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Diffstat (limited to 'buch/papers/ellfilter')
32 files changed, 8171 insertions, 216 deletions
diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc index 8f20278..97e4089 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc @@ -3,12 +3,11 @@ # # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # -dependencies-ellfilter = \ - papers/ellfilter/packages.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/main.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/references.bib \ - papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex - +dependencies-ellfilter = \ + papers/ellfilter/packages.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/main.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/references.bib \ + papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae7127f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +\section{Einleitung} + +Filter sind womöglich eines der wichtigsten Elementen in der Signalverarbeitung und finden Anwendungen in der digitalen und analogen Elektrotechnik. +Besonders hilfreich ist die Untergruppe der linearen Filter. +Elektronische Schaltungen mit linearen Bauelementen wie Kondensatoren, Spulen und Widerständen führen immer zu linearen zeitinvarianten Systemen (LTI-System von englich \textit{time-invariant system}). +Durch die Linearität werden beim das Filtern keine neuen Frequenzanteile erzeugt, was es erlaubt, einen Frequenzanteil eines Signals verzerrungsfrei herauszufiltern. %TODO review sentence +Diese Eigenschaft macht es Sinnvoll, lineare Filter im Frequenzbereich zu beschreiben. +Die Übertragungsfunktion eines linearen Filters im Frequenzbereich $H(\Omega)$ ist dabei immer eine rationale Funktion, also ein Quotient von zwei Polynomen. +Dabei ist $\Omega = 2 \pi f$ die Frequenzeinheit. +Die Polynome haben dabei immer reelle oder komplex-konjugierte Nullstellen. + +Ein breit angewendeter Filtertyp ist das Tiefpassfilter, welches beabsichtigt alle Frequenzen eines Signals oberhalb der Grenzfrequenz $\Omega_p$ auszulöschen. +Der Rest soll dabei unverändert passieren. +Aus dem Tiefpassifilter können dann durch Transformationen auch Hochpassfilter, Bandpassfilter und Bandsperren realisiert werden. +Ein solches Filter hat idealerweise die Frequenzantwort +\begin{equation} + H(\Omega) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \Omega < \Omega_p \\ + 0 & \Omega < \Omega_p + \end{cases}, +\end{equation} +wie dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:lp} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex} + \caption{Frequenzantwort eines Tiefpassfilters.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:lp} +\end{figure} +Leider ist eine solche Funktion nicht als rationale Funktion darstellbar. +Aus diesem Grund sind realisierbare Approximationen gesucht. +Jede Approximation wird einen kontinuierlichen Übergang zwischen Durchlassbereich und Sperrbereich aufweisen. +Oft wird dabei der Faktor $1/\sqrt{2}$ als Schwelle zwischen den beiden Bereichen gewählt. +Somit lassen sich lineare Tiefpassfilter mit folgender Funktion zusammenfassen: +\begin{equation} + | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 F_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p}, +\end{equation} +wobei $F_N(w)$ eine rationale Funktion ist, $|F_N(w)| \leq 1 ~\forall~ |w| \leq 1$ erfüllt und für $|w| \geq 1$ möglichst schnell divergiert. +Des weiteren müssen alle Nullstellen und Pole von $F_N$ auf der linken Halbebene liegen, damit das Filter implementierbar und stabil ist. +$w$ ist die normalisierte Frequenz, die es erlaubt ein Filter unabhängig von der Grenzfrequenz zu beschrieben. +Bei $w=1$ hat das Filter eine Dämpfung von $1/(1+\varepsilon^2)$. +$N \in \mathbb{N} $ gibt die Ordnung des Filters vor, also die maximale Anzahl Pole oder Nullstellen. +Je hoher $N$ gewählt wird, desto steiler ist der Übergang in denn Sperrbereich. +Grössere $N$ sind erfordern jedoch aufwendigere Implementierungen und haben mehr Phasenverschiebung. +Eine einfache Funktion, die für $F_N$ eingesetzt werden kann, ist das Polynom $w^N$. +Tatsächlich erhalten wir damit das Butterworth Filter, wie in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:butterworth} ersichtlich. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf} + \caption{$F_N$ für Butterworth filter. Der grüne und gelbe Bereich definiert die erlaubten Werte für alle $F_N$-Funktionen.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:butterworth} +\end{figure} +Eine Reihe von rationalen Funktionen können für $F_N$ eingesetzt werden, um Tiefpassfilter\-approximationen mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften zu erhalten: +\begin{align} + F_N(w) & = + \begin{cases} + w^N & \text{Butterworth} \\ + T_N(w) & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 1} \\ + [k_1 T_N (k^{-1} w^{-1})]^{-1} & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 2} \\ + R_N(w, \xi) & \text{Elliptisch} \\ + \end{cases} +\end{align} +Mit der Ausnahme vom Butterworth-Filter sind alle Filter nach speziellen Funktionen benannt. +Alle diese Filter sind optimal hinsichtlich einer Eigenschaft. +Das Butterworth-Filter, zum Beispiel, ist maximal flach im Durchlassbereich. +Das Tschebyscheff-1 Filter ist maximal steil für eine definierte Welligkeit im Durchlassbereich, währendem es im Sperrbereich monoton abfallend ist. +Es scheint so als sind gewisse Eigenschaften dieser speziellen Funktionen verantwortlich für die Optimalität dieser Filter. + +Dieses Paper betrachtet die Theorie hinter dem elliptischen Filter, dem wohl exotischsten dieser Auswahl. +Es weist sich aus durch den steilsten Übergangsbereich für eine gegebene Filterdesignspezifikation. +Des weiteren kann es als Verallgemeinerung des Tschebyscheff-Filters angesehen werden. + +% wenn $F_N(w)$ eine rationale Funktion ist, ist auch $H(\Omega)$ eine rationale Funktion und daher ein lineares Filter. %proof? diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67bcca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +\section{Elliptische rationale Funktionen} + +Kommen wir nun zum eigentlichen Teil dieses Papers, den elliptischen rationalen Funktionen \cite{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis} +\begin{align} + R_N(\xi, w) &= \cd \left(N~f_1(\xi)~\cd^{-1}(w, 1/\xi), f_2(\xi)\right) \label{ellfilter:eq:elliptic}\\ + &= \cd \left(N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k), k_1\right) , \quad k= 1/\xi, k_1 = 1/f(\xi) \\ + &= \cd \left(N~K_1~z , k_1 \right), \quad w= \cd(z K, k) +\end{align} +Beim Betrachten dieser Definition, fällt die Ähnlichkeit zur trigonometrische Darstellung der Tsche\-byschef-Polynome \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} auf. +Anstelle vom Kosinus kommt hier die $\cd$-Funktion zum Einsatz. +Die Ordnungszahl $N$ kommt auch als Faktor for. +Zusätzlich werden noch zwei verschiedene elliptische Moduli $k$ und $k_1$ gebraucht. +Bei $k = k_1 = 0$ wird der $\cd$ zum Kosinus und wir erhalten in diesem Spezialfall die Tschebyschef-Polynome. + +Durch das Konzept vom fundamentalen Rechteck, siehe Abbildung \ref{buch:elliptisch:fig:ellall} können für alle inversen Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen die Positionen der Null- und Polstellen anhand eines Diagramms ermittelt werden. +Die $\cd^{-1}(w, k)$-Funktion ist um $K$ verschoben zur $\sn^{-1}(w, k)$-Funktion, wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:cd}. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z$-Ebene der Funktion $z = \cd^{-1}(w, k)$. + Die Funktion ist in der realen Achse $4K$-periodisch und in der imaginären Achse $2jK^\prime$-periodisch. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:cd} +\end{figure} +Auffallend an der $w = \cd(z, k)$-Funktion ist, dass sich $w$ auf der reellen Achse wie der Kosinus immer zwischen $-1$ und $1$ bewegt, während bei $\mathrm{Im(z) = K^\prime}$ die Werte zwischen $\pm 1/k$ und $\pm \infty$ verlaufen. +Die Idee des elliptischen Filter ist es, diese zwei Equirippel-Zonen abzufahren, wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:cd2}, welche Analog zu Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2} gesehen werden kann. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z_1=N\frac{K_1}{K}\cd^{-1}(w, k)$-Ebene der elliptischen rationalen Funktionen. + Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen werden passiert. + Als Vereinfachung ist die Funktion nur für $w>0$ dargestellt. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:cd2} +\end{figure} +Das elliptische Filter hat im Gegensatz zum Tschebyscheff-Filter drei Zonen. +Im Durchlassbereich werden wie beim Tschebyscheff-Filter die Nullstellen durchlaufen. +Statt dass $z_1$ für alle $w>1$ in die imaginäre Richtung geht, bewegen wir uns im Sperrbereich wieder in reeller Richtung, wo Pole durchlaufen werden. +Aus dieser Sicht kann der Sperrbereich vom Tschebyscheff-Filter als unendlich langer Übergangsbereich angesehen werden. +% Falls es möglich ist diese Werte abzufahren im Stil der Tschebyscheff-Polynome, kann ein Filter gebaut werden, dass Equirippel-Verhalten im Durchlass- und Sperrbereich aufweist. +Da sich die Funktion im Übergangsbereich nur zur nächsten Reihe bewegt, ist der Übergangsbereich monoton steigend. +Theoretisch könnte eine gleiches Durchlass- und Sperrbereichverhalten erreicht werden, wenn die Funktion auf eine andere Reihe ansteigen würde. +Dies würde jedoch zu Oszillationen zwischen $1$ und $1/k$ im Übergangsbereich führen. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:elliptic_freq} zeigt eine elliptisch rationale Funktion und die Frequenzantwort des daraus resultierenden Filters. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf} + \caption{$F_N$ und die resultierende Frequenzantwort eines elliptischen Filters.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:elliptic_freq} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Gradgleichung} + +Damit die Pol- und Nullstellen genau in dieser Konstellation durchfahren werden, müssen die elliptischen Moduli des inneren und äusseren $\cd$ aufeinander abgestimmt werden. +In der reellen Richtung müssen sich die Periodizitäten $K$ und $K_1$ um den Faktor $N$ unterscheiden, während die imagiäre Periodizitäten $K^\prime$ und $K^\prime_1$ gleich bleiben müssen. +Zur Erinnerung, $K$ und $K^\prime$ sind durch elliptische Integrale definiert und vom Modul $k$ abhängig wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:kprime}. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf} + \caption{Die Periodizitäten in realer und imaginärer Richtung in Abhängigkeit vom elliptischen Modul $k$.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:kprime} +\end{figure} +$K$ und $K^\prime$ sind durch die Ortskurve $K + jK^\prime$ aneinander gebunden und benötigen den Zusatzfaktor $K_1/K$ in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:elliptic}, um die genanten Forderungen einzuhalten. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:degree_eq} zeigt das Problem geometrisch auf, wobei zwei Punkte $K+jK^\prime$ und $K_1+jK_1^\prime$ auf der Ortskurve gesucht sind. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz} + \caption{Die Gradgleichung als geometrisches Problem ($N=3$).} + \label{ellfilter:fig:degree_eq} +\end{figure} +Algebraisch kann so die Gradgleichung +\begin{equation} + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} +\end{equation} +aufgestellt werden, dessen Lösung ist gegeben durch +\begin{equation} %TODO check +k_1 = k^N \prod_{i=1}^L \sn^4 \Bigg( \frac{2i - 1}{N} K, k \Bigg), +\quad \text{wobei} \quad +N = 2L+r. +\end{equation} +Die Herleitung ist sehr umfassend und wird in \cite{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis} im Detail angeschaut. + +% \begin{figure} +% \centering +% \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz} +% \caption{Die Gradgleichung als geometrisches Problem.} +% \end{figure} + +\subsection{Schlussfolgerung} + +Die elliptischen Filter können als direkte Erweiterung der Tschebyscheff-Filter verstanden werden. +Bei den Tschebyscheff-Polynomen haben wir gesehen, dass die Trigonometrische Formel zu einfachen Polynomen umgewandelt werden kann. +Im elliptischen Fall entstehen so rationale Funktionen mit Nullstellen und auch Pole. +Somit entstehen bei den elliptischen rationalen Funktionen, wie es der name auch deutet, rationale Funktionen, also ein Bruch von zwei Polynomen. + +% Da Transformationen einer rationalen Funktionen mit Grundrechenarten, wie es in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:h_omega} der Fall ist, immer noch rationale Funktionen ergeben, stellt dies kein Problem für die Implementierung dar. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..567bbcc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +\section{Jacobische elliptische Funktionen} + +Für das elliptische Filter werden, wie es der Name bereits deutet, elliptische Funktionen gebraucht. +Wie die trigonometrischen Funktionen Zusammenhänge eines Kreises darlegen, beschreiben die elliptischen Funktionen Ellipsen. +Es ist daher naheliegend, dass Kosinus des Tschebyscheff-Filters mit einem elliptischen Pendant ausgetauscht werden könnte. +Der Begriff elliptische Funktion wird für sehr viele Funktionen gebraucht, daher ist es hier wichtig zu erwähnen, dass es ausschliesslich um die Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen geht. + +Die Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen werden ausführlich im Kapitel \ref{buch:elliptisch:section:jacobi} behandelt. +Im Wesentlichen erweitern die Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen die trigonometrische Funktionen für Ellipsen. +Zum Beispiel gibt es analog zum Sinus den elliptischen $\sn(z, k)$. +Im Gegensatz zum den trigonometrischen Funktionen haben die elliptischen Funktionen zwei parameter. +Den \textit{elliptische Modul} $k$, der die Exzentrizität der Ellipse parametrisiert und das Winkelargument $z$. +Im Kreis ist der Radius für alle Winkel konstant, bei Ellipsen ändert sich das. +Dies hat zur Folge, dass bei einer Ellipse die Kreisbogenlänge nicht linear zum Winkel verläuft. +Darum kann hier nicht der gewohnte Winkel verwendet werden. +Das Winkelargument $z$ kann durch das elliptische Integral erster Art +\begin{equation} + z + = + F(\phi, k) + = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } +\end{equation} +mit dem Winkel $\phi$ in Verbindung gebracht werden. + +Dabei wird das vollständige und unvollständige Elliptische integral unterschieden. +Beim vollständigen Integral +\begin{equation} + K(k) + = + \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } +\end{equation} +wird über ein viertel Ellipsenbogen integriert, also bis $\phi=\pi/2$ und liefert das Winkelargument für eine Vierteldrehung. +Die Zahl wird oft auch abgekürzt mit $K = K(k)$ und ist für das elliptische Filter sehr relevant. +Alle elliptischen Funktionen sind somit $4K$-periodisch. + +Neben dem $\sn$ gibt es zwei weitere basis-elliptische Funktionen $\cn$ und $\dn$. +Dazu kommen noch weitere abgeleitete Funktionen, die durch Quotienten und Kehrwerte dieser Funktionen zustande kommen. +Insgesamt sind es die zwölf Funktionen +\begin{equation*} + \sn \quad + \ns \quad + \scelliptic \quad + \sd \quad + \cn \quad + \nc \quad + \cs \quad + \cd \quad + \dn \quad + \nd \quad + \ds \quad + \dc. +\end{equation*} + +Die Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen können mit der inversen Funktion des kompletten elliptischen Integrals erster Art +\begin{equation} + \phi = F^{-1}(z, k) +\end{equation} +definiert werden. Dabei ist zu beachten dass nur das $z$ Argument der Funktion invertiert wird, also +\begin{equation} + z = F(\phi, k) + \Leftrightarrow + \phi = F^{-1}(z, k). +\end{equation} +Mithilfe von $F^{-1}$ kann zum Beispiel $sn^{-1}$ mit dem Elliptischen integral dargestellt werden: +\begin{equation} + \sin(\phi) + = + \sin \left( F^{-1}(z, k) \right) + = + \sn(z, k) + = + w. +\end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} %TODO remove unnecessary equations +% \phi +% = +% F^{-1}(z, k) +% = +% \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) +% = +% \sin^{-1} ( w ) +% \end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} +% F(\phi, k) +% = +% z +% = +% F( \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) , k) +% = +% F( \sin^{-1} ( w ), k) +% \end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} +% \sn^{-1}(w, k) +% = +% F(\phi, k), +% \quad +% \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) +% \end{equation} + +Beim Tschebyscheff-Filter konnten wir mit Betrachten des Arcuscosinus die Funktionalität erklären. +Für das Elliptische Filter machen wir die gleiche Betrachtung mit der $\sn^{-1}$-Funktion. +Der $\sn^{-1}$ ist durch das elliptische Integral +\begin{align} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + & = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \\ + & = + \int_{0}^{w} + \frac{ + dt + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } +\end{align} +beschrieben. +Dazu betrachten wir wieder den Integranden +\begin{equation} + \frac{ + 1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + }. +\end{equation} +Beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ haben wir gesehen, dass die analytische Fortsetzung bei $x < -1$ und $x > 1$ rechtwinklig in die Komplexen zahlen wandert. +Wenn man das Gleiche mit $\sn^{-1}(w, k)$ macht, erkennt man zwei interessante Stellen. +Die erste ist die gleiche wie beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ nämlich bei $t = \pm 1$. +Der erste Term unter der Wurzel wird dann negativ, während der zweite noch positiv ist, da $k \leq 1$. +Ab diesem Punkt knickt die Funktion in die imaginäre Richtung ab. +Bei $t = 1/k$ ist auch der zweite Term negativ und die Funktion verläuft in die negative reelle Richtung. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:sn} zeigt den Verlauf der Funktion in der komplexen Ebene. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z$-Ebene der Funktion $z = \sn^{-1}(w, k)$. + Die Funktion ist in der realen Achse $4K$-periodisch und in der imaginären Achse $2jK^\prime$-periodisch. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:sn} +\end{figure} +In der reellen Richtung ist sie $4K(k)$-periodisch und in der imaginären Richtung $4K^\prime(k)$-periodisch, wobei $K^\prime$ das komplementäre vollständige Elliptische Integral ist: +\begin{equation} + K^\prime(k) + = + \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-{k^\prime}^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + k^\prime = \sqrt{1-k^2}. +\end{equation} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex index 26aaec1..c58dfa7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex @@ -8,29 +8,10 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Nicolas Tobler} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex index c94db34..9a550e2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,20 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +% \usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor} + +\usetikzlibrary{trees,shapes,decorations} + +\DeclareMathOperator{\sn}{\mathrm{sn}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\ns}{\mathrm{ns}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\scelliptic}{\mathrm{sc}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\sd}{\mathrm{sd}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\cn}{\mathrm{cn}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\nc}{\mathrm{nc}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\cs}{\mathrm{cs}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\cd}{\mathrm{cd}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\dn}{\mathrm{dn}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\nd}{\mathrm{nd}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\ds}{\mathrm{ds}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\dc}{\mathrm{dc}} + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96bdfd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,571 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169, xcolor={rgb}]{beamer} + +% style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{booktabs} %toprule midrule bottomrue in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} +\usepackage{textgreek} +\usepackage[rgb]{xcolor} + +\usepackage{ marvosym } % \Lightning + +\usepackage{multimedia} % embedded videos + +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{pgf} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + +%math font +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{Elliptische Filter} +\subtitle{Eine Anwendung der Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen} +\author{Nicolas Tobler} +\institute{Mathematisches Seminar 2022 | Spezielle Funktionen} +% \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} +\date{\today} + +\input{../packages.tex} + +\newcommand*{\QED}{\hfill\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}% + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc,shapes.geometric, fadings} + +\begin{document} + + \begin{frame} + \titlepage + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Inhalt} + \tableofcontents + \end{frame} + + \section{Lineare Filter} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Lineare Filter} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/filter.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + + \begin{equation*} + | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 F_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + |F_N(w)| &< 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| < 1 \\ + |F_N(w)| &= 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| = 1 \\ + |F_N(w)| &> 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| > 1 + \end{align*} + + + \begin{equation*} + F_N(w) = w^N + \end{equation*} + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Beispiel: Butterworth Filter} + + \begin{equation} + F_N(w) = w^N + \end{equation} + + \begin{center} + \input{../python/F_N_butterworth.pgf} + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Arten von linearen filtern} + + \begin{align*} + F_N(w) & = + \begin{cases} + w^N & \text{Butterworth} \\ + T_N(w) & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 1} \\ + [k_1 T_N (k^{-1} w^{-1})]^{-1} & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 2} \\ + R_N(w,\xi) & \text{Elliptisch (Cauer)} \\ + \end{cases} + \end{align*} + + \end{frame} + + \section{Tschebycheff Filter} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Polynome} + + + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}[T]{0.35\textwidth} + + \begin{align*} + T_{0}(x)&=1\\ + T_{1}(x)&=x\\ + T_{2}(x)&=2x^{2}-1\\ + T_{3}(x)&=4x^{3}-3x\\ + T_{n+1}(x)&=2x~T_{n}(x)-T_{n-1}(x) + \end{align*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}[T]{0.65\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ + \input{../python/F_N_chebychev2.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + \begin{equation*} + | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 T_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p} + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.9}{ + \input{../python/F_N_chebychev.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + Darstellung mit trigonometrischen Funktionen: + + \begin{align*} + T_N(w) &= \cos \left( N \cos^{-1}(w) \right) \\ + &= \cos \left(N~z \right), \quad w= \cos(z) + \end{align*} + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + \cos^{-1}(x) + &= + \int_{x}^{1} + \frac{ + dz + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + }\\ + &= + \int_{0}^{x} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + ~dz + + \frac{\pi}{2} + \end{align*} + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + \begin{columns} + + \begin{column}{0.2\textwidth} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \cos^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \vspace{0.5cm} + + Integrand: + \begin{equation*} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.8\textwidth} + + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.7}{ + \input{../tikz/arccos.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + \begin{equation*} + T_N(w) = \cos \left(z_1 \right), \quad z_1 = N~\cos^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.85}{ + \input{../tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \section{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + Elliptisches Integral erster Art + + \begin{equation*} + F(\phi, k) + = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } + % = + % \int_{0}^{\phi} + % \frac{ + % dt + % }{ + % \sqrt{ + % (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + % } + % } + \end{equation*} + + \begin{equation*} + K(k) + = + \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } + \end{equation*} + + + + \end{frame} + + + + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + \begin{equation*} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + = + F(\phi, k), + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \begin{align*} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + & = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \\ + & = + \int_{0}^{w} + \frac{ + dt + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } + \end{align*} + + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.2\textwidth} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \sn^{-1}(w, k) + \end{equation*} + + \vspace{0.5cm} + + Integrand: + \begin{equation*} + \frac{ + 1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.8\textwidth} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/sn.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fundamentales Rechteck} + + Nullstelle beim ersten Buchstabe, Polstelle beim zweiten Buchstabe + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.8}{ + \input{../tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \cd^{-1}(w, k) + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.7}{ + \input{../tikz/cd.tikz.tex} + + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + \section{Elliptisches Filter} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} + + % \begin{equation*} + % z_1 = N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k) + % \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/cd3.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Periodizität in realer und imaginärer Richtung} + + \begin{center} + \input{../python/k.pgf} + \end{center} + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Gradgleichung} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.95}{ + \input{../tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz} + } + \end{center} + + \onslide<5->{ + \begin{equation*} + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} + \end{equation*} + } + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} + + \begin{equation*} + R_N = \cd(z_1, k_1), + \quad + z_1 = N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k), + \quad + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/cd2.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} + + \begin{columns} + + \begin{column}[T]{0.5\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ + \input{../python/F_N_elliptic.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}[T]{0.5\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ + \input{../python/elliptic.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + \end{frame} + + \end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..857e363 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1083 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% 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in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{5.500000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.500000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.500000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.350000in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.350000in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{1.012292in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.012292in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{1.012292in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=1.012292in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {\ensuremath{-}1.0}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{1.998134in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.998134in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{1.998134in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=1.998134in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {\ensuremath{-}0.5}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.983977in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.983977in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.983977in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=2.983977in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.0}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.969820in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.969820in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{3.969820in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=3.969820in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.5}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{4.955663in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.955663in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{4.955663in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=4.955663in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.0}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=2.983977in,y=0.272534in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle w\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.350000in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=0.500544in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {\ensuremath{-}2}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.987065in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.350000in}{0.987065in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{0.987065in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=0.938840in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {\ensuremath{-}1}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{1.425362in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.350000in}{1.425362in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{1.425362in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.451287in, y=1.377137in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{1.863658in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.350000in}{1.863658in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{1.863658in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.451287in, y=1.815433in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.350000in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{2.301955in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.451287in, y=2.253730in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {2}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.287707in,y=1.425362in,,bottom,rotate=90.000000]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle T_N(w)\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.732046in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{1.505625pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.121569,0.466667,0.705882}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.815123in}{0.538250in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.867228in}{0.667673in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.919332in}{0.789210in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.971437in}{0.903055in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.023541in}{1.009402in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.075646in}{1.108444in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.123409in}{1.192982in}}% 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a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/chebychef.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/chebychef.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..254ad4b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/chebychef.py @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +# %% + +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import scipy.signal +import numpy as np + + +order = 5 +passband_ripple_db = 1 +omega_c = 1000 + +a, b = scipy.signal.cheby1( + order, + passband_ripple_db, + omega_c, + btype='low', + analog=True, + output='ba', + fs=None, +) + +w, mag, phase = scipy.signal.bode((a, b), w=np.linspace(0,2000,256)) +f, axs = plt.subplots(2,1, sharex=True) +axs[0].plot(w, 10**(mag/20)) +axs[0].set_ylabel("$|H(\omega)| /$ db") +axs[0].grid(True, "both") +axs[1].plot(w, phase) +axs[1].set_ylabel(r"$arg H (\omega) / $ deg") +axs[1].grid(True, "both") +axs[1].set_xlim([0, 2000]) +axs[1].set_xlabel("$\omega$") +plt.show() + + +# %% Cheychev filter F_N plot + +w = np.linspace(-1.1,1.1, 1000) +plt.figure(figsize=(5.5,2.5)) +for N in [3,6,11]: + # F_N = np.cos(N * np.arccos(w)) + F_N = scipy.special.eval_chebyt(N, w) + plt.plot(w, F_N, label=f"$N={N}$") +plt.xlim([-1.2,1.2]) +plt.ylim([-2,2]) +plt.grid() +plt.xlabel("$w$") +plt.ylabel("$T_N(w)$") +plt.legend() +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("F_N_chebychev2.pgf") +plt.show() + +# %% Build Chebychev polynomials + +N = 11 + +zeros = (np.arange(N)+0.5) * np.pi +zeros = np.cos(zeros/N) + +x = np.linspace(-1.2,1.2,1000) +y = np.prod(x[:, None] - zeros[None, :], axis=-1)*2**(N-1) + +plt.plot(x, y) +plt.ylim([-1,1]) +plt.grid() +plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32485c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1524 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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define elliptic functions + +def ell_int(k): + """ Calculate K(k) """ + m = k**2 + return scipy.special.ellipk(m) + +def sn(z, k): + return spx.ellipj(z, k**2)[0] + +def cn(z, k): + return spx.ellipj(z, k**2)[1] + +def dn(z, k): + return spx.ellipj(z, k**2)[2] + +def cd(z, k): + sn, cn, dn, ph = spx.ellipj(z, k**2) + return cn / dn + +# https://mathworld.wolfram.com/JacobiEllipticFunctions.html eq 3-8 + +def sn_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arcsin(z), m) + +def cn_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arccos(z), m) + +def dn_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + x = np.sqrt((1-z**2) / k**2) + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arcsin(x), m) + +def cd_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + x = np.sqrt(((m - 1) * z**2) / (m*z**2 - 1)) + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arccos(x), m) + + +k = 0.8 +z = 0.5 + +assert np.allclose(sn_inv(sn(z ,k), k), z) +assert np.allclose(cn_inv(cn(z ,k), k), z) +assert np.allclose(dn_inv(dn(z ,k), k), z) +assert np.allclose(cd_inv(cd(z ,k), k), z) + + +# %% Buttwerworth filter F_N plot + +w = np.linspace(0,1.5, 100) +plt.figure(figsize=(4,2.5)) + +for N in range(1,5): + F_N = w**N + plt.plot(w, F_N**2, label=f"$N={N}$") +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, 0), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 1), + 0.5, 1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.xlim([0,1.5]) +plt.ylim([0,2]) +plt.grid() +plt.xlabel("$w$") +plt.ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") +plt.legend() +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("F_N_butterworth.pgf") +plt.show() + +# %% Cheychev filter F_N plot + +w = np.linspace(0,1.5, 100) + +plt.figure(figsize=(4,2.5)) +for N in range(1,5): + # F_N = np.cos(N * np.arccos(w)) + F_N = scipy.special.eval_chebyt(N, w) + plt.plot(w, F_N**2, label=f"$N={N}$") +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, 0), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 1), + 0.5, 1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.xlim([0,1.5]) +plt.ylim([0,2]) +plt.grid() +plt.xlabel("$w$") +plt.ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") +plt.legend() +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("F_N_chebychev.pgf") +plt.show() + + +# %% plot arcsin + +def lattice(a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2): + r1 = np.logspace(a1, b1, c1) + x1 = np.concatenate((-np.flip(r1), [0], r1), axis=0) + x1 = x1.astype(np.complex128) + r2 = np.logspace(a2, b2, c2) + x2 = np.concatenate((-np.flip(r2), [0], r2), axis=0) + x2 = x2.astype(np.complex128) + x = (x1[:, None] + (x2[None, :] * 1j)) + return x + +plt.figure(figsize=(12,12)) +y = np.arcsin(lattice(-1,6,1000, -1,5,10)) +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), "-", color="red", lw=0.5) +y = np.arcsin(lattice(-1,6,10, -1,5,100)).T +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), "-", color="red", lw=0.5) +y = np.arcsin(lattice(-1,6,10, -1,5,10)) +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), ".", color="red", lw=0.5) +plt.show() + +# %% plot cd^-1 TODO complex cd^-1 missing + + +r = np.logspace(-1,8, 50) + + + +x = np.concatenate((-np.flip(r), [0], r), axis=0) +y = cd_inv(x, 0.99) + +plt.figure(figsize=(12,12)) +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), "-") +plt.show() + +# %%plot cd +plt.figure(figsize=(10,6)) +z = np.linspace(-4,4, 500) +for k in [0, 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, 0.99999]: + w = cd(z*ell_int(k), k) + plt.plot(z, w, label=f"$k={k}$") +plt.grid() +plt.legend() +# plt.xlim([-4,4]) +plt.xlabel("$u$") +plt.ylabel("$cd(uK, k)$") +plt.show() + +# %% Test ???? + +N = 5 +k = 0.9 +k1 = k**N + +assert np.allclose(k**(-N), k1**(-1)) + +K = ell_int(k) +Kp = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) + +K1 = ell_int(k1) +Kp1 = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k1**2)) + +print(Kp * (K1 / K) * N, Kp1) + + +# %% + + +k = 0.9 +k_prim = np.sqrt(1 - k**2) +K = ell_int(k) +Kp = ell_int(k_prim) + +print(K, Kp) + +zs = [ + 0 + (K + 0j) * np.linspace(0,1,25), + K + (Kp*1j) * np.linspace(0,1,25), + (K + Kp*1j) + (-K) * np.linspace(0,1,25), +] + + +for z in zs: + plt.plot(np.real(z), np.imag(z)) +plt.show() + + + +for z in zs: + w = cd(z, k) + plt.plot(np.real(w), np.imag(w)) +plt.show() + + + + + +# %% + +for i in range(10): + x = np.linspace(i*1,i*1+1,10, dtype=np.complex64) + w = np.arccos(x) + + x2 = np.cos(w) + x4 = np.cos(w+ 2*np.pi) + x3 = np.cos(np.conj(w)) + + assert np.allclose(x2, x4, rtol=0.001, atol=1e-5) + + assert np.allclose(x2, x3) + assert np.allclose(x2, x, rtol=0.001, atol=1e-5) + + plt.plot(np.real(w), np.imag(w), ".-") + +for i in range(10): + x = -np.linspace(i*1,i*1+1,100, dtype=np.complex64) + w = np.arccos(x) + plt.plot(np.real(w), np.imag(w), ".-") + +plt.grid() +plt.show() + + + + +# %% + +plt.plot(omega, np.abs(G)) +plt.show() + + +def cd_inv(u, m): + return K(1/2) - F(np.arcsin()) + +def K(m): + return scipy.special.ellipk(m) + +def L(n, xi): + return 1 #TODO + +def R(n, xi, x): + cn(n*K(1/L(n, xi))/K(1/xi) * cd_inv(x, 1/xi, 1/L(n, xi))) + +epsilon = 0.1 +n = 3 +omega = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 1000) +omega_0 = 1 +xi = 1.1 + +G = 1 / np.sqrt(1 + epsilon**2 * R(n, xi, omega/omega_0)**2) + + +plt.plot(omega, np.abs(G)) +plt.show() + + + +# %% Chebychef + +epsilon = 0.5 +omega = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 1000) +omega_0 = 1 +n = 4 + +def chebychef_poly(n, x): + x = x.astype(np.complex64) + y = np.cos(n* np.arccos(x)) + return np.real(y) + +F_omega = chebychef_poly + +for n in (1,2,3,4): + plt.plot(omega, F_omega(n, omega/omega_0)**2) +plt.ylim([0,5]) +plt.xlim([0,1.5]) +plt.grid() +plt.show() + +for n in (1,2,3,4): + G = 1 / np.sqrt(1 + epsilon**2 * F_omega(n, omega/omega_0)**2) + plt.plot(omega, np.abs(G)) +plt.grid() +plt.show() + + + + +# %% + + +k = np.concatenate(([0.00001,0.0001,0.001], np.linspace(0,1,101)[1:-1], [0.999,0.9999, 0.99999]), axis=0) +K = ell_int(k) +K_prime = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) + + +f, axs = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(5,2.5)) +axs[0].plot(k, K, linewidth=1) +axs[0].text(k[30], K[30]+0.1, f"$K$") +axs[0].plot(k, K_prime, linewidth=1) +axs[0].text(k[30], K_prime[30]+0.1, f"$K^\prime$") +axs[0].set_xlim([0,1]) +axs[0].set_ylim([0,4]) +axs[0].set_xlabel("$k$") + +axs[1].axvline(x=np.pi/2, color="gray", linewidth=0.5) +axs[1].axhline(y=np.pi/2, color="gray", linewidth=0.5) +axs[1].text(0.1, np.pi/2 + 0.1, "$\pi/2$") +axs[1].text(np.pi/2+0.1, 0.1, "$\pi/2$") +axs[1].plot(K, K_prime, linewidth=1) + +k = np.array([0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.9,0.99]) +K = ell_int(k) +K_prime = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) + +# axs[1].plot(K, K_prime, '.', color=last_color(), markersize=2) +# for x, y, n in zip(K, K_prime, k): +# axs[1].text(x+0.1, y+0.1, f"$k={n:.2f}$", rotation_mode="anchor") +axs[1].set_ylabel("$K^\prime$") +axs[1].set_xlabel("$K$") +axs[1].set_xlim([0,6]) +axs[1].set_ylim([0,5]) +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("k.pgf") +plt.show() + +print(K[0], K[-1]) diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20a7428 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +# %% + +import enum +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import scipy.signal +import numpy as np +import matplotlib +from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle + +import plot_params + +N=5 + +def ellip_filter(N, mode=-1): + + order = N + passband_ripple_db = 3 + stopband_attenuation_db = 20 + omega_c = 1 + + a, b = scipy.signal.ellip( + order, + passband_ripple_db, + stopband_attenuation_db, + omega_c, + btype='low', + analog=True, + output='ba', + fs=None + ) + + if mode == 0: + w = np.linspace(0*omega_c,omega_c, 2000) + elif mode == 1: + w = np.linspace(omega_c,1.00992*omega_c, 2000) + elif mode == 2: + w = np.linspace(1.00992*omega_c,2*omega_c, 2000) + else: + w = np.linspace(0*omega_c,2*omega_c, 4000) + + w, mag_db, phase = scipy.signal.bode((a, b), w=w) + + mag = 10**(mag_db/20) + + passband_ripple = 10**(-passband_ripple_db/20) + epsilon2 = (1/passband_ripple)**2 - 1 + + FN2 = ((1/mag**2) - 1) + + return w/omega_c, FN2 / epsilon2, mag, a, b + + +f, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(5,3), sharex=True) + +for mode, c in enumerate(["green", "orange", "red"]): + w, FN2, mag, a, b = ellip_filter(N, mode=mode) + axs[0].semilogy(w, FN2, label=f"$N={N}, k=0.1$", linewidth=1, color=c) + +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, 0), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 1), + 0.00992, 1e2-1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1.00992, 100), + 1, 1e6, + fc ='red', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +zeros = [0,0.87,0.995] +poles = [1.01,1.155] + +import matplotlib.transforms +axs[0].plot( # mark errors as vertical bars + zeros, + np.zeros_like(zeros), + "o", + mfc='none', + color='black', + transform=matplotlib.transforms.blended_transform_factory( + axs[0].transData, + axs[0].transAxes, + ), +) +axs[0].plot( # mark errors as vertical bars + poles, + np.ones_like(poles), + "x", + mfc='none', + color='black', + transform=matplotlib.transforms.blended_transform_factory( + axs[0].transData, + axs[0].transAxes, + ), +) + +for mode, c in enumerate(["green", "orange", "red"]): + w, FN2, mag, a, b = ellip_filter(N, mode=mode) + axs[1].plot(w, mag, linewidth=1, color=c) + +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, np.sqrt(2)/2), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 0.1), + 0.00992, np.sqrt(2)/2 - 0.1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1.00992, 0), + 1, 0.1, + fc ='red', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +axs[0].set_xlim([0,2]) +axs[0].set_ylim([1e-4,1e6]) +axs[0].grid() +axs[0].set_ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") +axs[1].grid() +axs[1].set_ylim([0,1]) +axs[1].set_ylabel("$|H(w)|$") +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("elliptic.pgf") +plt.show() + +print("zeros", a) +print("poles", b) + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbb823a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% 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a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/plot_params.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/plot_params.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ddd1d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/plot_params.py @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +import matplotlib + +matplotlib.rcParams.update({ + "pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex", + 'font.family': 'serif', + 'font.size': 9, + 'text.usetex': True, + 'pgf.rcfonts': False, +}) diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib b/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib index 81b3577..8f21971 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,19 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{ellfilter:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{ellfilter:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{ellfilter:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis, + author = { Sophocles J. Orfanidis}, + title = { LECTURE NOTES ON ELLIPTIC FILTER DESIGN }, + year = 2006, + url = {https://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ece521/notes.pdf} } +% Schwalm +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_rational_functions +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_elliptic_functions +% https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptisches_Integral +% https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschebyschow-Polynom +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_filter +% https://mathworld.wolfram.com/JacobiEllipticFunctions.html +% https://mathworld.wolfram.com/EllipticIntegraloftheFirstKind.html diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index fd04ba9..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{ellfilter:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{ellfilter:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 7e62a2f..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{ellfilter:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{ellfilter:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ellfilter:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{ellfilter:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{ellfilter:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 71fdc6d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{ellfilter:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ellfilter:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 79a5f3d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{ellfilter:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ellfilter:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b11c25d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-2) -- (0,2) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.6] + + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-6,0) {$-3\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-4,0) {$-2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-2,0) {$-\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (2,0) {$\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (4,0) {$2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (6,0) {$3\pi$}; + + \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0,-1.5) {$-\infty$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=south east] at (0, 0) {$0$}; + \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0, 1.5) {$\infty$}; + + \clip(-7.5,-2) rectangle (7.5,2); + + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); + + % \pause + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm] + \begin{scope}[] + \draw[->, darkgreen] (-1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); + \draw[->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,-1.5); + \draw[->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, blue] (2,-1.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \end{scope} + \node[zero] at (1,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (3,0) {}; + \end{scope} + } + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (4,2) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-3.25cm] + + \draw[->, thick](0,0) -- node[anchor=center, fill=white]{$z = \cos^{-1}(w)$} (0,1); + + \end{scope} + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-4, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (4, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-4,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (4,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2cec75f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1) -- (0,2) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-2,0) -- (9,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z_1$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \draw[->, ultra thick, blue] (8, 1.5) -- node[align=center]{Sperrbereich} (8,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, cyan] (8, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich}(4,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, darkgreen] (4, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, orange] (0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Sperrbereich} (0,1.5); + + \node[anchor=north east] at (8, 1.5) {$-\infty$}; + \draw (8, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south east] {$1$}; + \draw (6, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$-1$}; + \draw (4, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$1$}; + \draw (2, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$-1$}; + \draw (0, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {$1$}; + \node[anchor=north west] at (0, 1.5){$\infty$}; + + \node at(4,1) {$N = 4$}; + + % \node[zero] at (-7,0) {}; + % \node[zero] at (-5,0) {}; + % \node[zero] at (-3,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (-1,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (1,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (3,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (5,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (7,0) {}; + + \end{scope} + + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-8,0) {$-4\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-6,0) {$-3\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-4,0) {$-2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-2,0) {$-\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (2,0) {$\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (4,0) {$2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (6,0) {$3\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (8,0) {$4\pi$}; + + + % \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0,-1.5) {$-\infty$}; + \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0, 1.5) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (6.5,2) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[xshift=2.75cm, yshift=-2cm] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-4, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (4, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-4,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (4,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cf2417 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.9, yscale=1.8] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.1) -- +(0, -0.1) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + + \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + + \begin{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=0cm] + + \clip(-4.5,-1.25) rectangle (4.5,1.25); + + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \draw[->, orange!50] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[->, darkgreen!50] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, cyan!50] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[->, blue!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, purple!50] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[->, red!50] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[->, orange!50] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[->, blue!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); + \draw[->, purple!50] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[->, red!50] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); + \draw[->, cyan!50] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \draw[->, darkgreen!50] (3, 0) -- (4,0); + \end{scope} + } + } + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + + \end{scope} + } + } + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (4,3) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + \node[pole, below=0.25cm of n] (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Polstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm, xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-6,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-5,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-3,0) {$-1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (3,0) {$1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (5,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4187c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1.25, yscale=3.5] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.55) -- (0,1.05) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.5,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z_1$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[gray] ( 5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $5K_1$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime_1$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \clip(-1.5,-0.75) rectangle (6.8,1.25); + + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, blue] (1, 0.45) -- (2, 0.45) -- (2, 0.05) -- ( 0.1, 0.05) -- ( 0.1,0.45) -- (1, 0.45); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, orange] (2, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0 ) -- ( 0 , 0 ) -- ( 0 ,0.5 ) -- (2, 0.5 ); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, red] (3, 0.55) -- (6, 0.55) -- (6,-0.05) -- (-0.1,-0.05) -- (-0.1,0.55) -- (3, 0.55); + % \node[blue] at (1, 0.25) {$N=1$}; + % \node[orange] at (3, 0.25) {$N=2$}; + % \node[red] at (5, 0.25) {$N=3$}; + + + + % \draw[line width=0.1cm, fill, red!50] (0,0) rectangle (3, 0.5); + % \draw[line width=0.05cm, fill, orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (2, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + % \node[] at (0.5, 0.25) {\small $N=1$}; + % \node[] at (1.5, 0.25) {\small $N=2$}; + % \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=3$}; + + \fill[orange!30] (0,0) rectangle (5, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.1); + \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=5$}; + + + \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, yshift=0.05cm] + (5,0.5) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[above, yshift=0.1cm]{$NK_1$} + (0,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, xshift=0.1cm] + (5,0) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[right, xshift=0.1cm]{$K^\prime \frac{K_1N}{K} = K^\prime_1$} + (5,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (5, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (-0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Übergangs-\\berech} (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0,0.5) -- node[align=center, yshift=0.7cm]{Sperrbereich} (5, 0.5); + + \draw (4,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $1$}; + \draw (2,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $-1$}; + \draw (0,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {\small $1$}; + \draw (0,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north west] {\small $1/k$}; + \draw (2,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $-1/k$}; + \draw (4,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $1/k$}; + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + + \end{scope} + } + } + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=1cm , yshift=-3cm, xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-1,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (3,0) {$1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (5,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae18519 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1.25, yscale=2.5] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.55) -- (0,1.05) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.5,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] ( 5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $5K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime_1$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \clip(-1.5,-0.75) rectangle (6.8,1.25); + + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, blue] (1, 0.45) -- (2, 0.45) -- (2, 0.05) -- ( 0.1, 0.05) -- ( 0.1,0.45) -- (1, 0.45); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, orange] (2, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0 ) -- ( 0 , 0 ) -- ( 0 ,0.5 ) -- (2, 0.5 ); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, red] (3, 0.55) -- (6, 0.55) -- (6,-0.05) -- (-0.1,-0.05) -- (-0.1,0.55) -- (3, 0.55); + % \node[blue] at (1, 0.25) {$N=1$}; + % \node[orange] at (3, 0.25) {$N=2$}; + % \node[red] at (5, 0.25) {$N=3$}; + + + + % \draw[line width=0.1cm, fill, red!50] (0,0) rectangle (3, 0.5); + % \draw[line width=0.05cm, fill, orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (2, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + % \node[] at (0.5, 0.25) {\small $N=1$}; + % \node[] at (1.5, 0.25) {\small $N=2$}; + % \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=3$}; + + % \fill[orange!30] (0,0) rectangle (5, 0.5); + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + + + % \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, yshift=0.05cm] + % (5,0.5) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[above, yshift=0.1cm]{$NK_1$} + % (0,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + % \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, xshift=0.1cm] + % (5,0) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[right, xshift=0.1cm]{$K^\prime \frac{K_1N}{K} = K^\prime_1$} + % (5,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + + \end{scope} + } + } + + + + \onslide<2->{ + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (5, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.4cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (-0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Übergangs-\\berech} (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0,0.5) -- node[align=center, yshift=0.4cm]{Sperrbereich} (5, 0.5); + \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=5$}; + } + \onslide<1->{ + \draw (4,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $1$}; + \draw (2,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $-1$}; + \draw (0,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {\small $1$}; + \draw (0,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north west] {\small $1/k$}; + \draw (2,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $-1/k$}; + \draw (4,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $1/k$}; + + } + + + \end{scope} + + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a36ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1, yscale=1.5] + + \begin{scope}[] + + \fill[orange!25] (0,0) rectangle (1.5, 0.75); + \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (0.5, 0.25); + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.75) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.75,0) -- (1.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.25) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 1.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.75) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \clip(-1.6,-0.6) rectangle (1.6,1.6); + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.5, yscale=0.25, blue] + \foreach \i in {-1,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-1,...,2} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*2cm, yshift=\j*2cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( -1, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,1) {}; + \node[pole] at ( -1,1) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + \end{scope} + + \node at (0,2) {$\cd \left(N~K_1~z , k_1 \right)$}; + \node at (0,2) {$w= \cd(z K, k)$}; + + \draw[scale=0.2, domain=0.02:5, variable=\x, red] plot ({\x1+3}, {1/\x+2}); + + \end{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=5cm] + + \fill[orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (1.5, 0.75); + \fill[yellow!25] (0,0) rectangle (0.5, 0.25); + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.75) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.75,0) -- (1.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.25) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.75) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \clip(-1.6,-0.6) rectangle (1.6,1.6); + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.5, yscale=0.75, red] + \foreach \i in {-1,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-1,...,0} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*2cm, yshift=\j*2cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( -1, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,1) {}; + \node[pole] at ( -1,1) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20c2d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ + +\def\d{0.2} +\def\n{3} +\def\nn{2} +\def\a{2.5} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=3, yscale=3] + + \begin{scope}[] + % \onslide<4->{ + \fill[orange!30, scale=1.735] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + % } + % \onslide<2->{ + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + % } + + \begin{scope}[] + \clip(0,0) rectangle (2,1.25); + \draw[thick, scale=1, domain=0.1:10, variable=\x, smooth, samples=200] plot ({\d*\x1+0.5}, {\d/\x+0.5}); + \node at(1.25,0.7) {$K + jK^\prime$ Ortskurve}; + \end{scope} + + % \onslide<2->{ + \begin{scope}[blue] + \draw[] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + + + \node[pole] at ( \d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[zero] at ( \d*\a+0.5, 0) {}; + + \draw[] ( \d*\a+0.5,0) node[anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[] (0, \d/\a+0.5) node[anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + % \onslide<3->{ + + \foreach \i in {1,...,\nn} { + \draw[gray, dotted] (\i*\d*\a/\n+\i*0.5/\n, 0) -- (\i*\d*\a/\n+\i*0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + } + + \node[dot, gray] at (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[above] at (0.5*\d*\a/\n+0.5*0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {\small $K/N$}; + % } + \end{scope} + % } + + % \onslide<4->{ + \begin{scope}[scale=1.735, red] + \draw (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + \draw[gray] (0,0) -- (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + + \node[pole] at ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[zero] at ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, 0) {}; + + + \draw[] ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n,0) node[anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[] (0, \d/\a+0.5) node[anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \end{scope} + % } + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.25) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-0.25,0) -- (2,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..769602a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=3, yscale=2.5] + + \fill[darkgreen!15] (0,0) rectangle (1,1); + \node[darkgreen] at (0.5,0.5) {Durchlassbereich}; + \fill[orange!15] (1,0) rectangle (2.5,1); + \node[orange] at (1.75,0.5) {Sperrbereich}; + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,0) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$|H(\Omega)|$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (0,0) -- (2.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\Omega$}; + + \draw[dashed] (0,0.707) node[left] {$\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon^2}}$} -| (1,0) node[below] {$\Omega_p$}; + \draw[dashed] (0,0.707) node[left] {$\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon^2}}$} -| (1,0) node[below] {$\Omega_p$}; + + \node[left] at(0,1) {$1$}; + + \draw[red, thick] (0,1) -- (1,1) -- (1,0) -- (2.5,0); + + \node[anchor=north, red] at (0.5,1) {Ideal}; + + \draw[thick, domain=0:2.5, variable=\x, smooth, samples=200] plot + ({\x}, {sqrt(abs(1/ (1 + \x^10)))}); + \node[anchor=south] at (0.5,1) {Butterworth ($N=5$)}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..921dbfa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=2, yscale=2] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.25) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-0.25,0) -- (1.5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + + \draw[gray] (0, 1) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (1, 1); + + \node[anchor=south east] at ( 1,0) {$c$}; + \node[anchor=north east] at ( 1,1) {$d$}; + \node[anchor=north west] at ( 0,1) {$n$}; + \node[anchor=south west] at ( 0,0) {$s$}; + + \end{scope} + + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0546fda --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.9, yscale=1.8] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \clip(-4.5,-1.25) rectangle (4.5,1.25); + + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + + \begin{scope}[xshift=-1cm] + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,2} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \draw[<-, blue!50] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[<-, cyan!50] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[<-, darkgreen!50] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[<-, orange!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[<-, red!50] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[<-, purple!50] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[<-, blue!50] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[<-, orange!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); + \draw[<-, red!50] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[<-, purple!50] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); + \draw[<-, darkgreen!50] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \draw[<-, cyan!50] (3, 0) -- (4,0); + \end{scope} + } + } + + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, darkgreen] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, orange] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, red] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, blue] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, <-, purple] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, <-, cyan] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + % \pause + + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,2} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.1) -- +(0, -0.1) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (4,3) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + \node[pole, below=0.25cm of n] (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Polstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm, xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-6,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-5,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-3,0) {$-1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (3,0) {$1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (5,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..639c87c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +\section{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + +Als Einstieg betrachten wir das Tschebyscheff-Filter, welches sehr verwandt ist mit dem elliptischen Filter. +Genauer ausgedrückt erhält man die Tschebyscheff-1 und -2 Filter bei Grenzwerten von Parametern beim elliptischen Filter. +Der Name des Filters deutet schon an, dass die Tschebyscheff-Polynome $T_N$ (siehe auch Kapitel \label{buch:polynome:section:tschebyscheff}) für das Filter relevant sind: +\begin{align} + T_{0}(x)&=1\\ + T_{1}(x)&=x\\ + T_{2}(x)&=2x^{2}-1\\ + T_{3}(x)&=4x^{3}-3x\\ + T_{n+1}(x)&=2x~T_{n}(x)-T_{n-1}(x). +\end{align} +Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Polynome im Intervall $[-1, 1]$ mit der trigonometrischen Funktion +\begin{align} \label{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} + T_N(w) &= \cos \left( N \cos^{-1}(w) \right) \\ + &= \cos \left(N~z \right), \quad w= \cos(z) +\end{align} +übereinstimmen. +Der Zusammenhang lässt sich mit den Doppel- und Mehrfachwinkelfunktionen der trigonometrischen Funktionen erklären. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:chebychef_polynomials} zeigt einige Tschebyscheff-Polynome. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_chebychev2.pgf} + \caption{Die Tschebyscheff-Polynome $C_N$.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:chebychef_polynomials} +\end{figure} +Da der Kosinus begrenzt zwischen $-1$ und $1$ ist, sind auch die Tschebyscheff-Polynome begrenzt. +Geht man aber über das Intervall $[-1, 1]$ hinaus, divergieren die Funktionen mit zunehmender Ordnung immer steiler gegen $\pm \infty$. +Diese Eigenschaft ist sehr nützlich für ein Filter. +Wenn wir die Tschebyscheff-Polynome quadrieren, passen sie perfekt in die Forderungen für Filterfunktionen, wie es Abbildung \ref{ellfiter:fig:chebychef} demonstriert. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_chebychev.pgf} + \caption{Die Tschebyscheff-Polynome füllen den erlaubten Bereich besser, und erhalten dadurch eine steilere Flanke im Sperrbereich.} + \label{ellfiter:fig:chebychef} +\end{figure} + +Die analytische Fortsetzung von \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} über das Intervall $[-1,1]$ hinaus stimmt mit den Polynomen überein, wie es zu erwarten ist. +Die genauere Betrachtung wird uns helfen die elliptischen Filter besser zu verstehen. + +Starten wir mit der Funktion, die in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} als erstes auf $w$ angewendet wird, dem Arcuscosinus. +Die invertierte Funktion des Kosinus kann als bestimmtes Integral dargestellt werden: +\begin{align} + \cos^{-1}(x) + &= + \int_{x}^{1} + \frac{ + dz + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + }\\ + &= + \int_{0}^{x} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + ~dz + + \frac{\pi}{2}. +\end{align} +Der Integrand oder auch die Ableitung von $\cos^{-1}(x)$ +\begin{equation} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } +\end{equation} +bestimmt dabei die Richtung, in welche die Funktion verläuft. +Der reelle Arcuscosinus is bekanntlich nur für $|z| \leq 1$ definiert. +Hier bleibt der Wert unter der Wurzel positiv und das Integral liefert reelle Werte. +Doch wenn $|z|$ über 1 hinausgeht, wird der Term unter der Wurzel negativ. +Durch die Quadratwurzel entstehen für den Integranden zwei rein komplexe Lösungen. +Der Wert des Arcuscosinus verlässt also bei $z= \pm 1$ den reellen Zahlenstrahl und knickt in die komplexe Ebene ab. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos} zeigt den Arcuscosinus in der komplexen Ebene. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex} + \caption{Die Funktion $z = \cos^{-1}(w)$ dargestellt in der komplexen ebene.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:arccos} +\end{figure} +Wegen der Periodizität des Kosinus ist auch der Arcuscosinus $2\pi$-periodisch. +Das Einzeichnen von Pol- und Nullstellen ist hilfreich für die Betrachtung der Funktion. + + +In \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} wird $z$ mit dem Ordnungsfaktor $N$ multipliziert und durch die Kosinusfunktion zurück transformiert. +Die Skalierung hat zur folge, dass bei der Rücktransformation durch den Kosinus mehrere Nullstellen durchlaufen werden. +Somit passiert $\cos( N~\cos^{-1}(w))$ im Intervall $[-1, 1]$ $N$ Nullstellen, wie dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2}. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z_1=N \cos^{-1}(w)$-Ebene der Tschebyscheff-Funktion. + Die eingefärbten Pfade sind Verläufe von $w\in(-\infty, \infty)$ für $N = 4$. + Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen werden passiert die zu Equirippel-Verhalten führen. + Die vertikalen Segmente der Funktion sorgen für das Ansteigen der Funktion gegen $\infty$ nach der Grenzfrequenz. + Die eingezeichneten Nullstellen sind vom zurücktransformierenden Kosinus. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:arccos2} +\end{figure} +Durch die spezielle Anordnung der Nullstellen hat die Funktion auf der reellen Achse Equirippel-Verhalten und ist dennoch ein Polynom, was sich perfekt für linear Filter eignet. +Equirippel bedeutet, dass alle lokalen Maxima der Betragsfunktion gleich gross sind. |