma_{33} = -\frac{E_{OED}}{(1+\nu)}\cdot\varepsilon_{11} +\frac{E_{\text{OED}}}{(1+\nu)}\cdot\varepsilon_{11} \] und \[ \sigma_{11}+2\sigma_{33} = -\frac{E_{OED}}{3(1-2\nu)}\cdot\varepsilon_{11} +\frac{E_{\text{OED}}}{3(1-2\nu)}\cdot\varepsilon_{11} \] berechnen. -Mit diesen Gleichungen hat man das Gleichungssystem um $E_{OED}$ und $\sigma_{33}$ zu berechnen. +Mit diesen Gleichungen hat man das Gleichungssystem um $E_{\text{OED}}$ und $\sigma_{33}$ zu berechnen. Die Poisson-Zahl muss als Kennwert gemäss der Bodenklasse gewählt werden. -Den Versuch kann man auf einem $\sigma$-$\varepsilon$-Diagramm abtragen (siehe Abbildung~\ref{spannung:DiagrammOedometer-Versuch}). +Den Versuch kann man auf einem $\sigma$-$\varepsilon$-Diagramm abtragen (siehe Abbildung~\ref{fig:DiagrammOedometer-Versuch}). Durch die Komprimierung nimmt der Boden mehr Spannung auf, und verformt sich zugleich weniger stark. -Mit diesem ermittelten $E_{OED}$ kann man nun weitere Berechnungen für die Geotechnik durchführen. +Mit diesem ermittelten $E_{\text{OED}}$ kann man nun weitere Berechnungen für die Geotechnik durchführen. \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/DiagrammOedometer-Versuch.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{papers/spannung/Grafiken/DiagrammOedometer-Versuch.png} \caption{Diagramm Charakteristik verschiedener Elastizitätsmodule bei gleichem Material} \label{fig:DiagrammOedometer-Versuch} \end{figure} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 4f9cf26c7802a163da6b18cec9db62e75a9730cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 12:30:10 +0200 Subject: neue version --- buch/papers/munkres/main.tex | 4 +- buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex | 19 ++----- buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex | 65 +++++++++++++++++----- buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex | 83 ++-------------------------- buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex | 122 +++++++++++------------------------------- buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex | 31 +---------- buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex | 10 +--- 7 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 237 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex index 8915a3d..e5282dc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/main.tex @@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Munkres-Algorithmus\label{chapter:munkres}} -\lhead{Munkres-Algorithmus} +\chapter{Das Zuordnungsproblem und der Munkres-Algorithmus\label{chapter:munkres}} +\lhead{Das Zuordnungsproblem und der Munkres-Algorithmus} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Marc Kühne} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex index 1ef0538..0578429 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil0.tex @@ -3,19 +3,8 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Geschichte\label{munkres:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Geschichte} -Die Ungarische Methode wurde 1955 von Harold Kuhn entwickelt und veröffentlicht. -Der Name ``Ungarische Methode'' ergab sich, weil der Algorithmus -weitestgehend auf den früheren Arbeiten zweier ungarischer Mathematiker -basierte: Dénes Kőnig und Jenő Egerváry. -James Munkres überprüfte den Algorithmus im Jahr 1957 und stellte fest, -dass der Algorithmus (stark) polynomiell ist. -Seitdem ist der Algorithmus auch als Kuhn-Munkres oder -Munkres-Zuordnungsalgorithmus bekannt. -Die Zeitkomplexität des ursprünglichen Algorithmus war $O(n^4)$, -später wurde zudem festgestellt, dass er modifiziert werden kann, -um eine $O(n^3)$-Laufzeit zu erreichen. - - +\section{Einleitung\label{munkres:section:teil0}} +\rhead{Einleitung} +Im Bereich der Unternehmensplanung (Operations Research) gibt es verschiedene Fragestellungen. Eine davon ist das sogenannte Transportproblem. Zum Transport einheitlicher Objekte von mehreren Angebots- zu mehreren Nachfrageorten ist ein optimaler, d. h. kostenminimaler Plan zu finden, wobei die vorhandenen und zu liefernden Mengen an den einzelnen Standorten gegeben sowie die jeweiligen Transportkosten pro Einheit zwischen allen Standorten bekannt sind. +Nun gibt es im Bereich des klassischen Transportproblems Sonderfälle. Ein Sonderfall ist z.B. das Zuordnungsproblem. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex index 7cbbbfd..c13732c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex @@ -3,19 +3,56 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Was ist die ungarische Methode? +\section{Beschrieb des Zuordnungsproblems \label{munkres:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -Es ist ein kombinatorischer Optimierungsalgorithmus, der das Zuordnungsproblem -in polynomieller Zeit löst. -\begin{itemize} -\item -Polynom = vielgliedrig -\end{itemize} -Der Begriff polynomielle Laufzeit bedeutet, dass die Laufzeit des Programms -wie $n^2$, $n^3$, $n^4$, etc.~wächst und vernünftig skaliert. -Mit der ungarischen Methode können also lineare Optimierungsprobleme gelöst -werden, die bei gewichteten Zuordnungen in bipartiten Graphen entstehen. -Mit ihr kann die eindeutige Zuordnung von Objekten aus zwei Gruppen so -optimiert werden, dass die Gesamtkosten minimiert werden bzw.~der -Gesamtgewinn maximiert werden kann. + +Das spezielle an einem Zuordnungsproblem ist, dass es an jedem Ort nur eine Einheit angeboten bzw. nachgefragt wird. Es werden hier nicht Mengen möglichst kostenminimal von einem zum anderen +Ort transportiert, sondern es geht um die kostenminimale Zuordnung von z.B. Personen, oder Bau-Materialien auf bestimmte Orte, Stellen oder Aufgaben. +Um dieses Problem in einer einfachen, händischen Art und Weise zu lösen wurde der Munkres-Algorithmus, auch die Ungarische Methode genannt, entwickelt. Diese Methode ist ein weiteres Hauptthema dieses Kapitels. + +\subsection{Zuordnungsproblem an einem konkreten Beispiel +\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} + +\subsection{Zuordnungsproblem abstrakt +\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} + +Es sind alle Angebots- und Bedarfsmengen gleich 1 +\begin{equation} +a_{i}=b_{j}=1 +\end{equation} + +\subsection{alternative Darstellungen des Zuordnungsproblems +\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} +\begin{equation} +Netzwerk +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} +Matrix +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} +Bitpartiter Graph +\end{equation} +Ein bipartiter Graph ist ein mathematisches Modell für Beziehungen +zwischen den Elementen zweier Mengen. +Es eignet sich sehr gut zur Untersuchung von Zuordnungsproblemen» +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Netzwerkdarstellung} +\caption{Typische Netzwerkdarstellung eines Zuordnungsproblems.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Matrixdarstellung} +\caption{Typische 4x4 Matrixdarstellung eines Zuordnungsproblems.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/bipartiter_graph} +\caption{$K_{3,3}$ vollständig bipartiter Graph mit 3 Knoten pro Teilmenge.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex index 29db8d7..9a44cd4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex @@ -3,86 +3,11 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Das Zuordnungsproblem +\section{Schwierigkeit der Lösung (Permutationen) \label{munkres:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Das Zuordnungsproblem} -Das (lineare) Zuordnungsproblem ist ein diskretes Optimierungsproblem aus -der Graphentheorie. -Es handelt sich um einen Spezialfall eines maximalen Matchings -minimalen Gewichtes in einem bipartiten, gewichteten Graphen +\rhead{Schwierigkeit der Lösung (Permutationen)} -Vereinfacht gesagt sind Zuordnungsprobleme spezielle Transportprobleme. -Der Unterschied zu klassischen Transportproblemen liegen darin, -dass hier nicht Mengen möglichst kostenminimal von einem zum anderen -Ort transportiert werden sollen, sondern es geht um die kostenminimale -Zuordnung von z.~B.~Personen, oder Bau-Materialien auf bestimmte -Orte, Stellen oder Aufgaben. -Dabei sind alle Angebots- und Bedarfsmenge gleich 1 -\begin{equation} -a_{i}=b_{j}=1 -\end{equation} +Eine Permutation ist eine Anordnung von Objekten in einer bestimmten Reihenfolge oder eine Umordnung von Objekten aus einer vorgegebenen Reihung. Ist eine maximale Zuordnung (maximales Matching) gefunden, so steht in jeder Zeile und jeder Spalte der Matrix genau ein Element, das zur optimalen Lösung gehört, eine solche Gruppe von Positionen wird auch als Transversale der Matrix bezeichnet. -\subsection{Zuordnungsproblem in Netzwerkdarstellung -\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} - -\begin{figure} -\centering -\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Netzwerkdarstellung} -\caption{Typische Netzwerkdarstellung eines Zuordnungsproblems.} -\label{munkres:Vr2} -\end{figure} - -\subsection{Matrix Formulierung -\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} -In der Matrixformulierung ist eine nicht-negative $n\times n$-Matrix -gegeben, wobei das Element in der $i$-ten Zeile und $j$-ten Spalte -die Kosten für die Zuweisung des $j$-ten Jobs an den $i$-ten Arbeiter -darstellt. -Wir müssen eine Zuordnung der Jobs zu den Arbeitern finden, so dass -jeder Job einem Arbeiter zugewiesen wird und jeder Arbeiter einen -Job zugewiesen bekommt, so dass die Gesamtkosten der Zuordnung -minimal sind. -Dies kann als Permutation der Zeilen und Spalten einer Kostenmatrix -$C$ ausgedrückt werden, um die Spur einer Matrix zu minimieren: -\begin{equation} -\min(L,R)Tr (LCR) -\end{equation} -wobei $L$ und $R$ Permutationsmatrizen sind. -Wenn das Ziel ist, die Zuordnung zu finden, die die maximalen Kosten -ergibt, kann das Problem durch Negieren der Kostenmatrix $C$ gelöst -werden. - -\subsection{Suche der optimalen Lösung -\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} -Ist eine maximale Zuordnung (maximales Matching) gefunden, so steht -in jeder Zeile und jeder Spalte der Matrix genau ein Element, das -zur optimalen Lösung gehört, eine solche Gruppe von Positionen wird -auch als Transversale der Matrix bezeichnet. -Deshalb kann die Problemstellung auch anders formuliert werden: Man -ordne die Zeilen- oder die Spaltenvektoren so um, dass die Summe -der Elemente in der Hauptdiagonale maximal wird. -Hieraus wird sofort ersichtlich, dass es in einer -$n\times n$-Matrix genau so viele Möglichkeiten gibt, die Zeilen- -bzw.~Spaltenvektoren zu ordnen, wie es Permutationen von $n$ Elementen -gibt, also $n!$. -Außer bei kleinen Matrizen ist es nahezu aussichtslos, die optimale -Lösung durch Berechnung aller Möglichkeiten zu finden. -Schon bei einer $10\times 10$-Matrix gibt es nahezu 3,63 Millionen (3.628.800) -zu berücksichtigender Permutationen. - -\subsection{Formulierung Bipartiter Graph -\label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} -Der Algorithmus ist einfacher zu beschreiben, wenn wir das Problem -anhand eines bipartiten Graphen formulieren. -Wir haben einen vollständigen zweistufigen Graphen $G=(S,T;E)$ mit -$n$ Arbeiter-Eckpunkten ($S$) und $n$ Job-Scheitelpunkte ($T$), und -jede Kante hat einen nichtnegativen Preis $c(i,j)$. -Wir wollen ein perfektes Matching mit minimalen Gesamtkosten finden. - -\begin{figure} -\centering -\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/bipartiter_graph} -\caption{$K_{3,3}$ vollständig bipartiter Graph mit 3 Knoten pro Teilmenge.} -\label{munkres:Vr2} -\end{figure} +Die Problemstellung kann auch so formuliert werden, dass man die Zeilen- oder die Spaltenvektoren so umordnet soll, dass die Summe der Elemente in der Hauptdiagonale maximal wird. Hieraus wird sofort ersichtlich, dass es in einer n×n-Matrix genau so viele Möglichkeiten gibt, die Zeilen- bzw. Spaltenvektoren zu ordnen, wie es Permutationen von n Elementen gibt, also n!. Außer bei kleinen Matrizen ist es nahezu aussichtslos, die optimale Lösung durch Berechnung aller Möglichkeiten zu finden. Schon bei einer 10×10-Matrix gibt es nahezu 3,63 Millionen (3.628.800) zu berücksichtigender Permutationen. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex index 806cd83..cd47c92 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex @@ -3,102 +3,44 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Der Algorithmus in Form von bipartiten Graphen +\section{Der Munkres-Algorithmus (Ungarische Methode) \label{munkres:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Der Algorithmus in Form von bipartiten Graphen} -Mit der ungarischen Methode können also lineare Optimierungsprobleme -gelöst werden, die bei gewichteten Zuordnungen in bipartiten Graphen -entstehen. +\rhead{Der Munkres-Algorithmus (Ungarische Methode)} -Mit ihr kann die eindeutige Zuordnung von Objekten aus zwei Gruppen -so optimiert werden, dass die Gesamtkosten minimiert werden bzw.~der -Gesamtgewinn maximiert werden kann. +Mit der ungarischen Methode können also lineare Optimierungsprobleme gelöst +werden, die bei gewichteten Zuordnungen in bipartiten Graphen entstehen. +Mit ihr kann die eindeutige Zuordnung von Objekten aus zwei Gruppen so +optimiert werden, dass die Gesamtkosten minimiert werden bzw.~der +Gesamtgewinn maximiert werden kann. -Ein bipartiter Graph ist ein mathematisches Modell für Beziehungen -zwischen den Elementen zweier Mengen. -Es eignet sich sehr gut zur Untersuchung von Zuordnungsproblemen» - -\subsection{Beweis, dass der Algorithmus Fortschritte macht +\subsection{Geschichte \label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} -Wir müssen zeigen, dass der Algorithmus, solange das Matching nicht -die maximal mögliche Größe hat, immer in der Lage ist, Fortschritte -zu machen --- das heißt, entweder die Anzahl der übereinstimmenden -Kanten zu erhöhen oder mindestens eine Kante zu straffen. -Es genügt zu zeigen, dass bei jedem Schritt mindestens eine der -folgenden Bedingungen erfüllt ist: - -\begin{itemize} -\item -$M$ die maximal mögliche Größe. -\item -$Gy$ enthält einen Erweiterungspfad. -\item -$G$ enthält einen losen Pfad: einen Pfad von einem Knoten in $Rs$ -zu einem Knoten in $T$ / $Z$ die aus einer beliebigen Anzahl von -festen Kanten, gefolgt von einer einzelnen losen Kante, besteht. -Die freie Kante einer freien Bahn ist also $Z$ (beinhaltet $T$), -so garantiert es, dass Delta gut definiert ist. -\end{itemize} -Wenn $M$ die maximal mögliche Größe hat, sind wir natürlich fertig. -Andernfalls muss es nach Berges Lemma im zugrundeliegenden Graphen -$G$ einen Augmentierungspfad $P$ in Bezug auf $M$ geben. -Dieser Pfad darf jedoch nicht in $G_y$ existieren: Obwohl jede -geradzahlige Kante in $P$ durch die Definition von $M$ fest ist, -können ungeradzahlige Kanten lose sein und in $G_y$ fehlen. -Ein Endpunkt von $P$ liegt in $R_{S}$, der andere in $R_T$; w.l.o.g., -nehmen Sie an, es beginnt in $R_{S}$. -Wenn jede Kante von $P$ dicht ist, dann bleibt sie ein augmentierender -Pfad in $G_y$ und wir sind fertig. -Andernfalls sei $uv$ die erste lose Kante auf $P$. -Wenn $v$ kein Element von $Z$ ist, dann haben wir einen losen Pfad -gefunden und sind fertig. -Andernfalls ist $v$ von irgendeinem anderen Pfad $Q$ aus festen -Kanten von einem Knoten in $R_{S}$ erreichbar. -Sei $P_{v}$ der Teilpfad von $P$, der bei $v$ beginnt und bis zum -Ende reicht, und sei $P'$ der Pfad, der gebildet wird, indem man -entlang $Q$ gebildet wird, bis ein Scheitelpunkt auf $P_{v}$ erreicht -wird, und dann weiter bis zum Ende von $P_{v}$. -Beachten Sie, dass $P'$ ein erweiternder Pfad in $G$ mit mindestens -einer losen Kante weniger als $P$ ist. -$P$ kann durch $P'$ ersetzt und dieser Argumentationsprozess iteriert -werden (formal, unter Verwendung von Induktion auf die Anzahl der -losen Kanten), bis entweder ein erweiternder Pfad in $G_y$ oder ein -losender Pfad in $G$ gefunden wird. +Die Ungarische Methode wurde 1955 von Harold Kuhn entwickelt und veröffentlicht. +Der Name ``Ungarische Methode'' ergab sich, weil der Algorithmus +weitestgehend auf den früheren Arbeiten zweier ungarischer Mathematiker +basierte: Dénes Kőnig und Jenő Egerváry. +James Munkres überprüfte den Algorithmus im Jahr 1957 und stellte fest, +dass der Algorithmus (stark) polynomiell ist. +Seitdem ist der Algorithmus auch als Kuhn-Munkres oder +Munkres-Zuordnungsalgorithmus bekannt. +Die Zeitkomplexität des ursprünglichen Algorithmus war $O(n^4)$, +später wurde zudem festgestellt, dass er modifiziert werden kann, +um eine $O(n^3)$-Laufzeit zu erreichen. -\subsection{Beweis, dass die Anpassung des Potentials $y$ $M$ unverändert lässt +\subsection{Besondere Leistung der Ungarischen Methode \label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} -Um zu zeigen, dass jede Kante in $M$ nach der Anpassung von $y$ -erhalten bleibt, genügt es zu zeigen, dass für eine beliebige Kante -in $M$ entweder beide Endpunkte oder keiner von ihnen in $Z$ liegen. -Zu diesem Zweck sei $vu$ eine Kante in $M$ von $T$ nach $S$. -Es ist leicht zu sehen, dass wenn $v$ in $Z$ ist, dann muss auch -$u$ in $Z$ sein, da jede Kante in $M$ dicht ist. -Nehmen wir nun an, dass $u$ kein Element von $Z$ und auch $v$ kein -Element von $Z$ ist. -$u$ selbst kann nicht in $R_{S}$ sein, da es der Endpunkt einer -angepassten Kante ist, also muss es einen gerichteten Pfad von engen -Kanten von einem Knoten in $R_{S}$ zu $u$ geben. -Dieser Pfad muss $v$ vermeiden, da es per Annahme nicht in $Z$ ist, -also ist der Knoten, der $u$ in diesem Pfad unmittelbar vorausgeht, -ein anderer Knoten $v$ (ein Element von $T$) und $v$ ein Element -von $u$ ist eine enge Kante von $T$ nach $S$ und ist somit in $M$. -Aber dann enthält $M$ zwei Kanten, die den Knoten $u$ teilen, was -der Tatsache widerspricht, dass $M$ ein Matching ist. -Jede Kante in $M$ hat also entweder beide Endpunkte oder keinen -Endpunkt in $Z$. +Es ist ein kombinatorischer Optimierungsalgorithmus, der das Zuordnungsproblem +in polynomieller Zeit löst. +Der Begriff polynomielle Laufzeit bedeutet, dass die Laufzeit des Programms +wie $n^2$, $n^3$, $n^4$, etc.~wächst und vernünftig skaliert. + -\subsection{Beweis, dass $y$ ein Potential bleibt +\subsection{Beispiel eines händischen Verfahrens \label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} -Um zu zeigen, dass y nach der Anpassung ein Potenzial bleibt, genügt -es zu zeigen, dass keine Kante ihr Gesamtpotenzial über ihre Kosten -hinaus erhöht. -Dies ist für Kanten in $M$ bereits durch den vorangegangenen Absatz -bewiesen. -Man betrachtet also eine beliebige Kante $uv$ von $S$ nach $T$. -Wenn $y(u)$ erhöht wird um $\Delta$, dann wird entweder $v\in -\mathbb{Z}_n$ in diesem Fall wird $y(v)$ verringert um $\Delta$, -wobei das Gesamtpotenzial der Kante unverändert bleibt, oder $v\in -T\setminus Z$, wobei die Definition von $\Delta$ garantiert, dass -$y(u)+y(v)+\Delta \le c(u,v)$ -Also $y$ bleibt ein Potential. +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/beispiel_munkres} +\caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex index 3d76743..9a27227 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil4.tex @@ -3,34 +3,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Matrix-Interpretation +\section{- \label{munkres:section:teil4}} -\rhead{Matrix-Interpretation} -Gegeben ist die quadratische Matrix $C=(c_{ij})$ der Grösse $n\times n$. -Ohne Beschränkung der Allgemeinheit werden eine Zuordnung $j -\rightarrow s_j$, $j = 1, \dots, n$ mit minimaler Gesamtsumme -$\sum_{j=1}^{n}c_{s_j,j}$ gesucht, wobei die $s_j$ eine Permutation -von $\{1,\ldots ,n\}$ sind. -Soll die Summe maximiert werden, dann kann $C$ durch $-C$ ersetzt werden. -Die Grundlage dieses Verfahrens ist, dass sich die optimale Zuordnung -unter bestimmten Änderungen der Matrix nicht ändert, sondern nur -der Optimalwert. -Diese Änderungen sind durch Knotenpotentiale bzw.~duale Variablen -\begin{equation} -u_1 u_2,{\dots}, u_n -\end{equation} +\rhead{-} -für die Zeilen und - -\begin{equation}v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n \end{equation} fuer die Spalten angegeben. -Die modifizierte Matrix hat dann die Komponenten $\tilde{c}_{i,j} -= c_{ij} - u_j - v_j$. - -In der Summe über jede kantenmaximale Zuordnung kommt jedes -Knotenpotential genau einmal vor, so dass die Änderung der Zielfunktion -eine Konstante ist. -Sind die Einträge von $C$ nichtnegativ, und sind alle Knotenpotentiale -ebenfalls nichtnegativ, so nennt man die modifizierte Matrix \~{C} -auch eine Reduktion. -Ziel ist, in der reduzierten Matrix möglichst viele Komponenten auf -den Wert Null zu bringen und unter diesen die Zuordnung zu konstruieren. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex index f8138f4..b938c50 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil5.tex @@ -3,12 +3,6 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Ungarische Methode anhand eines Beispiels +\section{- \label{munkres:section:teil5}} -\rhead{Ungarische Methode anhand eines Beispiels} -\begin{figure} -\centering -\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/beispiel_munkres} -\caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus.} -\label{munkres:Vr2} -\end{figure} +\rhead{-} -- cgit v1.2.1 From ef1973fdcb29ad84666ccee58633711afb978629 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 12:45:18 +0200 Subject: fehlendes bild --- buch/papers/munkres/figures/Matrixdarstellung.png | Bin 0 -> 46310 bytes 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/munkres/figures/Matrixdarstellung.png (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Matrixdarstellung.png b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Matrixdarstellung.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91a376d Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Matrixdarstellung.png differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 88c208363cf560043f87c2c83fa251177e74cd1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 13:20:05 +0200 Subject: save --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 18 +++++------ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex | 55 +++++++++++++++----------------- 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index 62e44cc..ffe98f8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Das heisst alle information ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. \begin{figure} \centering - \resizebox{0.9\textwidth}{!}{ + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft} %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} } diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index e18ccd2..519e642 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Auch eine variante wäre es die Daten nach einem Fehler einfach nochmals zu send Eine Idee ist aus den Daten ein Polynom zu bilden. Diese Polynomfunktion bei bestimmten Werten, ausrechnet und diese Punkte dann überträgt. -Nehmen wir als beisbiel die Zahlen \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5}, +Nehmen wir als Beispiel die Zahlen \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5}, welche uns dann das Polynom \begin{equation} p(x) @@ -31,21 +31,21 @@ p(x) \label{reedsolomon:equation1} \end{equation} ergeben. -Übertragen werden nun die Werte an den stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. +Übertragen werden nun die Werte dieses Polynomes an den Stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. Grafisch sieht man dies dann in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, -mit den Punkten, $p(1),p(2),...,p(7) = (\textcolor{green}{8}, -\textcolor{green}{15}, \textcolor{green}{26}, -\textcolor{green}{41}, \textcolor{green}{60}, -\textcolor{green}{83}, \textcolor{green}{110})$ -Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hatt, muss der Leser/Empfänger diesen erkennen und das Polynom rekonstruieren. +mit den Punkten, $p(1),p(2),...,p(7) = (\textcolor{darkgreen}{8}, +\textcolor{darkgreen}{15}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{26}, +\textcolor{darkgreen}{41}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{60}, +\textcolor{darkgreen}{83}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{110})$ +Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hat, muss der Leser/Empfänger diesen erkennen und das Polynom rekonstruieren. Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt wurden. \subsection{Beispiel} -Für das Beispeil aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, +Für das Beispiel aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, ist ein Polynome zweiten Grades durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben,(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{red}{roten Punkte}) kann man diese erkennen, da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. -(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{green}{grünen Punkte}) +(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Punkte}) Ab wie vielen Fehler ist das Polynom nicht mehr erkennbar beim Übertragen von 7 Punkten? Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt.\ref{fig:polynom} diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex index 3036e14..db141a8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex @@ -15,30 +15,27 @@ %--------------------------------------------------------------- %Knote - \matrix[draw = none, column sep=25mm, row sep=2mm]{ + \matrix(m) [draw = none, column sep=25mm, row sep=2mm]{ + \node(signal) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis} [title = {\Large {Signal}}, - xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98},] - \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/signal.txt}; + xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98}] + \addplot[black] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/signal.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}}; & \node(codiert) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Codiert}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/codiert.txt}; + \begin{tikzpicture}[] + \begin{axis}[ title = {\Large {Codiert \space + \space Fehler}}, + xtick={0,40,60,100}, axis y line*=left] + \addplot[green] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/codiert.txt}; \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ - - &\node(fehler) [] { - \begin{tikzpicture} - \begin{axis}[scale=0.6, title = {\Large {Fehler}}, - xtick={7,21,75}] - \addplot[red] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/fehler.txt}; + \begin{axis}[xtick={7,21,75}, axis y line*=right] + \addplot[red] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/fehler.txt}; \end{axis} - \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ \node(decodiert) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} @@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ \node(empfangen) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/empfangen.txt}; + \addplot[green] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/empfangen.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}};\\ @@ -71,26 +68,24 @@ %------------------------------------------------------------- %FFT & IFFT deskription - \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,12) to (0,-12); - \node(IFFT) [scale=0.7] at (0,12.3) {IFFT}; - \draw[<-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); - \node(FFT) [scale=0.7, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; - \draw[->](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); + \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,9) to (0,-9); + \node(IFFT) [scale=0.8] at (0,9.3) {IFFT}; + \draw[stealth-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); + \node(FFT) [scale=0.8, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; + \draw[-stealth](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); - \draw[thick, ->,] (fehler.west)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); + \draw[thick, ->,] (codiert)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); %Arrows - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (fehler.north); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (fehler.south) to (empfangen.north); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); - \draw(decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; - \draw[ultra thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); + \draw[thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); + \draw[thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (empfangen.north); + \draw[thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); + \draw[thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); + \draw[thick](decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; + \draw[thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); %item \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west) {1}; - \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2}; - \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (fehler.north west) {3}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2+3}; \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (empfangen.north west) {4}; \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (decodiert.north west) {5}; \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (syndrom.north west) {6}; -- cgit v1.2.1 From 46eee95c5d39e99535f3790e40994d0eb1167ffe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 13:56:38 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Erl=C3=A4uterung=20zu=20Suchalgorithmen?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 7 +++++++ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 389c78c..756f6e1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -6,6 +6,13 @@ Grundsätzlich können kurze Wege zwischen den Knotenpunkten das Ziel beim Aufba Ziel ist aber ein möglichst wirtschaftliches und optimales Verkehrsnetz. \section{Suchalgorithmen} +Inbesondere bei Graphen in Form von Verkehrsnetzen ist das Finden eines kürzesten Weges von Interesse. Mathematisch betrachtet handelt es sich hierbei um ein Optimierungsproblem, bei dem die Summe der Kantengewichte zwischen zwei Knoten minimiert werden soll. Zu diesem Zweck existieren verschiedene Suchalgorithmen. In den folgenden Abschnitten wird auf eines Auswahl davon eingegangen. Zuvor ist es jedoch notwendig, einige Begriffe und Eigenschaften von Suchalgorithmen zu definieren. + +Einerseits wird zwischen optimalen und nicht-optimalen Algorithmen unterschieden. Ein Suchalgorithmus gilt als optimal, falls er einen günstigsten Pfad zwischen zwei Knoten findet. Es gilt zu beachten, dass im Falle des Vorhandenseins von mehrerern Pfaden mit identischer, minimaler Summe der Kantengewichte zwischen zwei Knoten, mindestens einer dieser Pfade gefunden wird. + +Weiter wird zwischen informierten und uninformierten Algorithmen differenziert. Während uninformierte Suchalgorithmen den Suchraum schematisch auf Basis der Eigenschaften des Graphen absuchen, bis eine günstigste Lösung gefunden wurde, verwenden informierte Suchalgorithmen eine Heuristik zur Abschätzung der Suchrichtung. Oftmals wird bei informierten Algorithmen ein Verlust der Optimalität zugunsten einer verbesserten Rechenzeit in Kauf genommen. Es exisitieren jedoch auch Heurstiken, die eine optimale Lösung gewährleisten. + +Eine besondere Art von Suchalgorithmen stellen die sogenannten Greedy-Algorithmen, zu deutsch gierige Algorithmen, dar. Sie zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass stets der günstigste Weg verfolgt wird und davon ausgehend der darauffolgende, günstigste Folgezustand ausgewählt wird. Am Beispiel eines Verkehrsnetzes ist somit gewährleistet, dass beim Antreffen des Zielknotens auch der günstigste Pfad gefunden wurde. \subsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Informatikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Den Algorithmus hat er im Jahr 1959 erfunden. -- cgit v1.2.1 From dc45d7a57dfcc3ca4b9a97be4a51216c1a6ce4bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 15:00:00 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Erl=C3=A4uterungen=20zu=20Dijkstra?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 34 ++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 756f6e1..4a27737 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -15,35 +15,13 @@ Weiter wird zwischen informierten und uninformierten Algorithmen differenziert. Eine besondere Art von Suchalgorithmen stellen die sogenannten Greedy-Algorithmen, zu deutsch gierige Algorithmen, dar. Sie zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass stets der günstigste Weg verfolgt wird und davon ausgehend der darauffolgende, günstigste Folgezustand ausgewählt wird. Am Beispiel eines Verkehrsnetzes ist somit gewährleistet, dass beim Antreffen des Zielknotens auch der günstigste Pfad gefunden wurde. \subsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} -Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Informatikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Den Algorithmus hat er im Jahr 1959 erfunden. -Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist ein Greedy-Algorithmus (gieriger Algorithmus), der schrittweise einen Folgezustand auswählt, damit beim Zeitpunkt der Wahl der grösste Gewinn bzw. das beste Ergebnis erzielt werden kann. -Vereinfacht wird beim Dijkstra-Algorithmus, ausgehend von einem Startknoten so lange dem kürzesten Pfad gefolgt, bis der Zielknoten erreicht wird. Dabei muss für jeden besuchten Knoten die Kostenfunktion als auch der Pfad dahin (vorheriger Knoten) gespeichert werden. -Dadurch wird hingegen garantiert, dass, wenn der Zielknoten erreicht wird, auch der kürzeste Pfad gefunden wurde. -Grundlegende Voraussetzung für den Dijkstra-Algorithmus ist die strikte Positivität der Kantengewichte. Andernfalls würde ein wiederholtes Ablaufen einer Kante mit negativem Gewicht zu einer stetigen Reduktion der Kostenfunktion führen, was zu einer unendlichen Schlaufe führen würde. - -Gegeben sei ein Netzwerk mit $n$ Knoten und dem Startknoten $a$. -Alle Kanten sind mit $k(i, j)$ bewertet. -Gesucht wird der kürzeste Pfad zwischen dem Startknoten und dem Knoten im Netz. -$D(i)$ ist die kürzeste Distanz vom Startknoten $a$ zum Knoten $i, V(i)$ ist der unmittelbare Vorgängerknoten vom Knoten $i$ auf dem kürzesten Weg vom Startknoten $a$ zum Konten $i$ und die Menge $M$ ist die Menge einer bestimmten Auswahl an Knoten. - -Dabei gilt -\begin{equation}M={a}\end{equation} -\begin{equation}D(a)=0\end{equation} wobei -\begin{equation}D(i)=\infty\end{equation} und -\begin{equation}i \neq a \end{equation} -Ausserdem gilt \begin{equation}V(i)=(-) \text{für alle Knoten $i$}\end{equation}\\ +Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Informatikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Er gehört zur Klasse der uninformierten Greedy-Algorithmen. Zudem ist die Optimalität bei strikter Positivität des Graphen gewährleistet. +Vorteilhaft ist die einfache Implementierung. Abhängig von der Programmiersprache sind zwischen 30 und 40 Zeilen an Code ausreichend, damit er den kürzesten Pfad zwischen einem Startknoten $a$ und Zielknoten $b$ finden kann. Die für dieses Paper verwendete Funktion verwendet eine abgewandelte Form der gewichteten Adjazenz-Matrix $A$, für welche gilt: +Der Matrix-Eintrag $A_{i,j}$ weist das Kantengewicht der Kante von Knoten $j$ nach $i$ auf. Falls keine Kante zwischen $j$ und $i$ vorhanden ist, beträgt der Eintrag $\infty$. Dies vereinfacht die Implementierung zur Bestimmung des nächst-günstigsten Pfades. +Zudem werden zwei Hilfs-Vektoren $\vec{d}$ und $\vec{b}$ der Länge $n$ eingeführt, wobei $n$ die Anzahl Knoten des Graphen ist. Im Vektoreintrag $\vec{d}(i)$ wird das kummulierte Kantengewicht zur Erreichung von Knoten $i$ vom Startknoten $a$ gespeichert. Der Eintrag $\vec{d}(a)$ beträgt somit $0$. Im Vektor $\vec{b}$ wird zudem vermerkt, falls ein Knoten bereits als Ziel eines kürzesten Pfads gefunden wurde und somit für die weitere Suche nicht mehr berücksichtigt werden muss ($\vec{b}(i)=1$, sonst $\vec{b}(i)=0$). -%THEORIE... -Iteration - -1. Auswahl eines Knotens \begin{equation} K\in M \text{mit} D(K)=D(i);i\in M\end{equation} - -2. Für alle Nachfolger $N(j)$ vom Knoten $K$ gilt: -\begin{equation}D(K) + k_Kj < D(j)\end{equation} dann wird \begin{equation}D(j) = D(K) + k_Kj, V(j) = K\end{equation} gesetzt und somit wird der Knoten $j$ in die Menge $M$ aufgenommen. - -3. Der ausgewählte Knoten \begin{equation}K\in M\text{wird aus der Menge herausgelöscht}\end{equation}\\ -Diese drei Schritte werden so lange wiederholt bis gilt -\begin{equation}M=\{\}\end{equation} +Ausgehend vom Startknoten $a$ wird nun anhand der Matrix $A$ in der Spalte $a$ nach dem kleinsten Eintrag gesucht. Somit wird der Folgeknoten $c$ gefunden. Dieser Vorgang wird nun wiederholt, wobei jedoch sämtliche von Knoten $a$ und $c$ erreichbaren Knoten berücksichtigt werden, die noch nicht besucht wurden. In anderen Worten alle nicht verschwindenden Einträge $i$ der Spalten $a$ und $c$ der Matrix $A$, für welche gilt $\vec{b}(i)=0$. +Diese Iteration wird solang durchgeführt, bis der Folgeknoten dem Zielknoten entspricht. \subsection{A*-Algorithmus} Suchalgorithmen werden nach einfachen (uninformierte) und heuristischen (informierten) Algorithmen unterschieden. Während einfache Algorithmen den Suchraum intuitiv durchsuchen, beziehen heuristische Algorithmen Wissen über den Suchraum mit ein. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 4f04bd2ec5008a375c6d77ec6d01c3bc68a0b976 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 15:20:52 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?Erl=C3=A4uterungen=20zu=20A*?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 20 ++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 4a27737..6f8f2b7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -20,27 +20,19 @@ Vorteilhaft ist die einfache Implementierung. Abhängig von der Programmiersprac Der Matrix-Eintrag $A_{i,j}$ weist das Kantengewicht der Kante von Knoten $j$ nach $i$ auf. Falls keine Kante zwischen $j$ und $i$ vorhanden ist, beträgt der Eintrag $\infty$. Dies vereinfacht die Implementierung zur Bestimmung des nächst-günstigsten Pfades. Zudem werden zwei Hilfs-Vektoren $\vec{d}$ und $\vec{b}$ der Länge $n$ eingeführt, wobei $n$ die Anzahl Knoten des Graphen ist. Im Vektoreintrag $\vec{d}(i)$ wird das kummulierte Kantengewicht zur Erreichung von Knoten $i$ vom Startknoten $a$ gespeichert. Der Eintrag $\vec{d}(a)$ beträgt somit $0$. Im Vektor $\vec{b}$ wird zudem vermerkt, falls ein Knoten bereits als Ziel eines kürzesten Pfads gefunden wurde und somit für die weitere Suche nicht mehr berücksichtigt werden muss ($\vec{b}(i)=1$, sonst $\vec{b}(i)=0$). -Ausgehend vom Startknoten $a$ wird nun anhand der Matrix $A$ in der Spalte $a$ nach dem kleinsten Eintrag gesucht. Somit wird der Folgeknoten $c$ gefunden. Dieser Vorgang wird nun wiederholt, wobei jedoch sämtliche von Knoten $a$ und $c$ erreichbaren Knoten berücksichtigt werden, die noch nicht besucht wurden. In anderen Worten alle nicht verschwindenden Einträge $i$ der Spalten $a$ und $c$ der Matrix $A$, für welche gilt $\vec{b}(i)=0$. +Ausgehend vom Startknoten $a$ wird nun anhand der Matrix $A$ in der Spalte $a$ nach dem kleinsten Eintrag gesucht. Somit wird der Folgeknoten $c$ gefunden. Dieser Vorgang wird nun wiederholt, wobei jedoch sämtliche von Knoten $a$ und $c$ erreichbaren Knoten berücksichtigt werden, die noch nicht besucht wurden. In anderen Worten alle nicht verschwindenden Einträge $i$ der Spalten $a$ und $c$ der Matrix $A$, für welche gilt $\vec{b}(i)=0$. Ausschlaggebend für die folgende Auswahl ist die Summe der kummulierten Kantengewichte und des Kantengewichts des nächsten Knotens. Als Beispiel zur Erreichung von Knoten $k$ über Knoten $j$: +\begin{equation} +\vec{d}(k)=\vec{d}(j)+A(k,j) +\end{equation} Diese Iteration wird solang durchgeführt, bis der Folgeknoten dem Zielknoten entspricht. \subsection{A*-Algorithmus} -Suchalgorithmen werden nach einfachen (uninformierte) und heuristischen (informierten) Algorithmen unterschieden. Während einfache Algorithmen den Suchraum intuitiv durchsuchen, beziehen heuristische Algorithmen Wissen über den Suchraum mit ein. -Der A*-Algorithmus geht auf seine Erfinder Peter Hart, Nils Nilsson und Bertram Raphael zurück, die den Algorithmus erstmals im Jahr 1968 beschrieben. -Der A*-Algorithmus ist ein heuristischer Suchalgorithmus, der den kürzesten Pfad zwischen zwei Knoten in einem Graphen mit positiven Kantengewichten berechnet. -Im Gegensatz zu einfachen Suchalgorithmen, wird beim A*-Algorithmus eine Schätzfunktion, die sogenannte Heuristik, verwendet. Dies ermöglicht ein zielgerichtetes Suchen und gleichzeitig wird die Laufzeit verringert. -Ausserdem findet der A*-Algorithmus immer eine optimale Lösung, sofern eine vorhanden ist. -Der A*-Algorithmus gilt als Erweiterung des Dijkstra-Algorithmus. +Der A*-Algorithmus basiert auf dem Dijkstra-Algorithmus, verwendet jedoch eine Heuristik zur Abschätzung der günstigsten Suchrichtung. Somit handelt es sich um einen informierten Greedy-Algorithmus, der abhängig von der verwendeten Heuristik auch optimal sein kann. Er wurde von Peter Hart, Nils Nilsson und Bertram Raphael entwickelt. \subsection{Anwendung A*-Algorithmus} Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus von Dijkstra. Gemäss dem Algorihtmus von Dijkstra werden von einem Startknoten aus die jeweiligen Nachbarknoten, die Nachbarknoten der Nachbarknoten usw. verarbeitet. Die Kantengewichte werden dabei aufsummiert und die Priorität wird auf die Kante gelegt, die das geringste Gewicht aufweist. Mit diesem Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass die erste gefundene Lösung auch eine optimale Lösung darstellt.\\ -Die Kantengewichte werden für jeden Knoten in Form einer Funktion dargestellt -\begin{equation}f(n)=g(n)\end{equation} mit -\begin{equation}g(n)=\text{Summe aller Kantengewichte vom Startknoten bis n}\end{equation}\\ -Der A*-Algorithmus erweitert die Vorgehensweise des Algorithmus von Dijkstra um die Heuristik $h(n)$, die für jeden Knoten $n$ die geschätzte Entfernung zum Zielknoten beschreibt. -Somit gilt: -\begin{equation}f(n)=g(n)+h(n)\end{equation}\\ -Wie auch der Algorithmus von Dijkstra findet der A*-Algorithmus die optimalste Lösung. +Der A*-Algorithmus unterscheidet sich vom Dijkstra-Algorithmus dahingehend, dass bei der Auswahl des Folgeknotens, nicht nur die Summe der Kantengewichte $\vec{d}(j)+A(k,j)$, sondern zusätzlich die für jeden Knoten definierte Abschätzfunktion $f(k)$ hinzuaddiert wird. Dies passiert jedoch nur bei der \emph{Auswahl} des Folgeknotens. Der Wert von $f(k)$ wird nicht im Eintrag $\vec{d}(k)$ gespeichert. Somit wird gewährleistet, dass der gefundene Pfad, der Summe der Kantengewichte entspricht. \subsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus, auch Tripel-Algorithmus genannt, wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 0d84587614eb3a91f0a63e0d2ab2eb3926b2f95c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 15:21:30 +0200 Subject: subsection "Euklidische Heurstik" verschoben --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 6f8f2b7..1a4ecbb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus v Der A*-Algorithmus unterscheidet sich vom Dijkstra-Algorithmus dahingehend, dass bei der Auswahl des Folgeknotens, nicht nur die Summe der Kantengewichte $\vec{d}(j)+A(k,j)$, sondern zusätzlich die für jeden Knoten definierte Abschätzfunktion $f(k)$ hinzuaddiert wird. Dies passiert jedoch nur bei der \emph{Auswahl} des Folgeknotens. Der Wert von $f(k)$ wird nicht im Eintrag $\vec{d}(k)$ gespeichert. Somit wird gewährleistet, dass der gefundene Pfad, der Summe der Kantengewichte entspricht. +\subsection{Euklidische Heuristik} +Bei Verkehrsnetzen ist die euklidische Distanz eine gängige und zuverlässige Heurstik. Dabei wird zu den effektiven Reisekosten zum aktuellen Knoten die euklidische Distanz bis zum Zielknoten hinzuaddiert. Dadurch wird die Kostenfunktion konsequent nie überschätzt. Dies stellt eine Voraussetzung an eine zulässige Heuristik dar. +Was bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz einfach zu bewältigen ist, da Koordinaten von Verkehrsnetzen zur Berechnung der Distanz verwendet werden können, ist bei virtuellen Netzwerken (z.B. Servernetzen) entweder nicht möglich, oder nicht relevant. + \subsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus, auch Tripel-Algorithmus genannt, wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die günstigsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph aber keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. @@ -54,9 +58,7 @@ Die aktuelle Gewichtung der Pfade wird mit \begin{equation}d[i, j]=min[d[i,j], d[i,k] + d[k,i]]\end{equation} ermittelt. -\subsection{Euklidische Heuristik} -Bei Verkehrsnetzen ist die euklidische Distanz eine gängige und zuverlässige Heurstik. Dabei wird zu den effektiven Reisekosten zum aktuellen Knoten die euklidische Distanz bis zum Zielknoten hinzuaddiert. Dadurch wird die Kostenfunktion konsequent nie überschätzt. Dies stellt eine Voraussetzung an eine zulässige Heuristik dar. -Was bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz einfach zu bewältigen ist, da Koordinaten von Verkehrsnetzen zur Berechnung der Distanz verwendet werden können, ist bei virtuellen Netzwerken (z.B. Servernetzen) entweder nicht möglich, oder nicht relevant. + \section{PageRank-Algorithmus} Der PageRank-Algorithmus wurde von den Gründern von Google, Larry Page und Sergey Brin im Jahr 1996 entwickelt und zum Patent angemeldet. Zwei Jahre später gründeten sie ihr Unternehmen Google Inc.. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 6437ce5c4a0b281fbd116bc42dbcdc3dce908aaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 15:35:28 +0200 Subject: Anpassungen Folyd-Warshall-Algorithmus --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 12 +++++------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 1a4ecbb..d34d31e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -35,24 +35,22 @@ Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus v Der A*-Algorithmus unterscheidet sich vom Dijkstra-Algorithmus dahingehend, dass bei der Auswahl des Folgeknotens, nicht nur die Summe der Kantengewichte $\vec{d}(j)+A(k,j)$, sondern zusätzlich die für jeden Knoten definierte Abschätzfunktion $f(k)$ hinzuaddiert wird. Dies passiert jedoch nur bei der \emph{Auswahl} des Folgeknotens. Der Wert von $f(k)$ wird nicht im Eintrag $\vec{d}(k)$ gespeichert. Somit wird gewährleistet, dass der gefundene Pfad, der Summe der Kantengewichte entspricht. \subsection{Euklidische Heuristik} -Bei Verkehrsnetzen ist die euklidische Distanz eine gängige und zuverlässige Heurstik. Dabei wird zu den effektiven Reisekosten zum aktuellen Knoten die euklidische Distanz bis zum Zielknoten hinzuaddiert. Dadurch wird die Kostenfunktion konsequent nie überschätzt. Dies stellt eine Voraussetzung an eine zulässige Heuristik dar. -Was bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz einfach zu bewältigen ist, da Koordinaten von Verkehrsnetzen zur Berechnung der Distanz verwendet werden können, ist bei virtuellen Netzwerken (z.B. Servernetzen) entweder nicht möglich, oder nicht relevant. +Bei Verkehrsnetzen ist die euklidische Distanz eine gängige und zuverlässige Heurstik. Dabei wird zu den effektiven Reisekosten zum aktuellen Knoten die euklidische Distanz bis zum Zielknoten hinzuaddiert. Dadurch wird die Kostenfunktion konsequent nie überschätzt. Dies stellt eine Voraussetzung an eine zulässige Heuristik dar. Unter Verwendung dieser Heuristik gilt der A*-Algorithmus als optimal. + +Was bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz einfach zu bewältigen ist, da Koordinaten von Verkehrsnetzen zur Berechnung der Distanz verwendet werden können, ist bei virtuellen Netzwerken (z.B. Servernetzen) entweder nicht möglich, oder nicht relevant. Hier können hingegen andere Eigenschaften des Netzwerks verwendet werden, auf welche in diesem Paper nicht weiter eingegangen wird. \subsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus, auch Tripel-Algorithmus genannt, wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die günstigsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph aber keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. Ein Kreis (Zyklus) in einem Graphen ist ein Weg, bei dem Start- und Endpunkt den gleichen Knoten aufweisen. Dieser wird negativ, wenn die Summe der gewichteten Kanten kleiner als Null wird.\\ -Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus besteht grundsätzlich aus Floyd's Berechnung der kürzesten Distanzen zwischen zwei Knoten und Warshall's Konstruktion der kürzesten Wege. Werden diese beiden Teilgebiete zusammengefügt, ergibt sich der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus. \subsection{Anwendung Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} -Wie oben erwähnt, besteht der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus aus dem Teil von Floyd zur Berechnung der kürzesten Pfade und dem Teil von Warshall zur Konstruktion der kürzesten Pfade. - %THEORIE... -Als erstes wird eine Gewichtsmatrix $W$ mit den Matrixeinträgen $W[i, j]$ erstellt. +In einem ersten Schritt wird eine Gewichtsmatrix $W$ mit den Matrixeinträgen $W[i, j]$ erstellt. Der Algorithmus berechnet danach in einer Hauptschleife alle Knoten $k$ von 1 bis $n$. Dabei versucht er in jeder Iteration alle Wege von $i$ nach $j$ durch die Wege $(i, k)$ und $(k, j)$ zu verbessern. -Falls dieser mögliche Umweg zu einer Verbesserung führt, wird der Algorithmus aktualisiert. +Falls dieser mögliche Umweg zu einer Verbesserung führt, wird der entsprechende Eintrag aktualisiert. Die aktuelle Gewichtung der Pfade wird mit \begin{equation}d[i, j]=min[d[i,j], d[i,k] + d[k,i]]\end{equation} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 04e2c97e5885542ee0beda05da749964a44cf1e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 15:39:06 +0200 Subject: Anpassungen PageRank-Algorithmus --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 8 +++----- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index d34d31e..5abd107 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -59,11 +59,9 @@ ermittelt. \section{PageRank-Algorithmus} -Der PageRank-Algorithmus wurde von den Gründern von Google, Larry Page und Sergey Brin im Jahr 1996 entwickelt und zum Patent angemeldet. Zwei Jahre später gründeten sie ihr Unternehmen Google Inc.. -Beim PageRank-Algorithmus handelt es sich um den Algorithmus von Google, aus dem die Google-Matrix abgeleitet wird. -Die Google-Matrix ist eine immens grosse Matrix mit Millionen Zeilen und Spalten, die für die schnelle und vor allem exakte Bestimmung der PageRanks (Gewichtung) eine grosse Bedeutung hat. -Der PageRank-Algorithmus analysiert und gewichtet beispielsweise die Verlinkungsstruktur verschiedener Websites des World Wide Web anhand ihrer Struktur. -Der PageRank wird umso höher, je mehr hochwertige Links auf eine Webseite verweisen und je höher die Gewichtung einer Webseite ist, desto grösser ist der Effekt.\\ +Der PageRank-Algorithmus wurde von den Gründern von Google, Larry Page und Sergey Brin im Jahr 1996 entwickelt und zum Patent angemeldet. Zwei Jahre später gründeten sie ihr Unternehmen Google Inc. +Beim PageRank-Algorithmus handelt es sich nicht um einen Suchalgorithmus, stattdessen werden Knoten aufgrund der Vernetzung des vorliegenden Graphen bewertet. +Verwendet wird er beispielsweise um die Verlinkungsstruktur verschiedener Websites des World Wide Web anhand ihrer Struktur zu bewerten und relevante Suchergebnisse zu ermittteln. Der PageRank wird umso höher, je mehr hochwertige Links auf eine Webseite verweisen und je höher die Gewichtung einer Webseite ist, desto grösser ist der Effekt.\\ Dabei handelt es sich um einen iterativen Prozess. Ausgegangen wird von der Adjazenz-Matrix $A$, für welche gilt. %THEORIE... -- cgit v1.2.1 From 226acbde873393484d3abf3db1160672826d5241 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 15:45:31 +0200 Subject: Anpassungen Abschnitt Versuchsreihe --- buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex | 22 +++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex index 638d9dd..4de0b24 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ \section{Versuchsreihe} \label{section:verkehr/versuchsreihe} -Um zwei der vorgestellten Suchalgorithmen zu vergleichen, wurden zwei Versuchsreihen erstellt. Dazu wurden in einem ersten Schritt zufällige Netzwerke generiert und anschliessend der \emph{Dijkstra}-, sowie der \emph{$A^*$}-Algorithmus auf das Netzwerk angewandt. -Dieser Vorgang wurde für die zufällig generierten Netzwerke mit einer Knotenzahl von 10, 20 50, 100, 200, 500 und 1000 je zehnmal repetiert. -Die Anzahl der Knoten im abgesuchten Netzwerk wirkt sich direkt auf die Rechenzeit aus. Der \emph{Dijkstra}-Algorithmus weist eine Zeitkomplexität von $\mathcal{O}(E\log{}V)$ auf, wobei $E$ die Anzahl Kanten (engl. \emph{edges}) und $V$ die Anzahl Knoten (engl. \emph{vertices}) darstellt. -Für den \emph{A*}-Algorithmus ist die Zeitkomplexität einerseits abhängig von der verwendeten Heuristik, andererseits aber auch vom vorliegenden Netzwerk selbst. Aus diesem Grund lässt sich keine defintive Angabe zu $\mathcal{O}$ machen. +Um zwei der vorgestellten Suchalgorithmen zu vergleichen, wurden zwei Versuchsreihen erstellt. Dazu wurden in einem ersten Schritt zufällige Netzwerke generiert und anschliessend der Dijkstra- und der A*-Algorithmus auf das Netzwerk angewandt. +Dieser Vorgang wurde für die zufällig generierten Netzwerke mit einer Knotenzahl von 10, 20 50, 100, 200, 500 und 1000 je zehnmal wiederholt. +Die Anzahl der Knoten im abgesuchten Netzwerk wirkt sich direkt auf die Rechenzeit aus. Der \emph{Dijkstra}-Algorithmus weist eine Zeitkomplexität von $\mathcal{O}(E\log{}V)$ auf, wobei $E$ die Menge der Kanten (engl. \emph{edges}) und $V$ die Menge der Knoten (engl. \emph{vertices}) des Graphen $G$ darstellt. +Für den A*-Algorithmus ist die Zeitkomplexität einerseits abhängig von der verwendeten Heuristik, andererseits aber auch vom vorliegenden Netzwerk selbst. Aus diesem Grund lässt sich keine defintive Angabe zur Zeitkomplexität machen. -Die beiden Versuchsreihen unterscheiden sich zudem dahingehend, dass der Start- und Zielknoten bei der ersten Versuchsreihe im Netzwerk diametral gegenüber liegen. Dadurch gehen viele Knoten verloren, welcher \emph{Dijkstra} als uninformierter Suchalgorithmus absuchen würde. In der zweiten Veruschsreihe werden hingegen Start- un Zielpunkt zufällig im Netzwerk ausgewählt. Es wird deshalb erwwartet, dass die Unterschiede in der Rechenzeit der beiden Algorithmen in der zweiten Versuchsreihe deutlich ausgeprägter sind. +Die beiden Versuchsreihen unterscheiden sich zudem dahingehend, dass der Start- und Zielknoten bei der ersten Versuchsreihe im Netzwerk diametral gegenüber liegen. Dadurch gehen viele Knoten verloren, welcher \emph{Dijkstra} als uninformierter Suchalgorithmus absuchen würde. In der zweiten Veruschsreihe werden hingegen Start- un Zielpunkt zufällig im Netzwerk ausgewählt. Es wird deshalb erwartet, dass die Unterschiede in der Rechenzeit der beiden Algorithmen in der zweiten Versuchsreihe deutlich ausgeprägter sind. \subsection{Einfluss der Knotenzahl auf die Rechenzeit} \label{verkehr:Knotenzahl} @@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ Die beiden Versuchsreihen unterscheiden sich zudem dahingehend, dass der Start- \label{verkehr:Vr1} \end{figure} -In \ref{verkehr:Vr1} ist ersichtlich, dass der Unterschied in der Rechenzeit zwischen \emph{Dijkstra} und \emph{A*} erst aber einer Knotenzahl von ca. $n=500$ merklich ansteigt. Dieses etwas überraschende Resultat ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass bei steigender Knotenzahl die Abweichung des effektiven kürzesten Pfades von der Distanz der Luftlinie abnimmt. +In \ref{verkehr:Vr1} ist ersichtlich, dass der Unterschied in der Rechenzeit zwischen Dijkstra und A* erst ab einer Knotenzahl von ca. $n=500$ merklich ansteigt. Dieses etwas überraschende Resultat ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass bei steigender Knotenzahl die Abweichung des effektiven kürzesten Pfades von der Distanz der Luftlinie abnimmt. Die Effektivität von \emph{A*} mit euklidischer Heuristik ist wiederum grösser, wenn die Abweichung des kürzesten Pfads von der Luftlinie minimal ist. -Bei Betrachtung von \ref{verkehr:pathDifference} wird dies ersichtlich, wobei die relative Abweichung erstaunlicherweise bei einer Knotenzahl von $n=100$ maximal ist und nach $n=500$ nur noch marginal abnimmt. +Abbildung \ref{verkehr:pathDifference} illustriert dies, wobei die relative Abweichung erstaunlicherweise bei einer Knotenzahl von $n=100$ maximal ist und nach $n=500$ nur noch marginal abnimmt. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ Bei Betrachtung von \ref{verkehr:pathDifference} wird dies ersichtlich, wobei di \begin{figure} \centering -\includegraphics[width=12cm]{papers/verkehr/figures/chart_Vr2.png}\\ +\includegraphics[width=12cm]{papers/verkehr/figures/chart_Vr2.png} \caption{Gemessene Rechenzeiten der zweiten Versuchsreihe in Abhängigkeit der Knotenzahl.} \label{verkehr:Vr2} \end{figure} -Zum Vergleich der Resultate in \ref{verkehr:Knotenzahl} zeigt \ref{verkehr:Vr2} die Rechenzeiten der zweiten Versuchsreihe, in welcher die Start- und Zielknoten zufällig im Netzwerk ausgewählt wurden. Einerseits ist eine reduzierte durchschnittliche Rechenzeit festzustellen, was schlicht daran liegt, dass die zufällige Wahl der Knoten dazu führt, dass diese tendenziell weniger weit auseinander liegen.\\ -Des weiteren ist festzustellen, dass sich die Unterschiede der Rechenzeiten zwischen \emph{Dijkstra} und \emph{A*} deutlich früher abzeichnen. Dieses Phänomen lässt sich leicht durch die zielgerichtete Suche des \emph{A*}-Algorithmus erklären. +Zum Vergleich der Resultate in Abschnitt \ref{verkehr:Knotenzahl} zeigt Abbildung \ref{verkehr:Vr2} die Rechenzeiten der zweiten Versuchsreihe, in welcher die Start- und Zielknoten zufällig im Netzwerk ausgewählt wurden. Einerseits ist eine reduzierte durchschnittliche Rechenzeit festzustellen, was daran liegt, dass die zufällige Wahl der Knoten dazu führt, dass diese tendenziell weniger weit auseinander liegen. +Des weiteren ist festzustellen, dass sich die Unterschiede der Rechenzeiten zwischen Dijkstra und A* deutlich früher abzeichnen. Dieses Phänomen lässt sich leicht durch die zielgerichtete Suche des A*-Algorithmus erklären. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ Des weiteren ist festzustellen, dass sich die Unterschiede der Rechenzeiten zwis \label{verkehr:Comparison} \end{figure} -In \ref{verkehr:Comparison} ist ersichtlich, dass bei einem im Netzwerk liegenden Startknoten die zielgerichtete Suche von \emph{A*} deutlich ausgeprägter zum Zuge kommt, als wenn dieser am Rand des Netzwerks liegen würde. +In Abbildung \ref{verkehr:Comparison} ist ersichtlich, dass bei einem im Netzwerk liegenden Startknoten die zielgerichtete Suche von \emph{A*} deutlich ausgeprägter zum Zuge kommt, als wenn dieser am Rand des Netzwerks liegen würde. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 45e525ce336712b0b75d2431b130d09835857382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 15:48:46 +0200 Subject: Anpassungen Abschnitt Ausblick --- buch/papers/verkehr/section3.tex | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section3.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section3.tex index 99a0d92..9aa8ae4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section3.tex @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ \section{Ausblick} \subsection{Optimierungsprobleme bei Graphen} -Das Finden eines kürzesten Pfades, sprich die Minimierung der Summe der Kantengewichte, ist nur eines der Optimierungsprobleme, die sich im Bereich von Grafen aufstellen lassen. Verschiedene, ähnliche Problemstellungen lassen sich teilweise mit denselben Algorithmen lösen.\\ -Im Bereich vom Computernetzwerken könnte zum Beispiel die Minimierung der Knotenzahl zur Datenübbertragung von Interesse sein. Dabei lässt sich dieses Problem einfach dadurch lösen, dass dem \emph{Dijkstra}, oder dem \emph{A*}-Algorithmus anstelle der Graph-Matrix (mit Kantengewichten als Einträgen) die Adjazenz-Matrix als Argument übergeben wird. Der gefundene kürzeste Pfad enstpricht der Anzahl benutzter Kanten, bzw. der Anzahl besuchter Knoten. +Das Finden eines kürzesten Pfades, sprich die Minimierung der Summe der Kantengewichte, ist nur eines der Optimierungsprobleme, die sich im Bereich von Graphen aufstellen lassen. Verschiedene, ähnliche Problemstellungen lassen sich teilweise mit denselben Algorithmen lösen. + +Im Bereich vom Computernetzwerken könnte zum Beispiel die Minimierung der Knotenzahl zur Datenübbertragung von Interesse sein. Dabei lässt sich dieses Problem einfach dadurch lösen, dass dem Dijkstra- oder dem A*-Algorithmus anstelle der gewichteten Adjazenz-Matrix (mit Kantengewichten als Einträgen) die ungewichtet Adjazenz-Matrix als Argument übergeben wird. Der gefundene kürzeste Pfad enstpricht der Anzahl benutzter Kanten, bzw. der Anzahl besuchter Knoten. \subsection{Wahl der Heuristik} -Ein grundlegendes Problem bei der Anwendung des \emph{A*} oder ähnlicher informierter Suchalgorithmen ist die Wahl der Heurstik. Bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz kann bspw. die euklidische Distanz problems ermittelt werde. Bei einem regionalen Netzwerk ist die Annahme eines orthogonalen X-Y-Koordinatenetzes absolut ausreichend. Dies gilt z.B. auch für das Vernessungsnetz der Schweiz\footnote{Die aktuelle Schweizer Referenzsystem LV95 benutzt ein E/N-Koordinatennetz, wobei aufgrund zunehmender Abweichung vom Referenzellipsoid bei grosser Entfernung vom Nullpunkt ein Korrekturfaktor für die Höhe angebracht werden muss.} Bei überregionalen Netzwerken (Beispiel: Flugverbindungen) ist hingegen eine Berechnung im dreidimensionalen Raum, oder vereinfacht als Projektion auf das Geoid notwendig. Anonsten ist der Ablauf bei der Ausführung des Algorithmus allerdings identisch.\\ +Ein grundlegendes Problem bei der Anwendung des A* oder ähnlicher informierter Suchalgorithmen ist die Wahl der Heurstik. Bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz kann bspw. die euklidische Distanz problems ermittelt werde. Bei einem regionalen Netzwerk ist die Annahme eines orthogonalen X-Y-Koordinatenetzes absolut ausreichend. Dies gilt z.B. auch für das Vernessungsnetz der Schweiz\footnote{Die aktuelle Schweizer Referenzsystem LV95 benutzt ein E/N-Koordinatennetz, wobei aufgrund zunehmender Abweichung vom Referenzellipsoid bei grosser Entfernung vom Nullpunkt ein Korrekturfaktor für die Höhe angebracht werden muss.} Bei überregionalen Netzwerken (Beispiel: Flugverbindungen) ist hingegen eine Berechnung im dreidimensionalen Raum, oder vereinfacht als Projektion auf das Geoid notwendig. Anonsten ist der Ablauf bei der Ausführung des Algorithmus allerdings identisch. In nicht-physischen Netzwerken stellt sich jedoch eine zweite Problematik. Da eine physische Distanz entweder nicht ermittelt werden kann, oder aber nicht ausschlaggebend ist, sind andere Netzwerk-Eigenschaften zur Beurteilung beizuziehen. Die Zuverlässigkeit ist dabei aber in den meisten Fällen nicht vergleichbar hoch, wie bei der euklidischen Heuristik. Oftmals werden deshalb bei derartigen Problem auch Algorithmen angewendet, die eine deutlich optimierte Zeitkomplexität aufweisen, dafür aber nicht mit Sicherheit den effizienstesten Pfad finden. -- cgit v1.2.1 From c3c7a6320004974ba56eb98305b5ac9fa13d4a52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 17:10:19 +0200 Subject: save --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 20 +++-- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt | 96 ---------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt | 96 ---------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/empfangen.txt | 96 ---------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt | 96 ---------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt | 96 ---------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt | 96 ---------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt | 96 ---------------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf | Bin 60217 -> 59617 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf | Bin 20327 -> 20327 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf | Bin 1782700 -> 1828186 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex | 6 +- 12 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 683 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/decodiert.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/empfangen.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt delete mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index ffe98f8..73d0d12 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -7,21 +7,21 @@ \label{reedsolomon:section:dtf}} \rhead{Umwandlung mit DTF} Um die Polynominterpolation zu umgehen, gehen wir nun über in die Fourientransformation. -Dies wird weder eine erklärung der Forientransorfmation noch ein genauer gebrauch -für den Reed-Solomon-Code. Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourientransformation auf Fehler reagiert. +Dies wird weder eine erklärung der Forientransorfmation noch ein genauer gebrauchfür den Reed-Solomon-Code. +Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourientransformation auf Fehler reagiert. wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nützlich ist. -\subsection{Diskrete Fourientransformation Zusamenhang +\subsection{Diskrete Fourietransformation Zusamenhang \label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} -Die Diskrete Fourientransformation ist definiert als +Die Diskrete Fourietransformation ist definiert als \begin{equation} \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} - \label{reedsolomon:DFT} + ,\label{reedsolomon:DFT} \end{equation} -, wenn man nun +wenn man nun \begin{equation} w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} @@ -38,8 +38,12 @@ ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. \subsection{Übertragungsabfolge \label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} - -\begin{enumerate}[1)] +Der Auftrag ist nun 64 Daten zu übertragen und nach 16 Fehler abzusicheren, +16 Fehler erkennen und rekonstruieren. +Dieser Auftrag soll mittels Fouriertransformation bewerkstelligt werden. +In der Abbildung \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge} sieht man dies Schritt für schritt, +und hier werden die einzelne Schritte erklärt. +\begin{enumerate}[(1)] \item Das Signal hat 64 die Daten, Zahlen welche übertragen werden sollen. Dabei zusätzlich nach 16 Fehler abgesichert, macht insgesamt 96 Übertragungszahlen. \item Nun wurde mittels der schnellen diskreten Fourientransformation diese 96 codiert. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4a481d8..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/codiert.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,284 -1,131.570790435043 -2,41.9840308053375 -3,12.1189172092243 -4,23.8408857476069 -5,69.1793197789512 -6,24.0186013379153 -7,37.3066577242559 -8,18.2010889773887 -9,12.3214904922455 -10,15.6627133315015 -11,24.5237955316204 -12,32.1114345314062 -13,44.9845039238714 -14,13.5324640263625 -15,10.1736266929292 -16,4.58257569495584 -17,23.217268502288 -18,16.5769107917917 -19,6.89948680823017 -20,4.84567134895776 -21,10.4219666223433 -22,43.6179140616243 -23,35.9073375743642 -24,15.0332963783729 -25,21.7594021268945 -26,23.2496572716993 -27,17.9815599423852 -28,11.3577742151117 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a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 23f1a83..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/fehler.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,0 -1,0 -2,0 -3,0 -4,0 -5,0 -6,2 -7,0 -8,0 -9,0 -10,0 -11,0 -12,0 -13,0 -14,0 -15,0 -16,0 -17,0 -18,0 -19,0 -20,2 -21,0 -22,0 -23,0 -24,0 -25,0 -26,0 -27,0 -28,0 -29,0 -30,0 -31,0 -32,0 -33,0 -34,0 -35,0 -36,0 -37,0 -38,0 -39,0 -40,0 -41,0 -42,0 -43,0 -44,0 -45,0 -46,0 -47,0 -48,0 -49,0 -50,0 -51,0 -52,0 -53,0 -54,0 -55,0 -56,0 -57,0 -58,0 -59,0 -60,0 -61,0 -62,0 -63,0 -64,0 -65,0 -66,0 -67,0 -68,0 -69,0 -70,0 -71,0 -72,0 -73,0 -74,1 -75,0 -76,0 -77,0 -78,0 -79,0 -80,0 -81,0 -82,0 -83,0 -84,0 -85,0 -86,0 -87,0 -88,0 -89,0 -90,0 -91,0 -92,0 -93,0 -94,0 -95,0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b28988c..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/locator.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,0.0301224340567056 -1,0.141653026854885 -2,0.138226631799377 -3,0.0339903276086929 -4,0.310585462557496 -5,0.551427312631385 -6,0.628514858396814 -7,0.51102386251559 -8,0.275861355940449 -9,0.0502396354182268 -10,0.090185502547573 -11,0.110759344849756 -12,0.0684618905063001 -13,0.0362855426992259 -14,0.0697096919781468 -15,0.109288539370248 -16,0.0923187999496653 -17,0.0512198536768088 -18,0.274192386987782 -19,0.51349614953654 -20,0.633154426602466 -21,0.553283743533942 -22,0.307840573214514 -23,0.0341664350328392 -24,0.140270857957 -25,0.138527177682831 -26,0.029637547736156 -27,0.0816962563186052 -28,0.0944383203811073 -29,0.0263932110686261 -30,0.0585881348402056 -31,0.0737117341599984 -32,0.0239973937701886 -33,0.0464215468420038 -34,0.0616218854220964 -35,0.0221963086695009 -36,0.0390764778127646 -37,0.0537637218396934 -38,0.0208333333333332 -39,0.0343107696069045 -40,0.0483441215964552 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-84,0.0315202035072035 -85,0.0627625211892184 -86,0.0360843918243497 -87,0.02794920551495 -88,0.0677921493367236 -89,0.0437167157553067 -90,0.0270640150996317 -91,0.0783380025231622 -92,0.0561293738314281 -93,0.0278742033265809 -94,0.0981443889498639 -95,0.0794543457386548 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c4fa5f8..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/signal.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,6 -1,6 -2,0 -3,6 -4,4 -5,0 -6,5 -7,2 -8,1 -9,2 -10,1 -11,2 -12,0 -13,6 -14,3 -15,5 -16,7 -17,5 -18,5 -19,4 -20,1 -21,5 -22,9 -23,9 -24,3 -25,2 -26,6 -27,6 -28,4 -29,2 -30,9 -31,1 -32,1 -33,1 -34,2 -35,6 -36,6 -37,1 -38,9 -39,7 -40,7 -41,1 -42,9 -43,9 -44,10 -45,9 -46,8 -47,5 -48,2 -49,4 -50,1 -51,0 -52,9 -53,3 -54,3 -55,3 -56,5 -57,6 -58,0 -59,8 -60,6 -61,9 -62,3 -63,4 -64,0 -65,0 -66,0 -67,0 -68,0 -69,0 -70,0 -71,0 -72,0 -73,0 -74,0 -75,0 -76,0 -77,0 -78,0 -79,0 -80,0 -81,0 -82,0 -83,0 -84,0 -85,0 -86,0 -87,0 -88,0 -89,0 -90,0 -91,0 -92,0 -93,0 -94,0 -95,0 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8ca9eed..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/experiments/syndrom.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -0,0 -1,0 -2,0 -3,0 -4,0 -5,0 -6,0 -7,0 -8,0 -9,0 -10,0 -11,0 -12,0 -13,0 -14,0 -15,0 -16,0 -17,0 -18,0 -19,0 -20,0 -21,0 -22,0 -23,0 -24,0 -25,0 -26,0 -27,0 -28,0 -29,0 -30,0 -31,0 -32,0 -33,0 -34,0 -35,0 -36,0 -37,0 -38,0 -39,0 -40,0 -41,0 -42,0 -43,0 -44,0 -45,0 -46,0 -47,0 -48,0 -49,0 -50,0 -51,0 -52,0 -53,0 -54,0 -55,0 -56,0 -57,0 -58,0 -59,0 -60,0 -61,0 -62,0 -63,0 -64,0.0275599094902563 -65,0.0115837187254191 -66,0.025877761014238 -67,0.0224618032819697 -68,0.04410594689944 -69,0.0474504002669341 -70,0.0227694695500626 -71,0.0271436638090525 -72,0.0104166666666667 -73,0.0271436638090523 -74,0.0227694695500608 -75,0.0474504002669343 -76,0.0441059468994397 -77,0.0224618032819701 -78,0.0258777610142379 -79,0.0115837187254183 -80,0.027559909490256 -81,0.0245124379481793 -82,0.0499782237195209 -83,0.0401432022864265 -84,0.0232923747656228 -85,0.0237974288564099 -86,0.0143895905726624 -87,0.0271745729691685 -88,0.0275599094902567 -89,0.0515501672184983 -90,0.0358255004834542 -91,0.024700508366373 -92,0.0210194725405171 -93,0.0177592928994296 -94,0.0261327016093158 -95,0.0314909067039411 diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf index 27992c9..c5e21e3 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf index ae68385..dd6cdd3 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf index 80af280..a984f35 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex index db141a8..14af683 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ \begin{axis} [title = {\Large {Signal}}, xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98}] - \addplot[black] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/signal.txt}; + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/signal.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}}; & @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ \node(syndrom) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] - \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/syndrom.txt}; + \addplot[black] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/syndrom.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}}; & \node(locator) [] { \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] - \addplot[] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/locator.txt}; + \addplot[gray] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/locator.txt}; \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}};\\ }; -- cgit v1.2.1 From a23ef813e263ac2d0f06d734c711517806fa1437 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 20:48:34 +0200 Subject: diverse Anpassungen --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 5abd107..6d05dc0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -6,25 +6,27 @@ Grundsätzlich können kurze Wege zwischen den Knotenpunkten das Ziel beim Aufba Ziel ist aber ein möglichst wirtschaftliches und optimales Verkehrsnetz. \section{Suchalgorithmen} -Inbesondere bei Graphen in Form von Verkehrsnetzen ist das Finden eines kürzesten Weges von Interesse. Mathematisch betrachtet handelt es sich hierbei um ein Optimierungsproblem, bei dem die Summe der Kantengewichte zwischen zwei Knoten minimiert werden soll. Zu diesem Zweck existieren verschiedene Suchalgorithmen. In den folgenden Abschnitten wird auf eines Auswahl davon eingegangen. Zuvor ist es jedoch notwendig, einige Begriffe und Eigenschaften von Suchalgorithmen zu definieren. +Inbesondere bei Graphen in Form von Verkehrsnetzen ist das Finden eines kürzesten Weges von Interesse. Mathematisch betrachtet handelt es sich hierbei um ein Optimierungsproblem, bei dem die Summe der Kantengewichte zwischen zwei Knoten minimiert werden soll. Zu diesem Zweck existieren verschiedene Suchalgorithmen. In den folgenden Abschnitten wird auf eine Auswahl davon eingegangen. Zuvor ist es jedoch notwendig, einige Begriffe und Eigenschaften von Suchalgorithmen zu definieren. Einerseits wird zwischen optimalen und nicht-optimalen Algorithmen unterschieden. Ein Suchalgorithmus gilt als optimal, falls er einen günstigsten Pfad zwischen zwei Knoten findet. Es gilt zu beachten, dass im Falle des Vorhandenseins von mehrerern Pfaden mit identischer, minimaler Summe der Kantengewichte zwischen zwei Knoten, mindestens einer dieser Pfade gefunden wird. Weiter wird zwischen informierten und uninformierten Algorithmen differenziert. Während uninformierte Suchalgorithmen den Suchraum schematisch auf Basis der Eigenschaften des Graphen absuchen, bis eine günstigste Lösung gefunden wurde, verwenden informierte Suchalgorithmen eine Heuristik zur Abschätzung der Suchrichtung. Oftmals wird bei informierten Algorithmen ein Verlust der Optimalität zugunsten einer verbesserten Rechenzeit in Kauf genommen. Es exisitieren jedoch auch Heurstiken, die eine optimale Lösung gewährleisten. -Eine besondere Art von Suchalgorithmen stellen die sogenannten Greedy-Algorithmen, zu deutsch gierige Algorithmen, dar. Sie zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass stets der günstigste Weg verfolgt wird und davon ausgehend der darauffolgende, günstigste Folgezustand ausgewählt wird. Am Beispiel eines Verkehrsnetzes ist somit gewährleistet, dass beim Antreffen des Zielknotens auch der günstigste Pfad gefunden wurde. +Eine besondere Art von Suchalgorithmen stellen die sogenannten Greedy-Algorithmen, zu deutsch gierige Algorithmen, dar. Sie zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie stets den zurzeit günstigsten Folgezustand auswählen. Dadurch sind sie in der Regel äusserst effizient, garantieren bei vielen Problemstellungen jedoch keine optimale Lösung. \subsection{Dijkstra-Algorithmus} -Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Informatikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Er gehört zur Klasse der uninformierten Greedy-Algorithmen. Zudem ist die Optimalität bei strikter Positivität des Graphen gewährleistet. -Vorteilhaft ist die einfache Implementierung. Abhängig von der Programmiersprache sind zwischen 30 und 40 Zeilen an Code ausreichend, damit er den kürzesten Pfad zwischen einem Startknoten $a$ und Zielknoten $b$ finden kann. Die für dieses Paper verwendete Funktion verwendet eine abgewandelte Form der gewichteten Adjazenz-Matrix $A$, für welche gilt: -Der Matrix-Eintrag $A_{i,j}$ weist das Kantengewicht der Kante von Knoten $j$ nach $i$ auf. Falls keine Kante zwischen $j$ und $i$ vorhanden ist, beträgt der Eintrag $\infty$. Dies vereinfacht die Implementierung zur Bestimmung des nächst-günstigsten Pfades. +Der Algorithmus von Dijkstra ist benannt nach seinem Erfinder dem Mathematik- und Informatikprofessor Edsger Dijkstra. Er gehört zur Klasse der uninformierten Greedy-Algorithmen. Zudem ist die Optimalität bei strikt positiven Kantengewichten gewährleistet. +Vorteilhaft ist die einfache Implementierung. Abhängig von der Programmiersprache sind zwischen 30 und 40 Zeilen an Code ausreichend, damit er den kürzesten Pfad zwischen einem Startknoten $a$ und Zielknoten $b$ finden kann. + +Die für dieses Paper verwendete programmierte Funktion (MATLAB) verwendet eine abgewandelte Form der gewichteten Adjazenz-Matrix $A$, für welche gilt: +Der Matrix-Eintrag $A_{i,j}$ enthält das Kantengewicht der Kante von Knoten $j$ nach $i$ auf. Falls keine Kante zwischen $j$ und $i$ vorhanden ist, beträgt der Eintrag $\infty$. Dies vereinfacht die Implementierung zur Bestimmung des nächst-günstigsten Pfades. Zudem werden zwei Hilfs-Vektoren $\vec{d}$ und $\vec{b}$ der Länge $n$ eingeführt, wobei $n$ die Anzahl Knoten des Graphen ist. Im Vektoreintrag $\vec{d}(i)$ wird das kummulierte Kantengewicht zur Erreichung von Knoten $i$ vom Startknoten $a$ gespeichert. Der Eintrag $\vec{d}(a)$ beträgt somit $0$. Im Vektor $\vec{b}$ wird zudem vermerkt, falls ein Knoten bereits als Ziel eines kürzesten Pfads gefunden wurde und somit für die weitere Suche nicht mehr berücksichtigt werden muss ($\vec{b}(i)=1$, sonst $\vec{b}(i)=0$). Ausgehend vom Startknoten $a$ wird nun anhand der Matrix $A$ in der Spalte $a$ nach dem kleinsten Eintrag gesucht. Somit wird der Folgeknoten $c$ gefunden. Dieser Vorgang wird nun wiederholt, wobei jedoch sämtliche von Knoten $a$ und $c$ erreichbaren Knoten berücksichtigt werden, die noch nicht besucht wurden. In anderen Worten alle nicht verschwindenden Einträge $i$ der Spalten $a$ und $c$ der Matrix $A$, für welche gilt $\vec{b}(i)=0$. Ausschlaggebend für die folgende Auswahl ist die Summe der kummulierten Kantengewichte und des Kantengewichts des nächsten Knotens. Als Beispiel zur Erreichung von Knoten $k$ über Knoten $j$: \begin{equation} \vec{d}(k)=\vec{d}(j)+A(k,j) \end{equation} -Diese Iteration wird solang durchgeführt, bis der Folgeknoten dem Zielknoten entspricht. +Diese Iteration wird solange durchgeführt, bis der Folgeknoten dem Zielknoten entspricht. \subsection{A*-Algorithmus} Der A*-Algorithmus basiert auf dem Dijkstra-Algorithmus, verwendet jedoch eine Heuristik zur Abschätzung der günstigsten Suchrichtung. Somit handelt es sich um einen informierten Greedy-Algorithmus, der abhängig von der verwendeten Heuristik auch optimal sein kann. Er wurde von Peter Hart, Nils Nilsson und Bertram Raphael entwickelt. @@ -32,17 +34,22 @@ Der A*-Algorithmus basiert auf dem Dijkstra-Algorithmus, verwendet jedoch eine H \subsection{Anwendung A*-Algorithmus} Wie oben erwähnt basiert der A*-Algorithmus auf dem Shortest-Path-Algorithmus von Dijkstra. Gemäss dem Algorihtmus von Dijkstra werden von einem Startknoten aus die jeweiligen Nachbarknoten, die Nachbarknoten der Nachbarknoten usw. verarbeitet. Die Kantengewichte werden dabei aufsummiert und die Priorität wird auf die Kante gelegt, die das geringste Gewicht aufweist. Mit diesem Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass die erste gefundene Lösung auch eine optimale Lösung darstellt.\\ -Der A*-Algorithmus unterscheidet sich vom Dijkstra-Algorithmus dahingehend, dass bei der Auswahl des Folgeknotens, nicht nur die Summe der Kantengewichte $\vec{d}(j)+A(k,j)$, sondern zusätzlich die für jeden Knoten definierte Abschätzfunktion $f(k)$ hinzuaddiert wird. Dies passiert jedoch nur bei der \emph{Auswahl} des Folgeknotens. Der Wert von $f(k)$ wird nicht im Eintrag $\vec{d}(k)$ gespeichert. Somit wird gewährleistet, dass der gefundene Pfad, der Summe der Kantengewichte entspricht. +Der A*-Algorithmus unterscheidet sich vom Dijkstra-Algorithmus dahingehend, dass bei der Auswahl des Folgeknotens, nicht nur die Summe der Kantengewichte $\vec{d}(j)+A(k,j)$, sondern zusätzlich die für jeden Knoten definierte Abschätzfunktion $f(k)$ hinzuaddiert wird. Dies passiert jedoch nur bei der \emph{Auswahl} des Folgeknotens. Der Wert von $f(k)$ wird nicht im Eintrag $\vec{d}(k)$ gespeichert. Somit wird gewährleistet, dass der gefundene Pfad, der Summe der Kantengewichte entspricht. Ein Beispiel dafür, wie eine Abschätzfunktion gebildet werden kann findet sich in Abschnitt \ref{sec:verkehr/euklidische} \subsection{Euklidische Heuristik} +\label{sec:verkehr/euklidische} Bei Verkehrsnetzen ist die euklidische Distanz eine gängige und zuverlässige Heurstik. Dabei wird zu den effektiven Reisekosten zum aktuellen Knoten die euklidische Distanz bis zum Zielknoten hinzuaddiert. Dadurch wird die Kostenfunktion konsequent nie überschätzt. Dies stellt eine Voraussetzung an eine zulässige Heuristik dar. Unter Verwendung dieser Heuristik gilt der A*-Algorithmus als optimal. +Bei der euklidischen Heuristik wird die Abschätzfunktion $f(k)$ für jeden Knoten $k$ durch euklidische Distanz zum Zielknoten $b$ gebildet. +\begin{equation} +f(k)=\sqrt{(x_k-x_b)^2+(y_k-y_b)^2} +\end{equation} + Was bei einem physischen Verkehrsnetz einfach zu bewältigen ist, da Koordinaten von Verkehrsnetzen zur Berechnung der Distanz verwendet werden können, ist bei virtuellen Netzwerken (z.B. Servernetzen) entweder nicht möglich, oder nicht relevant. Hier können hingegen andere Eigenschaften des Netzwerks verwendet werden, auf welche in diesem Paper nicht weiter eingegangen wird. \subsection{Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus, auch Tripel-Algorithmus genannt, wurde erstmals im Jahr 1962 von seinen Namensgebern Robert Floyd und Stephen Warshall vorgestellt. -Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die günstigsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph aber keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. -Ein Kreis (Zyklus) in einem Graphen ist ein Weg, bei dem Start- und Endpunkt den gleichen Knoten aufweisen. Dieser wird negativ, wenn die Summe der gewichteten Kanten kleiner als Null wird.\\ +Der Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus sucht kürzeste Wege innerhalb eines Graphen. Er ermittelt aber nicht nur die Distanz zwischen zwei Knoten, sondern berechnet die kürzesten Wege zwischen allen Knotenpaaren eines gewichteten Graphen. Somit werden die günstigsten Wege zwischen allen Paaren von Knoten berechnet. Der Floyd-Warhshall-Algrithmus kann ausserdem mit negativen Kantengewichten umgehen, sofern der Graph keinen negativen Kreis (Zyklus) aufweist. Ein Kreis, sprich ein Weg mit identischem Start- und Zielknoten, ist negativ, falls die Summe der Kantengewichte des Weges kleiner als null ist. Ist dies der Fall, führt der Algorithmus zu einem falschen Ergebnis. \subsection{Anwendung Floyd-Warshall-Algorithmus} @@ -53,7 +60,7 @@ Dabei versucht er in jeder Iteration alle Wege von $i$ nach $j$ durch die Wege $ Falls dieser mögliche Umweg zu einer Verbesserung führt, wird der entsprechende Eintrag aktualisiert. Die aktuelle Gewichtung der Pfade wird mit -\begin{equation}d[i, j]=min[d[i,j], d[i,k] + d[k,i]]\end{equation} +\begin{equation}d[i, j]=\min[d[i,j], d[i,k] + d[k,i]]\end{equation} ermittelt. @@ -62,10 +69,7 @@ ermittelt. Der PageRank-Algorithmus wurde von den Gründern von Google, Larry Page und Sergey Brin im Jahr 1996 entwickelt und zum Patent angemeldet. Zwei Jahre später gründeten sie ihr Unternehmen Google Inc. Beim PageRank-Algorithmus handelt es sich nicht um einen Suchalgorithmus, stattdessen werden Knoten aufgrund der Vernetzung des vorliegenden Graphen bewertet. Verwendet wird er beispielsweise um die Verlinkungsstruktur verschiedener Websites des World Wide Web anhand ihrer Struktur zu bewerten und relevante Suchergebnisse zu ermittteln. Der PageRank wird umso höher, je mehr hochwertige Links auf eine Webseite verweisen und je höher die Gewichtung einer Webseite ist, desto grösser ist der Effekt.\\ -Dabei handelt es sich um einen iterativen Prozess. Ausgegangen wird von der Adjazenz-Matrix $A$, für welche gilt. - -%THEORIE... -Grundsätzlich setzt sich der PageRank Algorithmus mit der Fragestellung auseinander, wie eine Suchmaschine wie Google Suchresultate bewertet und somit sortieren soll. Öfters aufgerufene Resultate sollen schliesslich höher gewichtet werden. Dabei wird angenommen, dass eine Website populärer ist, je mehr andere Websites darauf verweisen. +Dabei handelt es sich um einen iterativen Prozess. Ausgegangen wird von der Adjazenz-Matrix $A$, für welche folgendes gilt: \begin{equation} A_{i,j}=\left\{ \begin{matrix} @@ -75,13 +79,17 @@ A_{i,j}=\left\{ \begin{matrix} \label{verkehr:Adja} \end{equation} +%THEORIE... +Grundsätzlich setzt sich der PageRank Algorithmus mit der Fragestellung auseinander, wie eine Suchmaschine wie Google Suchresultate bewertet und somit sortieren soll. Öfters aufgerufene Resultate sollen schliesslich höher gewichtet werden. Dabei wird angenommen, dass eine Website populärer ist, je mehr andere Websites darauf verweisen. + + -Für ungerichtete Graphen mit $n$ Knoten gilt \begin{equation}A_{i,j}=A_{j,i}\end{equation} und weiter \begin{equation}A_{i,i}=0\quad\forall i\in \left\{1...n\right\}\end{equation} +Für ungerichtete Graphen mit $n$ Knoten gilt \begin{equation}A_{i,j}=A_{j,i}\end{equation} und weiter \begin{equation}A_{i,i}=0\quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dot n\right\}\end{equation} Beim PageRank-Algorithmus wird eine abgewandelte Form der Adjazenz-Matrix verwendet. Dabei werden die Matrix-Einträge spaltenweise durch die jeweilige Spaltensumme geteilt. \begin{equation} P_{i,j}=\frac{A_{i,j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}A_{i,j}} \end{equation} Anschliessend multipliziert man diese Matrix $P$ mit einem Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_0}$ mit $n$ Einträgen, für welchen gilt: -\begin{equation} \Vec{r_0}(i) = \frac{1}{n} \quad\forall i\in \left\{1...n\right\} \end{equation} +\begin{equation} \Vec{r_0}(i) = \frac{1}{n} \quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dot n\right\} \end{equation} Dieser Vektor stellt ein neutrales Ranking dar. Alle Knoten werden gleich gewichtet. Dadurch erhält man wiederum einen $n$-zeiligen Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_1}$, der das "erste" Ranking darstellt. Durch Multiplikation der ursprünglichen Matrix $P$ mit dem 1. Ranking-Vektor $\Vec{r_1}$ wird auf Basis des ersten Rankings ein zweites erstellt. \begin{equation} \Vec{r_2} = P\cdot\Vec{r_1} = P\cdot(P\cdot\Vec{r_0}) = P^2\cdot\Vec{r_0}\end{equation} -- cgit v1.2.1 From c1d43d16b948505cc25d8eb740a393170a28a7f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 20:51:44 +0200 Subject: diverse Anpassungen --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 6d05dc0..416e311 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ Grundsätzlich setzt sich der PageRank Algorithmus mit der Fragestellung auseina Für ungerichtete Graphen mit $n$ Knoten gilt \begin{equation}A_{i,j}=A_{j,i}\end{equation} und weiter \begin{equation}A_{i,i}=0\quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dot n\right\}\end{equation} Beim PageRank-Algorithmus wird eine abgewandelte Form der Adjazenz-Matrix verwendet. Dabei werden die Matrix-Einträge spaltenweise durch die jeweilige Spaltensumme geteilt. -\begin{equation} P_{i,j}=\frac{A_{i,j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}A_{i,j}} \end{equation} +\[ P_{i,j}=\frac{A_{i,j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}A_{i,j}} \] Anschliessend multipliziert man diese Matrix $P$ mit einem Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_0}$ mit $n$ Einträgen, für welchen gilt: -\begin{equation} \Vec{r_0}(i) = \frac{1}{n} \quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dot n\right\} \end{equation} +\[ \Vec{r_0}(i) = \frac{1}{n} \quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dot n\right\} \] Dieser Vektor stellt ein neutrales Ranking dar. Alle Knoten werden gleich gewichtet. -Dadurch erhält man wiederum einen $n$-zeiligen Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_1}$, der das "erste" Ranking darstellt. Durch Multiplikation der ursprünglichen Matrix $P$ mit dem 1. Ranking-Vektor $\Vec{r_1}$ wird auf Basis des ersten Rankings ein zweites erstellt. -\begin{equation} \Vec{r_2} = P\cdot\Vec{r_1} = P\cdot(P\cdot\Vec{r_0}) = P^2\cdot\Vec{r_0}\end{equation} +Dadurch erhält man wiederum einen $n$-zeiligen Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_1}$, der das ``erste" Ranking darstellt. Durch Multiplikation der ursprünglichen Matrix $P$ mit dem 1. Ranking-Vektor $\Vec{r_1}$ wird auf Basis des ersten Rankings ein zweites erstellt. +\[ \Vec{r_2} = P\cdot\Vec{r_1} = P\cdot(P\cdot\Vec{r_0}) = P^2\cdot\Vec{r_0}\] somit \begin{equation} \Vec{r_i} = P^i\cdot\Vec{r_0}\end{equation} -Der Vektor $\Vec{r_i}$ konvergiert zu einem Eigenvektor von $P$ und stellt das abschliessende Ranking dar. +Der Vektor $\Vec{r_i}$ konvergiert zu einem Eigenvektor von $P$ der das abschliessende Ranking darstellt. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 16084eb844ae3595fc1799feab78b96d0c977306 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 20:52:46 +0200 Subject: diverse Anpassungen --- buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex index 4de0b24..527885e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section2.tex @@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ Um zwei der vorgestellten Suchalgorithmen zu vergleichen, wurden zwei Versuchsreihen erstellt. Dazu wurden in einem ersten Schritt zufällige Netzwerke generiert und anschliessend der Dijkstra- und der A*-Algorithmus auf das Netzwerk angewandt. Dieser Vorgang wurde für die zufällig generierten Netzwerke mit einer Knotenzahl von 10, 20 50, 100, 200, 500 und 1000 je zehnmal wiederholt. -Die Anzahl der Knoten im abgesuchten Netzwerk wirkt sich direkt auf die Rechenzeit aus. Der \emph{Dijkstra}-Algorithmus weist eine Zeitkomplexität von $\mathcal{O}(E\log{}V)$ auf, wobei $E$ die Menge der Kanten (engl. \emph{edges}) und $V$ die Menge der Knoten (engl. \emph{vertices}) des Graphen $G$ darstellt. -Für den A*-Algorithmus ist die Zeitkomplexität einerseits abhängig von der verwendeten Heuristik, andererseits aber auch vom vorliegenden Netzwerk selbst. Aus diesem Grund lässt sich keine defintive Angabe zur Zeitkomplexität machen. +Die Anzahl der Knoten im abgesuchten Netzwerk wirkt sich direkt auf die Rechenzeit aus. Der \emph{Dijkstra}-Algorithmus weist eine Zeitkomplexität von $\mathcal{O}(|E|\log{}|V|)$ auf, wobei $E$ die Menge der Kanten (engl. \emph{edges}) und $V$ die Menge der Knoten (engl. \emph{vertices}) des Graphen $G$ darstellt. +Für den A*-Algorithmus ist die Zeitkomplexität einerseits abhängig von der verwendeten Heuristik, andererseits aber auch vom vorliegenden Netzwerk selbst. Aus diesem Grund lässt sich keine definitive Angabe zur Zeitkomplexität machen. Die beiden Versuchsreihen unterscheiden sich zudem dahingehend, dass der Start- und Zielknoten bei der ersten Versuchsreihe im Netzwerk diametral gegenüber liegen. Dadurch gehen viele Knoten verloren, welcher \emph{Dijkstra} als uninformierter Suchalgorithmus absuchen würde. In der zweiten Veruschsreihe werden hingegen Start- un Zielpunkt zufällig im Netzwerk ausgewählt. Es wird deshalb erwartet, dass die Unterschiede in der Rechenzeit der beiden Algorithmen in der zweiten Versuchsreihe deutlich ausgeprägter sind. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 3875ac2b8df9145a66e9f6fcf34e77eb3bc2d072 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nunigan Date: Tue, 27 Jul 2021 22:01:05 +0200 Subject: added first part of paper and code --- buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile | 0 buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile.inc | 7 +- buch/papers/multiplikation/code/Figure_1.png | Bin 0 -> 144173 bytes buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM | Bin 0 -> 26848 bytes buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM.c | 465 + buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM.py | 311 + .../code/__pycache__/MM.cpython-38.pyc | Bin 0 -> 4160 bytes buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_matrix.h | 101 + buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_1024.pdf | Bin 0 -> 16748 bytes buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_128.pdf | Bin 0 -> 16454 bytes buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_16.pdf | Bin 0 -> 16376 bytes 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buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo_graph.fdb_latexmk create mode 100644 buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo_graph.fls create mode 100755 buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo_graph.pdf create mode 100755 buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo_graph.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile b/buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile.inc old mode 100644 new mode 100755 index b78d67e..074020f --- a/buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/Makefile.inc @@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ dependencies-multiplikation = \ papers/multiplikation/packages.tex \ papers/multiplikation/main.tex \ papers/multiplikation/references.bib \ - papers/multiplikation/teil0.tex \ - papers/multiplikation/teil1.tex \ - papers/multiplikation/teil2.tex \ - papers/multiplikation/teil3.tex + papers/multiplikation/einlteung.tex \ + papers/multiplikation/loesungsmethoden.tex \ + papers/multiplikation/problemstellung.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/Figure_1.png b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/Figure_1.png new file mode 100755 index 0000000..9def15a Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/Figure_1.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM new file mode 100755 index 0000000..f07985f Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM.c b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM.c new file mode 100755 index 0000000..04c4dab --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/MM.c @@ -0,0 +1,465 @@ +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include "c_matrix.h" +#include +#include + +void MM(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); +void openMP_MM(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); +void winograd(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); +int winograd_inner(int *a, int *b, int n); +void run_algo(void (*algo)(), char alog_name[], int print); +void run_algo_cblas(int print); +void MM_dc(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); +void strassen(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); +void printMatrix(int *C, int n); +void printMatrix_double(double *C, int n); +void split(int *in, int *out, int n, int col, int row); +void join(int *in, int *out, int n, int col, int row); +void add(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); +void sub(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); +void multiply(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n); + +int main() { + // omp_set_dynamic(0); + // omp_set_num_threads(4); +// run_algo(openMP_MM, "openMP_MM",0); + run_algo(MM_dc, "MM_dc",0); + run_algo(strassen, "strassen",0); + + run_algo(MM, "MM", 0); + // run_algo(winograd, "winograd", 0); + run_algo_cblas(0); + + return 0; +} + +void MM(int *A, int *B, int *C, int n) { + for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { + for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) { + int sum = 0; + for (int k = 0; k < n; ++k) { + sum += (*((A + i * n) + k)) * (*((B + k * n) + j)); + } + *((C + i * n) + j) = sum; + } + } +} + +int winograd_inner(int *a, int *b, int n){ + int ab = 0; + if(n%2==0) + { + int xi = 0; + int etha = 0; + for(int i = 0; i +const int A0[][2] = + { + {-15,68}, + {49,86} + }; +const int B0[][2] = + { + {33,73}, + {38,-76} + }; +const double dB0[][2] = + { + {33,73}, + {38,-76} + }; +const double dA0[][2] = + { + {-15,68}, + {49,86} + }; +const int A1[][4] = + { + {75,-38,-32,-65}, + {37,74,-31,29}, + {15,-62,-20,-20}, + {-31,-35,-89,47} + }; +const int B1[][4] = + { + {71,90,78,-98}, + {4,63,12,-47}, + {11,-44,75,-69}, + {95,-15,64,23} + }; +const double dB1[][4] = + { + {71,90,78,-98}, + {4,63,12,-47}, + {11,-44,75,-69}, + {95,-15,64,23} + }; +const double dA1[][4] = + { + {75,-38,-32,-65}, + {37,74,-31,29}, + {15,-62,-20,-20}, + {-31,-35,-89,47} + }; +const int A2[][8] = + { + {80,42,3,-16,6,55,87,16}, + {-99,-14,21,-1,-94,-56,91,10}, + {-47,-55,-59,62,12,-53,87,-65}, + {-60,94,-67,23,-62,33,-63,-72}, + {12,-75,16,21,22,-37,1,16}, + {-100,-99,82,-66,2,64,-13,44}, + {59,-100,-90,8,36,-24,18,88}, + {73,-58,75,-100,-19,-29,85,-19} + }; +const int B2[][8] = + { + {-61,88,69,49,-53,47,73,45}, + {16,14,-88,-11,-67,-73,-20,43}, + {-60,-63,26,32,-29,18,-44,-69}, + {1,21,21,38,7,-100,-61,-76}, + {-90,95,-99,88,49,-80,27,-36}, + {24,-12,-47,-7,29,15,52,37}, + {-98,-76,29,76,-41,-75,97,79}, + {62,-90,-35,-14,-30,-42,-95,52} + }; +const double dB2[][8] = + { + {-61,88,69,49,-53,47,73,45}, + {16,14,-88,-11,-67,-73,-20,43}, + {-60,-63,26,32,-29,18,-44,-69}, + {1,21,21,38,7,-100,-61,-76}, + {-90,95,-99,88,49,-80,27,-36}, + {24,-12,-47,-7,29,15,52,37}, + {-98,-76,29,76,-41,-75,97,79}, + {62,-90,-35,-14,-30,-42,-95,52} + }; +const double dA2[][8] = + { + {80,42,3,-16,6,55,87,16}, + {-99,-14,21,-1,-94,-56,91,10}, + {-47,-55,-59,62,12,-53,87,-65}, + {-60,94,-67,23,-62,33,-63,-72}, + {12,-75,16,21,22,-37,1,16}, + {-100,-99,82,-66,2,64,-13,44}, + {59,-100,-90,8,36,-24,18,88}, + {73,-58,75,-100,-19,-29,85,-19} + }; +const int *Ap[3] = {(int*) A0,(int*) A1,(int*) A2}; +const int *Bp[3] = {(int*) B0,(int*) B1,(int*) B2}; +const double *dAp[3] = {(double*) dA0,(double*) dA1,(double*) dA2}; +const double *dBp[3] = {(double*) dB0,(double*) dB1,(double*) dB2}; +int n[3] = {2,4,8}; +int n_arrays = 3; diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_1024.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_1024.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95b68b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_1024.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_128.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_128.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56b9200 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_128.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_16.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/c_meas_16.pdf 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@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Fri Mar 12 09:02:48 2021 + +@author: nunigan +""" + +from datetime import datetime +import numpy as np + +class Helper(): + def __init__(self): + pass + + def write_c_matrix(self, n_array): + + with open('c_matrix.h', 'w') as file: + file.writelines('/* Seminar Matrizen, autogenerated File, Michael Schmid, {} */ \n \n'.format(datetime.now().strftime("%d/%m/%Y, %H:%M:%S"))) + + file.writelines('#include \n') + + + + for k, n in enumerate(n_array): + A = np.random.randint(-100,100,(n,n)) + B = np.random.randint(-100,100,(n,n)) + file.writelines('const int A{}[][{}] = \n'.format(k, n)) + file.writelines(' {\n') + for i in range(n): + file.writelines(' {') + for j in range(n): + if j == n-1: + file.writelines('{}'.format(A[i,j])) + else: + file.writelines('{},'.format(A[i,j])) + if i == n-1: + file.writelines('}\n') + else: + file.writelines('},\n') + + file.writelines(' };\n') + + file.writelines('const int B{}[][{}] = \n'.format(k,n)) + file.writelines(' {\n') + for i in range(n): + file.writelines(' {') + for j in range(n): + if j == n-1: + file.writelines('{}'.format(B[i,j])) + else: + file.writelines('{},'.format(B[i,j])) + if i == n-1: + file.writelines('}\n') + else: + file.writelines('},\n') + + file.writelines(' };\n') + + file.writelines('const double dB{}[][{}] = \n'.format(k,n)) + file.writelines(' {\n') + for i in range(n): + file.writelines(' {') + for j in range(n): + if j == n-1: + file.writelines('{}'.format(B[i,j])) + else: + file.writelines('{},'.format(B[i,j])) + if i == n-1: + file.writelines('}\n') + else: + file.writelines('},\n') + + file.writelines(' };\n') + + file.writelines('const double dA{}[][{}] = \n'.format(k,n)) + file.writelines(' {\n') + for i in range(n): + file.writelines(' {') + for j in range(n): + if j == n-1: + file.writelines('{}'.format(A[i,j])) + else: + file.writelines('{},'.format(A[i,j])) + if i == n-1: + file.writelines('}\n') + else: + file.writelines('},\n') + + file.writelines(' };\n') + + file.writelines('const int *Ap[{}] = {{{}}}; \n'.format(len(n_array),",".join(['(int*) A'+str(element) for element in np.arange(len(n_array))]))) + file.writelines('const int *Bp[{}] = {{{}}}; \n'.format(len(n_array),",".join(['(int*) B'+str(element) for element in np.arange(len(n_array))]))) + file.writelines('const double *dAp[{}] = {{{}}}; \n'.format(len(n_array),",".join(['(double*) dA'+str(element) for element in np.arange(len(n_array))]))) + file.writelines('const double *dBp[{}] = {{{}}}; \n'.format(len(n_array),",".join(['(double*) dB'+str(element) for element in np.arange(len(n_array))]))) + file.writelines('int n[{}] = {{{}}}; \n'.format(len(n_array),",".join([str(element) for element in n_array]))) + file.writelines('int n_arrays = {};\n'.format(len(n_array))) + +# test%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +if __name__ == '__main__': + + helper = Helper() + # n = np.arange(2,10) + n = np.logspace(1,3,3,base=2,dtype=(np.int)) + C = helper.write_c_matrix(n) diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/MM.txt b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/MM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a0cd5d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/MM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +0.000000,2 +0.000000,4 +0.000002,8 +0.000011,16 +0.000080,32 +0.000653,64 +0.005397,128 +0.045147,256 +0.487710,512 +3.964180,1024 +128.863544,2048 +996.370209,4096 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/MM_dc.txt b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/MM_dc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d5580a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/MM_dc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +0.000006,2 +0.000007,4 +0.000035,8 +0.000228,16 +0.001310,32 +0.007204,64 +0.034338,128 +0.267511,256 +2.131212,512 +17.177403,1024 +146.112874,2048 +1156.777565,4096 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/blas.txt b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/blas.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b7cd0b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/blas.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +0.000001,2 +0.000000,4 +0.000001,8 +0.000003,16 +0.000021,32 +0.000164,64 +0.001240,128 +0.009657,256 +0.072523,512 +0.735149,1024 +6.895747,2048 +56.812183,4096 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/strassen.txt b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/strassen.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89cf41a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/strassen.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +0.000000,2 +0.000003,4 +0.000010,8 +0.000086,16 +0.000476,32 +0.003366,64 +0.025547,128 +0.184593,256 +1.248713,512 +9.007700,1024 +61.079879,2048 +424.493037,4096 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/test/4096/MM.txt b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/test/4096/MM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25e40e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/code/meas/test/4096/MM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +0.000000,2 +0.000000,4 +0.000002,8 +0.000011,16 +0.000100,32 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created by tikzplotlib v0.9.8. +\begin{tikzpicture} + +\definecolor{color0}{rgb}{0.886274509803922,0.290196078431373,0.2} +\definecolor{color1}{rgb}{0.203921568627451,0.541176470588235,0.741176470588235} +\definecolor{color2}{rgb}{0.596078431372549,0.556862745098039,0.835294117647059} +\definecolor{color3}{rgb}{0.984313725490196,0.756862745098039,0.368627450980392} + +\begin{axis}[ +axis background/.style={fill=white!89.8039215686275!black}, +axis line style={white}, +legend cell align={left}, +legend style={ + fill opacity=0.8, + draw opacity=1, + text opacity=1, + at={(0.03,0.97)}, + anchor=north west, + draw=white!80!black, + fill=white!89.8039215686275!black +}, +tick align=outside, +tick pos=left, +x grid style={white}, +xlabel={n}, +xmajorgrids, +xmin=-4.3, xmax=134.3, +xtick style={color=white!33.3333333333333!black}, +y grid style={white}, +ylabel={time (s)}, +ymajorgrids, +ymin=-0.0834965705871582, ymax=1.75356960296631, +ytick style={color=white!33.3333333333333!black} +] +\addplot [line width=2pt, color0] +table {% +2 1.57356262207031e-05 +4 5.96046447753906e-05 +8 0.000428915023803711 +16 0.00276041030883789 +32 0.0217020511627197 +64 0.160412073135376 +128 1.3419406414032 +}; +\addlegendentry{Standard MM} +\addplot [line width=2pt, color1] +table {% +2 6.43730163574219e-06 +4 6.69956207275391e-05 +8 0.00048065185546875 +16 0.00336766242980957 +32 0.0257236957550049 +64 0.231612205505371 +128 1.67006659507751 +}; +\addlegendentry{Divide and conquer MM} +\addplot [line width=2pt, color2] +table {% +2 2.90870666503906e-05 +4 0.000133275985717773 +8 0.000703096389770508 +16 0.00453472137451172 +32 0.0282893180847168 +64 0.181003332138062 +128 1.40816903114319 +}; +\addlegendentry{Strassen MM} +\addplot [line width=2pt, white!46.6666666666667!black] +table {% +2 2.19345092773438e-05 +4 9.01222229003906e-05 +8 0.000406503677368164 +16 0.00258469581604004 +32 0.0171687602996826 +64 0.126588344573975 +128 1.02698183059692 +}; +\addlegendentry{Winograd MM} +\addplot [line width=2pt, color3] +table {% +2 1.45435333251953e-05 +4 1.1444091796875e-05 +8 7.39097595214844e-06 +16 1.28746032714844e-05 +32 2.83718109130859e-05 +64 0.000111103057861328 +128 0.000159025192260742 +}; +\addlegendentry{np MM} +\end{axis} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/einlteung.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/einlteung.tex new file mode 100755 index 0000000..bc4bfcf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/einlteung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Einleitung \label{multiplikation:section:einleitung}} +\rhead{Einleitung} + +Die Multiplikation zweier Matrizen ist eine wichtige Operation die in verschiedensten Teilen der Mathematik Anwendung findet. +Die Beschreibung der Multiplikation aus der Definition 2.10 (\textcolor{blue} {Kein Hyperlink zu einer Definition?)}: + +Eine $m\times n$-Matrix $\mathbf{A}\in M_{m\times n}(\Bbbk)$ und eine +$n\times p$-Matrix $\mathbf{B}\in M_{n\times l}(\Bbbk)$ haben als Produkt +eine $n\times l$-Matrix $\mathbf{C}=\mathbf{AB}\in M_{n\times l}(\Bbbk)$ mit den +Koeffizienten +\begin{equation} +c_{ij} = \sum_{k=1}^n a_{ik} b_{kj}. +\label{multiplikation:eq:MM} +\end{equation} +Grafisch kann die Matrizenmultiplikation $AB=C$ wie in \ref{multiplikation:fig:mm_viz} visualisiert werden. +\begin{figure} + \center + \includegraphics[]{papers/multiplikation/images/mm_visualisation} + \caption{Matrizen Multiplikation} + \label{multiplikation:fig:mm_viz} +\end{figure} +Im Fall einer Matrizengr\"osse von $2\times 2$ +\begin{equation} + \begin{bmatrix} +A_{11} & A_{12}\\ +A_{21} & A_{22} +\end{bmatrix} +\begin{bmatrix} +B_{11} & B_{12}\\ +B_{21} & B_{22} +\end{bmatrix} += +\begin{bmatrix} +C_{11} & C_{12}\\ +C_{21} & C_{22} +\end{bmatrix} +\end{equation} +kann die Gleichung der einzelnen Terme +\begin{equation} \label{multiplikation:eq:MM_exp} +\begin{split} +C_{11} &= A_{11} \cdot B_{11} + A_{12} \cdot B_{21}\\ +C_{12} &= A_{11} \cdot B_{12} + A_{12} \cdot B_{22}\\ +C_{21} &= A_{21} \cdot B_{11} + A_{22} \cdot B_{21}\\ +C_{22} &= A_{21} \cdot B_{12} + A_{22} \cdot B_{22} +\end{split} +\end{equation} +explizit geschrieben werden. diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/bigo.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/bigo.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfa2ba4 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/bigo.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/bigo.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/bigo.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3293e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/bigo.tex @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +\documentclass[border=10pt,varwidth]{standalone} +\usepackage[left=25mm,right=25mm,top=25mm,bottom=25mm]{geometry} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{geometry} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathrsfs} +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amsthm} +\usepackage{lipsum} +\usepackage{amscd} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +\usepackage{textcomp} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[all]{xy} +\usepackage{paralist} +\usepackage[colorlinks=true]{hyperref} +\usepackage{array} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{slashed} +\usepackage{pdfpages} +\usepackage{cite} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,matrix,positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{overlay-beamer-styles} +\usetikzlibrary{matrix.skeleton} +\usetikzlibrary{automata,positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text} +\usepackage{listings} +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{color} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{tikzpicture} +\begin{axis}[ + axis lines = left, + xlabel = $n$ (Data Input), + ylabel = {$t$ (time)}, + legend pos=north east, + very thick, + ymax = 500, + yticklabels=\empty, + xticklabels=\empty, + scale only axis=true, + width=12cm, height=6cm, + ] +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=red, +] +{1}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(1)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=green, +] +{x}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=blue, +] +{x^2}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n^2)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:10, + samples=100, + color=purple, +] +{x^3}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n^3)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:10, + samples=100, + color=black, +] +{exp(x)}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(e^n)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=orange, +] +{log2(x)}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(\log n)$} + +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=gray, +] +{x*log2(x)}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n \log n)$} +\end{axis} +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/mm_visualisation.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/mm_visualisation.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9309df1 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/mm_visualisation.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/mm_visualisation.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/mm_visualisation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e8f789 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/mm_visualisation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + + \begin{tikzpicture}[ampersand replacement=\&] + + \matrix (A)[matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] at (0,0) + { + A_{1,1} \& \cdots \& A_{1,k} \& \cdots \& A_{1,n} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + A_{i,1} \& \cdots \& A_{i,k} \& \cdots \& A_{i,n} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + A_{m,1} \& \cdots \& A_{m,k} \& \cdots \& A_{m,n} \\ + }; + + \node [right=0.1 of A] (mul) {$\cdot$}; + + + \matrix (B)[right=0.1 of mul, matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] + { + B_{1,1} \& \cdots \& B_{1,j} \& \cdots \& B_{1,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + B_{k,1} \& \cdots \& B_{k,j} \& \cdots \& B_{k,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + B_{n,1} \& \cdots \& B_{n,j} \& \cdots \& B_{n,p} \\ + }; + + \node [right=0.1 of B] (eq) {$=$}; + + \matrix (C)[right=0.1 of eq, matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] + { + C_{1,1} \& \cdots \& C_{1,j} \& \cdots \& C_{1,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + C_{i,1} \& \cdots \& C_{i,j} \& \cdots \& C_{i,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + C_{m,1} \& \cdots \& C_{m,j} \& \cdots \& C_{m,p} \\ + }; + + + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=2pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(A-3-1)(A-3-5)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=2pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=blue, fit=(B-1-3)(B-5-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=2pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(C-3-3)] {}; + + + \end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/strassen.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/images/strassen.pdf new file mode 100644 index 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+\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,matrix,positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{overlay-beamer-styles} +\usetikzlibrary{matrix.skeleton} +\usetikzlibrary{automata,positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text} +\usepackage{listings} +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{color} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[ampersand replacement=\&] + +\foreach \i in {1,...,4} +{ + \small{ + \matrix (X\i)[matrix of math nodes,nodes in empty cells, + nodes = {draw, minimum size=10mm, + anchor=center, + inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}, + column sep=-\pgflinewidth, + row sep=-\pgflinewidth, + ] at (0,-\i*5) + { + A_{11}B_{11} \& A_{12}B_{11} \& A_{21}B_{11} \& A_{22}B_{11} \\ + A_{11}B_{21} \& A_{12}B_{21} \& A_{21}B_{21} \& A_{22}B_{21} \\ + A_{11}B_{11} \& A_{12}B_{12} \& A_{21}B_{12} \& A_{22}B_{12} \\ + A_{11}B_{22} \& A_{12}B_{22} \& A_{21}B_{22} \& A_{22}B_{22} \\ + };} + + \foreach \j in {1,...,7} + { + \matrix(M\i\j)[matrix of math 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fill=green, fit=(M46-3-3)] {}; +\node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M46-3-1)] {}; +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/loesungsmethoden.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/loesungsmethoden.tex new file mode 100755 index 0000000..83be814 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/loesungsmethoden.tex @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ +% +% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% + +\section{L\"osungsmethoden} +\rhead{L\"osungsmethoden} + +In diesem Abschnitt werden mehrere Algorithmen zur Berechnung der Matrizenmultiplikation vorgestellt, auch werden Libraries zur automatisierten Verwendung von vordefinierten Algorithmen gezeigt. + +\subsection{Standard Algorithmus} + +Der Standard Methode kann im Algorithmus \ref{multiplikation:alg:smm} entnommen werden. +Hierf\"ur wurde die Gleichung \eqref{multiplikation:eq:MM} direkt implementiert. +Die \texttt{For i} Schleife iteriert \"uber alle Zeilen der $\mathbf{A}$ Matrix, die \texttt{For j} Schleife iteriert \"uber alle Spalten der $\mathbf{B}$ Matrix und die \texttt{For k} Schleife iteriert \"uber alle Eintr\"age dieser Zeilen bzw. Spalten. + +\begin{algorithm}\caption{Matrix Multiplication} + \label{multiplikation:alg:smm} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{MM}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \State $n \gets columns(\textbf{A}) == rows(\textbf{B})$ + \State $m \gets rows(\textbf{A})$ + \State $p \gets columns(\textbf{B})$ + \State $\textbf{C} \gets zeros(m,p)$ + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,m-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,p-1$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \For{$k = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \State $sum \gets sum + \textbf{A}[i][k] \cdot \textbf{B}[k][j]$ + \EndFor + \State $\textbf{C}[i][j] \gets sum $ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +Die Laufzeit dieser Struktur mit drei \texttt{For} Schleifen ist $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ + +\subsubsection{Divide and Conquer Methode} + +F\"ur gewisse Algorithmen f\"uhren \textit{Divide and Conquer} Ans\"atze zu markant besseren Laufzeiten. +Das bekannteste Beispiel ist wohl die \textit{Fast Fourier Transform} wobei die Laufzeit von $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ zu $\mathcal{O}(n \log n)$ verbessert werden kann. + +Die Matrizenmultiplikation kann ebenfalls mit solch einem Ansatz berechnet werden. +Zur vereinfachten Veranschaulichung kann die Situation, mit $\mathbf{A}$ und $\mathbf{B}$ der gr\"osse $2^n \times 2^n$ verwendet werden. +Die Matrizen $\mathbf{A}$ und $\mathbf{B}$ werden in jeweils vier Blockmatrizen der gr\"osse $2^{n-1} \times 2^{n-1}$ +\begin{equation} +\mathbf{A}\mathbf{B}= +\begin{bmatrix} +\mathbf{A}_{11} & \mathbf{A}_{12}\\ +\mathbf{A}_{21} & \mathbf{A}_{22} +\end{bmatrix} +\begin{bmatrix} +\mathbf{B}_{11} & \mathbf{B}_{12}\\ +\mathbf{B}_{21} & \mathbf{B}_{22} +\end{bmatrix} += +\begin{bmatrix} +\mathbf{C}_{11} & \mathbf{C}_{12}\\ +\mathbf{C}_{21} & \mathbf{C}_{22} +\end{bmatrix} +\end{equation} +aufgeteilt. +Die Berechnung +\begin{equation} +\mathbf{C}_{ij} = \sum_{k=1}^n \mathbf{A}_{ik} \mathbf{B}_{kj} +\label{multiplikation:eq:MM_block} +\end{equation} +ist identisch zu der Gleichung \eqref{multiplikation:eq:MM}, wobei hier f\"ur die Multiplikation die Matrizenmultiplikation verwendet wird. + +Der Algorithmus \ref{multiplikation:alg:devide_mm} zeigt den \textit{Divide and Conquer} Ansatz, +Der Grundstruktur dieser Methode besteht aus dem rekursiven Aufruf der Funktion mit den erzeugten Blockmatrizen. +Der rekursive Aufruf wird bis zu der Gr\"osse der Matrizen von $N = 2 \times 2$ durchgef\"uhrt. +\begin{algorithm}\caption{Divide and Conquer Matrix Multiplication} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \label{multiplikation:alg:devide_mm} + \begin{algorithmic} + \Function{MM}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, n$} + \If{$n = 2$} + \State $ \mathbf{C} \gets zeros(n, n)$ + \State $C[0, 0] \gets A[0][0]\cdot B[0][0]+A[0][1]\cdot B[1][0]$ + \State $C[0, 1] \gets A[0][0]\cdot B[0][1]+A[0][1]\cdot B[1][1]$ + \State $C[1, 0] \gets A[1][0]\cdot B[0][0]+A[1][1]\cdot B[1][0]$ + \State $C[1, 1] \gets A[1][0]\cdot B[0][1]+A[1][1]\cdot B[1][1]$ + \Else + \State $ m \gets n/2$ + \State $\mathbf{A11}, \mathbf{A12}, \mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{A22} \gets \mathbf{A}[:m][:m], \mathbf{A}[:m][m:], \mathbf{A}[m:][:m], \mathbf{A}[m:][m:]$ + \State $\mathbf{B11}, \mathbf{B12}, \mathbf{B21}, \mathbf{B22} \gets \mathbf{B}[:m][:m], \mathbf{B}[:m][m:], \mathbf{B}[m:][:m], \mathbf{B}[m:][m:]$ + + \State $\mathbf{C11} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A11}, \mathbf{B11},n) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A12}, \mathbf{B21},n)$ + \State $\mathbf{C12} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A11},\mathbf{B12},n) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A12}, \mathbf{B22},n)$ + \State $\mathbf{C21} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{B11},n) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A22}, \mathbf{B21},n)$ + \State $\mathbf{C22} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{B12},n) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A22}, \mathbf{B22},n)$ + \State $ C \gets vstack(hstack(C11, C12), hstack(C21, C22))$ + + \EndIf + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +Die Laufzeit dieser rekursiven Funktion kann mit dem \textit{Master Theorem} berechnet werden. +Ohne auf diesen vertieft einzugehen, bestimmt die Anzahl rekursiver Aufrufe der Funktion die Laufzeit. +In diesem Fall wird die Funktion pro Durchlauf acht mal rekursiv aufgerufen, dies f\"uhrt +\begin{equation} \label{multiplikation:eq:laufzeitdac} + \mathcal{T}(n) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \text{if } n \leq 2\\ + 8 \cdot \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2}) + n^2 & \text{if } n > 2 + \end{cases} = \mathcal{O}(n^{\log_2 8}) = \mathcal{O}(n^{3}) +\end{equation} +zu einer kubischen Laufzeit. +Die Addition zweier Matrizen $\mathbf{A} + \mathbf{B} = \mathbf{C}$ hat eine Laufzeit von $\mathcal{O}(n^{2})$ und kann neben dem dominierendem Anteil von $\mathcal{O}(n^{3})$ ignoriert werden. +In diesem Fall hat der \textit{Divide and Conquer} Ansatz zu keiner Verbesserung gef\"uhrt. + + +\subsection{Strassen's Algorithmus} + +Strassen's Algorithmus \cite{multiplikation:strassen_1969} beschreibt die Matrizenmultiplikation mit einer Vielzahl von Additionen, Subtraktionen und Multiplikationen. +Die Grundlegenden Terme +\begin{equation} \label{multiplikation:eq:strassen} +\begin{split} +\text{\textbf{P}} &= (\mathbf{A}_{11} + \mathbf{A}_{22}) \cdot (\mathbf{B}_{11} + \mathbf{B}_{22}) \\ +\text{\textbf{Q}} &= (\mathbf{A}_{21} + \mathbf{A}_{22}) \cdot \mathbf{B}_{11} \\ +\text{\textbf{R}} &= \mathbf{A}_{11} \cdot (\mathbf{B}_{12}-\mathbf{B}_{22}) \\ +\text{\textbf{S}} &= \mathbf{A}_{22} \cdot (-\mathbf{B}_{11}+\mathbf{B}_{21}) \\ +\text{\textbf{T}} &= (\mathbf{A}_{11} + \mathbf{A}_{12}) \cdot \mathbf{B}_{22} \\ +\text{\textbf{U}} &= (-\mathbf{A}_{11} + \mathbf{A}_{21}) \cdot (\mathbf{B}_{11} + \mathbf{B}_{12}) \\ +\text{\textbf{V}} &= (\mathbf{A}_{12} - \mathbf{A}_{22}) \cdot (\mathbf{B}_{21} + \mathbf{B}_{22}) +\end{split} +\end{equation} +aus $\mathbf{A}$ und $\mathbf{B}$, werden f\"ur die Berechnung der Matrix $\mathbf{C}$ +\begin{equation} \label{multiplikation:eq:strassen2} +\begin{split} +\mathbf{C}_{11} &= \text{\textbf{P}} + \text{\textbf{S}} - \text{\textbf{T}} + \text{\textbf{V}} \\ +\mathbf{C}_{21} &= \text{\textbf{R}} + \text{\textbf{T}} \\ +\mathbf{C}_{12} &= \text{\textbf{Q}} + \text{\textbf{S}}\\ +\mathbf{C}_{22} &= \text{\textbf{P}} + \text{\textbf{R}} - \text{\textbf{Q}} + \text{\textbf{U}} +\end{split} +\end{equation} +gebraucht. +\begin{algorithm}\caption{Strassen Matrix Multiplication} + \label{multiplikation:alg:strassen} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic} + \Function{strassen}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, n$} + \If{$n = 2$} + \State $ \mathbf{C} \gets zeros((n, n))$ + \State $P \gets (A[0][0]+A[1][1])\cdot( B[0][0]+B[1][1])$ + \State $Q \gets (A[1][0]+A[1][1])\cdot B[0][0]$ + \State $R \gets A[0][0]\cdot (B[0][1]-B[1][1])$ + \State $S \gets A[1][1]\cdot (B[1][0]-B[0][0])$ + \State $T \gets (A[0][0]+A[0][1])\cdot B[1][1]$ + \State $U \gets (A[1][0]-A[0][0])\cdot (B[0][0]+B[0][1])$ + \State $V \gets (A[0][1]-A[1][1])\cdot (B[1][0]+B[1][1])$ + \State $C[0][0] \gets P+S-T+V$ + \State $C[0][1] \gets R+T$ + \State $C[1][0] \gets Q+S$ + \State $C[1][1] \gets P+R-Q+U$ + \Else + \State $ m \gets n/2$ + \State $\mathbf{A11}, \mathbf{A12}, \mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{A22} \gets \mathbf{A}[:m][:m], \mathbf{A}[:m][m:], \mathbf{A}[m:][:m], \mathbf{A}[m:][m:]$ + \State $\mathbf{B11}, \mathbf{B12}, \mathbf{B21}, \mathbf{B22} \gets \mathbf{B}[:m][:m], \mathbf{B}[:m][m:], \mathbf{B}[m:][:m], \mathbf{B}[m:][m:]$ + + \State $ \mathbf{P} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A11}+ \mathbf{A22}),(\mathbf{B11}+\mathbf{B22}), m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{Q} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A21}+ \mathbf{A22}), \mathbf{B11},m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{R} \gets \text{strassen}( \mathbf{A11},(\mathbf{B12}- \mathbf{B22}),m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{S} \gets \text{strassen}( \mathbf{A22},(\mathbf{B21}- \mathbf{B11}),m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{T} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A11}+ \mathbf{A12}), \mathbf{B22},m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{U} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A21}- \mathbf{A11}),(\mathbf{B11}+\mathbf{B12}),m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{V} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A12}- \mathbf{A22}),(\mathbf{B21}+\mathbf{B22}),m)$ + + + + \State $\mathbf{C11} \gets \mathbf{P+S-T+V}$ + \State $\mathbf{C12} \gets \mathbf{R+T}$ + \State $\mathbf{C21} \gets \mathbf{Q+S}$ + \State $\mathbf{C22} \gets \mathbf{P+R-Q+U}$ + \State $ C \gets vstack(hstack(C11, C12), hstack(C21, C22))$ + + \EndIf + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} +Strassens's Methode wird in der Abbildung \ref{multiplikation:fig:strassen} grafisch dargestellt. +\begin{figure} + \center + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{papers/multiplikation/images/strassen.pdf} + \caption{Strassen's Algorithmus} + \label{multiplikation:fig:strassen} +\end{figure} + +Die Funktion wird sieben mal rekursiv aufgerufen. +Dies f\"uhrt zu einer Laufzeit von +\begin{equation} \label{multiplikation:eq:laufzeitstrassen} +\mathcal{T}(n) = +\begin{cases} +1 & \text{if } n \leq 2\\ +7 \cdot \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2}) + n^2 & \text{if } n > 2 +\end{cases} = \mathcal{O}(n^{\log_2 7}) = \mathcal{O}(n^{2.8074}) +\end{equation} +und ist somit schneller als die Standard Methode. + +\subsection{Winograd's Algorithmus} + +Ein weiterer Ansatz lieferte Shmuel Winograd im Jahre 1968 \cite{multiplikation:winograd_1968}. +Er zeigte einen neuen Algorithmus f\"ur das +\begin{equation} + \langle x,y \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i y_i +\end{equation} +Skalarprodukt. +F\"ur jeden Vektor berechne +\begin{equation} + \xi = \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} x_{2j-1} \cdot x_{2j} +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} + \eta = \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} y_{2j-1} \cdot y_{2j}. +\end{equation} +Das Skalarprodukt ist nun geben mit +\begin{equation} + \langle x,y \rangle = + \begin{cases} + \displaystyle \quad \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} (x_{2j-1} + y_{2j})(x_{2j}+y_{2j-1})-\xi - \eta & \text{if $n$ is even}\\ + \displaystyle \quad \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} (x_{2j-1} + y_{2j})(x_{2j}+y_{2j-1})-\xi - \eta + x_n y_n & \text{if $n$ is odd}. + \end{cases} +\end{equation} + +Angenommen man hat $N$ Vektoren mit welchen man $T$ Skalarprodukte berechnen m\"ochte. +Daf\"ur werden $N\lfloor n/2 \rfloor + T\lfloor (n+1)/2 \rfloor $ Multiplikationen ben\"otigt. +Eine Matrizenmultiplikation mit $\mathbf{A}$ einer $m \times n$ und $\mathbf{B}$ einer $n \times p$ Matrix, entspricht $N=m+p$ Vektoren mit welchen man $T=mp$ Skalarprodukte berechnet. +Dies f\"uhrt zu +\begin{equation} + (m+p) \left \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right \rfloor + mp \left \lfloor \frac{n+1}{2} \right \rfloor = \frac{mn}{2} + \frac{pn}{2} + \frac{mpn}{2} + \frac{mp}{2} +\end{equation} +Multiplikationen. +Wenn $m,p,n$ gross werden, dominiert der Term $\frac{mpn}{2}$ und es werden $\frac{mpn}{2}$ Multiplikationen ben\"otigt. +Was im Vergleich zu den $mpn$ Multiplikation der Standard Methode nur die H\"alfte ist. +Die Implementation kann im Algorithmus \ref{multiplikation:alg:winograd} entnommen werden. + +\begin{algorithm}\caption{Winograd Matrix Multiplication} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \label{multiplikation:alg:winograd} + \begin{algorithmic} + \Function{Winograd}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, n$} + \State $ m \gets rows(\mathbf{A})$ + \State $ n \gets columns(\mathbf{A}) == rows(\mathbf{B})$ + \State $ p \gets columns(\mathbf{B})$ + \State $ \mathbf{\xi} \gets zeros(m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{\eta} \gets zeros(p)$ + + + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,m-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,\lfloor n/2 \rfloor-1$} + \State $\xi[i] \gets \xi[i]+A[i,2 j]A[i,2 j+1]$ + \EndFor + \EndFor + + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,p-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,\lfloor n/2 \rfloor-1$} + \State $\eta[i] \gets \eta[i]+B[2 j,i]B[2 j+1,i]$ + \EndFor + \EndFor + + \If{$n \% 2 == 0$} + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,m-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,p-1$} + \State $ab \gets 0$ + \For{$k = 0,1,2 \dots,\lfloor n/2 \rfloor-1$} + \State $ab \gets ab + (A[i,2k]+B[2k+1,j])(A[i,2k+1]+B[2k,j])$ + \EndFor + \State $C[i,j] \gets ab-\eta[j]-\xi[i]$ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \Else + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \State $ab \gets 0$ + \For{$k = 0,1,2 \dots,\lfloor n/2 \rfloor-1$} + \State $ab \gets ab + (A[i,2k]+B[2k+1,j])(A[i,2k+1]+B[2k,j])$ + \EndFor + \State $C[i,j] \gets ab-\eta[j]-\xi[i]+A[i,-1]B[-1,j]$ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \EndIf + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +\subsection{Weitere Algorithmen} + +\textcolor{red}{TODO: BLAS} + +\section{Implementation} +\rhead{Implementation} +\textcolor{red}{TODO: messresultate} + +\section{Fazit} +\rhead{Fazit} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/main.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/main.tex old mode 100644 new mode 100755 index 42f2768..8d0a8df --- a/buch/papers/multiplikation/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,18 @@ +% !TEX root = ../../buch.tex % % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema % -% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2021 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:multiplikation}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Schnelle Matrizen Multiplikation\label{chapter:multiplikation}} +\lhead{FMM} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{Michael Schmid} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} -\input{papers/multiplikation/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/multiplikation/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/multiplikation/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/multiplikation/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/multiplikation/einlteung.tex} +\input{papers/multiplikation/problemstellung.tex} +\input{papers/multiplikation/loesungsmethoden.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/packages.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/packages.tex old mode 100644 new mode 100755 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/Strassen_GPU.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/Strassen_GPU.pdf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..4ce7625 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/Strassen_GPU.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/Strassen_original_1969.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/Strassen_original_1969.pdf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b647fc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/Strassen_original_1969.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/assay_fast_MM.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/assay_fast_MM.pdf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..3cd6b63 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/assay_fast_MM.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/strassen_video.txt b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/strassen_video.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..f84122c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/strassen_video.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oJyNmEbS4w diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/winograd_original.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/winograd_original.pdf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..a7aba36 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/papers/winograd_original.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/common.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/common.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..200d244 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/common.tex @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +% +% common.tex -- gemeinsame Definitionen +% +% (c) 2021 Michael Schmid, OST Campus Rapperswil +% +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{epic} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{array} +\usepackage{algorithm} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\usepackage{adjustbox} +\usepackage[noend]{algpseudocode} +\usepackage{neuralnetwork} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{lmodern} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.text} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,matrix,positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{overlay-beamer-styles} +\usetikzlibrary{matrix.skeleton} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{listings} +\usepackage{svg} + +\definecolor{codegreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} +\definecolor{codegray}{rgb}{0.5,0.5,0.5} +\definecolor{codepurple}{rgb}{0.58,0,0.82} +\definecolor{backcolour}{rgb}{0.95,0.95,0.92} +\definecolor{ost}{rgb}{164,0,136} + +\lstdefinestyle{mystyle}{ + backgroundcolor=\color{backcolour}, + commentstyle=\color{codegreen}, + keywordstyle=\color{magenta}, + numberstyle=\tiny\color{codegray}, + stringstyle=\color{codepurple}, + basicstyle=\footnotesize, + breakatwhitespace=false, + breaklines=true, + captionpos=b, + keepspaces=true, + numbers=left, + numbersep=2pt, + showspaces=false, + showstringspaces=false, + showtabs=false, + tabsize=2 +} + +\usetikzlibrary{fit} +\tikzset{% + highlight/.style={rectangle,rounded corners,fill=red!15,draw,fill opacity=0.5,inner sep=0pt} +} +\newcommand{\tikzmark}[2]{\tikz[overlay,remember picture,baseline=(#1.base)] \node (#1) {#2};} +% +\newcommand{\Highlight}[1][submatrix]{% + \tikz[overlay,remember picture]{ + \node[highlight,fit=(left.north west) (right.south east)] (#1) {};} +} + + +\lstset{style=mystyle} +\lstdefinestyle{mystyle}{ + morekeywords={cwt,contourf,datetick} +} + + +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric} +\mode{% +\usetheme[]{Frankfurt}} +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty +\title[]{Fast Matrix Multiplication} +\author[]{Michael Schmid} +\usecolortheme[named=ost]{structure} + +\date[]{31.05.2021} +\newboolean{presentation} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.nav b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.nav new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a01568 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.nav @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +\headcommand {\slideentry {0}{0}{1}{1/1}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {1}{1}} +\headcommand {\beamer@sectionpages {1}{1}} +\headcommand {\beamer@subsectionpages {1}{1}} +\headcommand {\sectionentry {1}{Big $\mathcal {O}$}{2}{Big $\mathcal {O}$}{0}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {1}{0}{1}{2/4}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {2}{4}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {1}{0}{2}{5/6}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {5}{6}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {1}{0}{3}{7/8}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {7}{8}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {1}{0}{4}{9/10}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {9}{10}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {1}{0}{5}{11/12}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {11}{12}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {1}{0}{6}{13/13}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {13}{13}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {1}{0}{7}{14/14}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {14}{14}} +\headcommand {\beamer@sectionpages {2}{14}} +\headcommand {\beamer@subsectionpages {2}{14}} +\headcommand {\sectionentry {2}{Strassen's Algorithm}{15}{Strassen's Algorithm}{0}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{1}{15/15}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {15}{15}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{2}{16/18}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {16}{18}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{3}{19/19}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {19}{19}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{4}{20/20}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {20}{20}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{5}{21/23}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {21}{23}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{6}{24/24}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {24}{24}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{7}{25/25}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {25}{25}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{8}{26/26}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {26}{26}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{9}{27/29}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {27}{29}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {2}{0}{10}{30/32}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {30}{32}} +\headcommand {\beamer@sectionpages {15}{32}} +\headcommand {\beamer@subsectionpages {15}{32}} +\headcommand {\sectionentry {3}{Measurements}{33}{Measurements}{0}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {3}{0}{1}{33/40}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {33}{40}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {3}{0}{2}{41/49}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {41}{49}} +\headcommand {\beamer@sectionpages {33}{49}} +\headcommand {\beamer@subsectionpages {33}{49}} +\headcommand {\sectionentry {4}{How To Matrix Multiply}{50}{How To Matrix Multiply}{0}} +\headcommand {\slideentry {4}{0}{1}{50/50}{}{0}} +\headcommand {\beamer@framepages {50}{50}} +\headcommand {\beamer@partpages {1}{50}} +\headcommand {\beamer@subsectionpages {50}{50}} +\headcommand {\beamer@sectionpages {50}{50}} +\headcommand {\beamer@documentpages {50}} +\headcommand {\gdef \inserttotalframenumber {21}} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..842e68c Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.snm b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.snm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a4af45 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +% +% MathSem-yyy-xxx.tex -- Präsentation +% +% (c) 2021 Michael Schmid, OST campus Rapperswil +% + +\documentclass[aspectratio=169]{beamer} +\input{common.tex} +%\setboolean{presentation}{true} +\begin{document} +\input{slides/slides.tex} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/algo.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/algo.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c3d130 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/algo.tex @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Algorithm} + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth} + \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Square Matrix Multiplication} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{MM}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, \textbf{C}$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \State $n \gets columns(\textbf{A}) == rows(\textbf{B})$ + \State $m \gets rows(\textbf{A})$ + \State $p \gets columns(\textbf{B})$ + + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,m-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,p-1$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \For{$k = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \State $sum \gets sum + \textbf{A}[i][k] \cdot \textbf{B}[k][j]$ + \EndFor + \State $\textbf{C}[i][j] \gets sum $ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} + \end{algorithm} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth} + \scalebox{0.6}{\parbox{\linewidth}{ + + \begin{tikzpicture}[ampersand replacement=\&,remember picture,overlay] + + \matrix (A)[matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] at (2,-2.8) + { + A_{1,1} \& \cdots \& A_{1,k} \& \cdots \& A_{1,n} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + A_{i,1} \& \cdots \& A_{i,k} \& \cdots \& A_{i,n} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + A_{m,1} \& \cdots \& A_{m,k} \& \cdots \& A_{m,n} \\ + }; + + \matrix (B)[matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] at (7.5,1.2) + { + B_{1,1} \& \cdots \& B_{1,j} \& \cdots \& B_{1,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + B_{k,1} \& \cdots \& B_{k,j} \& \cdots \& B_{k,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + B_{n,1} \& \cdots \& B_{n,j} \& \cdots \& B_{n,p} \\ + }; + + \matrix (C)[matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] at (7.5,-2.8) + { + C_{1,1} \& \cdots \& C_{1,j} \& \cdots \& C_{1,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + C_{i,1} \& \cdots \& C_{i,j} \& \cdots \& C_{i,p} \\ + \vdots \& \& \vdots \& \& \vdots \\ + C_{m,1} \& \cdots \& C_{m,j} \& \cdots \& C_{m,p} \\ + }; + + + \begin{scope}[on background layer] + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=2pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(A-3-1)(A-3-5)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=2pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=blue, fit=(B-1-3)(B-5-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=2pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(C-3-3)] {}; + + \end{scope} + + + + + \end{tikzpicture} + }} + \end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Algorithm} + +\begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth} +\begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Square Matrix Multiplication} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{MM}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, \textbf{C}$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \State $n \gets columns(\textbf{A}) == rows(\textbf{B})$ + \State $m \gets rows(\textbf{A})$ + \State $p \gets columns(\textbf{B})$ + + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,m-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,p-1$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \For{$k = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \State $sum \gets sum + \textbf{A}[i][k] \cdot \textbf{B}[k][j]$ + \EndFor + \State $\textbf{C}[i][j] \gets sum $ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth} +\Huge$\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/bigO.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/bigO.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d425da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/bigO.tex @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} +\begin{itemize} + \item <1-> Time complexity of an algorithm + \item <2-> How many multiplications in a function + \item <3-> Drop Constants +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} + \onslide<1->{ + + \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Foo 1} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{foo}{$a, b$} + \State \textbf{return} $a+b$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} + \end{algorithm} +} +\onslide<2->{ +$\mathcal{O}(1)$ + } +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} + \onslide<1->{ + + \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Foo 2} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{foo}{$a, b$} + \State $ x \gets a+b $ + \State $ y \gets a \cdot b $ + \State \textbf{return} $x+y$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} + \end{algorithm} +} +\onslide<2->{ +$\mathcal{O}(1) + \mathcal{O}(1) = 2\mathcal{O}(1) = \mathcal{O}(1) $ + } +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} + \onslide<1->{ + + \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Foo 3} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{foo}{$\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}$,n} + \State $ sum \gets 0$ + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,n$} + \State $ sum \gets sum + A[i] \cdot B[i] $ + \EndFor + + \State \textbf{return} $sum$ + + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} + \end{algorithm} +} +\onslide<2->{ +$\mathcal{O}(n)$ + } +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} + \onslide<1->{ + + \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Foo 4} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{foo}{$\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}$,n} + \State $ sum \gets 0$ + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,n$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,n$} + \State $ sum \gets sum + A[i] \cdot B[j] $ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \State \textbf{return} $sum$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} + \end{algorithm} +} +\onslide<2->{ +$\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ + } +\end{frame} + +% \begin{frame} +% \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} +% \onslide<1->{ +% +% \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Fibonacci} +% \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} +% \begin{algorithmic}[1] +% \Function{fib}{$n$} +% \If{$n <= 1$} +% \State \textbf{return} $1$ +% \Else +% \State \textbf{return} fib($n-1$) + fib($n-2$) +% \EndIf +% +% \EndFunction +% \end{algorithmic} +% \end{algorithm} +% } +% \onslide<2->{ +% \[ +% \langle x,y \rangle = +% \begin{cases} +% \displaystyle $\mathcal{O}(1)$ & \text{if $n \leq 2$}\\ +% \displaystyle $ 2 \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2})$ & \text{if $n > 2$} +% \end{cases} +% \] } +% \end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} +\begin{tikzpicture} +\begin{axis}[ + axis lines = left, + xlabel = $n$ (Data Input), + ylabel = {$t$ (time)}, + legend pos=north east, + very thick, + ymax = 20, + yticklabels=\empty, + xticklabels=\empty, + scale only axis=true, + width=12cm, height=6cm, + ] +%Below the red parabola is defined +\addplot [ + domain= 1:6, + samples=100, + color=red, +] +{1}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(1)$} +%Here the blue parabloa is defined +\addplot [ + domain= 1:6, + samples=100, + color=green, +] +{x}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:6, + samples=100, + color=blue, +] +{x^2}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n^2)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:6, + samples=100, + color=purple, +] +{x^3}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n^3)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:3, + samples=100, + color=black, +] +{exp(x)}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(e^n)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:6, + samples=100, + color=orange, +] +{log2(x)}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(\log n)$} +\end{axis} +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Big $\mathcal{O}$ notation} +\begin{tikzpicture} +\begin{axis}[ + axis lines = left, + xlabel = $n$ (Data Input), + ylabel = {$t$ (time)}, + legend pos=north east, + very thick, + ymax = 500, + yticklabels=\empty, + xticklabels=\empty, + scale only axis=true, + width=12cm, height=6cm, + ] +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=red, +] +{1}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(1)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=green, +] +{x}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=blue, +] +{x^2}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n^2)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:10, + samples=100, + color=purple, +] +{x^3}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(n^3)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:10, + samples=100, + color=black, +] +{exp(x)}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(e^n)$} +\addplot [ + domain= 1:20, + samples=100, + color=orange, +] +{log2(x)}; +\addlegendentry{$\mathcal{O}(\log n)$} +\end{axis} +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/blas.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/blas.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed498a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/blas.tex @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{BLAS, LAPACK} +\begin{itemize} + \item Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms + \begin{itemize} + \item $\mathbf{y} = \alpha \mathbf{x}+\mathbf{y}$ + \item $\mathbf{y} = \alpha \mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}+ \beta \mathbf{y}$ + \item $\mathbf{C} = \alpha \mathbf{A}\mathbf{B}+ \beta \mathbf{C}$ + + \end{itemize} + \item Linear Algebra Package + \begin{itemize} + \item QR decomposition + \item Singular value decomposition + \item Eigenvalues + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/conclusuion.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/conclusuion.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/logo.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/logo.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d78ca88 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/logo.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/meas.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/meas.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..489c010 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/meas.tex @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Measurements Python} + \only<1>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_8.pdf}} + \only<2>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_16.pdf}} + \only<3>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_32.pdf}} + \only<4>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_64.pdf}} + \only<5>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_128.pdf}} + \only<6>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_256.pdf}} + \only<7>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_512.pdf}} + \only<8>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/meas_1024.pdf}} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Measurements C} + \only<1>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_8.pdf}} + \only<2>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_16.pdf}} + \only<3>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_32.pdf}} + \only<4>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_64.pdf}} + \only<5>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_128.pdf}} + \only<6>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_256.pdf}} + \only<7>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_512.pdf}} + \only<8>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_1024.pdf}} + \only<9>{ + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth,height=0.9\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../code/c_meas_2048.pdf}} +\end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/nn.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/nn.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e74e970 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/nn.tex @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Neural Network} + \centering +\newcommand{\inputnum}{4} + +% Hidden layer neurons'number +\newcommand{\hiddennumA}{5} +\newcommand{\hiddennumB}{6} + +% Output layer neurons'number +\newcommand{\outputnum}{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture} + + +% Input Layer +\foreach \i in {1,...,\inputnum} +{ + \node[circle, + minimum size = 6mm, + fill=blue!30] (Input-\i) at (0,-\i) {}; +} + +% Hidden Layer1 +\foreach \i in {1,...,\hiddennumA} +{ + \node[circle, + minimum size = 6mm, + fill=red!50, + yshift=(\hiddennumA-\inputnum)*5 mm + ] (Hidden1-\i) at (2.5,-\i) {}; +} + +% Hidden Layer2 +\foreach \i in {1,...,\hiddennumB} +{ + \node[circle, + minimum size = 6mm, + fill=red!50, + yshift=(\hiddennumB-\inputnum)*5 mm + ] (Hidden2-\i) at (5,-\i) {}; +} + +% Output Layer +\foreach \i in {1,...,\outputnum} +{ + \node[circle, + minimum size = 6mm, + fill=green!50, + yshift=(\outputnum-\inputnum)*5 mm + ] (Output-\i) at (7.5,-\i) {}; +} + +% Connect neurons In-Hidden +\foreach \i in {1,...,\inputnum} +{ + \foreach \j in {1,...,\hiddennumA} + { + \draw[->, shorten >=1pt] (Input-\i) -- (Hidden1-\j); + } +} + +% Connect neurons In-Hidden +\foreach \i in {1,...,\hiddennumA} +{ + \foreach \j in {1,...,\hiddennumB} + { + \draw[->, shorten >=1pt] (Hidden1-\i) -- (Hidden2-\j); + } +} + +% Connect neurons Hidden-Out +\foreach \i in {1,...,\hiddennumB} +{ + \foreach \j in {1,...,\outputnum} + { + \draw[->, shorten >=1pt] (Hidden2-\i) -- (Output-\j); + } +} + +% Inputs +\foreach \i in {1,...,\inputnum} +{ + \draw[<-, shorten <=1pt] (Input-\i) -- ++(-1,0) + node[left]{\LARGE{$x_{\i}$}}; +} + +% Outputs +\foreach \i in {1,...,\outputnum} +{ + \draw[->, shorten <=1pt] (Output-\i) -- ++(1,0) + node[right]{\LARGE{$y_{\i}$}}; +} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/parcomp.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/parcomp.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ba39ee --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/parcomp.tex @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +% !TEX root = presentation.tex + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Vector-Matrix Multiplication} +\center{ + \begin{tikzpicture}[ampersand replacement=\&] + + \matrix (A)[matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] + { + A_{1,1} \& A_{1,2} \& A_{1,3} \& A_{1,4} \\ + }; + + \matrix (B)[matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] at (5,-0.95) + { + B_{1,1} \& B_{1,2} \& B_{1,3} \& B_{1,4} \& B_{1,5} \\ + B_{2,1} \& B_{2,2} \& B_{2,3} \& B_{2,4} \& B_{2,5} \\ + B_{3,1} \& B_{3,2} \& B_{3,3} \& B_{3,4} \& B_{3,5} \\ + B_{4,1} \& B_{4,2} \& B_{4,3} \& B_{4,4} \& B_{4,5} \\ + }; + + \matrix (C)[matrix of math nodes, label skeleton, left delimiter=[,right delimiter={]}] at (5,-3) + { + C_{1,1} \& C_{1,2} \& C_{1,3} \& C_{1,4} \& C_{1,5}\\ + }; + + \foreach \i in {1,...,4} + { + \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\ii}{\i+1} + \onslide<\ii>{ + + \foreach \j in {1,...,5} + { + \draw[thick] (A-1-\i.south) to [out=-90,in=135]node[visible on=<\i->, anchor=north]{} (B-\i-\j.center); + + } + } + } + + + \end{tikzpicture} +} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{DSP Architecture} +\scalebox{2}{ + \begin{tikzpicture} + \node (mul) at (0,0) [circle,draw=black,inner sep=0pt,minimum size=0.5cm] {X}; + \node (mac) at (2,0) [circle,draw=black,inner sep=0pt,minimum size=0.5cm] {\textbf{+}}; + + \node at (-2,0.3) {$A[n]$}; + \node at (0.4,2) {$B[n]$}; + \node at (4,0.3) {$C[n]$}; + + \draw[thick, ->] (-2,0) --++ (mul); + \draw[thick, ->] (0,2) --++ (mul); + \draw[thick, ->] (mul) -- (mac); + \draw[thick] (mac) --++ (1,0) node (i) {}; + \draw[thick, ->] (i.center) --++ (0,1) --++ (-1,0) -- (mac); + \draw[thick, ->] (i.center) --++ (1,0); + + + \end{tikzpicture} + } +\end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/slides.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/slides.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64edb86 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/slides.tex @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +% !TEX root = presentation.tex +\begin{frame} +\titlepage +\end{frame} +% +\section{Big $\mathcal{O}$} +\input{slides/BigO.tex} +\section{Strassen's Algorithm} +\input{slides/strassen.tex} +% \input{slides/nn.tex} +\section{Measurements} +\input{slides/meas.tex} +% \input{slides/parcomp.tex} +\section{How To Matrix Multiply} +\input{slides/blas.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/strassen.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/strassen.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3398d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/slides/strassen.tex @@ -0,0 +1,429 @@ +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Strassen's Algorithm} + \includegraphics[page=1,width=\textwidth,height=0.8\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../papers/Strassen_original_1969.pdf} + \includegraphics[page=2,width=\textwidth,height=0.8\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../papers/Strassen_original_1969.pdf} \includegraphics[page=3,width=\textwidth,height=0.8\textheight,keepaspectratio]{../papers/Strassen_original_1969.pdf} + \end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Strassen's Algorithm} + \centering + \large +\onslide<1->{ + $ + \mathbf{A B = C} + $ +} + +\onslide<2->{ + + +\medskip + $ + \begin{bmatrix} + A_{11} & A_{12}\\ + A_{21} & A_{22} + \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} + B_{11} & B_{12}\\ + B_{21} & B_{22} + \end{bmatrix} + = + \begin{bmatrix} + C_{11} & C_{12}\\ + C_{21} & C_{22} + \end{bmatrix} + $ + } + + + \onslide<3->{ + +\medskip +$ +C_{11} = A_{11} \cdot B_{11} + A_{12} \cdot B_{21} +$ + +$ +C_{12} = A_{11} \cdot B_{12} + A_{12} \cdot B_{22} +$ + +$ +C_{21} = A_{21} \cdot B_{11} + A_{22} \cdot B_{21} +$ + +$ +C_{22} = A_{21} \cdot B_{12} + A_{22} \cdot B_{22} +$ +} +\end{frame} + +\input{slides/algo.tex} + + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Strassen's Algorithm} + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} + \onslide<1->{ + \large + \begin{math} + \begin{aligned} + \text{I} &= (A_{11} + A_{22}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{22}) \\ + \text{II} &= (A_{21} + A_{22}) \cdot B_{11} \\ + \text{III} &= A_{11} \cdot (B_{12}-B_{22}) \\ + \text{IV} &= A_{22} \cdot (-B_{11}+B_{21}) \\ + \text{V} &= (A_{11} + A_{12}) \cdot B_{22} \\ + \text{VI} &= (-A_{11} + A_{21}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{12}) \\ + \text{VII} &= (A_{12} - A_{22}) \cdot (B_{21} + B_{22}) \\ + \end{aligned} + \end{math} + } + \end{column} + + \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} + \onslide<2->{ + \large + \begin{math} + \begin{aligned} + C_{11} &= \text{I} + \text{IV} - \text{V} + \text{VII} \\ + C_{21} &= \text{II} + \text{IV} \\ + C_{12} &= \text{III} + \text{V}\\ + C_{22} &= \text{I} + \text{III} - \text{II} + \text{VI} \\ + \end{aligned} + \end{math} + } + \end{column} +\end{columns} + +\onslide<3->{ + +\bigskip +\centering +\tiny +\begin{math} +\begin{aligned} + C_{11} &= (A_{11} + A_{22}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{22}) + A_{22} \cdot (-B_{11}+B_{21}) - (A_{11} + A_{12}) \cdot B_{22} + (A_{12} - A_{22}) \cdot (B_{21} + B_{22}) \\ + C_{11} &= A_{11}B_{11} + A_{11}B_{22} + A_{22}B_{11} + A_{22}B_{22} -A_{22}B_{11}+A_{22}B_{21} - A_{11}B_{22} - A_{12}B_{22}+ A_{12}B_{21} + A_{12}B_{22} - A_{22}B_{21} - A_{22}B_{22} \\ + C_{11} &= A_{11}B_{11} + A_{12}B_{21} +\end{aligned} +\end{math} +} + +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} +\begin{adjustbox}{width=\textwidth} +\begin{tikzpicture}[ampersand replacement=\&] + + \foreach \i in {1,...,4} + { + \small{ + \matrix (X\i)[matrix of math nodes,nodes in empty cells, + nodes = {draw, minimum size=10mm, + anchor=center, + inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}, + column sep=-\pgflinewidth, + row sep=-\pgflinewidth, + ] at (0,-\i*5) + { + A_{11}B_{11} \& A_{12}B_{11} \& A_{21}B_{11} \& A_{22}B_{11} \\ + A_{11}B_{21} \& A_{12}B_{21} \& A_{21}B_{21} \& A_{22}B_{21} \\ + A_{11}B_{11} \& A_{12}B_{12} \& A_{21}B_{12} \& A_{22}B_{12} \\ + A_{11}B_{22} \& A_{12}B_{22} \& A_{21}B_{22} \& A_{22}B_{22} \\ + };} + + \foreach \j in {1,...,7} + { + \matrix(M\i\j)[matrix of math nodes,nodes in empty cells, + nodes = {draw, minimum size=10mm, + anchor=center, + inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}, + column sep=-\pgflinewidth, + row sep=-\pgflinewidth, + ] at (\j*5,-\i*5) + { + \& \& \& \\ + \& \& \& \\ + \& \& \& \\ + \& \& \& \\ + }; + } + } + +\huge{ + \node at (-3,-20) {$C_{22}=$}; + \node at (-3,-15) {$C_{21}=$} ; + \node at (-3,-10) {$C_{12}=$} ; + \node at (-3,-5) {$C_{11}=$} ; + + \node at (5,-2) {I}; + \node at (10,-2) {II}; + \node at (15,-2) {III}; + \node at (20,-2) {IV}; + \node at (25,-2) {V}; + \node at (30,-2) {VI}; + \node at (35,-2) {VII}; + } + + + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X1-1-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X1-2-2)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X2-3-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X2-4-2)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X3-1-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X3-2-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X4-3-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(X4-4-4)] {}; + + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M11-4-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M11-1-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M11-4-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M11-1-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M14-1-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M14-2-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M15-4-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M15-4-2)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M17-2-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M17-4-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M17-2-2)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M17-4-2)] {}; + + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M23-3-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M23-4-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M25-4-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M25-4-2)] {}; + + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M32-1-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M32-1-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M34-1-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M34-2-4)] {}; + + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M41-4-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M41-1-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M41-4-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M41-1-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M42-1-4)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M42-1-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M43-3-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M43-4-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M46-1-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M46-1-1)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=green, fit=(M46-3-3)] {}; + \node[opacity=0.5, rounded corners=0pt, inner sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M46-3-1)] {}; +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{adjustbox} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Strassen's Algorithm} + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} + \large + \begin{math} + \begin{aligned} + \text{I} &= (A_{11} + A_{22}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{22}) \\ + \text{II} &= (A_{21} + A_{22}) \cdot B_{11} \\ + \text{III} &= A_{11} \cdot (B_{12}-B_{22}) \\ + \text{IV} &= A_{22} \cdot (-B_{11}+B_{21}) \\ + \text{V} &= (A_{11} + A_{12}) \cdot B_{22} \\ + \text{VI} &= (-A_{11} + A_{21}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{12}) \\ + \text{VII} &= (A_{12} - A_{22}) \cdot (B_{21} + B_{22}) \\ + \end{aligned} + \end{math} + + \end{column} + + \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} + \large + \begin{math} + \begin{aligned} + C_{11} &= \text{I} + \text{IV} - \text{V} + \text{VII} \\ + C_{21} &= \text{II} + \text{IV} \\ + C_{12} &= \text{III} + \text{V}\\ + C_{22} &= \text{I} + \text{III} - \text{II} + \text{VI} \\ + \end{aligned} + \end{math} + + \end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} + + + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Strassen's Algorithm} + +\begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} +\large +\begin{math} +\begin{aligned} +\text{\textbf{I}} &= (\mathbf{A_{11}} + \mathbf{A_{22}}) \cdot (\mathbf{B_{11}} + \mathbf{B_{22}}) \\ +\text{\textbf{II}} &= (\mathbf{A_{21}} + \mathbf{A_{22}}) \cdot \mathbf{B_{11}} \\ +\text{\textbf{III}} &= \mathbf{A_{11}} \cdot (\mathbf{B_{12}}-\mathbf{B_{22}}) \\ +\text{\textbf{IV}} &= \mathbf{A_{22}} \cdot (-\mathbf{B_{11}}+\mathbf{B_{21}}) \\ +\text{\textbf{V}} &= (\mathbf{A_{11}} + \mathbf{A_{12}}) \cdot \mathbf{B_{22}} \\ +\text{\textbf{VI}} &= (-\mathbf{A_{11}} + \mathbf{A_{21}}) \cdot (\mathbf{B_{11}} + \mathbf{B_{12}}) \\ +\text{\textbf{VII}} &= (\mathbf{A_{12}} - \mathbf{A_{22}}) \cdot (\mathbf{B_{21}} + \mathbf{B_{22}}) \\ +\end{aligned} +\end{math} + +\end{column} + +\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} + \large + \begin{math} + \begin{aligned} + \mathbf{C_{11}} &= \text{\textbf{I}} + \text{\textbf{IV}} - \text{\textbf{V}} + \text{\textbf{VII}} \\ + \mathbf{C_{21}} &= \text{\textbf{II}} + \text{\textbf{IV}} \\ + \mathbf{C_{12}} &= \text{\textbf{III}} + \text{\textbf{V}}\\ + \mathbf{C_{22}} &= \text{\textbf{I}} + \text{\textbf{III}} - \text{\textbf{II}} + \text{\textbf{VI}} \\ + \end{aligned} + \end{math} + +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Algorithm} + \onslide<1->{ + + \scalebox{0.45}{\parbox{\linewidth}{ + \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Strassen Matrix Multiplication} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{strassen}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, n$} + \If{$n = 2$} + \State $ \mathbf{C} \gets zeros((n, n))$ + \State $P \gets (A[0][0]+A[1][1])\cdot( B[0][0]+B[1][1])$ + \State $Q \gets (A[1][0]+A[1][1])\cdot B[0][0]$ + \State $R \gets A[0][0]\cdot (B[0][1]-B[1][1])$ + \State $S \gets A[1][1]\cdot (B[1][0]-B[0][0])$ + \State $T \gets (A[0][0]+A[0][1])\cdot B[1][1]$ + \State $U \gets (A[1][0]-A[0][0])\cdot (B[0][0]+B[0][1])$ + \State $V \gets (A[0][1]-A[1][1])\cdot (B[1][0]+B[1][1])$ + \State $C[0][0] \gets P+S-T+V$ + \State $C[0][1] \gets R+T$ + \State $C[1][0] \gets Q+S$ + \State $C[1][1] \gets P+R-Q+U$ + \Else + \State $ m \gets n/2$ + \State $\mathbf{A11}, \mathbf{A12}, \mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{A22} \gets \mathbf{A}[:m][:m], \mathbf{A}[:m][m:], \mathbf{A}[m:][:m], \mathbf{A}[m:][m:]$ + \State $\mathbf{B11}, \mathbf{B12}, \mathbf{B21}, \mathbf{B22} \gets \mathbf{B}[:m][:m], \mathbf{B}[:m][m:], \mathbf{B}[m:][:m], \mathbf{B}[m:][m:]$ + + \State $ \mathbf{P} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A11}+ \mathbf{A22}),(\mathbf{B11}+\mathbf{B22}), m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{Q} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A21}+ \mathbf{A22}), \mathbf{B11},m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{R} \gets \text{strassen}( \mathbf{A11},(\mathbf{B12}- \mathbf{B22}),m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{S} \gets \text{strassen}( \mathbf{A22},(\mathbf{B21}- \mathbf{B11}),m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{T} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A11}+ \mathbf{A12}), \mathbf{B22},m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{U} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A21}- \mathbf{A11}),(\mathbf{B11}+\mathbf{B12}),m)$ + \State $ \mathbf{V} \gets \text{strassen}((\mathbf{A12}- \mathbf{A22}),(\mathbf{B21}+\mathbf{B22}),m)$ + + + + \State $\mathbf{C11} \gets \mathbf{P+S-T+V}$ + \State $\mathbf{C12} \gets \mathbf{R+T}$ + \State $\mathbf{C21} \gets \mathbf{Q+S}$ + \State $\mathbf{C22} \gets \mathbf{P+R-Q+U}$ + \State $ C \gets vstack((hstack((C11, C12)), hstack((C21, C22))))$ + + \EndIf + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} + \end{algorithm} + }}} +% \[ +% \mathcal{T}(n) = \left\{\begin{array}{lr} +% 1, & \text{if} n \leq 2\\ +% 7 \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2}) + n^2, & \text{if} n > 2\\ +% \end{array}\right\} +% \] +\only<2>{ + $ + \mathcal{T}(n) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \text{if } n \leq 2\\ + 7 \cdot \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2}) + n^2 & \text{if } n > 2 + \end{cases} = \mathcal{O}(n^{\log_2 7})$ + +} +\only<3>{ + $ + \mathcal{T}(n) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \text{if } n \leq 2\\ + 7 \cdot \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2}) + n^2 & \text{if } n > 2 + \end{cases} = \mathcal{O}(n^{2.81})$ + +} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Algorithm} + \onslide<1->{ + + \scalebox{0.45}{\parbox{\linewidth}{ + \begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Strassen Matrix Multiplication} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{MM}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, n$} + \If{$n = 2$} + \State $ \mathbf{C} \gets zeros((n, n))$ + \State $C[0, 0] \gets A[0][0]*B[0][0]+A[0][1]*B[1][0]$ + \State $C[0, 1] \gets A[0][0]*B[0][1]+A[0][1]*B[1][1]$ + \State $C[1, 0] \gets A[1][0]*B[0][0]+A[1][1]*B[1][0]$ + \State $C[1, 1] \gets A[1][0]*B[0][1]+A[1][1]*B[1][1]$ + \Else + \State $ m \gets n/2$ + \State $\mathbf{A11}, \mathbf{A12}, \mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{A22} \gets \mathbf{A}[:m][:m], \mathbf{A}[:m][m:], \mathbf{A}[m:][:m], \mathbf{A}[m:][m:]$ + \State $\mathbf{B11}, \mathbf{B12}, \mathbf{B21}, \mathbf{B22} \gets \mathbf{B}[:m][:m], \mathbf{B}[:m][m:], \mathbf{B}[m:][:m], \mathbf{B}[m:][m:]$ + + \State $\mathbf{C11} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A11}, \mathbf{B11}) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A12}, \mathbf{B21})$ + \State $\mathbf{C12} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A11},\mathbf{B12}) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A12},\mathbf{B22})$ + \State $\mathbf{C21} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{B11}) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A22}, \mathbf{B21})$ + \State $\mathbf{C22} \gets \text{MM}(\mathbf{A21}, \mathbf{B12}) + \text{MM}(\mathbf{A22}, \mathbf{B22})$ + \State $ C \gets vstack((hstack((C11, C12)), hstack((C21, C22))))$ + + \EndIf + \State \textbf{return} $\textbf{C}$ + + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} + \end{algorithm} + \bigskip + \bigskip + \bigskip + \bigskip + \bigskip + }}} + +\only<2>{ + + + $ + \mathcal{T}(n) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \text{if } n \leq 2\\ + 8 \cdot \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2}) + n^2 & \text{if } n > 2 + \end{cases} = \mathcal{O}(n^{\log_2 8})$ + +} +\only<3>{ + $ + \mathcal{T}(n) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \text{if } n \leq 2\\ + 8 \cdot \mathcal{T}(\frac{n}{2}) + n^2 & \text{if } n > 2 + \end{cases} = \mathcal{O}(n^{3})$ + +} + +\end{frame} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/tikz/algo.pdf b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/tikz/algo.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..752f42e Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/tikz/algo.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/tikz/algo.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/tikz/algo.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b2c567 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/presentation/tikz/algo.tex @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +\documentclass[border=10pt]{article} +\usepackage[left=25mm,right=25mm,top=25mm,bottom=25mm]{geometry} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{geometry} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathrsfs} +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amsthm} +\usepackage{lipsum} +\usepackage{amscd} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +\usepackage{textcomp} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[all]{xy} +\usepackage{paralist} +\usepackage[colorlinks=true]{hyperref} +\usepackage{array} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{slashed} +\usepackage{pdfpages} +\usepackage{cite} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{algorithm} +\usepackage[noend]{algpseudocode} +\usepackage{listings} +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{color} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{Square Matrix Multiplication} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic}[1] + \Function{MM}{$\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}, \textbf{C}, n$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \State $sum \gets 0$ + \For{$k = 0,1,2 \dots,n-1$} + \State $sum \gets sum + \textbf{A}[i][k] \cdot \textbf{B}[k][j]$ + \EndFor + \State $\textbf{C}[i][j] \gets sum $ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/problemstellung.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/problemstellung.tex new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b20a791 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/problemstellung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +% +% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Problemstellung} +\rhead{Problemstellung} +Dank der breiten Anwendung der Matrizenmultiplikation ist eine effiziente L\"osung dieser Operation von grosser Bedeutung. +Das Ziel dieses Papers ist verschiedenen Algorithmen der Matrizenmultiplikation vorzustellen. +Wobei gezielt auf Algorithmen, welche das Problem schneller als der Standard Algorithmus L\"osen eingegangen wird. + +\subsection{Big $\mathcal{O}$ Notation} +Die Big $\mathcal{O}$ Notation beschreibt die Laufzeitkomplexit\"at eines Algorithmus \cite{multiplikation:bigo}. +$f(x) \in \mathcal{O}(g(x))$ besagt das die Funktion $f$ nicht wesentlich schneller w\"achst als $g$ wenn $x \rightarrow \infty$. +Vereinfacht werden f\"ur Algorithmen die folgende Notation verwendet: +\begin{itemize} + \item $f \in \mathcal{O}(1) \rightarrow f$ ist beschr\"ankt + \item $f \in \mathcal{O}(n) \rightarrow f$ w\"achst linear + \item $f \in \mathcal{O}(n^2) \rightarrow f$ w\"achst quadratisch + \item $f \in \mathcal{O}(\log n) \rightarrow f$ w\"achst logarithmisch + \item $f \in \mathcal{O}(n \log n) \rightarrow f$ hat super-lineares Wachstum + \item $f \in \mathcal{O}(e^n) \rightarrow f$ w\"achst exponentiell + \item usw. +\end{itemize} + +In der Abbildung \ref{multiplikation:fig:bigo} k\"onnen die Verschiedenen Laufzeiten miteinander verglichen werden. + +\begin{figure} + \center + \includegraphics[]{papers/multiplikation/images/bigo} + \caption{Verschiedene Laufzeiten} + \label{multiplikation:fig:bigo} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Beispiel Algorithmen} +\paragraph{Beschr\"ankter Algorithmus} + +Ein Beispiel eines Beschr\"ankter Verhalten $\mathcal{O}(1)$, kann im Algorithmus \ref{multiplikation:alg:b1} entnommen werden. + +\begin{algorithm}\caption{} + \label{multiplikation:alg:b1} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic} + \Function{B1}{$a, b$} + \State \textbf{return} $a+b$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +Wobei Konstanten nicht beachtet werden, der Algorithmus \ref{multiplikation:alg:b2} f\"uhrt ebenso zu $\mathcal{O}(1)$ und nicht zu $\mathcal{O}(2)$. + +\begin{algorithm}\caption{} + \label{multiplikation:alg:b2} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic} + \Function{B2}{$a, b$} + \State $ x \gets a+b $ + \State $ y \gets a \cdot b $ + \State \textbf{return} $x+y$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +\paragraph{Linearer Algorithmus} + +Folgender Algorithmus \ref{multiplikation:alg:l1} hat ein lineares $\mathcal{O}(n)$ Verhalten. + +\begin{algorithm}\caption{} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic} + \label{multiplikation:alg:l1} + \Function{L}{$\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}$,n} + \State $ sum \gets 0$ + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,n$} + \State $ sum \gets sum + A[i] \cdot B[i] $ + \EndFor + + \State \textbf{return} $sum$ + + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + +\paragraph{Quadratischer Algorithmus} + +Folgender Algorithmus \ref{multiplikation:alg:q1} hat ein quadratisches $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ Verhalten. + +\begin{algorithm}[H]\caption{} + \label{multiplikation:alg:q1} + \setlength{\lineskip}{7pt} + \begin{algorithmic} + \Function{Q}{$\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}$,n} + \State $ sum \gets 0$ + \For{$i = 0,1,2 \dots,n$} + \For{$j = 0,1,2 \dots,n$} + \State $ sum \gets sum + A[i] \cdot B[j] $ + \EndFor + \EndFor + \State \textbf{return} $sum$ + \EndFunction + \end{algorithmic} +\end{algorithm} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/references.bib b/buch/papers/multiplikation/references.bib old mode 100644 new mode 100755 index 7149fb1..9d76e8e --- a/buch/papers/multiplikation/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/references.bib @@ -33,3 +33,33 @@ url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@article{multiplikation:winograd_1968, + title={A New Algorithm for Inner Product}, + volume={C-17}, + DOI={10.1109/tc.1968.227420}, + number={7}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Computers}, + author={Winograd, S.}, + year={1968}, + pages={693–694} +} + +@article{multiplikation:strassen_1969, + title={Gaussian elimination is not optimal}, + volume={13}, + DOI={10.1007/bf02165411}, + number={4}, + journal={Numerische Mathematik}, + author={Strassen, Volker}, + year={1969}, + pages={354–356} +} + +@online{multiplikation:bigo, + title = {Big O notation}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation}, + date = {2021-07-27}, + year = {2021}, + month = {7}, + day = {27} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 082b7f5..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{multiplikation:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{multiplikation:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 0a6903a..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{multiplikation:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{multiplikation:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{multiplikation:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{multiplikation:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{multiplikation:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index efbf31a..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{multiplikation:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{multiplikation:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index f58508b..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/multiplikation/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{multiplikation:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{multiplikation:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo.fdb_latexmk b/buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo.fdb_latexmk new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f14129 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo.fdb_latexmk @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ +# Fdb version 3 +["pdflatex"] 1620305767 "algo.tex" "algo.pdf" "algo" 1621586452 + "/dev/null" 1621583990 0 d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e "" + "/etc/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1619433543 475 c0e671620eb5563b2130f56340a5fde8 "" + "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/base/8r.enc" 1165713224 4850 80dc9bab7f31fb78a000ccfed0e27cab "" + "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/map/fontname/texfonts.map" 1577235249 3524 cb3e574dea2d1052e39280babc910dc8 "" + "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/jknappen/ec/ecrm1000.tfm" 1136768653 3584 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+\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathrsfs} +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amsthm} +\usepackage{lipsum} +\usepackage{amscd} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{fancyhdr} +\usepackage{textcomp} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[all]{xy} +\usepackage{paralist} +\usepackage[colorlinks=true]{hyperref} +\usepackage{array} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{slashed} +\usepackage{pdfpages} +\usepackage{cite} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,matrix,positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{overlay-beamer-styles} +\usetikzlibrary{matrix.skeleton} +\usetikzlibrary{automata,positioning} +\usepackage{listings} +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{color} + +\begin{document} + +$ +A= +\begin{bmatrix} +A_{11} & A_{12}\\ +A_{21} & A_{22} +\end{bmatrix}, +B= +\begin{bmatrix} +B_{11} & B_{12}\\ +B_{21} & B_{22} +\end{bmatrix}, +C= +\begin{bmatrix} +C_{11} & C_{12}\\ +C_{21} & C_{22} +\end{bmatrix} +$ + +\medskip +$ +A \cdot B = C +$ + +\medskip +$ +C_{11} = A_{11} \cdot B_{11} + A_{12} \cdot B_{21}\\ +C_{12} = A_{11} \cdot B_{12} + A_{12} \cdot B_{22}\\ +C_{21} = A_{21} \cdot B_{11} + A_{22} \cdot B_{21}\\ +C_{22} = A_{21} \cdot B_{12} + A_{22} \cdot B_{22} +$ + +\medskip +\begin{math} +\begin{aligned} +\text{I} &= (A_{11} + A_{22}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{22}) \\ +\text{II} &= (A_{21} + A_{22}) \cdot B_{11} \\ +\text{III} &= A_{11} \cdot (B_{12}-B_{22}) \\ +\text{IV} &= A_{22} \cdot (-B_{11}+B_{21}) \\ +\text{V} &= (A_{11} + A_{12}) \cdot B_{22} \\ +\text{VI} &= (-A_{11} + A_{21}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{12})) \\ +\text{VII} &= (A_{12} - A_{22}) \cdot (B_{21} + B_{22}) \\ +\end{aligned} +\end{math} + + +\medskip +\begin{math} +\begin{aligned} +C_{11} &= \text{I} + \text{IV} - \text{V} + \text{VII} \\ +C_{21} &= \text{II} + \text{IV} \\ +C_{12} &= \text{III} + \text{V}\\ +C_{22} &= \text{I} + \text{III} - \text{II} + \text{VI} \\ +\end{aligned} +\end{math} + + +\medskip +\begin{math} +\begin{aligned} +C_{11} &= \text{II} + \text{IV} \\ +C_{11} &= (A_{11} + A_{22}) \cdot (B_{11} + B_{22}) + A_{22} \cdot (-B_{11}+B_{21}) - (A_{11} + A_{12}) \cdot B_{22} + (A_{12} - A_{22}) \cdot (B_{21} + B_{22})C_{21} \\ +C_{11} &= A_{11}B_{11} + A_{11}B_{22} + A_{22}B_{11} + A_{22}B_{22} -A_{22}B_{11}+A_{22}B_{21} - A_{11}B_{22} - A_{12}B_{22}+ A_{12}B_{21} + A_{12}B_{22} - A_{22}B_{21} - A_{22}B_{22} \\ +C_{11} &= A_{11}B_{11} + A_{12}B_{21} +\end{aligned} +\end{math} + +\section{Winograd} + +$ +x_1 y_1 + x_2 y_2 = (x_1 +y_2)(y_1 + x_2)-x_1 x_2 - y_1 y_2 +$ + +$ +x = (x_1, \cdots, x_n), y=(y_1, \cdots, y_n) +$ + +\[ +\xi = \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} x_{2j-1} \cdot x_{2j} +\] + +\[ +\eta = \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} y_{2j-1} \cdot y_{2j} +\] + +\[ +\langle x,y \rangle = +\begin{cases} + \displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} (x_{2j-1} + y_{2j})(x_{2j}+y_{2j-1})-\xi - \eta & \text{if $n$ is even}\\ +\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^{ \lfloor n/2 \rfloor} (x_{2j-1} + y_{2j})(x_{2j}+y_{2j-1})-\xi - \eta + x_n y_n & \text{if $n$ is odd} +\end{cases} +\] + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo_graph.fdb_latexmk b/buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo_graph.fdb_latexmk new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddfa880 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/multiplikation/tikz_formulas/algo_graph.fdb_latexmk @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +# Fdb version 3 +["pdflatex"] 1621585121 "algo_graph.tex" "algo_graph.pdf" "algo_graph" 1621585184 + "/dev/null" 1621583990 0 d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e "" + "/etc/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf" 1619433543 475 c0e671620eb5563b2130f56340a5fde8 "" + "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/base/8r.enc" 1165713224 4850 80dc9bab7f31fb78a000ccfed0e27cab "" + "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/map/fontname/texfonts.map" 1577235249 3524 cb3e574dea2d1052e39280babc910dc8 "" + "/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/jknappen/ec/ecrm1000.tfm" 1136768653 3584 adb004a0c8e7c46ee66cad73671f37b4 "" + 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sep=-1pt, fill=red, fit=(M46-3-1)] {}; +\end{tikzpicture} + + + +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.1 From d11655b383e154e8ad5bb7006e33383f99e8c62c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lukaszogg <82384106+Lukaszogg@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 15:02:47 +0200 Subject: Anpassungen nach Besprechung --- buch/papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve2.pdf | Bin 26978 -> 14941 bytes buch/papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve2.tex | 5 +- buch/papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve3.pdf | Bin 27445 -> 15413 bytes buch/papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve3.tex | 5 +- buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib | 8 +- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex | 57 ++++++------ buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex | 168 +++++++++++++++++++---------------- 8 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve2.pdf b/buch/papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve2.pdf index bee3bc0..5e4afdf 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve2.pdf and 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newest} \begin{document} - -\begin{tikzpicture} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] \begin{axis}[ diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex index 95f1f4b..4167475 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/main.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % \chapter{Erdbebenmessung\label{chapter:erdbeben}} -\lhead{Thema} +\lhead{Erdbeben} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Lukas Zogg und Fabio Veicelli} diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib b/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib index 56ca24b..444c82d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/references.bib @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ %% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. %% https://bibdesk.sourceforge.io/ -%% Created for lukas zogg at 2021-07-17 16:48:19 +0200 +%% Created for lukas zogg at 2021-07-27 17:56:45 +0200 %% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) -@article{aragher_understanding_2012, +@article{erdbeben:aragher_understanding_2012, author = {Faragher, Ramsey}, date-added = {2021-07-17 16:44:00 +0200}, date-modified = {2021-07-17 16:45:54 +0200}, - journal = { Signal Processing Magazine}, + journal = {Signal Processing Magazine}, month = {09}, number = {5}, pages = {128--132}, - title = {Understanding the Basis of the Kalman Filter Via a Simple and Intuitive Derivation }, + title = {Understanding the Basis of the Kalman Filter Via a Simple and Intuitive Derivation}, volume = {29}, year = {2012}, Bdsk-File-1 = 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diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex index 8ce8ff2..c099340 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ Die Masse schwing jedoch in seiner Eigendynamik weiter. Relativbewegung des Bodens kann damit als Auslenkung im Zeitverlauf gemessen werden. In modernen Seismographen wird die Bodenbewegung in alle Richtungen gemessen, sowohl Horizontal als auch Vertikal. Wir konstruieren uns eine einfachere Version eines Seismographen mit eine Gehäuse, an dem zwei Federn und eine Masse befestigt sind. +Der Seismograph ist in Abbildung ~\ref{erdbeben:Seismograph} ersichtlich. Ein Sensor unter der Masse misst die Position, bzw. die Auslenkung der Feder und der Masse. Dies bedeutet, unser Seismograph kann nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. @@ -30,52 +31,52 @@ Dies bedeutet, unser Seismograph kann nur in eine Dimension Messwerte aufnehmen. \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Apperatur} \caption{Aufbau des Seismographen mit Gehäuse, Masse, Federn und Sensor} + \label{erdbeben:Seismograph} \end{center} \end{figure} \subsection{Ziel} Unser Seismograph misst nur die Position der Masse über die Zeit. -Wir wollen jedoch die Beschleunigung $a(t)$ des Boden bzw. die Kraft $f(t)$ welche auf das Gehäuse wirkt bestimmten. -Anhand dieser Beschleunigung bzw. der Krafteinwirkung durch die Bodenbewegung wird später das Bauwerk bemessen. +Wir wollen jedoch die Beschleunigung $a(t)$ des Boden, bzw. die Kraft $f(t)$, welche auf das Gehäuse wirkt, bestimmten. +Anhand dieser Beschleunigung, bzw. der Krafteinwirkung durch die Bodenbewegung, wird später das Bauwerk bemessen. Dies bedeutet, die für uns interessante Grösse $f(t)$ wird nicht durch einen Sensor erfasst. Jedoch können wir durch zweifaches ableiten der Positionsmessung $s(t)$ die Beschleunigung der Masse berechnen. Das heisst: Die Messung ist zweifach Integriert die Kraft $f(t)$ inklusive der Eigendynamik der Masse. -Um die Bewegung der Masse zu berechnen, müssen wir Gleichungen für unser System finden. +Um die Krafteinwirkung der Masse zu berechnen, müssen wir Gleichungen für unser System finden. \subsection{Systemgleichung} -Im Fall unseres Seismographen, kann die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung einer gedämpften Schwingung am harmonischen Oszillator verwendet werden. -Diese lautet: +Im Paper~\cite{erdbeben:mendezmueller} wurde das System gleich definiert und vorgegangen. +Im Fall unseres Seismographen, handelt es sich um ein Feder-Masse-Pendel. +Dieser kann durch die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung einer gedämpften Schwingung am harmonischen Oszillator beschrieben werden. +Die Gleichung lautet: \begin{equation} -m\ddot s + 2k \dot s + Ds = f +m\ddot s + 2k \dot s + Ds = f. \end{equation} -mit den Konstanten $m$ = Masse, $k$ = Dämpfungskonstante und $D$ = Federkonstante. -Da die DGL linear ist, kann sie in die kompaktere und einfachere Matrix-Form umgewandelt werden. Dazu wird die Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung substituiert: -\[ {s_1}=s \qquad -{s_2}=\dot s, \qquad\] -Somit entstehen die Gleichungen für die Position $s(t)$ der Masse : +wobei $m$ die Masse, $k$ die Dämpfungskonstante und $D$ die Federkonstante bezeichnet. +Da die Differentialgleichung linear ist, kann sie in die kompaktere und einfachere Matrix-Form umgewandelt werden. +Dazu verwenden wir die Subsitution: +\[ s_1 = s \qquad \text{und} \qquad s_2 = \dot s . \] +Somit entstehen die Gleichungen für die Position $ \dot s_1(t)$ der Masse : \[ \dot {s_1} = {s_2}\] und -\[ \dot s_2 = -\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] für die Beschleunigung $a(t)$ der Masse. - +\[ \dot s_2 = -\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] +für die Beschleunigung $\dot s_2(t)$ der Masse. Diese können wir nun in der Form -\[ {s_3}=-\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] +\[ f =-\frac{D}{m} {s_1} -\frac{2k}{m} {s_2} + \frac{f} {m} \] auch als Matrix-Vektor-Gleichung darstellen. Dafür wird die Gleichung in die Zustände aufgeteilt. -Die für uns relevanten Zustände sind die Position der Masse, die Geschwindigkeit der Masse und die äussere Beschleunigung des ganzen System. -Dabei muss unterschieden werden, um welche Beschleunigung es sich handelt. -Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse, innere Beschleunigung, als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur, äussere Beschleunigung. -In unserem Fall wird die äusseren Beschleunigung gesucht, da diese der Erdbebenanregung gleich kommt. -\begin{equation} -\frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} {s_1} \\ {s_2} \end{array}\right) = \left( - \begin{array}{ccc} -0 & 1& 0 \\ -- \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ -\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c} {s_1} \\ {s_2} \\ {s_3} \end{array}\right). -\end{equation} - -Durch Rücksubstituion ergibt sich: +Die für uns relevanten Zustände sind die Position der Masse, die Geschwindigkeit der Masse und die äussere Beschleunigung des ganzen Systems. + +Dabei muss unterschieden werden, um welche Beschleunigung es sich handelt. +Das System beinhaltet sowohl eine Beschleunigung der Masse (innere Beschleunigung) als auch eine Beschleunigung der ganzen Apparatur (äussere Beschleunigung). +In unserem Fall wird die äusseren Beschleunigung gesucht, da diese der Erdbebenanregung gleich kommt. +Dazu wird ein Zustandsvektor definiert: +\[ + \left(\begin{array}{c} {s_1} \\ {s_2} \\ {f} \end{array}\right). + \] +Durch Rücksubstituion ergibt sich uns folgende Systemgleichung in Matrix schreibweise, , wobei $\sot {s_1}= v$ ist: \begin{equation} -\frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} s(t) \\ v(t) \end{array}\right) = \left( +\frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} s(t) \\ v(t) \\ f(t) \end{array}\right) = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1& 0 \\ - \frac{D}{m} &-\frac{2k}{m} & \frac{1} {m}\\ diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex index e07800f..6c334bf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil1.tex @@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ \rhead{Kalman-Filter} \section{Kalman-Filter} +Interessante Grösse ist also Integral von Überlagerung zweier Kräfte. +Wir brauchen also dir zweite Ableitung von der Messung , ohne deren Eigendynamik. Da wir die äussere Kraft nicht direkt messen können, benötigen wir ein Werkzeug, welches aus der gemessenen Position, die Krafteinwirkung auf unsere System schätzt. Dies ist eine typische Anwendung für das Kalman-Filter. Unser Ziel ist es, anhand der Messung die eigentlich interessante Grösse $f$ zu bestimmen. @@ -23,8 +25,8 @@ Die Idee dahinter ist, dass das Kalman-Filter die nicht-deterministische Grösse Für mehrere Dimensionen (x,y,z) würde der Pythagoras für das System benötigt werden. Da sich der Pythagoras bekanntlich nicht linear verhält, kann kein lineares Kalman-Filter implementiert werden. Da das Kalman-Filter besonders effektiv und einfach für lineare Abläufe geeignet ist, würde eine zweidimensionale Betrachtung den Rahmen dieser Arbeit sprengen. -Für ein nicht-lineares System werden Extended Kalman-Filter benötigt, bei denen die System-Matrix (A) durch die Jacobi-Matrix des System ersetzt wird. Einfachheitshalber beschränken wir uns auf den linearen Fall, da dadurch die wesentlichen Punkte bereits aufgezeigt werden. +Für ein nicht-lineares System werden Extended Kalman-Filter benötigt, bei denen die System-Matrix (A) durch die Jacobi-Matrix des System ersetzt wird. \subsection{Geschichte} Das Kalman-Filter wurde 1960 von Rudolf Emil Kalman entdeckt und direkt von der NASA für die Appollo Mission benutzt. @@ -35,57 +37,60 @@ Das Filter schätzt den Zustand eines Systems anhand von Messungen und kann den Das Kalman-Filter schätzt den wahrscheinlichsten Wert zwischen Normalverteilungen. Dies bedeutet, das Filter schätzt nicht nur den Mittelwert, sondern auch die Standartabweichung. Da Normalverteilungen dadurch vollständig definiert sind, schätzt ein Kalman-Filter die gesamte Verteilungsfunktion des Zustandes. +In der Abbildung~\ref{erdbeben: Zwei Normalverteilungen} sind zwei Funktionen dargestellt. Die eine Funktion zeigt die errechnete Vorhersage des Zustands, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. Die andere Funktion zeigt die verrauschte Messung des nächsten Zustand, bzw. deren Normalverteilung. -Wie man am Beispiel der Gauss-Verteilungen unten sehen kann, ist sowohl der geschätzte Zustand als auch der gemessene Zustand normalverteilt und haben dementsprechend unterschiedliche Standardabweichungen $\sigma$ und Erwartungswerte $\mu$. - +Wie man am Beispiel der Gauss-Verteilungen in Abblidung~\ref{erdbeben: Zwei Normalverteilungen} sehen kann, ist sowohl der geschätzte Zustand als auch der gemessene Zustand normalverteilt und haben dementsprechend unterschiedliche Standardabweichungen $\sigma$ und Erwartungswerte $\mu$. Dies wird in~\cite{erdbeben:aragher_understanding_2012}beschrieben. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve2.pdf} \caption{Zwei Normalerteilungen; Die eine Funktion zeigt die Vorhersage, die andere die Messung} + \label{erdbeben: Zwei Normalverteilungen} \end{center} \end{figure} - - +Wir haben eine Vorhersage aus der Systemdynamik und eine Messung des Zustandes. +Diese widersprechen sich im Allgemeinen. +Jedoch wissen wir die Wahrscheinlichkeiten der beiden Aussagen. Um eine genauere Schätzung des Zustandes zu machen, wird nun ein Wert zwischen den beiden Verteilungen berechnet. Nun wird eine Eigenschaft der Normalverteilung ausgenutzt. Durch das Multiplizieren zweier Normalverteilungen entsteht eine neue Normalverteilung. Wir haben eine Normalverteilung der Vorhersage: - -\[ {y_1}(x;{\mu_1},{\sigma_1})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \] +\[ +{y_1}(x;{\mu_1},{\sigma_1})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} +\] und der Messung: -\[ {y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}. \] - - - -Diesen werden nun Multipliziert und durch deren Fläche geteilt um sie wieder zu Normieren: -\[ -{y_f}(x;{\mu_f},{\sigma_f})=\frac{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}}{\int {y_1}\cdot{y_2} dx\,} - \] - +\[ +{y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}. +\] +Diesen werden nun multipliziert und durch deren Fläche geteilt um sie wieder zu normieren, $\odot$ beschreibt dabei die Multiplikation und die Normierung auf den Flächeninhalt eins : +\begin{align*} {y_f}(x; {\mu_f}, {\sigma_f}) = {y_1}(x;{ \mu_1},{ \sigma_1}) \odot {y_2}(x; {\mu_2}, {\sigma_2}) + &= + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \odot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}\quad e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}} + \\ + &= \frac{ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_1^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_1})^2}{2{\sigma_1}^2}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_2^2}}e^{-\frac{(x-{\mu_2})^2}{2{\sigma_2}^2}}}{\int {y_1} {y_2} dx}. \end{align*} Diese Kombination der beiden Verteilungen resultiert wiederum in einer Normalverteilung -\[ {y_f}(x; {\mu_f}, {\sigma_f}) = {y_1}(x;{ \mu_1},{ \sigma_1}) {\cdot y_2}(x; {\mu_2}, {\sigma_2}), \] mit Erwartungswert \[ \mu_f = \frac{\mu_1\sigma_2^2 + \mu_2 \sigma_1^2}{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2} \] und Varianz -\[ \sigma_f^2 = \frac{\sigma_1^2 \sigma_2^2}{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2}. \] - +\[ +\sigma_f^2 = \frac{\sigma_1^2 \sigma_2^2}{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2}. +\] Dadurch gleicht sich die neue Kurve den anderen an. Interessant daran ist, dass die fusionierte Kurve sich der genauere Normal-Verteilung anpasst. Ist ${\sigma_2}$ klein und ${\sigma_1}$ gross, so wird sich die fusionierte Kurve näher an ${y_2}(x;{\mu_2},{\sigma_2})$ begeben. -Sie ist also gewichtet und die best mögliche Schätzung. - - +Somit ist $\mu_f$ ist das gewichtete Mittel der beiden $\mu_{1,2}$, und die Varianzen sind die Gewichte! +Die neue Funktion ist die best mögliche Schätzung für zwei Verteilungen, welche den selben Zustand beschreiben. +Dies ist in der Abbildung~\ref{erdbeben:Gauss3} anhand der rote Funktion ersichtlich. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/erdbeben/Gausskurve3.pdf} \caption{Durch das Multiplizieren der blauen und der orangen Verteilung entsteht die die rote, optimale Funktion} + \label{erdbeben:Gauss3} \end{center} \end{figure} - - Was in zwei Dimensionen erklärt wurde, funktioniert auch in mehreren Dimensionen. Dieses Prinzip mach sich das Kalman Filter zu nutze, und wird von uns für die Erdbeben Berechnung genutzt. \section{Filter-Matrizen} +Da wir nun ein Werkzeug besitzen, dass die Beschleunigung, welche auf das Gehäuse wirkt, ermitteln kann, wird dieses nun Schritt für Schritt erklärt. Um den Kalman Filter zu starten, müssen gewisse Bedingungen definiert werden. In diesem Abschnitt werden die einzelnen Parameter und Matrizen erklärt und erläutert, wofür sie nützlich sind. @@ -94,8 +99,6 @@ In diesem Abschnitt werden die einzelnen Parameter und Matrizen erklärt und erl Das Filter benötigt eine Anfangsbedingung. In unserem Fall ist es die Ruhelage, die Masse bewegt sich nicht. Zudem erfährt die Apparatur keine äussere Kraft. - - \[ {x_0 }= \left( \begin{array}{c} {s_0}\\ {v_0}\\{f_0}\end{array}\right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right) \] \subsubsection*{Anfangsfehler / Kovarianzmatrix $P$} @@ -108,7 +111,6 @@ Kovarianz: Cov(x, y) und Varianz: Var(x) = Cov(x, x) In unserem Fall ist der Anfangszustand gut bekannt. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das System in Ruhe und in Abwesenheit eines Erdbeben startet, somit kann die Matrix mit Nullen bestückt werden. Als Initialwert für die Kovarianzmatrix ergibt sich - \[ {P_0 }= \left( @@ -145,9 +147,9 @@ Die Matrix $\Phi$ beschreibt die Übergänge zwischen zeitlich aufeinanderfolgen \subsubsection*{Prozessrauschkovarianzmatrix $Q$} Die Prozessrauschmatrix teilt dem Filter mit, wie sich der Prozess verändert. -Kalman-Filter berücksichtigen sowohl Unsicherheiten wie Messfehler und -rauschen. -In der Matrix $Q$ geht es jedoch im die Unsicherheit die der Prozess mit sich bringt. -Bei unserem Modell könnte das beispielsweise ein Windstoss an die Masse sein. +Kalman-Filter berücksichtigen Unsicherheiten wie Messfehler und -rauschen. +In der Matrix $Q$ geht es jedoch um die Unsicherheit, die der Prozess mit sich bringt. +Bei unserem Modell könnte das beispielsweise ein Windstoss an die Masse sein oder auch die Ungenauigkeiten im Modell, wie die Annahme das dich die Kraft nicht ändert. Für uns wäre dies: \[ Q = \left( @@ -157,7 +159,6 @@ Q = \left( 0 & 0& {\sigma_f }^2\\ \end{array}\right) \] - Die Standabweichungen müssten statistisch ermittelt werden, da der Fehler nicht vom Sensor kommt und somit nicht vom Hersteller gegeben ist. Das Bedeutet wiederum dass $Q$ die Unsicherheit des Prozesses beschreibt und nicht die der Messung. @@ -165,13 +166,15 @@ Das Bedeutet wiederum dass $Q$ die Unsicherheit des Prozesses beschreibt und nic Die Messmatrix gibt an, welche Parameter gemessen werden. $H$ ist die Gleichung die für die Vorhersage der Messung. In unserem Falle ist es die Position der Massen. - -\[ H = (1, 0, 0) \] +\[ +H = (1, 0, 0) +\] \subsubsection*{Messrauschkovarianz $R$} Die Messrauschkovarianzmatrix beinhaltet, wie der Name schon sagt, das Rauschen der Messung. In unserem Fall wird nur die Position der Masse gemessen. Da wir keine anderen Sensoren haben ist $R$ lediglich: -\[ R= ({\sigma_{sensor}}^2). +\[ +R= ({\sigma_\mathrm{sensor}}^2). \] Diese Messrauchen wird meistens vom Sensorhersteller angegeben. Für unsere theoretische Apparatur wird hier ein kleiner Fehler eingesetzt da heutige Sensoren sehr genau messen können. @@ -182,19 +185,25 @@ Zuerst wird der nächste Zustand der Masse vorhergesagt, danach wird die Messung Das Filter berechnet aufgrund der aktuellen Schätzung eine Vorhersage. Diese wird, sobald verfügbar, mit der Messung verglichen. Aus dieser Differenz und den Unsicherheiten des Prozesses ($Q$) und der Messung ($R$) wird der wahrscheinlichste, neue Zustand geschätzt. +Dabei muss genau auf den Index geachtet werden. Nach dem Artikel~\cite{erdbeben:wikipedia} ist die Indexierung so genormt: +Der Zeitschritt wird mit $k$ definiert, $k-1$ ist somit ein Zeitschritt vor $k$. +Auf der linken Seite von | wird der aktuelle Zustand verlangt, bzw. ausgegeben, auf der rechten Seiten den bisherigen Zustand. +Dies bedeutet, dass die Notation $x_{n|m}$ die Schätzung von $x$ zum Zeitpunkt $n$ bis und mit zur Zeitpunkt $m \leq \ n$ präsentiert. \subsubsection*{Vorhersage} Im Filterschritt Vorhersage wird der nächste Zustand anhand des Anfangszustand und der Systemmatrix berechnet. Dies funktioniert mit dem Rechenschritt: -\[ -{x_{k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k-1}}. - \] - -Die Kovarianz $P_{pred}$ wird ebenfalls neu berechnet. Da wir ein mehrdimensionales System haben, kommt noch die Prozessunsicherheit $Q$ dazu, so dass die Unsicherheit des Anfangsfehlers $P$ laufend verändert. +\[ +{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi{x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t){x_{k-1|k-1}}. +\] +Die Kovarianz $P_{k|k-1}$ wird ebenfalls neu berechnet. Zudem kommt noch die Prozessunsicherheit $Q$ dazu, so dass die Unsicherheit des Anfangsfehlers $P$ laufend verändert. Dies funktioniert durch multiplizieren der Systemmatrix mit dem aktualisierten Anfangsfehler. Dazu wird noch die Prozessunsicherheit addiert, somit entsteht die Gleichung -\[ {P_{k-1}} = {\Phi_k} {P_{k-1}} {\Phi_k} ^T + {Q_{k-1}} .\] -Es vergeht genau $t$ Zeit, und dieser Vorgang wird wiederholt. +\[ +{P_{k|k-1}}=\Phi {P_{k-1|k-1}} {\Phi _{k}}^T + {Q_{k-1}}. +\] +Es vergeht genau $\Delta t$ Zeit, und dieser Vorgang wird wiederholt. +Das hochgestellte T bezeichnet die transponierte Matrix. Dabei wird in den späteren Schritten überprüft, wie genau die letzte Anpassung von $P$ zur Messung stimmt. Ist der Unterschied klein, wird die Kovarianz $P$ kleiner, ist der Unterschied gross, wird auch die Kovarianz grösser. Das Filter passt sich selber an und korrigiert sich bei grosser Abweichung. @@ -202,74 +211,83 @@ Das Filter passt sich selber an und korrigiert sich bei grosser Abweichung. \subsubsection*{Messen} Der Sensor wurde noch nicht benutz, doch genau der liefert Werte für das Filter. Die aktuellen Messwerte $z$ werden die Innovation $w$ mit dem Zustandsvektor $x$ und der Messmatrix $H$ zusammengerechnet. -Hier bei wird lediglich die Messung mit dem Fehler behaftet, und die Messmatrix $H$ mit der Vorhersage multipliziert - -\[{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H}\cdot{x_{k-1}}.\] - +Hier bei wird lediglich die Messung mit dem Fehler behaftet, und die Messmatrix $H$ mit der Vorhersage multipliziert. +\[ +{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H}{x_{k|k-1}}. +\] Die Innovation ist der Teil der Messung, die nicht durch die Systemdynamik erklärt werden kann. Die Hilfsgröße Innovation beschreibt, wie genau die Vorhersage den aktuellen Messwert mittels der Systemmatrix $\Phi$ beschreiben kann. Für eine schlechte Vorhersage wird die dazugehörige Innovation gross, für eine genaue Vorhersage dagegen klein sein. Entsprechende Korrekturen müssen dann gross bzw. nur gering ausfallen. -Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies ist intuitiv logisch, eine Innovation von 0 bedeutet, dass die Messung nichts Neues hervorbrachte. +Innovation = Messung - Vorhersage. Dies leuchtet ein, eine Innovation von 0 bedeutet, dass die Messung nichts Neues hervorbrachte. Im nächsten Schritt wir analysiert, mit welcher Kovarianz weiter gerechnet wird. Hierbei wird die Unsicherheit $P$, die Messmatrix $H$ und die Messunsicherheit $R$ miteinander verrechnet. \[ -{S_{k}}={H}{P_{k-1}}{H}^T+{R_{k}} - \] +{S_{k}}={H}{P_{k|k-1}}{H}^T+{R_{k}} +\] \subsubsection*{Aktualisieren} Im nächsten Schritt kommt nun die Wahrscheinlichkeit dazu. -\[ -{K_{k}}= {{P_{k-1}} \cdot {H_{k}^T}}\cdot {S_{k}}^{-1} - \] +\[{K_{k}}= {P_{k|k-1}} {H^T}{S_{k}^{-1}}\] Dieser Vorgang wird Kalman-Gain genannt. -Er sagt aus, welcher Kurve mehr Vertraut werden soll, dem Messwert oder der Systemdynamik. -Das Kalman-Gain wird geringer, wenn der Messwert dem vorhergesagten Systemzustand entspricht. -Sind die Messwerte komplett anders als die Vorhersage, werden die Elemente in der Matrix $K$ grösser. -Anhand der Informationen aus dem Kalman-Gain $K$ wird das System aktualisiert. +Das Kalman-Gain gibt dem Zustand die Gewichtung, bzw. wie die Vorhersage auf den Zustand passt. +Vereinfacht gesagt: Es wird das das Verhältnis zwischen der Unsicherheit der Vorhersage $P_k$ zu der zugehörigen Messunsicherheit $R_k$ gebildet. +In unserem Fall wird werden die Elemente der Kalman-Matrix vorweg berechnet, da das Kalman-Gain ohne Messungen auskommt. -\[ -{x_{k|k}}={x_{k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) - \] +Anhand der Informationen aus dem Kalman-Gain $K$ wird das System aktualisiert. +\[ +{x_{k|k}}={x_{k|k-1}}+{K_{k}}{w_{k}} +\] +Dabei wird der Unterschied zwischen dem erwarteten, errechneten, Zustand und dem gemessenen Zustand berechnet. Dazu kommt eine neue Kovarianz für den nächste Vorhersageschritt: - -\[ -{P_{k}}=(I-({K_{k}} \cdot {H})) \cdot {P_{k-1}} - \] - +\[ +{P_{k|k}}=(I-{K_{k}}{H}){P_{k|k-1}} +\] Der ganze Algorithmus und beginnt wieder mit der Vorhersage - -\[ -{x_{k-1}}=\Phi \cdot {x_{k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k-1}}. - \] - +\[ +{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi{x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t){x_{k|k-1}}. +\] \subsection{Zusammenfassung } Zusammenfassend kann das Kalman-Filter in offizieller Typus dargestellt werden. Dabei beginnt das Filter mit dem Anfangszustand für $k=0$ 1. Nächster Zustand vorhersagen -\[{x_{k-1}}={\Phi} \cdot {x_{k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t)\cdot{x_{k-1}}.\] +\[ +{x_{k|k-1}}=\Phi{x_{k-1|k-1}}= \exp(A\Delta t){x_{k-1|k-1}}. +\] 2. Nächste Fehlerkovarianz vorhersagen -\[{P_{k-1}}={\Phi} {P_{k-1}} {\Phi _{k}}^T + {Q_{k-1}}.\] +\[ +{P_{k|k-1}}=\Phi {P_{k-1|k-1}} {\Phi _{k}}^T + {Q_{k-1}}. +\] 3. Zustand wird gemessen -\[{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H}\cdot{x_{k-1}}.\] +\[ +{w_{k}}={z_{k}}-{H}{x_{k|k-1}}. +\] 4. Innovation (= Messung - Vorhersage) -\[ {S_{k}}={H}{P_{k-1}}{H}^T+{R_{k}}\] +\[ +{S_{k}}={H}{P_{k|k-1}}{H}^T+{R_{k}} +\] 5. Das Kalman Filter anwenden -\[{K_{k}}= {P_{k-1}} \cdot {H^T}\cdot {S_{k}^{-1}}\] +\[ +{K_{k}}= {P_{k|k-1}} {H^T}{S_{k}^{-1}} +\] 6. Schätzung aktualisieren -\[{x_{k}}={x_{k-1}}+({K_{k}}\cdot {w_{k}}) \] +\[ +{x_{k|k}}={x_{k|k-1}}+{K_{k}}{w_{k}} +\] 7. Fehlerkovarianz aktualisieren -\[{P_{k}}=(I-({K_{k}}\cdot {H})) \cdot {P_{k-1}} \] +\[ +{P_{k|k}}=(I-{K_{k}}{H}){P_{k|k-1}} +\] 8. Die Outputs von $k$ werden die Inputs für ${k-1}$ und werden wieder im Schritt 1 verwendet -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5daff6cc906d9abb2a913569588a0666b4d53b4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 17:52:37 +0200 Subject: rewrite some texts --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 42 ++++++++----- buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf | Bin 20327 -> 20317 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 73 +++++++++++++--------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex | 2 + buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf | Bin 1828186 -> 1835615 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex | 11 ++-- 6 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index 73d0d12..e9aacfb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -3,57 +3,65 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Diskrete Fourier Transformation +\section{Übertragung mit hilfe der Diskrete Fourier Transformation \label{reedsolomon:section:dtf}} \rhead{Umwandlung mit DTF} Um die Polynominterpolation zu umgehen, gehen wir nun über in die Fourientransformation. -Dies wird weder eine erklärung der Forientransorfmation noch ein genauer gebrauchfür den Reed-Solomon-Code. +Dies wird weder eine Erklärung der Forientransorfmation, noch ein genauer gebrauch für den Reed-Solomon-Code. Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourientransformation auf Fehler reagiert. wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nützlich ist. \subsection{Diskrete Fourietransformation Zusamenhang \label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} -Die Diskrete Fourietransformation ist definiert als +Mit hilfe der Fourietransformation werden die \textcolor{blue}{blauen Datenpunkte} transformiert, +zu den \textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Übertragungspunkten}. +Durch eine Rücktransformation könnnen die \textcolor{blue}{blauen Datenpunkte} wieder rekonstruiert werden. +Nun zur definition der Diskrete Fourietransformation, diese ist definiert als \begin{equation} \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} ,\label{reedsolomon:DFT} \end{equation} - wenn man nun \begin{equation} w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} \label{reedsolomon:DFT_summand} \end{equation} - ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man \begin{equation} \hat{c}_{k}= \frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) \label{reedsolomon:DFT_polynom} \end{equation} - was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. -\subsection{Übertragungsabfolge + +\subsection{Beispiel \label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} -Der Auftrag ist nun 64 Daten zu übertragen und nach 16 Fehler abzusicheren, -16 Fehler erkennen und rekonstruieren. +Der Auftrag ist nun 64 Daten zu übertragen und nach 32 Fehler abzusicheren, +16 Fehler erkennen und rekonstruieren. + Dieser Auftrag soll mittels Fouriertransformation bewerkstelligt werden. In der Abbildung \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge} sieht man dies Schritt für schritt, -und hier werden die einzelne Schritte erklärt. +und hier werden die einzelne Schritte erklärt: \begin{enumerate}[(1)] \item Das Signal hat 64 die Daten, Zahlen welche übertragen werden sollen. Dabei zusätzlich nach 16 Fehler abgesichert, macht insgesamt 96 Übertragungszahlen. -\item Nun wurde mittels der schnellen diskreten Fourientransformation diese 96 codiert. -Das heisst alle information ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. -\item Nun kommen drei Fehler dazu an den Übertragungsstellen 7, 21 und 75. -\item Dieses wird nun Empfangen und mittels inversen diskreten Fourientransormation, wieder rücktransformiert. -\item Nun sieht man den Fehler im Decodieren in den Übertragungsstellen 64 bis 96. -\item Nimmt man nun nur diese Stellen 64 bis 96, auch Syndrom genannt, und Transformiert diese. -\item Bekommt man die Fehlerstellen im Locator wieder, zwar nichtso genau, dennoch erkkent man wo die Fehler stattgefunden haben. +(siehe Abschnitt \externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/idee}\ref{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerkorrekturstellen}) +Die 32 Fehlerkorrekturstellen werden als Null Übertragen +\item Nun wurde mittels der diskreten Fourientransformation diese 96 codiert. +Das heisst alle Informationen ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. (Auch die Fehlerkorrekturstellen Null) +\item Nun kommen drei Fehler dazu an den Übertragungsstellen 7, 21 und 75.(die Skala ist Rechts) +Die Fehler können auf den ganzen 96 Übertragungswerten liegen, wie die 75 zeigt. +\item Dieses wird nun Empfangen und mittels inversen diskreten Fourientransormation, wieder rücktransformiert.(Iklusive der Fehler) +\item Nun sieht man den Fehler im Decodieren in den Übertragungsstellen 64 bis 96, da es dort nicht mehr Null ist. +\item Nimmt man nun nur diese Stellen 64 bis 96, dies definieren wir als Syndrom, und transformiert nur dieses Syndrom. +\item Bekommt man die Fehlerstellen wieder, zwar nichtso genau, dennoch erkennt man wo die Fehler stattgefunden haben. +Dies definieren wir als Locator. \end{enumerate} +Nun haben wir mit Hilfe der Fourietransformation die 3 Fehlerstellen durch das Syndrom lokalisiert, +jetzt gilt es nur noch diese zu korrigieren und wir haben unser originales Signal wieder. \begin{figure} \centering diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf index dd6cdd3..55a50ac 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 519e642..8ad3d27 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ % -% idee.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% idee.tex -- Polynom Idee % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % @@ -14,15 +14,19 @@ Das Problem liegt darin Informationen, Zahlen, zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkennen, man kann sogar einige Fehler korrigieren. -Der unterschied des Fehler erkennen und korrigiren, ist das beim Erkennen nur die Frage kommt hat es Fehler oder keine, -beim korrigieren muss man den Fehler erkennun und dann zusätzlich noch den original Wert rekonstruieren. -Auch eine variante wäre es die Daten nach einem Fehler einfach nochmals zu senden, was bei Reed-Solomon-Code-Anwendungen nicht immer sinnvolll ist. \ref(reedsolomon:section:anwendung) +Der unterschied des Fehler erkennen und korrigiren, ist das beim Erkennen nur die Frage beantwortet wird mit: Ist die Übertragung fehlerhaft oder nicht? +Beim Korrigieren werden Fehler erkennt und dann zusätzlich noch den original Wert rekonstruieren. +Auch eine Variante wäre es die Daten nach einem Fehler nachdem Fehlerhaften senden, nochmals versenden(auch hier wieder doppelt und dreifach Sendung), +was bei Reed-Solomon-Code-Anwendungen nicht immer sinnvoll ist. +\externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} +\ref{reedsolomon:section:anwendung} +\subsection{Polynom-Ansatz +\label{reedsolomon:section:polynomansatz}} \rhead{Polynom-Ansatz} -Eine Idee ist aus den Daten -ein Polynom zu bilden. +Eine Idee ist aus den Daten ein Polynom zu bilden. Diese Polynomfunktion bei bestimmten Werten, ausrechnet und diese Punkte dann überträgt. -Nehmen wir als Beispiel die Zahlen \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5}, +\begin{beispiel} Nehmen wir die Zahlen \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5}, welche uns dann das Polynom \begin{equation} p(x) @@ -31,7 +35,8 @@ p(x) \label{reedsolomon:equation1} \end{equation} ergeben. -Übertragen werden nun die Werte dieses Polynomes an den Stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. +Übertragen werden nun die \textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Werte} +dieses \textcolor{blue}{blauen Polynomes} an den Stellen 1, 2, 3\dots 7 dieses Polynomes. Grafisch sieht man dies dann in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, mit den Punkten, $p(1),p(2),...,p(7) = (\textcolor{darkgreen}{8}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{15}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{26}, @@ -39,9 +44,11 @@ mit den Punkten, $p(1),p(2),...,p(7) = (\textcolor{darkgreen}{8}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{83}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{110})$ Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hat, muss der Leser/Empfänger diesen erkennen und das Polynom rekonstruieren. Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt wurden. +Die Farbe blau brauchen wir für die \textcolor{blue}{Daten} welche wir mit der Farbe grün \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übermitteln}. +\end{beispiel} -\subsection{Beispiel} -Für das Beispiel aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, +\begin{beispiel} +Aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, ist ein Polynome zweiten Grades durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben,(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{red}{roten Punkte}) kann man diese erkennen, da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. @@ -51,29 +58,40 @@ Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt.\ref{fig:polynom} Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkennt werden, dass das Polynom nicht stimmt. Das orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. -Dafür sind mehr übertragene Werte nötig. +Da das Konkurenzpolynom, grau gestrichelt in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, das orginal fehlleited. +Um das Konkurenzpolynom auszuschliessen, währen mehr \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} nötig. +\end{beispiel} \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2} - %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/polynom2.tex} - \caption{Polynom $p(x)$ \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} + %\input{papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex} + \caption{Polynom $p(x)$ von der Gleichung\eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} \label{fig:polynom} \end{figure} -\section{Fehlerbestimmung -\label{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerbestimmmung}} -So wird ein Muster indentifiziert, welches genau vorherbestimmen kann, -wie gross das Polynom sein muss und wie viele Übertragungspunkte gegeben werden müssen. -Um zu bestimmen wie viel Fehler erkennt und korriegiert werden können. -Die Anzahl Zahlen (Daten, ab hier verwenden wir das Wort Nutzlast), -die Entschlüsselt werden sollen, brauchen die gleiche Anzahl an Polynomgraden, beginnend bei Grad 0. ( \( k-1 \) ) -Für die Anzahl an Übertragungspunkte, muss bestimmt werden wieviel Fehler erkennt und korrigiert werden sollen. -Mit Hilfe der Tabelle, sieht man das es bei $t$ Fehlern und $k$ Nutzlast Zahlen, -$k+2t$ Punkte übertragen werden müssen. +\section{Fehlerkorekturstellen bestimmen +\label{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerkorrekturstellen}} +Um zu bestimmen wieviel zusätzliche \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} notwendig sind, die dann Fehler korrigieren, +muss man zuerst Wissen wieviel \textcolor{blue}{Daten} gesendet und wieviel \textcolor{red}{Fehler} erkennt werden sollen. +Die Anzahl \textcolor{blue}{Daten} (ab hier verwenden wir das Wort Nutzlast), die als Polynomkoeffizente $k$ übergeben werden, +brauchen die gleiche Anzahl an Polynomgraden, beginnend bei Grad 0 somit ergibt sich der Polynomgrad mit $k-1$. +Für die Anzahl der Fehler $t$, welche korrigiert werden können, gehen wir zum Beispiel. +\begin{beispiel} von den Polynom \ref{reedsolomon:equation1} in, welchem wir 7 \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} senden. +Durch 3 Punkte wird das Polyom eindeutig bestimmt, nun haben wir mehrere Konkurenzpolynome, doch mit maximal 2 Fehler liegen auf einem Konkurenzpolynom, +maximal 4 Punkte und auf unserem orginal 5 Punkte. Ansonsten hatt es mehr Fehler oder unser Konkurenzpolynom ist das gleiche wie das Original. +Somit können wir nun bestimmen, dass von den \textcolor{darkgreen}{7 Übertragungspunkten$u$} bis zu 2 Fehler korrigiert werden können und 4 Übertragungspunkte zusätzlich gesendet werden müssen. +\end{beispiel} +Durch das erkennen des Schemas in der Tabelle\ref{tabel:fehlerkorrekturstellen} +\begin{equation} + \frac{\textcolor{darkgreen}{u}-\textcolor{blue}{k}}{\textcolor{red}{t}} + =2 + \label{reedsolomon:equation2} +\end{equation} +zeigt sich das es $k+2t$ Übertragungspunkte braucht. \begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ c c c } + \begin{tabular}{ c c | c} \hline Nutzlas & Fehler & Übertragen \\ \hline @@ -84,12 +102,11 @@ $k+2t$ Punkte übertragen werden müssen. $k$ & $t$ & $k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$ \\ \hline \end{tabular} + Fehlerkorrekturstellen Bestimmung TODO: Tabellenreferenz + \label{tabel:fehlerkorrekturstellen} \end{center} -Ein toller Nebeneffekt ist das dadurch auch $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden. -Um zurück auf unser Beispiel zu kommen, -können von den 7 Übertragungspunkten bis zu $2t = 2\cdot2 = 4 $ Punkten falsch liegen -und es wird kein eindeutiges Polynom zweiten Grades erkannt, und somit die Nutzlast Daten als fehlerhaft deklariert. +Ein Nebeneffekt ist das dadurch auch $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden können, nicht aber korrigiert. Um aus den Übertragenen Zahlen wieder die Nutzlastzahlen zu bekommen könnte man eine Polynominterpolation anwenden, doch die Punkte mit Polynominterpolation zu einem Polynom zu rekonstruieren ist schwierig und Fehleranfällig. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex index b84e228..40c6ea3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/packages.tex @@ -10,3 +10,5 @@ \usepackage{pgfplots} \usepackage{filecontents} +\usepackage{xr} + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf index a984f35..1f2f0b9 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex index 456e067..47dc679 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex @@ -29,9 +29,14 @@ \def\hellpunkt#1{ \fill[color=lightgray] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; - \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + \draw[gray] #1 circle[ radius=0.07]; } + \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] + plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] + ({\x},{(7.832*\x^2-51.5*\x+121.668)/\teiler}); + + \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} \hellpunkt{(2,15/\teiler)} \hellpunkt{(3,26/\teiler)} @@ -40,9 +45,7 @@ \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} - \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] - plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] - ({\x},{(7.832*\x^2-51.5*\x+121.668)/\teiler}); + \def\erpunkt#1{ \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; -- cgit v1.2.1 From e26cac3a7ed4957e7ed3cfae4f0fc2281e4b1514 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 17:59:59 +0200 Subject: fix intro Kristalle --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 11 ++++------- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 18b8395..88e683f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -1,9 +1,7 @@ \section{Kristalle} -% TODO: einleitung sollte noch an das ende von der Symmetrie angepasst werden -% TODO: sich jeder => paper sprache -Unter dem Begriff Kristall sollte sich jeder ein Bild machen können. -Wir werden uns aber nicht auf sein Äusseres fokussieren, sondern was ihn im Inneren ausmacht. -Die Innereien eines Kristalles sind glücklicherweise relativ einfach definiert. +Eine nicht allzu häufig gestellte Frage ist, wie ein Kristall definiert ist. +Um zu klären, was ein Kristall mit Symmetrien zu tun hat, ist genau diese Frage äusserst relevant. +Glücklicherweise ist das Innere eines Kristalles relativ einfach definiert. \begin{definition}[Kristall] Ein Kristall besteht aus Atomen, welche sich in einem Muster arrangieren, welches sich in drei Dimensionen periodisch wiederholt. \end{definition} @@ -81,8 +79,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. An der neuen Position \(B\) von \(A'\) muss also auch ein Punkt des Gitters sein, um die Rotationssymmetrie zu erfüllen. \item \(B\) ist unser Name für diesen neuen Punkt. Da auch die Eigenschaften des Kristallgitters periodisch mit dem Gitter sein müssen, dürfen wir \(C_n\) auch auf \(A'\) anwenden. - Also wenden wir \(C_n\) invertiert\footnote{Eine Rotationssymmetrie muss auch in die inverse Richtung funktionieren.} - auch auf \(A'\) an. + Also wenden wir \(C_n^{-1}\) auch auf \(A'\) an. Dies dreht \(A\) auf einen neuen Punkt. \item \(B'\) ist kein zufälliger Name für diesen neuen Punkt, denn wir wissen, dass zwischen allen Punkten eine Translationssymmetrie bestehen muss. Die Translationssymmetrie zwischen \(B\) und \(B'\) ist hier als \(\vec{Q}'\) bezeichnet. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 4d8e9b6051dcd25c34b6270c1fc1938668e7df6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Andreas=20M=C3=BCller?= Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 18:05:37 +0200 Subject: fix files broken by JODBaer pull request --- buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex index c099340..c985713 100644 --- a/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/erdbeben/teil0.tex @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Dazu wird ein Zustandsvektor definiert: \[ \left(\begin{array}{c} {s_1} \\ {s_2} \\ {f} \end{array}\right). \] -Durch Rücksubstituion ergibt sich uns folgende Systemgleichung in Matrix schreibweise, , wobei $\sot {s_1}= v$ ist: +Durch Rücksubstituion ergibt sich uns folgende Systemgleichung in Matrix schreibweise, , wobei $\dot {s_1}= v$ ist: \begin{equation} \frac{d}{dt} \left(\begin{array}{c} s(t) \\ v(t) \\ f(t) \end{array}\right) = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} -- cgit v1.2.1 From a69eeb70b01b71089c31fb23654d38898ae26f44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 18:06:44 +0200 Subject: Fix symmetry paragraph and schonflies symbols --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 10 +++++----- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 7 +++---- 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 88e683f..21c322d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. Wir beginnen, indem wir die Länge der Verschiebung \(|\vec{Q}| = Q\) setzen und \(|\vec{Q}'| = Q'\). Aus Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:rot-geometry} ist ersichtlich, dass \(Q' = Q + 2x\). Da \(\vec{Q}\) eine Translation um ein Grundvektor ist , muss \(\vec{Q}'\) ein ganzes Vielfaches von \(\vec{Q}\) sein. - Demnach ist auch die Länge + Demnach auch die Länge \[ Q' = nQ = Q + 2x . \] @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Im vorausgegangenen Abschnitt wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kri \subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbolik} -Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schöönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. +Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Untergruppen von Schönflies verwendet. @@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkass \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, weil das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. \item Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. - Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum\footnote{Ein Objekt mit Inversionszentrum ist Punktsymmetrisch im Inversionszentrum.} \(i\) oder eine horizontale\footnote{Als Orientierungspunkt wird die Symmetrieachse höchster Ordnung (\(n\)) als vertikal definiert} Spiegelachse \(h\). - \item Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. - \(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. + Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum \(i\) oder eine horizontale Spiegelachse \(h\). \end{itemize} +Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. + \(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index a5b2fe2..0805d8b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -28,16 +28,15 @@ Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-examp Fasst man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] - %% TODO - Seien \(g\) und \(h\) umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lassen. + Seien \(g\) und \(h\) umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lassen, sogenannte Symmetrieoperationen. Die Komposition \(h\circ g\) definieren wir als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. Alle möglichen Symmetrieoperationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. \end{definition} Eine Gruppe benötigt ausserdem auch zwingend ein neutrales Element, welches wir mit \(\mathds{1}\) bezeichnen. Die Anwendung der neutralen Operation ist gleichbedeutend damit, alles unverändert zu lassen. -\(\mathds{1}\) ist auch äquivalent dazu, eine Operation anzuwenden und sie dann rückgängig zu machen (ihre Inverse anzuwenden). -%% TODO +Weiterhin muss in einer Gruppe für jede Operation \(g\) auch eine inverse Operation \(g^{-1}\) vorkommen, die intuitiv rückgängig macht, was \(g\) getan hat. +Somit ist \(\mathds{1}\) auch äquivalent dazu, eine Operation und dann ihre Inverse anzuwenden. Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, sie wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. Das liegt daran, dass in manchen Fällen die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet wird. Die Verwendung einer multiplikativen Schreibweise ermöglicht es, einige Ausdrücke kompakter zu schreiben, z.B. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7c0959264d5f9ed56fc50f38fef859aa61671c5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 18:55:05 +0200 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?rewrite=20sch=C3=B6nflies=20first=20two=20points?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 10 ++++------ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 21c322d..705dbe5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -143,13 +143,11 @@ Im vorausgegangenen Abschnitt wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kri Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. - Da nicht alle Symmetriegruppen in Kristallen möglich sind, werden nicht alle Untergruppen von Schönflies verwendet. \begin{itemize} - \item Es ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\). - Für die eindeutige zuweisung in eine Kristallklasse werden noch identifizierende Merkmale als Subskript notiert. - Bei der Untergruppe \(C\) werden beispielsweise die möglichen Rotationssymmetrien gezeigt. - \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, weil das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. - Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. + \item In Kristallen ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\) zu finden. + Es gäbe auch die Ikosaedergruppe \(I\) und die Kugelgruppe \(K\), diese sind aber nicht kompatibel mit der Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles. + \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. Ist im Subskript eine Zahl \(n\) zu finden, symbolisiert \(n\), dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Symmetrie handelt. + Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie eines Kristalles ist. \item Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum \(i\) oder eine horizontale Spiegelachse \(h\). \end{itemize} -- cgit v1.2.1 From f2fdb2ec6ebef72d604e1919f6fe76b1158a308b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 18:55:35 +0200 Subject: Wrong schonflies symbol in stereographic projections --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf | Bin 26440 -> 27957 bytes buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex | 2 +- 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf index bc04313..9dc3796 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex index 64ab468..e8a4a2e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/tikz/projections.tex @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ \node[classcirc] (C2h) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{2h}\)}; & \node[classcirc] (D2) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{2}\)}; \\ - \node[classcirc] (D3d) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{3d}\)}; & + \node[classcirc] (D3d) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{3v}\)}; & \node[classcirc] (C2v) {} node[classlabel] {\(C_{2v}\)}; & \node[classcirc] (D2h) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{2h}\)}; & \node[classcirc] (D3) {} node[classlabel] {\(D_{3}\)}; & -- cgit v1.2.1 From b7c2d5a19112e5bb5859797bd36c982f1ac2116a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 18:56:33 +0200 Subject: On subscripts --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 7 +++++-- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index 21c322d..ae48b0a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Die eingezeichneten Vektoren \(\vec{a}_1\) und \(\vec{a}_2\) sind die kleinstmö Wird ein beliebiger grauer Gitterpunkt in \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} gewählt und um eine ganzzahlige Linearkombination von \(\vec{a}_1\) und \(\vec{a}_2\) verschoben, endet er zwangsweise auf einem Gitterpunkt, wenn nicht wieder am selben Ort. Im dreidimensionalen Raum können alle Gitterpunkte mit derselben Idee und einem zusätzlichen Vektor \(\vec{c}\) also \[ - \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a}_1 + n_2 \vec{a}_2 + n_3 \vec{a}_3 = \sum_i n_i \vec{a}_i + \vec{r} = n_1 \vec{a}_1 + n_2 \vec{a}_2 + n_3 \vec{a}_3 = \sum_i n_i \vec{a}_i \] erreicht werden sofern \(n_1,n_2,n_3 \in \mathbb{Z}\) sind. Sind die Vektoren \(\vec{a}_1\), \(\vec{a}_2\), \(\vec{a}_3\) gegeben, ist ein Kristallgitter eindeutig beschrieben, weswegen sie auch als Grundvektoren bekannt sind. @@ -151,7 +151,10 @@ Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkass \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen, weil das Subskript \(n\) von \(C_n\) zeigt, dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Rotationssymmetrie handelt. Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} in einem Kristall keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie ist. \item Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. - Wie zum Beispiel ein Inversionszentrum \(i\) oder eine horizontale Spiegelachse \(h\). + \begin{itemize} + \item Der Subskript \(h\) bezeichnet eine horizontale Spiegelebene, während \(v\) eine Symmetrieebene. Eine Symmetrieebene ist eine Spiegelebene, die sich mit der Symmetrie dreht. \(C_{3v}\) hat zum Beispiel eine vertikale Spiegelebene, die als 3 Spiegelebenen erscheint, weil es eine 3-fache Drehung gibt. + \item + \end{itemize} \end{itemize} Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. \(C_{3i}\) beschreibt genau das selbe wie \(S_6\), da eine dreifache Rotationssymmetrie mit einem Inversionszentrum einer sechsfachen Drehspiegelsymmetrie entspricht. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 0bf83875f83587d3a36ddfb1e6c1b65c9ccf4855 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 20:03:32 +0200 Subject: Subscripts for schoenflies notation --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 26 +++++++++++++++-------- buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf | Bin 27957 -> 27957 bytes 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index befdb46..ce09063 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ ein. Im vorausgegangenen Abschnitt wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kristallgitter nicht alle Symmetrien möglich sind. Mit weiteren ähnlichen Überlegungen kann gezeigt werden, dass Kristalle im dreidimensionalen Raum nur auf genau 32 Arten rein punktsymmetrische Symmetriegruppen bilden können. Diese 32 möglichen Symmetriegruppen scheinen durchaus relevant zu sein, denn sie werden unter anderem als Kristallklassen bezeichnet. - Die 32 möglichen Kristallklassen sind auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen. + Die 32 möglichen Kristallklassen sind auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} zu sehen. Die Darstellung von dreidimensionalen Punktsymmetrien wurde mit der stereographischen Projektion ermöglicht (siehe Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:stereographic-projections}), wobei die gestrichelten Klassen aus Gründen der Überschaubarkeit nicht im Detail gezeichnet wurden. @@ -135,23 +135,31 @@ Im vorausgegangenen Abschnitt wurde gezeigt, dass in einem zweidimensionalen Kri \centering \includegraphics[]{papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections} \caption{Kristallklassen mit zugehörigem Schönflies-Symbol} - \label{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} + \label{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} \end{figure} \subsubsection{Schönflies-Symbolik} -Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. +Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} ist mit ihrem zugehörigen Schönflies-Symbol bezeichnet. Die Schönflies-Symbolik stammt von dem Mathematiker Arthur Moritz Schönflies, welcher sich unter anderem mit der Klasifizierung der Punktgruppen auseinandergesetzt hat. - Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} zu sehen sind. + Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} zu sehen sind. \begin{itemize} \item In Kristallen ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\) zu finden. - Es gäbe auch die Ikosaedergruppe \(I\) und die Kugelgruppe \(K\), diese sind aber nicht kompatibel mit der Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles. - \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. Ist im Subskript eine Zahl \(n\) zu finden, symbolisiert \(n\), dass es sich um eine \(n\)-fache Symmetrie handelt. - Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:Kristallkassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie eines Kristalles ist. + Es gäbe auch die Ikosaedergruppe \(I\) und die Kugelgruppe \(K\), diese sind aber nicht kompatibel mit der Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles und daher für uns nicht relevant. + \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. + Ist im Subskript eine Zahl \(n\) zu finden, steht dies für eine \(n\)-fache Symmetrie. + Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie eines Kristalles ist. \item Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. + Für die folgenden Betrachtungen müssen wir uns Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} genauer ansehen. + Dabei ist mit horizontal flach auf dem Papier gemeint. \begin{itemize} - \item Der Subskript \(h\) bezeichnet eine horizontale Spiegelebene, während \(v\) eine Symmetrieebene. Eine Symmetrieebene ist eine Spiegelebene, die sich mit der Symmetrie dreht. \(C_{3v}\) hat zum Beispiel eine vertikale Spiegelebene, die als 3 Spiegelebenen erscheint, weil es eine 3-fache Drehung gibt. - \item + \item[\(h\)] bezeichnet eine horizontale Spiegelebene und + \item[\(v\)] eine Symmetrieebene, was eine Spiegelebene ist, die sich mit der Symmetrie mitdreht. + Zum Beispiel hat \(C_{3v}\) eine vertikale Spiegelebene, die durch die 3-fache Drehsymmetrie als 3 Spiegelebenen erscheinen. + \item[\(s\)] ist ein spezielles Subskript um die beiden Symmetriegruppen \(C_{1v}\) und \(C_{1h}\) zu beschreiben, weil \(C_{1v} = C_{1h}\). + \item[\(d\)] symbolisiert eine diagonale Symmetrieebene. + Es wird ersichtlich wie diagonal gemeint ist, wenn man \(D_2\) zu \(D_{2d}\) vergleicht. + \item[\(i\)] steht für ein Inversionszentrum. Hat eine Symmetriegruppe ein Inversionszentrum, bedeutet dies dass sie im Ursprung punktsymmetrisch ist. \end{itemize} \end{itemize} Zu beachten ist jedoch, dass manche Symmetriegruppen mit mehreren Schönflies-Symbolen beschieben werden können. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf index 9dc3796..202fc8d 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf and b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/figures/projections.pdf differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5c9bc9221d54daecf885b8e66286a5f13406e47b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pascal Schmid <81317360+paschost@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 20:27:50 +0200 Subject: Diverse Anpassungen MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit - Typos - Integration von Formeln in Sätze - \dot zu \dots --- buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex index 416e311..6ac86ad 100644 --- a/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/verkehr/section1.tex @@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ Grundsätzlich setzt sich der PageRank Algorithmus mit der Fragestellung auseina -Für ungerichtete Graphen mit $n$ Knoten gilt \begin{equation}A_{i,j}=A_{j,i}\end{equation} und weiter \begin{equation}A_{i,i}=0\quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dot n\right\}\end{equation} +Für ungerichtete Graphen mit $n$ Knoten gilt \begin{equation}A_{i,j}=A_{j,i}\end{equation} und weiter \begin{equation}A_{i,i}=0\quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dots n\right\}\end{equation} Beim PageRank-Algorithmus wird eine abgewandelte Form der Adjazenz-Matrix verwendet. -Dabei werden die Matrix-Einträge spaltenweise durch die jeweilige Spaltensumme geteilt. -\[ P_{i,j}=\frac{A_{i,j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}A_{i,j}} \] +Dabei werden die Matrix-Einträge spaltenweise durch die jeweilige Spaltensumme geteilt: +\( P_{i,j}=\frac{A_{i,j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}A_{i,j}} \) Anschliessend multipliziert man diese Matrix $P$ mit einem Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_0}$ mit $n$ Einträgen, für welchen gilt: -\[ \Vec{r_0}(i) = \frac{1}{n} \quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dot n\right\} \] +\( \Vec{r_0}(i) = \frac{1}{n} \quad\forall i\in \left\{1\dots n\right\} \) Dieser Vektor stellt ein neutrales Ranking dar. Alle Knoten werden gleich gewichtet. -Dadurch erhält man wiederum einen $n$-zeiligen Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_1}$, der das ``erste" Ranking darstellt. Durch Multiplikation der ursprünglichen Matrix $P$ mit dem 1. Ranking-Vektor $\Vec{r_1}$ wird auf Basis des ersten Rankings ein zweites erstellt. -\[ \Vec{r_2} = P\cdot\Vec{r_1} = P\cdot(P\cdot\Vec{r_0}) = P^2\cdot\Vec{r_0}\] -somit -\begin{equation} \Vec{r_i} = P^i\cdot\Vec{r_0}\end{equation} +Dadurch erhält man wiederum einen $n$-zeiligen Spaltenvektor $\Vec{r_1}$, der das ``erste'' Ranking darstellt. Durch Multiplikation der ursprünglichen Matrix $P$ mit dem 1. Ranking-Vektor $\Vec{r_1}$ wird auf Basis des ersten Rankings ein zweites erstellt: +\( \Vec{r_2} = P\cdot\Vec{r_1} = P\cdot(P\cdot\Vec{r_0}) = P^2\cdot\Vec{r_0}\) +und somit allgemein: +\( \Vec{r_i} = P^i\cdot\Vec{r_0}\) Der Vektor $\Vec{r_i}$ konvergiert zu einem Eigenvektor von $P$ der das abschliessende Ranking darstellt. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 98e861762b2c70c04209f88222e8d5ff3437eb91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Wed, 28 Jul 2021 22:13:15 +0200 Subject: small adjustments in intro --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex index b6a72b5..7b3c6e3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ \section{Einleitung} Es gibt viele Möglichkeiten sich in Kristallen zu verlieren. -Auch wen man nur die mathematischen Betrachtungsweisen berücksichtigt, +Auch wenn man nur die mathematischen Betrachtungsweisen berücksichtigt, hat man noch viel zu viele Optionen sich mit Kristallen zu beschäftigen. In diesem Kapitel wird daher der Fokus ``nur'' auf die Symmetrie gelegt. Zu Beginn werden wir zeigen was eine Symmetrie ausmacht und @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ und sich kategorisieren lassen. Kategorien sind nicht nur für einen besseren Überblick nützlich, sondern kann man aus ihnen auch auf Physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen. Als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. -Die Piezoelektrizität ist vielleicht noch nicht jedem bekannt, -sie versteckt sich aber in diversen Altagsgegenständen -zum Beispiel sorgen sie in den meisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. +Piezoelektrizität ist kein weit verbreiteter Begriff, +jedoch beschreibt er ein Effekt, ohne welchen diverse Altagsgegenständen nicht besonders nützlich wären. +Wie zum Beispiel sorgen er in den allermeisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. Hiermit ist hoffentlich ein Funken Interesse geweckt um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen Thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. -- cgit v1.2.1 From c17aee47f007b102c81cafa36cb307069612f185 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 09:41:20 +0200 Subject: small rewrites in Kristalle --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex | 15 +++++++-------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex index ce09063..42008e1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/crystals.tex @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ \section{Kristalle} Eine nicht allzu häufig gestellte Frage ist, wie ein Kristall definiert ist. -Um zu klären, was ein Kristall mit Symmetrien zu tun hat, ist genau diese Frage äusserst relevant. +Um zu klären, was ein Kristall mit Symmetrien zu tun hat, ist jedoch genau diese Frage äusserst relevant. Glücklicherweise ist das Innere eines Kristalles relativ einfach definiert. \begin{definition}[Kristall] Ein Kristall besteht aus Atomen, welche sich in einem Muster arrangieren, welches sich in drei Dimensionen periodisch wiederholt. @@ -36,14 +36,13 @@ Mit anderen Worten: Jedes Kristallgitter $ G $ ist \emph{translationssymmetrisch wobei der Vektor $\vec{a}_i$ ein Grundvektor sein muss. Da die Translationssymmetrie beliebig oft mit allen Grundvektoren angewendet werden kann, können wir auch sagen, dass alle Verschiebungen um eine Linearkombination -der Vektoren $\vec{a}_1$ , $\vec{a}_2$ und $\vec{a}_3$ erlaubt sind oder kurz, um $\vec{r}$. -Verschiebungen um $\vec{r}$ bewirken demnach keine Veränderungen, -solange wir ein unendlich grosses Kristallgitter verschieben. +der Vektoren $\vec{a}_1$ , $\vec{a}_2$ und $\vec{a}_3$ erlaubt sind. +Dabei sollte erwähnt werden, dass eine Translationssymmetrie nur in unendlich grossen Kristallgittern besteht. \subsection{Limitierte Kristallsymmetrien} \label{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} Die Translationssymmetrie ist wohl keine grosse Überraschung, wenn man die Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:lattice} betrachtet. - Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, dass bei beliebigen Grundvektoren nicht beliebige Symmetrien erstellt werden können. - Die geforderte Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles schränkt weitere Symmetrien deutlich ein. + Was nicht direkt ersichtlich ist, ist dass bei beliebigen Grundvektoren nicht beliebige Symmetrien erstellt werden können. + Dies weil die Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles weitere Symmetrien deutlich einschränkt. \begin{figure} \centering @@ -145,10 +144,10 @@ Jede der 32 Kristallklassen auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklas Er hat Untergruppen gebildet, welche als Grossbuchstaben in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} zu sehen sind. \begin{itemize} \item In Kristallen ist nur die Drehgruppe \(C\), Diedergruppe \(D\), Drehspiegelgruppe \(S\), Tetraedergruppe \(T\) und die Oktaedergruppe \(O\) zu finden. - Es gäbe auch die Ikosaedergruppe \(I\) und die Kugelgruppe \(K\), diese sind aber nicht kompatibel mit der Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles und daher für uns nicht relevant. + Es gäbe auch die Ikosaedergruppe \(I\) und die Kugelgruppe \(K\), diese sind aber nicht kompatibel mit der Translationssymmetrie eines Kristalles und daher in der Kristallographie nicht relevant. \item Dank Abschintt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} wissen wir, wieso in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} auf \(C\) nur ganz bestimmte Subskripte folgen. Ist im Subskript eine Zahl \(n\) zu finden, steht dies für eine \(n\)-fache Symmetrie. - Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} nicht vorkommen darf, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie eines Kristalles ist. + Daher darf \(C_5\) auf der Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} nicht vorkommen, da \(360^\circ/5 = 72^\circ\) was nach Abschnitt \ref{txt:punktgruppen:Translationssymmetrie} keine mögliche Rotationssymmetrie eines Kristalles ist. \item Sind im Subskript Buchstaben, definieren diese weitere Symmetrieeigenschaften der Klasse. Für die folgenden Betrachtungen müssen wir uns Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:kristallklassen} genauer ansehen. Dabei ist mit horizontal flach auf dem Papier gemeint. -- cgit v1.2.1 From f2fde7d2b5abf7c11cd7dc1535b0db64a2e84ffd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 09:42:42 +0200 Subject: rewrite small things in intro & symmetry --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 13 +++++++------ 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex index 7b3c6e3..1293234 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/intro.tex @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ sondern kann man aus ihnen auch auf Physikalische Eigenschaften schliessen. Als spannendes Beispiel: Die Piezoelektrizität. Piezoelektrizität ist kein weit verbreiteter Begriff, jedoch beschreibt er ein Effekt, ohne welchen diverse Altagsgegenständen nicht besonders nützlich wären. -Wie zum Beispiel sorgen er in den allermeisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. +Wie zum Beispiel sorgt er in den allermeisten Feuerzeugen für die Zündung. Hiermit ist hoffentlich ein Funken Interesse geweckt um sich mit dem scheinbar trivialen Thema der Symmetrie auseinander zu setzten. diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 0805d8b..6aeeb85 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -22,20 +22,20 @@ Wie wir jedoch später sehen werden, ist das Konzept der Symmetrie eigentlich vi In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} haben wir einige Formen, die offensichtlich symmetrisch sind. Zum Beispiel hat das Quadrat eine Gerade, an deren es gespiegelt werden kann, ohne sein Aussehen zu verändern. Regelmässige Polygone mit \(n\) Seiten sind auch gute Beispiele, um eine diskrete Rotationssymmetrie zu veranschaulichen, was bedeutet, dass eine Drehung um einen Punkt um einen bestimmten Winkel \(360^\circ/n\) die Figur unverändert lässt. -Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für den Drehwinkel \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, der die Form unverändert lassen. +Das letzte Beispiel auf der rechten Seite ist eine unendliche Rotationssymmetrie. Sie wird so genannt, weil es unendlich viele Werte für den Drehwinkel \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) gibt, die die Form unverändert lassen. Ein Objekt kann mehr als nur eine Symmetrie aufweisen. Als Beispiel, kann das Quadrat in Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:geometry-example} nicht nur um \(\sigma\) sondern auch diagonal gespiegelt werden oder um \(90^\circ\) gedreht werden. Fasst man die möglichen Symmetrien zusammen, entsteht eine Symmetriegruppe. \begin{definition}[Symmetriegruppe] - Seien \(g\) und \(h\) umkehrbare Operationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lassen, sogenannte Symmetrieoperationen. + Seien \(g\) und \(h\) umkehrbare Operationen, sogenannte Symmetrieoperationen, die ein mathematisches Objekt unverändert lassen. Die Komposition \(h\circ g\) definieren wir als die Anwendung der Operationen nacheinander. Alle möglichen Symmetrieoperationen bilden unter Komposition eine Gruppe, die Symmetriegruppe genannt wird. \end{definition} Eine Gruppe benötigt ausserdem auch zwingend ein neutrales Element, welches wir mit \(\mathds{1}\) bezeichnen. Die Anwendung der neutralen Operation ist gleichbedeutend damit, alles unverändert zu lassen. -Weiterhin muss in einer Gruppe für jede Operation \(g\) auch eine inverse Operation \(g^{-1}\) vorkommen, die intuitiv rückgängig macht, was \(g\) getan hat. +Weiterhin muss in einer Gruppe für jede Operation \(g\) auch eine inverse Operation \(g^{-1}\) vorkommen, die intuitiv rückgängig macht, was \(g\) getan hat. % intuitiv weglassen oder anstelle sinnbildlich Somit ist \(\mathds{1}\) auch äquivalent dazu, eine Operation und dann ihre Inverse anzuwenden. Die Definition der Symmetriegruppe ist mit der Kompositionsoperation gegeben, sie wird aber auch oft als Multiplikation geschrieben. Das liegt daran, dass in manchen Fällen die Zusammensetzung algebraisch durch eine Multiplikation berechnet wird. @@ -64,15 +64,16 @@ durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine In ähnlicher Weise, aber weniger interessant enthält die Reflexionssymmetriegruppe \(\langle\sigma\rangle\) nur \(\left\{\mathds{1}, \sigma\right\}\), weil \(\sigma^2 = \mathds{1}\). \end{beispiel} -Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem Erzeugendensystemen +Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem Erzeugendensystem komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. +%TODO kontroliere alle erzeugendensystem ich glaube es hatt noch en fall fehler ich weiss nicht wie das wort genau definiert ist \begin{definition}[Erzeugendensysteme] Jede disktrete Gruppe kann durch eines oder mehrere ihrer Elemente generiert werden. Wir lassen \(g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n\) erzeugenden Elemente einer Symmetriegruppe sein. - Da es mehrere Erzeuger gibt, müssen auch die sogenannte Definitionsgleichungen gegeben werden, die die Multiplikationstabelle vollständig definieren. + Da es mehrere Erzeuger gibt, müssen auch die sogenannten Definitionsgleichungen gegeben werden, die die Multiplikationstabelle vollständig definieren. Die Gleichungen sind ebenfalls in den Klammern angegeben. - Die erzeugende Elementen zusammen mit der Definitionsgleichungen bauen ein Erzeugendensysteme. + Die erzeugenden Elementen bauen zusammen mit den Definitionsgleichungen ein Erzeugendensysteme. \end{definition} \begin{beispiel} Wir werden nun alle Symmetrien eines \(n\)-Gons beschreiben, was bedeutet, dass wir die Operationen \(r\) und \(\sigma\) kombinieren. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 58cd49c22e5eea9f72bbe648a13e2e149c131ea7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 10:46:38 +0200 Subject: rewrite minor things in Piezo --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex | 32 ++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex index 67e6214..6ed7ee9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/piezo.tex @@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ Die Piezoelektrizität ist die spannende Eigenschaft, dass gewisse Kristalle ein \subsection{Polarisierung} Piezoelektrizität basiert darauf, dass zwischen den Oberflächen des Kristalles ein Ladungsungleichgewicht entsteht (siehe Abbildung\ref{fig:punktgruppen:basicPiezo}). Dieses Ungleichgewicht resultiert, -weil durch den mechanischen Druck auf der einen Oberfläche des Kristalles positiv Ionen näher an die Oberfläche gelangen, -wärend auf der gegenüberliegenden Oberfläche sich mehr negative Ionen sammeln. -Das sich die atomare Struktur eines Kristalles unter Druck genau so verformt ist nicht bei jedem Kristall gegeben. +weil durch den mechanischen Druck auf der einen Oberfläche des Kristalles positive Ionen näher an die Oberfläche gelangen, +wärend auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite dasselbe mit negativen Ionen passiert. +Es besitzt jedoch nicht jeder Kristall eine atomare Struktur welche sich unter Druck genau so verformt. Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles sind daher relevant für die Entstehung dieses Effektes. \begin{figure} @@ -35,35 +35,35 @@ Der Aufbau und somit auch die Symmetrie des Kristalles sind daher relevant für \end{figure} \subsection{Atomarer Aufbau} -Die Polarisation resultiert über eine gesamte Oberfläche eines Kristalles, entscheidend ist aber der atomare Aufbau. +Die Polarisation entsteht an der Oberfläche eines Kristalles, die Erklärung dazu finden wir jedoch im atomaren Aufbau. Wir wollen dazu die verschiedenen Kristallstrukturen auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} diskutieren. In Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} gilt für alle Strukturen, dass rote Kreise positive Ionen und blaue negative Ionen repräsentieren. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} zeigt ein piezoelektrisches Material in Ruhe. Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} ist dasselbe Kristallgitter, jedoch wird es senkrecht belastet. -Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld, welches entsteht, weil die mittleren Ladungsträger weiter auseinander gedrückt werden. +Eingezeichnet ist auch das elektrische Feld, welches entsteht, weil die Ladungsträger ganz links und rechts weiter auseinander gedrückt werden. Als Hilfe zur Vorstellung kann man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} zwischen zwei leitende Platten setzen, so wird ersichtlich, dass mit wachsendem Druck eine negative Ladung an die rechte Platte gedrückt wird, während sich die positiven Ionen weiter entfernen. \par -\subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} ist nicht piezoelektrisch. +Die Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} ist nicht piezoelektrisch. Dies wird ersichtlich, wenn man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} unter Druck setzt und sich die Struktur zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} verformt. Setzt man \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid-f} gedanklich auch zwischen zwei leitende Platten, scheint es als würden rechts mehr positive Ionen in die Platte gedrückt werden und links umgekehrt. -Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn die Struktur sich nach oben und unten periodisch wiederholt. -Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zeigt \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} in unter horizontaler Belastung. +Dies ist aber nicht mehr der Fall, wenn sich die Struktur nach oben und unten periodisch wiederholt. \par +Struktur \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zeigt \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} in unter horizontaler Belastung. Was zwischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fv} und \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh} zu beobachten ist, -ist dass das entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, +ist, dass die entstandene Ladungsdifferenz orthogonal zu der angelegten Kraft entsteht, im Gegensatz zu \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo-fh}. Daraus kann man schliessen, dass \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} keine Rotationssymmetrie von \(90^\circ\) besitzen kann, -weil die Eigenschaften ändern bei einer \(90^\circ\) Drehung. -Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie kann in \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} beobachtet werden. +weil die Eigenschaften der Struktur sich bei einer \(90^\circ\) Drehung ändern. +Das Fehlen dieser Rotationssymmetrie bestätigt sich auch wenn \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} als Hexagon betrachtet wird. \subsection{Punktsymmetrie} Piezoelektrische Kristalle können nicht punktsymmetrisch sein. Kristallgitter, bei welchen eine Punktspiegelung eine symmetrische Operation ist, können keine piezoelektrische Kristalle bilden. Auf Abbildung \ref{fig:punktgruppen:atomPiezo} ist bewusst \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} ein nicht punktsymmetrischer Kristall mit einem punktsymmetrischen \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-grid} verglichen worden. -Als vereinfachte Erklärung kann man sich wieder das Bild eines Kristalles vor Augen führen, +Als vereinfachte Erklärung kann man sich wieder das Bild eines Kristalles wie \subref{fig:punktgruppen:atoms-piezo} vor Augen führen, welcher unter Druck auf der einen Seite negative und der anderen Seite positive Ionen an seine Oberfläche verdrängt. Spiegelt man nun den Kristall um den Gitterpunkt in der Mitte des Kristalles, so würden die negativen Ionen auf den positiven auf der anderen Seite landen, was der Definition einer Symmetrie deutlich widerspricht. @@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ was der Definition einer Symmetrie deutlich widerspricht. Piezoelektrizität hat durchaus Nutzen im Alltag. Feuerzeuge welche nicht auf dem Prinzip beruhen einen Zündstein abzuschleifen, sonder ohne Verschleiss auf Knopfdruck einen Zündfunken erzeugen, basieren auf dem Prinzip der Piezoelektrizität. -Drückt der Nutzende auf den Zündknopf, spannt sich eine Feder bis zu eine konfigurierten Spannung. -Wird vom Nutzenden weiter gedrückt entspannt sich die Feder schlagartig und beschleunigt mit der gespeicherten Energie ein Hammer, -welchen auf das Piezoelement aufschlägt. +Drückt der Nutzende auf den Zündknopf, spannt sich eine Feder bis zu einer konfigurierten Spannung. +Wird vom Nutzenden fester zugedrückt entspannt sich die Feder schlagartig und beschleunigt mit der gespeicherten Energie ein Hammer, +welcher auf das Piezoelement aufschlägt. Der augenblicklich hohe Druck sorgt an den Piezokontakten für eine eben so kurze aber hohe elektrische Spannung. Die Spannung reicht aus, um eine Funkenstrecke zu überwinden und so eine entflammbares Gas zu entzünden. -Sollte der Leser eines Tages in die Situation geraten, in welcher er zwei verschiedene Kristalle vor sich hat und ein piezoelektrisches Feuerzeug bauen musst, wobei bekannt ist, dass einer eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, empfiehlt es sich mit die anderen zu versuchen. +Sollte der Leser eines Tages in die Situation geraten, in welcher er zwei verschiedene Kristalle vor sich hat und ein piezoelektrisches Feuerzeug bauen musst, wobei bekannt ist, dass der eine eine Punktsymmetrie aufweist, empfiehlt es sich, sich am anderen zu versuchen. -- cgit v1.2.1 From caea2650f150ddafa73b86885bcc9d759dded9a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 10:51:51 +0200 Subject: fix? Erzeugendensystem --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex index 6aeeb85..2067663 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/symmetry.tex @@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ durch Verwendung von Potenzen \(r^n = r\circ r \circ \cdots r\circ r\) für eine Wenn wir diese Idee nun erweitern, können wir mit einem Erzeugendensystem komplexere Strukturen aufbauen. -%TODO kontroliere alle erzeugendensystem ich glaube es hatt noch en fall fehler ich weiss nicht wie das wort genau definiert ist -\begin{definition}[Erzeugendensysteme] +%@Naoki Are you ok with my grammar fixes I'm not 101% shore how to use the word Erzeugendensystem? +\begin{definition}[Erzeugendensystem] Jede disktrete Gruppe kann durch eines oder mehrere ihrer Elemente generiert werden. Wir lassen \(g_1, g_2, \ldots, g_n\) erzeugenden Elemente einer Symmetriegruppe sein. Da es mehrere Erzeuger gibt, müssen auch die sogenannten Definitionsgleichungen gegeben werden, die die Multiplikationstabelle vollständig definieren. Die Gleichungen sind ebenfalls in den Klammern angegeben. - Die erzeugenden Elementen bauen zusammen mit den Definitionsgleichungen ein Erzeugendensysteme. + Die erzeugenden Elementen bauen zusammen mit den Definitionsgleichungen ein Erzeugendensystem. \end{definition} \begin{beispiel} Wir werden nun alle Symmetrien eines \(n\)-Gons beschreiben, was bedeutet, dass wir die Operationen \(r\) und \(\sigma\) kombinieren. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8cc6ee76118ec1b446a732b9b7e06147737957d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 16:54:19 +0200 Subject: save typos --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 57 +++++++++++++++++-------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 56 +++++++++++++++--------------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex | 2 +- 3 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index e9aacfb..e9717c8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -9,35 +9,15 @@ Um die Polynominterpolation zu umgehen, gehen wir nun über in die Fourientransformation. Dies wird weder eine Erklärung der Forientransorfmation, noch ein genauer gebrauch für den Reed-Solomon-Code. Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourientransformation auf Fehler reagiert. -wobei sie dann bei späteren Berchnungen ganz nützlich ist. +Das ganze zeigen wir mit einem Beispiel einer Übertragung von Zahlen mit Hilfe der Fourientransformation. \subsection{Diskrete Fourietransformation Zusamenhang \label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} Mit hilfe der Fourietransformation werden die \textcolor{blue}{blauen Datenpunkte} transformiert, zu den \textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Übertragungspunkten}. Durch eine Rücktransformation könnnen die \textcolor{blue}{blauen Datenpunkte} wieder rekonstruiert werden. -Nun zur definition der Diskrete Fourietransformation, diese ist definiert als -\begin{equation} - \hat{c}_{k} - = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} - {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn} - ,\label{reedsolomon:DFT} -\end{equation} -wenn man nun -\begin{equation} - w = - e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} - \label{reedsolomon:DFT_summand} -\end{equation} -ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man -\begin{equation} - \hat{c}_{k}= - \frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) - \label{reedsolomon:DFT_polynom} -\end{equation} -was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. -\subsection{Beispiel +\subsubsection{Beispiel einer Übertragung mit Fourientransformation \label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} Der Auftrag ist nun 64 Daten zu übertragen und nach 32 Fehler abzusicheren, 16 Fehler erkennen und rekonstruieren. @@ -51,8 +31,8 @@ Dabei zusätzlich nach 16 Fehler abgesichert, macht insgesamt 96 Übertragungsza (siehe Abschnitt \externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/idee}\ref{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerkorrekturstellen}) Die 32 Fehlerkorrekturstellen werden als Null Übertragen \item Nun wurde mittels der diskreten Fourientransformation diese 96 codiert. -Das heisst alle Informationen ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. (Auch die Fehlerkorrekturstellen Null) -\item Nun kommen drei Fehler dazu an den Übertragungsstellen 7, 21 und 75.(die Skala ist Rechts) +Das heisst alle Informationen ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. Auch die Fehlerkorrekturstellen Null. +\item Nun kommen drei Fehler dazu an den Übertragungsstellen 7, 21 und 75. Die Fehler können auf den ganzen 96 Übertragungswerten liegen, wie die 75 zeigt. \item Dieses wird nun Empfangen und mittels inversen diskreten Fourientransormation, wieder rücktransformiert.(Iklusive der Fehler) \item Nun sieht man den Fehler im Decodieren in den Übertragungsstellen 64 bis 96, da es dort nicht mehr Null ist. @@ -71,4 +51,31 @@ jetzt gilt es nur noch diese zu korrigieren und wir haben unser originales Signa } \caption{Übertragungsabfolge \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} \label{fig:sendorder} -\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file +\end{figure} + +Nun zur definition der Diskrete Fourietransformation, diese ist definiert als +\begin{equation} + \hat{c}_{k} + = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} + {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn}. + ,\label{reedsolomon:DFT} +\end{equation} +Wenn man nun +\begin{equation} + w = + e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} + \label{reedsolomon:DFT_summand} +\end{equation} +ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man +\begin{equation} + \hat{c}_{k}= + \frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) + \label{reedsolomon:DFT_polynom} +\end{equation} +was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. +Die Polynominterpolation und die Fourientransformation rechnen beide mit reelen Zahlen. +Wenn die Fehlerabweichung sehr sehr klein ist, erkennt man diese irgendwann nicht mehr. +Zusätzlich muss mann immer Grenzen bestimmen auf wieviel Stellen gerechnet wird und wie die Fehler erkannt werden im Locator. +Deshalb haben Mathematiker einen neuen Körper gesucht und ihn in der Endlichkeit gefunden, +dies wird nun im nächsten Abschnitt genauer erklärt. + diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index 8ad3d27..d8b8a93 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ Das Problem liegt darin Informationen, Zahlen, zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkennen, man kann sogar einige Fehler korrigieren. -Der unterschied des Fehler erkennen und korrigiren, ist das beim Erkennen nur die Frage beantwortet wird mit: Ist die Übertragung fehlerhaft oder nicht? -Beim Korrigieren werden Fehler erkennt und dann zusätzlich noch den original Wert rekonstruieren. -Auch eine Variante wäre es die Daten nach einem Fehler nachdem Fehlerhaften senden, nochmals versenden(auch hier wieder doppelt und dreifach Sendung), +Der Unterschied des Fehler erkennen und korrigiren, ist das beim Erkennen nur die Frage beantwortet wird: Ist die Übertragung fehlerhaft oder nicht? +Beim Korrigieren werden Fehler erkannt und dann zusätzlich noch den original Wert rekonstruieren. +Auch eine Variante wäre die Daten nach einer Fehlerhaften sendung, nochmals zum senden auffordern(auch hier wieder doppelt und dreifach Sendung), was bei Reed-Solomon-Code-Anwendungen nicht immer sinnvoll ist. \externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} \ref{reedsolomon:section:anwendung} @@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ was bei Reed-Solomon-Code-Anwendungen nicht immer sinnvoll ist. \subsection{Polynom-Ansatz \label{reedsolomon:section:polynomansatz}} \rhead{Polynom-Ansatz} -Eine Idee ist aus den Daten ein Polynom zu bilden. -Diese Polynomfunktion bei bestimmten Werten, ausrechnet und diese Punkte dann überträgt. +Eine Idee ist, aus den Daten ein Polynom zu bilden. +Diese Polynomfunktion bei bestimmten Werten errechnet und diese Punkte dann überträgt. \begin{beispiel} Nehmen wir die Zahlen \textcolor{blue}{2}, \textcolor{blue}{1}, \textcolor{blue}{5}, welche uns dann das Polynom \begin{equation} @@ -48,18 +48,17 @@ Die Farbe blau brauchen wir für die \textcolor{blue}{Daten} welche wir mit der \end{beispiel} \begin{beispiel} -Aus der Gleichung \eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}, -ist ein Polynome zweiten Grades durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. -Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben,(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{red}{roten Punkte}) kann man diese erkennen, -da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf dem Polynom liegen müssen. -(Bei Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}\textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Punkte}) +Ein Polynome zweiten Grades ist durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. +Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben,(Bei Abb. \ref{fig:polynom} \textcolor{red}{roten Punkte}), +kann man diese erkennen, da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf der Parabel liegen müssen. +(Bei Abb. \ref{fig:polynom} \textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Punkte}) Ab wie vielen Fehler ist das Polynom nicht mehr erkennbar beim Übertragen von 7 Punkten? Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, -gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt.\ref{fig:polynom} -Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkennt werden, dass das Polynom nicht stimmt. +gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt. \ref{fig:polynom} +Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkannt werden, dass das Polynom nicht stimmt. Das orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. -Da das Konkurenzpolynom, grau gestrichelt in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, das orginal fehlleited. -Um das Konkurenzpolynom auszuschliessen, währen mehr \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} nötig. +Da das Konkurrenzpolynom, grau gestrichelt in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, das orginal fehlleitet. +Um das Konkurrenzpolynom auszuschliessen, währen mehr \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} nötig. \end{beispiel} \begin{figure} @@ -72,25 +71,25 @@ Um das Konkurenzpolynom auszuschliessen, währen mehr \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übe \section{Fehlerkorekturstellen bestimmen \label{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerkorrekturstellen}} -Um zu bestimmen wieviel zusätzliche \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} notwendig sind, die dann Fehler korrigieren, -muss man zuerst Wissen wieviel \textcolor{blue}{Daten} gesendet und wieviel \textcolor{red}{Fehler} erkennt werden sollen. +Um zu bestimmen wieviel zusätzliche \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} notwendig sind, um die Fehler zu korrigieren, +muss man zuerst wissen, wieviel \textcolor{blue}{Daten} gesendet und wieviel \textcolor{red}{Fehler} erkennt werden sollen. Die Anzahl \textcolor{blue}{Daten} (ab hier verwenden wir das Wort Nutzlast), die als Polynomkoeffizente $k$ übergeben werden, -brauchen die gleiche Anzahl an Polynomgraden, beginnend bei Grad 0 somit ergibt sich der Polynomgrad mit $k-1$. +brauchen die gleiche Anzahl an Polynomkoeffizententräger, beginnend bei Grad 0 somit ergibt sich der Polynomgrad mit $k-1$. Für die Anzahl der Fehler $t$, welche korrigiert werden können, gehen wir zum Beispiel. -\begin{beispiel} von den Polynom \ref{reedsolomon:equation1} in, welchem wir 7 \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} senden. -Durch 3 Punkte wird das Polyom eindeutig bestimmt, nun haben wir mehrere Konkurenzpolynome, doch mit maximal 2 Fehler liegen auf einem Konkurenzpolynom, -maximal 4 Punkte und auf unserem orginal 5 Punkte. Ansonsten hatt es mehr Fehler oder unser Konkurenzpolynom ist das gleiche wie das Original. +\begin{beispiel} von den Polynom \ref{reedsolomon:equation1} in, welchem wir \textcolor{darkgreen}{7 Übertragungspunkte} senden. +Durch 3 Punkte wird das Polyom eindeutig bestimmt, nun haben wir mehrere Konkurrenzpolynome, doch mit maximal 2 Fehler liegen auf einem Konkurrenzpolynom, +maximal 4 Punkte und auf unserem orginal 5 Punkte. Ansonsten hatt es mehr Fehler oder unser Konkurrenzpolynom ist das gleiche wie das Original. Somit können wir nun bestimmen, dass von den \textcolor{darkgreen}{7 Übertragungspunkten$u$} bis zu 2 Fehler korrigiert werden können und 4 Übertragungspunkte zusätzlich gesendet werden müssen. \end{beispiel} -Durch das erkennen des Schemas in der Tabelle\ref{tabel:fehlerkorrekturstellen} +Man könnte auch dies in der Tabelle \ref{tab:fehlerkorrekturstellen} erkennen, doch mit dieser Gleichung \begin{equation} \frac{\textcolor{darkgreen}{u}-\textcolor{blue}{k}}{\textcolor{red}{t}} =2 \label{reedsolomon:equation2} \end{equation} -zeigt sich das es $k+2t$ Übertragungspunkte braucht. +zeigt sich, dass es $k+2t$ Übertragungspunkte braucht. -\begin{center} +\begin{table} \begin{tabular}{ c c | c} \hline Nutzlas & Fehler & Übertragen \\ @@ -102,11 +101,10 @@ zeigt sich das es $k+2t$ Übertragungspunkte braucht. $k$ & $t$ & $k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$ \\ \hline \end{tabular} - Fehlerkorrekturstellen Bestimmung TODO: Tabellenreferenz - \label{tabel:fehlerkorrekturstellen} -\end{center} + \caption{\label{tab:fehlerkorrekturstellen} Fehlerkorrekturstellen Bestimmung.} +\end{table} -Ein Nebeneffekt ist das dadurch auch $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden können, nicht aber korrigiert. -Um aus den Übertragenen Zahlen wieder die Nutzlastzahlen zu bekommen könnte man eine Polynominterpolation anwenden, -doch die Punkte mit Polynominterpolation zu einem Polynom zu rekonstruieren ist schwierig und Fehleranfällig. +Ein Nebeneffekt ist, dass dadurch auch $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden können, nicht aber korrigiert. +Um aus den übertragenen Zahlen wieder die Nutzlastzahlen zu bekommen könnte man eine Polynominterpolation anwenden, +doch die Punkte mit Polynominterpolation zu einem Polynom zu rekonstruieren ist schwierig und fehleranfällig. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex index 47dc679..80557fb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ %////////////////////////////////////// -\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,] \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8cc40f152c49a8fe039e78bb6355fb077b932117 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 10:57:58 +0200 Subject: add crystal video source --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib | 9 +++++++++ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib index a29640c..b669036 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib @@ -42,3 +42,12 @@ url = {http://archive.today/2021.07.22-083802/http://xrayweb.chem.ou.edu/notes/symmetry.html}, urldate = {2021-07-22}, } + +@online{punktgruppen:restriction, + title = {Structure of Materials}, + author = {Silvija Gradecak-Garaj}, + year = {2020}, + month = {4}, + day = {9}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ia2eHF1ZKoI}, + urldate = {2021-07-30}, \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From c8e34520177223dee18e92c3c12334b68faef360 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tim30b Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 11:04:11 +0200 Subject: add restriction citation to main but does still not work! --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex index ea19421..556fc2b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/main.tex @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ \nocite{punktgruppen:sands-crystal} \nocite{punktgruppen:lang-elt2} \nocite{punktgruppen:ouchem} +\nocite{punktgruppen:restriction} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 34a84dc4897d19d29fcf4a3ddb82ce4528d5dbec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 11:08:48 +0200 Subject: Fix missing } in references.bib --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib index b669036..43125ad 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib @@ -50,4 +50,5 @@ month = {4}, day = {9}, url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ia2eHF1ZKoI}, - urldate = {2021-07-30}, \ No newline at end of file + urldate = {2021-07-30}, +} -- cgit v1.2.1 From a36ac5a29b664e802f57ac2a965056f1f5dd1a41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Nao Pross Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 11:18:28 +0200 Subject: Fix commas and details in references.bib --- buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib index 43125ad..05c803f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/punktgruppen/references.bib @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ @book{punktgruppen:lang-elt2, title = {Elektrotechnik 2}, - author = {Hans-Dieter Lang}, + author = {Prof. Hans-Dieter Lang Ph.D}, publisher = {Fachhochschule Ostschweiz Rapperswil}, year = {2020}, month = {2}, @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ @online{punktgruppen:ouchem, title = {Symmetry in Crystallography}, - author = {Dept. of Chemistry \& Biochemistry, Chemical Crystallography Laboratory, University of Oklahoma}, + author = {Dept. of Chemistry \& Biochemistry{,} Chemical Crystallography Laboratory{,} University of Oklahoma}, year = {2019}, month = {11}, day = {17}, @@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ } @online{punktgruppen:restriction, - title = {Structure of Materials}, - author = {Silvija Gradecak-Garaj}, + title = {Structure of Materials: Allowed Rotational Symmetry in Crystals}, + author = {Prof. Silvija Gradecak-Garaj{,} Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)}, year = {2020}, month = {4}, day = {9}, -- cgit v1.2.1 From 0cd67d0c23d8781999522a05cf2c5c49e76e3326 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 11:41:58 +0200 Subject: save --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 86 +++++++++++----------- buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf | Bin 59617 -> 59617 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex | 31 ++++---- buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf | Bin 1835615 -> 1835758 bytes buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex | 4 +- buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynomraw.tex | 50 +++++++++++++ 7 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex create mode 100644 buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynomraw.tex (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index e9717c8..5cee77b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -1,15 +1,13 @@ % -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% dtf.tex -- Idee mit DFT % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Übertragung mit hilfe der Diskrete Fourier Transformation +\section{Übertragung mit Hilfe der Diskrten Fourientransformation \label{reedsolomon:section:dtf}} \rhead{Umwandlung mit DTF} -Um die Polynominterpolation zu umgehen, gehen wir nun über in die Fourientransformation. +Um die Polynominterpolation zu umgehen, gehen wir nun über in die Fourietransformation. Dies wird weder eine Erklärung der Forientransorfmation, noch ein genauer gebrauch für den Reed-Solomon-Code. -Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourientransformation auf Fehler reagiert. -Das ganze zeigen wir mit einem Beispiel einer Übertragung von Zahlen mit Hilfe der Fourientransformation. +Dieser Abschnitt zeigt nur wie die Fourietransformation auf Fehler reagiert. +Das ganze zeigen wir mit einem Beispiel einer Übertragung von Zahlen mit Hilfe der Fourietransformation. \subsection{Diskrete Fourietransformation Zusamenhang \label{reedsolomon:subsection:dtfzusamenhang}} @@ -17,63 +15,69 @@ Mit hilfe der Fourietransformation werden die \textcolor{blue}{blauen Datenpunkt zu den \textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Übertragungspunkten}. Durch eine Rücktransformation könnnen die \textcolor{blue}{blauen Datenpunkte} wieder rekonstruiert werden. -\subsubsection{Beispiel einer Übertragung mit Fourientransformation +\subsubsection{Beispiel einer Übertragung \label{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} Der Auftrag ist nun 64 Daten zu übertragen und nach 32 Fehler abzusicheren, 16 Fehler erkennen und rekonstruieren. -Dieser Auftrag soll mittels Fouriertransformation bewerkstelligt werden. -In der Abbildung \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge} sieht man dies Schritt für schritt, +Dieser Auftrag soll mittels Fouriertransformation bewerkstelligt werden. +In der Abbildung \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge} sieht man dies Schritt für Schritt, und hier werden die einzelne Schritte erklärt: \begin{enumerate}[(1)] -\item Das Signal hat 64 die Daten, Zahlen welche übertragen werden sollen. -Dabei zusätzlich nach 16 Fehler abgesichert, macht insgesamt 96 Übertragungszahlen. -(siehe Abschnitt \externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/idee}\ref{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerkorrekturstellen}) -Die 32 Fehlerkorrekturstellen werden als Null Übertragen -\item Nun wurde mittels der diskreten Fourientransformation diese 96 codiert. -Das heisst alle Informationen ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden. Auch die Fehlerkorrekturstellen Null. -\item Nun kommen drei Fehler dazu an den Übertragungsstellen 7, 21 und 75. -Die Fehler können auf den ganzen 96 Übertragungswerten liegen, wie die 75 zeigt. -\item Dieses wird nun Empfangen und mittels inversen diskreten Fourientransormation, wieder rücktransformiert.(Iklusive der Fehler) -\item Nun sieht man den Fehler im Decodieren in den Übertragungsstellen 64 bis 96, da es dort nicht mehr Null ist. -\item Nimmt man nun nur diese Stellen 64 bis 96, dies definieren wir als Syndrom, und transformiert nur dieses Syndrom. -\item Bekommt man die Fehlerstellen wieder, zwar nichtso genau, dennoch erkennt man wo die Fehler stattgefunden haben. -Dies definieren wir als Locator. -\end{enumerate} -Nun haben wir mit Hilfe der Fourietransformation die 3 Fehlerstellen durch das Syndrom lokalisiert, -jetzt gilt es nur noch diese zu korrigieren und wir haben unser originales Signal wieder. - + \item Das Signal hat 64 die Daten $k$, hier zufällige Zahlen, welche übertragen werden sollen. + Zusätzlich soll nach 16 Fehler $t$, die rekonstruierbar sind abgesichert werden. + Das macht dann insgesamt $k + 2t = + 64 +2 \cdot 16= 96$ Übertragungszahlen. + (siehe Abschnitt \externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/idee}\ref{reedsolomon:section:Fehlerkorrekturstellen}) + Die 32 Fehlerkorrekturstellen werden als Nullzahlen Übertragen. + \item Nun werden mittels der diskreten Fourietransformation diese 96 codiert, transformiert. + Das heisst alle Informationen ist in alle Zahlenvorhanden, auch die Fehlerkorrekturstellen Nullzahlen. + \item Nun kommen drei Fehler dazu an den Übertragungsstellen 7, 21 und 75. + Die Fehler können auf den ganzen 96 Übertragungswerten liegen, wie die 75 zeigt. +Zu Beachten ist auch noch, dass der Fehler um das 20- bis 150-Fache kleiner ist.Die Fehlerskala ist rechts. + \item Dieses wird nun Empfangen, man kann keine Fehler erkennen, da diese soviel kleiner sind. + Für das Decodieren wird die Inverse Fourietransformation angewendet, und alle Fehler werden mittransformiert. + \item Nun sieht man die Fehler im decodierten Signal in den Übertragungszahlen. + Von den Übertragungsstellen 64 bis 96 erkennt man, das diese nicht mehr Null sind. + \item Diese Fehlerkorrekturstellen 64 bis 96, dies definieren wir als Syndrom. + In diesem Syndrom ist die Fehlerinformation gespeichert und muss nur noch transformiert werden. + \item Hier sieht man genau wo die Fehler stattgefunden haben. + Leider nicht mehr mit der Qualtiätt der Ursprünglichen Fehler, sie sind nur noch 0.6 oder 0.4 gross. + Obwohl der Fehler um das 20Fache kleiner ist erkennt man im Locator die Fehlerstellen wieder. + \end{enumerate} + Nun haben wir mit Hilfe der Fourietransformation die 3 Fehlerstellen durch das Syndrom lokalisiert, + jetzt gilt es nur noch diese zu korrigieren und wir haben unser originales Signal wieder. \begin{figure} \centering - \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ - \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft} - %\input{papers/reedsolomon/images/plotfft.tex} + \resizebox{1.1\textwidth}{!}{ + %\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft} + \input{papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex} } \caption{Übertragungsabfolge \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} \label{fig:sendorder} \end{figure} -Nun zur definition der Diskrete Fourietransformation, diese ist definiert als -\begin{equation} +Nun zur Definition der Diskrete Fourietransformation, diese ist definiert als + \begin{equation} \hat{c}_{k} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} {f}_n \cdot e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} \cdot kn}. ,\label{reedsolomon:DFT} -\end{equation} -Wenn man nun -\begin{equation} + \end{equation} + Wenn man nun + \begin{equation} w = e^{-\frac{2\pi j}{N} k} \label{reedsolomon:DFT_summand} -\end{equation} -ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man -\begin{equation} + \end{equation} + ersetzte, und $N$ konstantbleibt, erhält man + \begin{equation} \hat{c}_{k}= \frac{1}{N}( {f}_0 w^0 + {f}_1 w^1 + {f}_2 w^2 + \dots + {f}_{N-1} w^N) \label{reedsolomon:DFT_polynom} -\end{equation} -was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. -Die Polynominterpolation und die Fourientransformation rechnen beide mit reelen Zahlen. + \end{equation} + was überaust ähnlich zu unserem Polynomidee ist. +Die Polynominterpolation und die Fourietransformation rechnen beide mit reelen Zahlen. Wenn die Fehlerabweichung sehr sehr klein ist, erkennt man diese irgendwann nicht mehr. Zusätzlich muss mann immer Grenzen bestimmen auf wieviel Stellen gerechnet wird und wie die Fehler erkannt werden im Locator. Deshalb haben Mathematiker einen neuen Körper gesucht und ihn in der Endlichkeit gefunden, diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf index c5e21e3..80d17d2 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex index d8b8a93..41e0d4c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/idee.tex @@ -1,8 +1,6 @@ % % idee.tex -- Polynom Idee % -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% \section{Idee \label{reedsolomon:section:idee}} \rhead{Problemstellung} @@ -12,14 +10,14 @@ Doch nur schon um Fehler zu erkennen werden überproportional viele Daten doppel Der Reed-Solomon-Code macht dies auf eine andere, clevere Weise. Das Problem liegt darin Informationen, Zahlen, zu Übertragen und Fehler zu erkennen. -Beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkennen, +Speziell beim Reed-Solomon-Code kann man nicht nur Fehler erkennen, man kann sogar einige Fehler korrigieren. Der Unterschied des Fehler erkennen und korrigiren, ist das beim Erkennen nur die Frage beantwortet wird: Ist die Übertragung fehlerhaft oder nicht? Beim Korrigieren werden Fehler erkannt und dann zusätzlich noch den original Wert rekonstruieren. -Auch eine Variante wäre die Daten nach einer Fehlerhaften sendung, nochmals zum senden auffordern(auch hier wieder doppelt und dreifach Sendung), +Auch eine Variante wäre die Daten nach einer Fehlerhaften sendung, nochmals zum senden auffordern(auch hier wird doppelt und dreifach gesendung), was bei Reed-Solomon-Code-Anwendungen nicht immer sinnvoll ist. -\externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} -\ref{reedsolomon:section:anwendung} +Anwendungen finden sind im Abchnitt \externaldocument{papers/reedsolomon/anwendungen} +\ref{reedsolomon:section:anwendung} beschrieben. \subsection{Polynom-Ansatz \label{reedsolomon:section:polynomansatz}} @@ -43,28 +41,29 @@ mit den Punkten, $p(1),p(2),...,p(7) = (\textcolor{darkgreen}{8}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{41}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{60}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{83}, \textcolor{darkgreen}{110})$ Wenn ein Fehler sich in die Übertragung eingeschlichen hat, muss der Leser/Empfänger diesen erkennen und das Polynom rekonstruieren. -Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen Werte übermittelt wurden. +Der Leser/Empfänger weiss, den Grad des Polynoms und dessen \textcolor{darkgreen}{Werte} übermittelt wurden. Die Farbe blau brauchen wir für die \textcolor{blue}{Daten} welche wir mit der Farbe grün \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übermitteln}. \end{beispiel} \begin{beispiel} Ein Polynome zweiten Grades ist durch drei Punkte eindeutig bestimmbar. -Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben,(Bei Abb. \ref{fig:polynom} \textcolor{red}{roten Punkte}), -kann man diese erkennen, da alle Punkte, die korrekt sind, auf der Parabel liegen müssen. -(Bei Abb. \ref{fig:polynom} \textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Punkte}) +Hat es Fehler in der Übertragunge gegeben,in der Abbilbung \ref{fig:polynom} die \textcolor{red}{roten Punkte}). +Erkennt man diese Fehler, da alle korrekten Punkte auf der Parabel liegen müssen. +Die \textcolor{darkgreen}{grünen Punkte} bestimmen die Parabel, und die Fehler können zu den +\textcolor{gray}{Orginalpunkte} rekonstruiert werden. Ab wie vielen Fehler ist das Polynom nicht mehr erkennbar beim Übertragen von 7 Punkten? Bei 2 Fehlern kann man noch eindeutig bestimmen, dass das Polynom mit 4 Punkten, gegenüber dem mit 5 Punkten falsch liegt. \ref{fig:polynom} Werden es mehr Fehler kann nur erkannt werden, dass das Polynom nicht stimmt. Das orginale Polynom kann aber nicht mehr gefunden werden. -Da das Konkurrenzpolynom, grau gestrichelt in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, das orginal fehlleitet. +Da andere Polynome oder das Konkurrenzpolynom, grau gestrichelt in Abbildung \ref{fig:polynom}, das orginal fehlleitet. Um das Konkurrenzpolynom auszuschliessen, währen mehr \textcolor{darkgreen}{Übertragungspunkte} nötig. \end{beispiel} -\begin{figure} +\begin{figure}%[!ht] \centering - \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2} - %\input{papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynom2.tex} + %\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/polynom2} + \input{papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynomraw.tex} \caption{Polynom $p(x)$ von der Gleichung\eqref{reedsolomon:equation1}} \label{fig:polynom} \end{figure} @@ -90,6 +89,7 @@ Man könnte auch dies in der Tabelle \ref{tab:fehlerkorrekturstellen} erkennen, zeigt sich, dass es $k+2t$ Übertragungspunkte braucht. \begin{table} + \centering \begin{tabular}{ c c | c} \hline Nutzlas & Fehler & Übertragen \\ @@ -101,7 +101,8 @@ zeigt sich, dass es $k+2t$ Übertragungspunkte braucht. $k$ & $t$ & $k+2t$ Werte eines Polynoms vom Grad $k-1$ \\ \hline \end{tabular} - \caption{\label{tab:fehlerkorrekturstellen} Fehlerkorrekturstellen Bestimmung.} + \caption{ Fehlerkorrekturstellen Bestimmung.} + \label{tab:fehlerkorrekturstellen} \end{table} Ein Nebeneffekt ist, dass dadurch auch $2t$ Fehler erkannt werden können, nicht aber korrigiert. diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf index 1f2f0b9..4a44333 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf and b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/standalone/standalone.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex index 14af683..bb74dfb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfft.tex @@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ %FFT & IFFT deskription \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,9) to (0,-9); - \node(IFFT) [scale=0.8] at (0,9.3) {IFFT}; + \node(IFFT) [scale=0.9] at (0,9.3) {IFFT}; \draw[stealth-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); - \node(FFT) [scale=0.8, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; + \node(FFT) [scale=0.9, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; \draw[-stealth](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); \draw[thick, ->,] (codiert)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..141d2ce --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[] + + %--------------------------------------------------------------- + %Knote + \matrix(m) [draw = none, column sep=25mm, row sep=2mm]{ + + \node(signal) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis} + [title = {\Large {Signal}}, + xtick={0,20,40,64,80,98}] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/signal.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(codiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture}[] + \begin{axis}[ title = {\Large {Codiert \space + \space Fehler}}, + xtick={0,40,60,100}, axis y line*=left] + \addplot[green] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/codiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \begin{axis}[xtick={7,21,75}, axis y line*=right] + \addplot[red] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/fehler.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; \\ + + \node(decodiert) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Decodiert}}] + \addplot[blue] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/decodiert.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(empfangen) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Empfangen}}] + \addplot[green] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/empfangen.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + + \node(syndrom) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Syndrom}}] + \addplot[black] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/syndrom.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}}; & + + \node(locator) [] { + \begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[title = {\Large {Locator}}] + \addplot[gray] table[col sep=comma] {tikz/locator.txt}; + \end{axis} + \end{tikzpicture}};\\ + }; + %------------------------------------------------------------- + %FFT & IFFT deskription + + \draw[thin,gray,dashed] (0,9) to (0,-9); + \node(IFFT) [scale=0.9] at (0,9.3) {IFFT}; + \draw[stealth-](IFFT.south west)--(IFFT.south east); + \node(FFT) [scale=0.9, above of=IFFT] {FFT}; + \draw[-stealth](FFT.north west)--(FFT.north east); + + \draw[thick, ->,] (codiert)++(-1,0) +(0.05,0.5) -- +(-0.1,-0.1) -- +(0.1,0.1) -- +(0,-0.5); + %Arrows + \draw[thick, ->] (signal.east) to (codiert.west); + \draw[thick, ->] (codiert.south) to (empfangen.north); + \draw[thick, ->] (empfangen.west) to (decodiert.east); + \draw[thick, ->] (syndrom.east) to (locator.west); + \draw[thick](decodiert.south east)++(-1.8,1) ellipse (1.3cm and 0.8cm) ++(-1.3,0) coordinate(zoom) ; + \draw[thick, ->] (zoom) to[out=180, in=90] (syndrom.north); + + %item + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (signal.north west) {1}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (codiert.north west) {2+3}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (empfangen.north west) {4}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (decodiert.north west) {5}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (syndrom.north west) {6}; + \node[circle, draw, fill =lightgray] at (locator.north west) {7}; +\end{tikzpicture} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynomraw.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynomraw.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02968fd --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/tikz/polynomraw.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% polynomraw + +\newcommand{\teiler}{40} + + +%////////////////////////////////////// + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,] + \draw[color=blue, line width=1.4pt] + plot[domain=0:8, samples=100] + ({\x},{(2*\x^2+1*\x+5)/\teiler}); + + \draw[->] (-0.2,0) -- (8,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; + \draw[->] (0,-0.2) -- (0,150/\teiler) coordinate[label={right:$p(x)$}]; + + \def\punkt#1{ + \fill[color=green] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + + \def\hellpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=lightgray] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw[gray] #1 circle[ radius=0.07]; + } + + \draw[color=gray,line width=1pt,dashed] + plot[domain=0.5:7, samples=100] + ({\x},{(7.832*\x^2-51.5*\x+121.668)/\teiler}); + + + \punkt{(1,8/\teiler)} + \hellpunkt{(2,15/\teiler)} + \hellpunkt{(3,26/\teiler)} + \punkt{(4,41/\teiler)} + \punkt{(5,60/\teiler)} + \punkt{(6,83/\teiler)} + \punkt{(7,110/\teiler)} + + + + \def\erpunkt#1{ + \fill[color=red] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; + \draw #1 circle[radius=0.07]; + } + \erpunkt{(2,50/\teiler)} + \erpunkt{(3,37.66/\teiler)} + + \draw(0,100/\teiler) -- (-0.1,100/\teiler) coordinate[label={left:$100$}]; + \draw(1,0) -- (1,-0.1) coordinate[label={below:$1$}]; +\end{tikzpicture} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From b9cca93f61c5a1200503c75ef548ab12cce21887 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JODBaer Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2021 11:45:36 +0200 Subject: sourc from tikz changed to pdf --- buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex index 5cee77b..4552bed 100644 --- a/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex +++ b/buch/papers/reedsolomon/dtf.tex @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ Zu Beachten ist auch noch, dass der Fehler um das 20- bis 150-Fache kleiner ist. \begin{figure} \centering \resizebox{1.1\textwidth}{!}{ - %\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft} - \input{papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/reedsolomon/figures/plotfft} + %\input{papers/reedsolomon/tikz/plotfftraw.tex} } \caption{Übertragungsabfolge \ref{reedsolomon:subsection:Übertragungsabfolge}} \label{fig:sendorder} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 6c2ea74f867d898626e5ef25c61814cd2aa49bbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Sat, 31 Jul 2021 11:57:23 +0200 Subject: neue version --- buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex | 17 +++++++++++++---- buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex | 4 ++-- buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex | 9 +++++---- 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex index c13732c..4532783 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex @@ -8,21 +8,30 @@ \rhead{Problemstellung} Das spezielle an einem Zuordnungsproblem ist, dass es an jedem Ort nur eine Einheit angeboten bzw. nachgefragt wird. Es werden hier nicht Mengen möglichst kostenminimal von einem zum anderen -Ort transportiert, sondern es geht um die kostenminimale Zuordnung von z.B. Personen, oder Bau-Materialien auf bestimmte Orte, Stellen oder Aufgaben. +Ort transportiert, sondern es geht um die kostenminimale Zuordnung von z.B. Personen, oder Bau-Maschinen auf bestimmte Orte, Stellen oder Aufgaben. Um dieses Problem in einer einfachen, händischen Art und Weise zu lösen wurde der Munkres-Algorithmus, auch die Ungarische Methode genannt, entwickelt. Diese Methode ist ein weiteres Hauptthema dieses Kapitels. \subsection{Zuordnungsproblem an einem konkreten Beispiel \label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} +Man hat der Fall, wo ein Bauunternehmer einen Bauingenieur beauftragt eine optimale Transportroute für die Umplatzierung seiner Kräne zu eruieren. Das heisst, die Transportstrecke für die Umplatzierung seine Kräne +soll möglichst klein werden. +Die Frage lautet, wie sind die Kräne umzusetzen, damit deren Transportstrecke minimal wird? Bei der normalen Optimierung dürfen normalerweise beliebige reelle Werte angenommen werden.$\mathbb{R}$. +Beim Beispiel mit den Kräne gib es aber ein Problem. Bei der Suche nach der optimalen Lösung darf nur die Methode der ganzzahligen Optimierung gewählt werden.$\mathbb{Z}$. Materialien kann man aufteilen, jedoch Maschinen nicht. Die Bauarbeiter auf der neuen Baustelle benötigen einen ganzen Kran und nicht nur einen halben Kran. Es muss immer ein ganzer Kran von A nach B oder gar kein Kran verschoben werden. Also 1 oder 0. +Doch das Problem bleibt, mit ganzzahligen Punkten kann kein Optimum erzielt werden und ist eine träge, langsame Angelegenheit. \subsection{Zuordnungsproblem abstrakt \label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} -Es sind alle Angebots- und Bedarfsmengen gleich 1 +In einem Zuordnungsproblem sind alle Angebots- und Bedarfsmengen gleich 1 \begin{equation} a_{i}=b_{j}=1 \end{equation} -\subsection{alternative Darstellungen des Zuordnungsproblems +Das Ziel ist es die Gesamtkosten zu minimieren. Mit Hilfe einer $n\times n$ Matrix $\mathbb{A}$ $\mathbb{\in}$ $\mathbb{R}^{n,n}$ kann dann auch der Faktor Kosten mit in die Rechnung eingebracht werden. + +In der Zelle dieser Matrix sind $a_{i,j}$ die Kosten dargestellt, die entstehen, wenn man z.B. einem Arbeiter $i$ die Aufgabe $j$ zuordnet. + +\subsection{Alternative Darstellungen des Zuordnungsproblems \label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} \begin{equation} Netzwerk @@ -35,7 +44,7 @@ Bitpartiter Graph \end{equation} Ein bipartiter Graph ist ein mathematisches Modell für Beziehungen zwischen den Elementen zweier Mengen. -Es eignet sich sehr gut zur Untersuchung von Zuordnungsproblemen» +Es eignet sich sehr gut zur Untersuchung von Zuordnungsproblemen. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Netzwerkdarstellung} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex index 9a44cd4..a3b249e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil2.tex @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ \label{munkres:section:teil2}} \rhead{Schwierigkeit der Lösung (Permutationen)} -Eine Permutation ist eine Anordnung von Objekten in einer bestimmten Reihenfolge oder eine Umordnung von Objekten aus einer vorgegebenen Reihung. Ist eine maximale Zuordnung (maximales Matching) gefunden, so steht in jeder Zeile und jeder Spalte der Matrix genau ein Element, das zur optimalen Lösung gehört, eine solche Gruppe von Positionen wird auch als Transversale der Matrix bezeichnet. +Eine Permutation ist eine Anordnung von Objekten in einer bestimmten Reihenfolge oder eine Umordnung von Objekten aus einer vorgegebenen Reihung. Ist eine optimale Zuordnung gefunden, so steht in jeder Zeile und jeder Spalte der Matrix genau ein Element, das zur optimalen Lösung gehört, eine solche Gruppe von Positionen wird auch als Transversale der Matrix bezeichnet. -Die Problemstellung kann auch so formuliert werden, dass man die Zeilen- oder die Spaltenvektoren so umordnet soll, dass die Summe der Elemente in der Hauptdiagonale maximal wird. Hieraus wird sofort ersichtlich, dass es in einer n×n-Matrix genau so viele Möglichkeiten gibt, die Zeilen- bzw. Spaltenvektoren zu ordnen, wie es Permutationen von n Elementen gibt, also n!. Außer bei kleinen Matrizen ist es nahezu aussichtslos, die optimale Lösung durch Berechnung aller Möglichkeiten zu finden. Schon bei einer 10×10-Matrix gibt es nahezu 3,63 Millionen (3.628.800) zu berücksichtigender Permutationen. +Die Problemstellung kann auch so formuliert werden, dass man die Zeilen- oder die Spaltenvektoren so umordnet soll, dass die Summe der Elemente in der Hauptdiagonale maximal wird. Hieraus wird sofort ersichtlich, dass es in einer $n$×$n$-Matrix genau so viele Möglichkeiten gibt, die Zeilen- bzw. Spaltenvektoren zu ordnen, wie es Permutationen von $n$ Elementen gibt, also $n!$. Außer bei kleinen Matrizen ist es nahezu aussichtslos, die optimale Lösung durch Berechnung aller Möglichkeiten zu finden. Schon bei einer 10×10-Matrix gibt es nahezu 3,63 Millionen (3.628.800) zu berücksichtigender Permutationen. diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex index cd47c92..6307f55 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ \label{munkres:section:teil3}} \rhead{Der Munkres-Algorithmus (Ungarische Methode)} -Mit der ungarischen Methode können also lineare Optimierungsprobleme gelöst +Mit der ungarischen Methode können also Optimierungsprobleme gelöst werden, die bei gewichteten Zuordnungen in bipartiten Graphen entstehen. Mit ihr kann die eindeutige Zuordnung von Objekten aus zwei Gruppen so optimiert werden, dass die Gesamtkosten minimiert werden bzw.~der @@ -29,15 +29,16 @@ um eine $O(n^3)$-Laufzeit zu erreichen. \subsection{Besondere Leistung der Ungarischen Methode \label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} -Es ist ein kombinatorischer Optimierungsalgorithmus, der das Zuordnungsproblem +Die Ungarische Methode ist ein kombinatorischer Optimierungsalgorithmus, der das Zuordnungsproblem in polynomieller Zeit löst. Der Begriff polynomielle Laufzeit bedeutet, dass die Laufzeit des Programms -wie $n^2$, $n^3$, $n^4$, etc.~wächst und vernünftig skaliert. - +wie $n^2$, $n^3$, $n^4$, etc.~wächst und vernünftig skaliert. $n$ ist hierbei die "Grösse" des Problems. \subsection{Beispiel eines händischen Verfahrens \label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} +Die ungarische Methode kann in einem einfachen händischen Beispiel erläutert werden. Es gibt eine Ausgangsmatrix. Diese Matrix wird in mehreren Schritten immer weiter reduziert. Anschließend erfolgen mehrere Zuordnungen. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass jede Zeile und jede Spalte immer genau eine eindeutige Zuordnung ergibt. Die optimale Lösung ist erreicht, wenn genau $n$ Zuordnungen gefunden sind. + \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/beispiel_munkres} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5c98f91bd4bc2b88c5ee0c746951c91f38963459 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Sun, 1 Aug 2021 14:19:47 +0200 Subject: neue version --- buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex | 57 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex index 6307f55..557d179 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex @@ -34,14 +34,67 @@ in polynomieller Zeit löst. Der Begriff polynomielle Laufzeit bedeutet, dass die Laufzeit des Programms wie $n^2$, $n^3$, $n^4$, etc.~wächst und vernünftig skaliert. $n$ ist hierbei die "Grösse" des Problems. +\subsection{Unterschiedliche Anzahl von Quellen und Zielen +\label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} +Es gibt Fälle, in welchen das Ausgangsproblem keine quadratische Form besitzt. Das ist z.B dann der Fall, wenn eine 3 Mitarbeiter 4 Eignungstests abdsolvieren müssen. In diesem Fall wird in der Ungarischen Methode die Matrix künstlich mittels einer Dummy Position quadratisch ergänzt. Dummy-Positionen werden dann mit der größten vorhandenen Zahl aus der Matrix besetzt. Beispielsweise eine $4\times 3$ wird zu einer $4\times 4$ Matrix. + \subsection{Beispiel eines händischen Verfahrens \label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} -Die ungarische Methode kann in einem einfachen händischen Beispiel erläutert werden. Es gibt eine Ausgangsmatrix. Diese Matrix wird in mehreren Schritten immer weiter reduziert. Anschließend erfolgen mehrere Zuordnungen. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass jede Zeile und jede Spalte immer genau eine eindeutige Zuordnung ergibt. Die optimale Lösung ist erreicht, wenn genau $n$ Zuordnungen gefunden sind. +Die ungarische Methode kann in einem einfachen händischen Beispiel +erläutert werden. Es gibt eine Ausgangsmatrix. Diese Matrix wird in mehreren Schritten immer +weiter reduziert. Anschließend erfolgen mehrere Zuordnungen. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass +jede Zeile und jede Spalte immer genau eine eindeutige Zuordnung ergibt. +Die optimale Lösung ist erreicht, wenn genau $n$ Zuordnungen gefunden +sind. + +\begin{enumerate} +\item Pro Zeile eruiert man die kleinste Zahl. Diese kleinste Zahl wird bei +allen anderen Ziffern in der jeweiligen Zeile subtrahiert. + +\item Danach zieht man wiederum die kleinste Zahl in jeder Spalte von allen +Zahlen in der Spalte ab. + +\item Es sollen möglichst viele Nullen markiert werden, welche freistehend sind. +(Freistehend bedeutet, sowohl in der jeweiligen Zeile und Spalte nur +eine markierte Null zu haben) + +\item Jeweilige Zeilen eruieren, bei welchen keine markierte Null vorhanden sind und kennzeichnen. + +\item In der vorherigen Zeile die 0 eruieren und die Spalte ebenfalls +kennzeichnen (*2) + +\item Im der selben Spalte die Markierte Null eruieren und die dazugehörige +Zeile kennzeichnen (*3) + +\item Alle Zeilen durchstreichen, welche KEINE Kennzeichnungen (*) haben + +\item Alle Spalten durchstreichen, welche EINE Kennzeichnung besitzt! (hier, *2) + +\item Kleinste Ziffer auswählen, welche nicht schon durchgestrichen sind. +(Im Beispiel ist es die Zahl 1. (Egal welche 1) + +\item Die eruierte kleinste Ziffer, wird von den nicht durchgestrichenen Ziffern +subtrahiert. Danach muss die Matrix wieder komplettiert werden. (inkl. Unterstreichen) + +\item Jeweilige Zahlen eruieren, welche vorgängig doppelt durchgestrichen wurden. + +\item Kleinste eruierte Ziffer von vorhin auf die zwei markierten Ziffern addieren. + +\item Es sollen wiederum von neuem möglichst viele Nullen markiert werden, +welche freistehend sind. In diesem Schritt werden nur die markierten Nullen betrachtet. + +\item Aus allen markierten Nullen in eine eins umwandeln. + +\item Die restlichen Ziffern, durch eine Null ersetzen. + +\item Zu guter letzt soll überall wo eine 1 steht, in der Ausgangsmatrix die +dazugehörige Ziffer ausgewählt werden. Nach Einsetzen und Eruieren der Zahlen ergeben sich nach Summieren der Zahlen der minimalste Transportweg. +\end{enumerate} \begin{figure} \centering -\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/beispiel_munkres} +\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische Methode Beispiel} \caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus.} \label{munkres:Vr2} \end{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 65966d22f384fa01a8db10b7fd47857efde92a81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 11:06:30 +0200 Subject: neue version --- buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex | 24 +++++++++++++++--------- buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex | 2 +- 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex index 4532783..867830f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex @@ -7,17 +7,25 @@ \label{munkres:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -Das spezielle an einem Zuordnungsproblem ist, dass es an jedem Ort nur eine Einheit angeboten bzw. nachgefragt wird. Es werden hier nicht Mengen möglichst kostenminimal von einem zum anderen +Das Spezielle an einem Zuordnungsproblem ist, dass es an jedem Ort nur eine Einheit angeboten bzw. nachgefragt wird. Es werden hier nicht Mengen möglichst kostenminimal von einem zum anderen Ort transportiert, sondern es geht um die kostenminimale Zuordnung von z.B. Personen, oder Bau-Maschinen auf bestimmte Orte, Stellen oder Aufgaben. Um dieses Problem in einer einfachen, händischen Art und Weise zu lösen wurde der Munkres-Algorithmus, auch die Ungarische Methode genannt, entwickelt. Diese Methode ist ein weiteres Hauptthema dieses Kapitels. \subsection{Zuordnungsproblem an einem konkreten Beispiel \label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} -Man hat der Fall, wo ein Bauunternehmer einen Bauingenieur beauftragt eine optimale Transportroute für die Umplatzierung seiner Kräne zu eruieren. Das heisst, die Transportstrecke für die Umplatzierung seine Kräne +Man hat den Fall, wo ein Bauunternehmer einen Bauingenieur beauftragt, eine optimale Transportroute für die Umplatzierung seiner Kräne zu eruieren. Das heisst, die Transportstrecke für die Umplatzierung seine Kräne soll möglichst klein werden. -Die Frage lautet, wie sind die Kräne umzusetzen, damit deren Transportstrecke minimal wird? Bei der normalen Optimierung dürfen normalerweise beliebige reelle Werte angenommen werden.$\mathbb{R}$. -Beim Beispiel mit den Kräne gib es aber ein Problem. Bei der Suche nach der optimalen Lösung darf nur die Methode der ganzzahligen Optimierung gewählt werden.$\mathbb{Z}$. Materialien kann man aufteilen, jedoch Maschinen nicht. Die Bauarbeiter auf der neuen Baustelle benötigen einen ganzen Kran und nicht nur einen halben Kran. Es muss immer ein ganzer Kran von A nach B oder gar kein Kran verschoben werden. Also 1 oder 0. -Doch das Problem bleibt, mit ganzzahligen Punkten kann kein Optimum erzielt werden und ist eine träge, langsame Angelegenheit. +Die Frage lautet, wie sind die Kräne umzusetzen, damit deren Transportstrecke minimal wird? Bei der normalen Optimierung dürfen normalerweise beliebige reelle Werte angenommen werden $\mathbb{R}$. +Beim Beispiel mit den Kräne gibt es aber ein Problem. Bei der Suche nach der optimalen Lösung darf nur die Methode der ganzzahligen Optimierung gewählt werden $\mathbb{Z}$. Materialien kann man aufteilen, jedoch Maschinen nicht. Die Bauarbeiter auf der neuen Baustelle benötigen einen ganzen Kran und nicht nur einen halben Kran. Es muss immer ein ganzer Kran von A nach B oder gar kein Kran verschoben werden. Also 1 oder 0. +Für solche Optimierungsproblem für reelle Varianten sind verschiedene Verfahren entwickelt worden, die im Allgemeinen auch sehr effizient sind. Das reelle Problem ist also in einer einfachen Art uns weise lösbar. Doch das Problem bleibt, wie in der Illustration oben ersichtlich. Es kann mit ganzzahligen Punkten kein Optimum erzielt werden. Das Ziel ist es an das Optimum so nah wie möglich heranzukommen und dies ist eine vergleichsweise träge und langsame Angelegenheit. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/ganzzahlige_punkte} +\caption{$K_{3,3}$ Problem der Ganzzahligkeit.} +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} + \subsection{Zuordnungsproblem abstrakt \label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} @@ -26,10 +34,8 @@ In einem Zuordnungsproblem sind alle Angebots- und Bedarfsmengen gleich 1 \begin{equation} a_{i}=b_{j}=1 \end{equation} - -Das Ziel ist es die Gesamtkosten zu minimieren. Mit Hilfe einer $n\times n$ Matrix $\mathbb{A}$ $\mathbb{\in}$ $\mathbb{R}^{n,n}$ kann dann auch der Faktor Kosten mit in die Rechnung eingebracht werden. - -In der Zelle dieser Matrix sind $a_{i,j}$ die Kosten dargestellt, die entstehen, wenn man z.B. einem Arbeiter $i$ die Aufgabe $j$ zuordnet. +Das Ziel ist es die Gesamtkosten zu minimieren. Mit Hilfe einer $n\times n$ Matrix $\mathbb{A}$ $\mathbb{\in}$ $\mathbb{R}^{n,n}$ kann der Faktor Kosten mit in die Rechnung eingebracht werden. +In der Zelle dieser Matrix sind $a_{i,j}$ die Wege dargestellt, die entstehen, wenn man z.B. einem Kran $i$ den Einsatzort $j$ zuordnet. \subsection{Alternative Darstellungen des Zuordnungsproblems \label{munkres:subsection:bonorum}} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex index 557d179..7faf958 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ dazugehörige Ziffer ausgewählt werden. Nach Einsetzen und Eruieren der Zahlen \begin{figure} \centering -\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische Methode Beispiel} +\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel} \caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus.} \label{munkres:Vr2} \end{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1 From a8df39c46bc2ac0e92fc36d14d9d320d748bdf70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 11:37:31 +0200 Subject: neue version --- buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++-- 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex index 867830f..d22b57f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil1.tex @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Für solche Optimierungsproblem für reelle Varianten sind verschiedene Verfahre \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/munkres/figures/ganzzahlige_punkte} -\caption{$K_{3,3}$ Problem der Ganzzahligkeit.} +\caption{Problem der Ganzzahligkeit.} \label{munkres:Vr2} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex index 7faf958..6dadf32 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex @@ -94,7 +94,25 @@ dazugehörige Ziffer ausgewählt werden. Nach Einsetzen und Eruieren der Zahlen \begin{figure} \centering -\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel} -\caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus.} +\includegraphics[width=14cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel.png} +\caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus, minimalster Transportweg.} \label{munkres:Vr2} \end{figure} + +\subsection{Zuordnung der Kräne +\label{munkres:subsection:malorum}} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Der Kran von Baustelle A1 soll zur Baustelle B2. +\item Der Kran von Baustelle A2 soll zur Baustelle B3. +\item Der Kran von Baustelle A3 soll zur Baustelle B4. +\item Der Kran von Baustelle A4 soll zur Baustelle B1. +\end{itemize} + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=3cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische Methode Beispiel Zuweisung.png} +\caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus, Zuweisung der Kräne } +\label{munkres:Vr2} +\end{figure} + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8feb90a7677b2c93493958c8a22008c293cca0db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 11:43:35 +0200 Subject: fehlendes bild --- .../munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel.png | Bin 0 -> 1179631 bytes 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel.png (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel.png b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb4d061 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel.png differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 97d2d95b6d2f50444221f060d986095c0129628f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 11:45:45 +0200 Subject: fehlendes bild --- .../figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel_Zuw.png | Bin 0 -> 117508 bytes 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel_Zuw.png (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel_Zuw.png b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel_Zuw.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73217d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel_Zuw.png differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 2ce8b93410c15a7f4d72712d4e4a3e46e809bf71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 11:46:17 +0200 Subject: fehlendes bild --- buch/papers/munkres/figures/ganzzahlige_punkte.png | Bin 0 -> 257390 bytes 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/munkres/figures/ganzzahlige_punkte.png (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/figures/ganzzahlige_punkte.png b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/ganzzahlige_punkte.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5689825 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/munkres/figures/ganzzahlige_punkte.png differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From cbd9a9d63f0dfcd3141a9a420dac959e554f9b57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Marc=20K=C3=BChne?= Date: Mon, 2 Aug 2021 11:49:47 +0200 Subject: neue version --- buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers') diff --git a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex index 6dadf32..874baae 100644 --- a/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/munkres/teil3.tex @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ dazugehörige Ziffer ausgewählt werden. Nach Einsetzen und Eruieren der Zahlen \begin{figure} \centering -\includegraphics[width=3cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische Methode Beispiel Zuweisung.png} +\includegraphics[width=3cm]{papers/munkres/figures/Ungarische_Methode_Beispiel_Zuw.png} \caption{Händisches Beispiel des Munkres Algorithmus, Zuweisung der Kräne } \label{munkres:Vr2} \end{figure} -- cgit v1.2.1