diff options
Diffstat (limited to '')
210 files changed, 33961 insertions, 3548 deletions
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..206cd3a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..03b2ba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e45129 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..13dea39 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d897b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;b;z)
+ * @param b0 in 0F1(;b0;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;b0;z)
+ * @param n number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fractionRekursion0f1(const double c, const double z, unsigned int n)
+{
+ //declaration
+ double a = 0.0;
+ double b = 0.0;
+ double Ak = 0.0;
+ double Bk = 0.0;
+ double Ak_1 = 0.0;
+ double Bk_1 = 0.0;
+ double Ak_2 = 0.0;
+ double Bk_2 = 0.0;
+
+ for (unsigned int k = 0; k <= n; ++k)
+ {
+ if (k == 0)
+ {
+ a = 1.0; //a0
+ //recursion fomula for A0, B0
+ Ak = a;
+ Bk = 1.0;
+ }
+ else if (k == 1)
+ {
+ a = 1.0; //a1
+ b = z/c; //b1
+ //recursion fomula for A1, B1
+ Ak = a * Ak_1 + b * 1.0;
+ Bk = a * Bk_1;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ a = 1 + (z / (k * ((k - 1) + c)));//ak
+ b = -(z / (k * ((k - 1) + c))); //bk
+ //recursion fomula for Ak, Bk
+ Ak = a * Ak_1 + b * Ak_2;
+ Bk = a * Bk_1 + b * Bk_2;
+ }
+ //save old values
+ Ak_2 = Ak_1;
+ Bk_2 = Bk_1;
+ Ak_1 = Ak;
+ Bk_1 = Bk;
+ }
+ //approximation fraction
+ return Ak/Bk;
+}
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3caaf43 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param c in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param k number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fractionIter0f1(const double c, const double z, unsigned int k)
+{
+ //declaration
+ double a = 0.0;
+ double b = 0.0;
+ double abk = 0.0;
+ double temp = 0.0;
+
+ for (; k > 0; --k)
+ {
+ abk = z / (k * ((k - 1) + c)); //abk = ak, bk
+
+ a = k > 1 ? (1 + abk) : 1; //a0, a1
+ b = k > 1 ? -abk : abk; //b1
+
+ temp = b / (a + temp); //bk / (ak + last result)
+ }
+
+ return a + temp; //a0 + temp
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23fdfea --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +#include <math.h>
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates pochhammer
+ * @param (a+n-1)!
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double pochhammer(const double x, double n)
+{
+ double temp = x;
+
+ if (n > 0)
+ {
+ while (n > 1)
+ {
+ temp *= (x + n - 1);
+ --n;
+ }
+
+ return temp;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Factorial
+ * @param n!
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fac(int n)
+{
+ double temp = n;
+
+ if (n > 0)
+ {
+ while (n > 1)
+ {
+ --n;
+ temp *= n;
+ }
+ return temp;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;b;z)
+ * @param c in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param n number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double powerseries(const double c, const double z, unsigned int n)
+{
+ double temp = 0.0;
+
+ for (unsigned int k = 0; k < n; ++k)
+ {
+ temp += pow(z, k) / (factorial(k) * pochhammer(c, k));
+ }
+
+ return temp;
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex index 264ad56..0b1020f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,24 @@ -% -% main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <0f1> -% -% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:0f1}} -\lhead{Thema} -\begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/0f1/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil3.tex} - -\printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] -\end{refsection} +%
+% main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <0f1>
+%
+% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+%
+
+
+
+\chapter{Algorithmus zur Berechnung von $\mathstrut_0F_1$\label{chapter:0f1}}
+\lhead{Algorithmus zur Berechnung von $\mathstrut_0F_1$}
+\begin{refsection}
+\chapterauthor{Fabian Dünki}
+
+
+
+
+\input{papers/0f1/teil0.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil1.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil2.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil3.tex}
+
+\printbibliography[heading=subbibliography]
+\end{refsection}
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib b/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib index fb9cd8b..47555da 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,82 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{0f1:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{0f1:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{0f1:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{0f1:library-gsl, + title = {GNU Scientific Library}, + url ={https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} } +@online{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion, + title = {Airy-Funktion}, + url ={https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy-Funktion}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wiki-kettenbruch, + title = {Kettenbruch}, + url ={https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettenbruch}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {25} +} + +@online{0f1:double, + title = {C - Data Types}, + url ={https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_data_types.htm}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wolfram-0f1, + title = {Hypergeometric 0F1}, + url ={https://functions.wolfram.com/webMathematica/FunctionEvaluation.jsp?name=Hypergeometric0F1}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wiki-fraction, + title = {Gauss continued fraction}, + url ={https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_continued_fraction}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:code, + title = {Vollständiger C-Code}, + url ={https://github.com/AndreasFMueller/SeminarSpezielleFunktionen/tree/master/buch/papers/0f1/listings}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@book{0f1:SeminarNumerik, + title = {Mathematisches Seminar Numerik}, + author = {Andreas Müller et al}, + publisher = {Andreas Müller}, + year = {2022}, +} + +@article{0f1:kettenbrueche, + author = { Benjamin Bouhafs-Keller }, + title = { Kettenbrüche }, + journal = { Mathematisches Seminar Numerik }, + year = 2020, + volume = 13, + pages = {363--376}, + url = {https://github.com/AndreasFMueller/SeminarNumerik} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex index 9087808..adccac7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex @@ -1,22 +1,15 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{0f1:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{0f1:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - +%
+% einleitung.tex -- Einleitung
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Ausgangslage\label{0f1:section:ausgangslage}}
+\rhead{Ausgangslage}
+Die Hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ wird in vielen Funktionen als Basisfunktion benutzt,
+zum Beispiel um die Airy Funktion zu berechnen.
+In der GNU Scientific Library \cite{0f1:library-gsl}
+ist die Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ vorhanden.
+Allerdings wirft die Funktion, bei negativen Übergabenwerten wie zum Beispiel \verb+gsl_sf_hyperg_0F1(1, -1)+, eine Exception.
+Bei genauerer Untersuchung hat sich gezeigt, dass die Funktion je nach Betriebssystem funktioniert oder eben nicht.
+So kann die Funktion unter Windows fehlerfrei aufgerufen werden, beim Mac OS und Linux sind negative Übergabeparameter im Moment nicht möglich.
+Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu evaluieren, ob es mit einfachen mathematischen Operationen möglich ist, die Hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ zu implementieren.
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex index aca84d2..f697f45 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex @@ -1,55 +1,101 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{0f1:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{0f1:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{0f1:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{0f1:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil1.tex -- Mathematischer Hintergrund
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Mathematischer Hintergrund
+\label{0f1:section:mathHintergrund}}
+\rhead{Mathematischer Hintergrund}
+Basierend auf den Herleitungen des vorhergehenden Abschnittes \ref{buch:rekursion:section:hypergeometrische-funktion}, werden im nachfolgenden Abschnitt nochmals die Resultate
+beschrieben.
+
+\subsection{Hypergeometrische Funktion
+\label{0f1:subsection:hypergeometrisch}}
+Als Grundlage der umgesetzten Algorithmen dient die hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$. Diese ist eine Anwendung der allgemein definierten Funktion $\mathstrut_pF_q$.
+
+\begin{definition}
+ \label{0f1:math:qFp:def}
+ Die hypergeometrische Funktion
+ $\mathstrut_pF_q$ ist definiert durch die Reihe
+ \[
+ \mathstrut_pF_q
+ \biggl(
+ \begin{matrix}
+ a_1,\dots,a_p\\
+ b_1,\dots,b_q
+ \end{matrix}
+ ;
+ x
+ \biggr)
+ =
+ \mathstrut_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;b_1,\dots,b_q;x)
+ =
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{(a_1)_k\cdots(a_p)_k}{(b_1)_k\cdots(b_q)_k}\frac{x^k}{k!}.
+ \]
+\end{definition}
+
+Angewendet auf die Funktion $\mathstrut_pF_q$ ergibt sich für $\mathstrut_0F_1$:
+
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1
+ \biggl(
+ \begin{matrix}
+ \\-
+ b_1
+ \end{matrix}
+ ;
+ x
+ \biggr)
+ =
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;b_1;x)
+ =
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{x^k}{(b_1)_k \cdot k!}.
+\end{equation}
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Airy Funktion
+\label{0f1:subsection:airy}}
+Die Funktion Ai(x) und die verwandte Funktion Bi(x) werden als Airy-Funktion bezeichnet. Sie werden zur Lösung verschiedener physikalischer Probleme benutzt, wie zum Beispiel zur Lösung der Schrödinger-Gleichung \cite{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion}.
+
+\begin{definition}
+ \label{0f1:airy:differentialgleichung:def}
+ Die Differentialgleichung
+ $y'' - xy = 0$
+ heisst die {\em Airy-Differentialgleichung}.
+\end{definition}
+
+Die Airy Funktion lässt sich auf verschiedene Arten darstellen.
+Als hypergeometrische Funktion berechnet, ergibt sich wie in Abschnitt \ref{buch:differentialgleichungen:section:hypergeometrisch} hergeleitet, folgende Lösungen der Airy-Differentialgleichung zu den Anfangsbedingungen $Ai(0)=1$ und $Ai'(0)=0$, sowie $Bi(0)=0$ und $Bi'(0)=0$.
+
+\begin{align}
+\label{0f1:airy:hypergeometrisch:eq}
+Ai(x)
+=&
+\sum_{k=0}^\infty
+\frac{1}{(\frac23)_k} \frac{1}{k!}\biggl(\frac{x^3}{9}\biggr)^k
+=
+\mathstrut_0F_1\biggl(
+\begin{matrix}\text{---}\\\frac23\end{matrix};\frac{x^3}{9}
+\biggr).
+\\
+Bi(x)
+=&
+\sum_{k=0}^\infty
+\frac{1}{(\frac43)_k} \frac{1}{k!}\biggl(\frac{x^3}{9}\biggr)^k
+=
+x\cdot\mathstrut_0F_1\biggl(
+\begin{matrix}\text{---}\\\frac43\end{matrix};
+\frac{x^3}{9}
+\biggr).
+\qedhere
+\end{align}
+
+Um die Stabilität der Algorithmen zu $\mathstrut_0F_1$ zu überprüfen, wird in diesem speziellem Fall die Airy Funktion $Ai(x)$ \eqref{0f1:airy:hypergeometrisch:eq}
+benutzt.
+
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex index 804d11b..15a1c44 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex @@ -1,40 +1,171 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{0f1:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil2.tex -- Umsetzung in C Programmen
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Umsetzung
+\label{0f1:section:teil2}}
+\rhead{Umsetzung}
+Zur Umsetzung wurden drei verschiedene Ansätze gewählt \cite{0f1:code}. Dabei wurde der Schwerpunkt auf die Funktionalität und eine gute Lesbarkeit des Codes gelegt.
+Die Unterprogramme wurde jeweils, wie die GNU Scientific Library, in C geschrieben. Die Zwischenresultate wurden vom Hauptprogramm in einem CSV-File gespeichert. Anschliessen wurde mit der Matplot-Library in Python die Resultate geplottet.
+
+\subsection{Potenzreihe
+\label{0f1:subsection:potenzreihe}}
+Die naheliegendste Lösung ist die Programmierung der Potenzreihe. Allerdings ist ein Problem dieser Umsetzung \ref{0f1:listing:potenzreihe}, dass die Fakultät im Nenner schnell grosse Werte annimmt und so der Bruch gegen Null strebt. Spätesten ab $k=167$ stösst diese Umsetzung \eqref{0f1:umsetzung:0f1:eq} an ihre Grenzen, da die Fakultät von $168$ eine Bereichsüberschreitung des \textit{double} Bereiches darstellt \cite{0f1:double}.
+
+\begin{align}
+ \label{0f1:umsetzung:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)
+ &=
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{z^k}{(c)_k \cdot k!}
+ &=
+ \frac{1}{c}
+ +\frac{z^1}{(c+1) \cdot 1}
+ + \cdots
+ + \frac{z^{20}}{c(c+1)(c+2)\cdots(c+19) \cdot 2.4 \cdot 10^{18}}
+\end{align}
+
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Potenzreihe.},label={0f1:listing:potenzreihe}, firstline=59]{papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c}
+
+\subsection{Kettenbruch
+\label{0f1:subsection:kettenbruch}}
+Ein endlicher Kettenbruch ist ein Bruch der Form
+\begin{equation*}
+a_0 + \cfrac{b_1}{a_1+\cfrac{b_2}{a_2+\cfrac{b_3}{a_3+\cdots}}}
+\end{equation*}
+in welchem $a_0, a_1,\dots,a_n$ und $b_1,b_2,\dots,b_n$ ganze Zahlen sind.
+Die Kurzschreibweise für einen allgemeinen Kettenbruch ist
+\begin{equation*}
+ a_0 + \frac{a_1|}{|b_1} + \frac{a_2|}{|b_2} + \frac{a_3|}{|b_3} + \cdots
+\end{equation*}
+\cite{0f1:wiki-kettenbruch}.
+Angewendet auf die Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ bedeutet dies \cite{0f1:wiki-fraction}:
+\begin{equation*}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z) = 1 + \frac{z}{c\cdot1!} + \frac{z^2}{c(c+1)\cdot2!} + \frac{z^3}{c(c+1)(c+2)\cdot3!} + \cdots
+\end{equation*}
+Umgeformt ergibt sich folgender Kettenbruch
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:kettenbruch:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z) = 1 + \cfrac{\cfrac{z}{c}}{1+\cfrac{-\cfrac{z}{2(c+1)}}{1+\cfrac{z}{2(c+1)}+\cfrac{-\cfrac{z}{3(c+2)}}{1+\cfrac{z}{5(c+4)} + \cdots}}},
+\end{equation}
+der als Code (siehe: Listing \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ}) umgesetzt wurde.
+\cite{0f1:wolfram-0f1}
+
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Iterativ umgesetzter Kettenbruch.},label={0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ}, firstline=8]{papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c}
+
+\subsection{Rekursionsformel
+\label{0f1:subsection:rekursionsformel}}
+Wesentlich stabiler zur Berechnung eines Kettenbruches ist die Rekursionsformel. Nachfolgend wird die verkürzte Herleitung vom Kettenbruch zur Rekursionsformel aufgezeigt. Eine vollständige Schritt für Schritt Herleitung ist im Seminarbuch Numerik, im Kapitel Kettenbrüche zu finden. \cite{0f1:kettenbrueche}
+
+\subsubsection{Herleitung}
+Ein Näherungsbruch in der Form
+\begin{align*}
+ \cfrac{A_k}{B_k} = a_k + \cfrac{b_{k + 1}}{a_{k + 1} + \cfrac{p}{q}}
+\end{align*}
+lässt sich zu
+\begin{align*}
+ \cfrac{A_k}{B_k} = \cfrac{b_{k+1}}{a_{k+1} + \cfrac{p}{q}} = \frac{b_{k+1} \cdot q}{a_{k+1} \cdot q + p}
+\end{align*}
+umformen.
+Dies lässt sich auch durch die folgende Matrizenschreibweise ausdrücken:
+\begin{equation*}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_k\\
+ B_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ = \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_{k+1} \cdot q\\
+ a_{k+1} \cdot q + p
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ =\begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_{k+1}\\
+ 1& a_{k+1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ p \\
+ q
+ \end{pmatrix}.
+ %\label{0f1:math:rekursionsformel:herleitung}
+\end{equation*}
+Wendet man dies nun auf den Kettenbruch in der Form
+\begin{equation*}
+ \frac{A_k}{B_k} = a_0 + \cfrac{b_1}{a_1+\cfrac{b_2}{a_2+\cfrac{\cdots}{\cdots+\cfrac{b_{k-1}}{a_{k-1} + \cfrac{b_k}{a_k}}}}}
+\end{equation*}
+an, ergibt sich folgende Matrixdarstellungen:
+
+\begin{align*}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_k\\
+ B_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ &=
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 1& a_0\\
+ 0& 1
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_1\\
+ 1& a_1
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \cdots
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_{k-1}\\
+ 1& a_{k-1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_k\\
+ a_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+\end{align*}
+Nach vollständiger Induktion ergibt sich für den Schritt $k$, die Matrix
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:matrix:ende:eq}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_{k}\\
+ B_{k}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ =
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_{k-2}& A_{k-1}\\
+ B_{k-2}& B_{k-1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_k\\
+ a_k
+ \end{pmatrix}.
+\end{equation}
+Und Schlussendlich kann der Näherungsbruch
+\[
+\frac{A_k}{B_k}
+\]
+berechnet werden.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Lösung}
+Die Berechnung von $A_k, B_k$ \eqref{0f1:math:matrix:ende:eq} kann man auch ohne die Matrizenschreibweise aufschreiben: \cite{0f1:wiki-fraction}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Startbedingungen:
+\begin{align*}
+A_{-1} &= 0 & A_0 &= a_0 \\
+B_{-1} &= 1 & B_0 &= 1
+\end{align*}
+\item Schritt $k\to k+1$:
+\[
+\begin{aligned}
+\label{0f1:math:loesung:eq}
+k &\rightarrow k + 1:
+&
+A_{k+1} &= A_{k-1} \cdot b_k + A_k \cdot a_k \\
+&&
+B_{k+1} &= B_{k-1} \cdot b_k + B_k \cdot a_k
+\end{aligned}
+\]
+\item
+Näherungsbruch: \qquad$\displaystyle\frac{A_k}{B_k}$
+\end{itemize}
+
+Ein grosser Vorteil dieser Umsetzung als Rekursionsformel ist \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion}, dass im Vergleich zum Code \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ} eine Division gespart werden kann und somit weniger Rundungsfehler entstehen können.
+
+%Code
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Rekursionsformel für Kettenbruch.},label={0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion}, firstline=8]{papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex index 25472cb..72b1b21 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex @@ -1,40 +1,64 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{0f1:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil3.tex -- Resultate und Ausblick
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Auswertung
+\label{0f1:section:teil3}}
+\rhead{Resultate}
+Im Verlauf dieser Arbeit hat sich gezeigt,
+das ein einfacher mathematischer Algorithmus zu implementieren gar nicht so einfach ist.
+So haben alle drei umgesetzten Ansätze Probleme mit grossen negativen $z$ in der Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$.
+Ebenso kann festgestellt werden, dass je grösser der Wert $z$ in $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ wird, desto mehr weichen die berechneten Resultate von den Erwarteten ab \cite{0f1:wolfram-0f1}.
+
+\subsection{Konvergenz
+\label{0f1:subsection:konvergenz}}
+Es zeigt sich in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:konvergenz}, dass schon nach drei Iterationen ($k = 3$) die Funktionen schon genaue Resultate im Bereich von -2 bis 2 liefert. Ebenso kann festgestellt werden, dass der Kettenbruch schneller konvergiert und im positiven Bereich sogar mit der Referenzfunktion $Ai(x)$ übereinstimmt. Da die Rekursionsformel \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion} eine Abwandlung des Kettenbruches ist, verhalten sich die Funktionen in diesem Fall gleich.
+
+Erst wenn mehrerer Iterationen gemacht werden, um die Genauigkeit zu verbessern, ist der Kettenbruch den anderen zwei Algorithmen, bezüglich Konvergenz überlegen.
+Interessant ist auch, dass die Rekursionsformel nahezu gleich schnell wie die Potenzreihe konvergiert, aber sich danach einschwingt \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv}. Dieses Verhalten ist auch bei grösseren $z$ zu beobachten, allerdings ist dann die Differenz zwischen dem ersten lokalen Minimum von k bis zum Abbruch kleiner
+\ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv}.
+Dieses Phänomen ist auf die Lösung der Rekursionsformel zurück zu führen\eqref{0f1:math:loesung:eq}. Da im Gegensatz die ganz kleinen Werte nicht zu einer Konvergenz wie beim Kettenbruch führen, sondern sich noch eine Zeit lang durch die Multiplikation aufschwingen.
+
+Ist $z$ negativ wie im Abbild \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:negativ}, führt dies zu einer Gegenseitigen Kompensation von negativen und positiven Termen so bricht die Rekursionsformel hier zusammen mit der Potenzreihe ab.
+Die ansteigende Differenz mit anschliessender, ist aufgrund der sich alternierenden Termen mit wechselnden Vorzeichens zu erklären.
+
+\subsection{Stabilität
+\label{0f1:subsection:Stabilitaet}}
+Verändert sich der Wert von z in $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ gegen grössere positive Werte, wie zum Beispiel $c = 800$ liefert die Kettenbruch-Funktion \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ} \verb+inf+ zurück. Dies könnte durch ein Abbruchkriterien abgefangen werden. Allerdings würde das, bei grossen Werten zulasten der Genauigkeit gehen. Trotzdem könnte, je nach Anwendung, auf ein paar Nachkommastellen verzichtet werden.
+
+Wohingegen die Potenzreihe \eqref{0f1:listing:potenzreihe} das Problem hat, dass je mehr Terme berechnet werden, desto schneller wächst die Fakultät und irgendwann gibt es eine Bereichsüberschreitung von \verb+double+. Schlussendlich gibt das Unterprogramm das Resultat \verb+-nan(ind)+ zurück.
+Die Rekursionformel \eqref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion} liefert für sehr grosse positive Werte die genausten Ergebnisse, verglichen mit der GNU Scientific Library. Wie schon vermutet ist die Rekursionsformel, im positivem Bereich, der stabilste Algorithmus. Um die Stabilität zu gewährleisten, muss wie in Abbild \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv} dargestellt, die Iterationstiefe $k$ genug gross gewählt werden.
+
+Im negativem Bereich sind alle gewählten und umgesetzten Ansätze instabil. Grund dafür ist die Potenz von z, was zum Phänomen der Auslöschung führt \cite{0f1:SeminarNumerik}. Schön zu beobachten ist dies in der Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:stabilitaet} mit der Airy-Funktion als Test. So sind sowohl der Kettenbruch, als auch die Rekursionsformel bis ungefähr $\frac{-15^3}{9}$ stabil. Dies macht auch Sinn, da beide auf der gleichen mathematischen Grundlage basieren. Danach verhält sich allerdings die Instabilität unterschiedlich. Das unterschiedliche Verhalten kann damit erklärt werden, dass beim Kettenbruch jeweils eine zusätzliche Division stattfindet. Diese Unterschiede sind auch in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv} festzustellen.
+
+
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz nach drei Iterationen, dargestellt anhand der Airy Funktion zu den Anfangsbedingungen $Ai(0)=1$ und $Ai'(0)=0$.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:konvergenz}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz: Logarithmisch dargestellte Differenz vom erwarteten Endresultat.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz: Logarithmisch dargestellte Differenz vom erwarteten Endresultat.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:negativ}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf}
+ \caption{Stabilität der 3 Algorithmen verglichen mit der Referenz Funktion $Ai(x)$.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:stabilitaet}}
+\end{figure}
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex index 37fd89f..ae7127f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex @@ -1,56 +1,73 @@ \section{Einleitung} -% Lineare filter - -% Filter, Signalverarbeitung - - -Der womöglich wichtigste Filtertyp ist das Tiefpassfilter. -Dieses soll im Durchlassbereich unter der Grenzfrequenz $\Omega_p$ unverstärkt durchlassen und alle anderen Frequenzen vollständig auslöschen. - -% Bei der Implementierung von Filtern - -In der Elektrotechnik führen Schaltungen mit linearen Bauelementen wie Kondensatoren, Spulen und Widerständen immer zu linearen zeitinvarianten Systemen (LTI-System von englich \textit{time-invariant system}). -Die Übertragungsfunktion im Frequenzbereich $|H(\Omega)|$ eines solchen Systems ist dabei immer eine rationale Funktion, also eine Division von zwei Polynomen. -Die Polynome habe dabei immer reelle oder komplex-konjugierte Nullstellen. - - -\begin{equation} \label{ellfilter:eq:h_omega} - | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 F_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p} +Filter sind womöglich eines der wichtigsten Elementen in der Signalverarbeitung und finden Anwendungen in der digitalen und analogen Elektrotechnik. +Besonders hilfreich ist die Untergruppe der linearen Filter. +Elektronische Schaltungen mit linearen Bauelementen wie Kondensatoren, Spulen und Widerständen führen immer zu linearen zeitinvarianten Systemen (LTI-System von englich \textit{time-invariant system}). +Durch die Linearität werden beim das Filtern keine neuen Frequenzanteile erzeugt, was es erlaubt, einen Frequenzanteil eines Signals verzerrungsfrei herauszufiltern. %TODO review sentence +Diese Eigenschaft macht es Sinnvoll, lineare Filter im Frequenzbereich zu beschreiben. +Die Übertragungsfunktion eines linearen Filters im Frequenzbereich $H(\Omega)$ ist dabei immer eine rationale Funktion, also ein Quotient von zwei Polynomen. +Dabei ist $\Omega = 2 \pi f$ die Frequenzeinheit. +Die Polynome haben dabei immer reelle oder komplex-konjugierte Nullstellen. + +Ein breit angewendeter Filtertyp ist das Tiefpassfilter, welches beabsichtigt alle Frequenzen eines Signals oberhalb der Grenzfrequenz $\Omega_p$ auszulöschen. +Der Rest soll dabei unverändert passieren. +Aus dem Tiefpassifilter können dann durch Transformationen auch Hochpassfilter, Bandpassfilter und Bandsperren realisiert werden. +Ein solches Filter hat idealerweise die Frequenzantwort +\begin{equation} + H(\Omega) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \Omega < \Omega_p \\ + 0 & \Omega < \Omega_p + \end{cases}, \end{equation} - -$\Omega = 2 \pi f$ ist die analoge Frequenz - - -% Linear filter -Damit das Filter implementierbar und stabil ist, muss $H(\Omega)^2$ eine rationale Funktion sein, deren Nullstellen und Pole auf der linken Halbebene liegen. - -$N \in \mathbb{N} $ gibt dabei die Ordnung des Filters vor, also die maximale Anzahl Pole oder Nullstellen. - -Damit ein Filter die Passband Kondition erfüllt muss $|F_N(w)| \leq 1 \forall |w| \leq 1$ und für $|w| \geq 1$ sollte die Funktion möglichst schnell divergieren. -Eine einfaches Polynom, dass das erfüllt, erhalten wir wenn $F_N(w) = w^N$. +wie dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:lp} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex} + \caption{Frequenzantwort eines Tiefpassfilters.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:lp} +\end{figure} +Leider ist eine solche Funktion nicht als rationale Funktion darstellbar. +Aus diesem Grund sind realisierbare Approximationen gesucht. +Jede Approximation wird einen kontinuierlichen Übergang zwischen Durchlassbereich und Sperrbereich aufweisen. +Oft wird dabei der Faktor $1/\sqrt{2}$ als Schwelle zwischen den beiden Bereichen gewählt. +Somit lassen sich lineare Tiefpassfilter mit folgender Funktion zusammenfassen: +\begin{equation} + | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 F_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p}, +\end{equation} +wobei $F_N(w)$ eine rationale Funktion ist, $|F_N(w)| \leq 1 ~\forall~ |w| \leq 1$ erfüllt und für $|w| \geq 1$ möglichst schnell divergiert. +Des weiteren müssen alle Nullstellen und Pole von $F_N$ auf der linken Halbebene liegen, damit das Filter implementierbar und stabil ist. +$w$ ist die normalisierte Frequenz, die es erlaubt ein Filter unabhängig von der Grenzfrequenz zu beschrieben. +Bei $w=1$ hat das Filter eine Dämpfung von $1/(1+\varepsilon^2)$. +$N \in \mathbb{N} $ gibt die Ordnung des Filters vor, also die maximale Anzahl Pole oder Nullstellen. +Je hoher $N$ gewählt wird, desto steiler ist der Übergang in denn Sperrbereich. +Grössere $N$ sind erfordern jedoch aufwendigere Implementierungen und haben mehr Phasenverschiebung. +Eine einfache Funktion, die für $F_N$ eingesetzt werden kann, ist das Polynom $w^N$. Tatsächlich erhalten wir damit das Butterworth Filter, wie in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:butterworth} ersichtlich. \begin{figure} \centering \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf} - \caption{$F_N$ für Butterworth filter. Der grüne Bereich definiert die erlaubten Werte für alle $F_N$-Funktionen.} + \caption{$F_N$ für Butterworth filter. Der grüne und gelbe Bereich definiert die erlaubten Werte für alle $F_N$-Funktionen.} \label{ellfilter:fig:butterworth} \end{figure} - -wenn $F_N(w)$ eine rationale Funktion ist, ist auch $H(\Omega)$ eine rationale Funktion und daher ein lineares Filter. %proof? - +Eine Reihe von rationalen Funktionen können für $F_N$ eingesetzt werden, um Tiefpassfilter\-approximationen mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften zu erhalten: \begin{align} F_N(w) & = \begin{cases} w^N & \text{Butterworth} \\ T_N(w) & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 1} \\ [k_1 T_N (k^{-1} w^{-1})]^{-1} & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 2} \\ - R_N(w, \xi) & \text{Elliptisch (Cauer)} \\ + R_N(w, \xi) & \text{Elliptisch} \\ \end{cases} \end{align} - -Mit der Ausnahme vom Butterworth filter sind alle Filter nach speziellen Funktionen benannt. -Alle diese Filter sind optimal für unterschiedliche Anwendungsgebiete. +Mit der Ausnahme vom Butterworth-Filter sind alle Filter nach speziellen Funktionen benannt. +Alle diese Filter sind optimal hinsichtlich einer Eigenschaft. Das Butterworth-Filter, zum Beispiel, ist maximal flach im Durchlassbereich. -Das Tschebyscheff-1 Filter sind maximal steil für eine definierte Welligkeit im Durchlassbereich, währendem es im Sperrbereich monoton abfallend ist. +Das Tschebyscheff-1 Filter ist maximal steil für eine definierte Welligkeit im Durchlassbereich, währendem es im Sperrbereich monoton abfallend ist. Es scheint so als sind gewisse Eigenschaften dieser speziellen Funktionen verantwortlich für die Optimalität dieser Filter. + +Dieses Paper betrachtet die Theorie hinter dem elliptischen Filter, dem wohl exotischsten dieser Auswahl. +Es weist sich aus durch den steilsten Übergangsbereich für eine gegebene Filterdesignspezifikation. +Des weiteren kann es als Verallgemeinerung des Tschebyscheff-Filters angesehen werden. + +% wenn $F_N(w)$ eine rationale Funktion ist, ist auch $H(\Omega)$ eine rationale Funktion und daher ein lineares Filter. %proof? diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex index 88bfbfe..67bcca0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex @@ -1,92 +1,100 @@ \section{Elliptische rationale Funktionen} -Kommen wir nun zum eigentlichen Teil dieses Papers, den elliptischen rationalen Funktionen +Kommen wir nun zum eigentlichen Teil dieses Papers, den elliptischen rationalen Funktionen \cite{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis} \begin{align} - R_N(\xi, w) &= \cd \left(N~f_1(\xi)~\cd^{-1}(w, 1/\xi), f_2(\xi)\right) \\ - &= \cd \left(N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k), k_1)\right) , \quad k= 1/\xi, k_1 = 1/f(\xi) \\ + R_N(\xi, w) &= \cd \left(N~f_1(\xi)~\cd^{-1}(w, 1/\xi), f_2(\xi)\right) \label{ellfilter:eq:elliptic}\\ + &= \cd \left(N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k), k_1\right) , \quad k= 1/\xi, k_1 = 1/f(\xi) \\ &= \cd \left(N~K_1~z , k_1 \right), \quad w= \cd(z K, k) \end{align} - - -sieht ähnlich aus wie die trigonometrische Darstellung der Tschebyschef-Polynome \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} +Beim Betrachten dieser Definition, fällt die Ähnlichkeit zur trigonometrische Darstellung der Tsche\-byschef-Polynome \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} auf. Anstelle vom Kosinus kommt hier die $\cd$-Funktion zum Einsatz. Die Ordnungszahl $N$ kommt auch als Faktor for. -Zusätzlich werden noch zwei verschiedene elliptische Module $k$ und $k_1$ gebraucht. - - - -Sinus entspricht $\sn$ - -Damit die Nullstellen an ähnlichen Positionen zu liegen kommen wie bei den Tschebyscheff-Polynomen, muss die $\cd$-Funktion gewählt werden. +Zusätzlich werden noch zwei verschiedene elliptische Moduli $k$ und $k_1$ gebraucht. +Bei $k = k_1 = 0$ wird der $\cd$ zum Kosinus und wir erhalten in diesem Spezialfall die Tschebyschef-Polynome. +Durch das Konzept vom fundamentalen Rechteck, siehe Abbildung \ref{buch:elliptisch:fig:ellall} können für alle inversen Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen die Positionen der Null- und Polstellen anhand eines Diagramms ermittelt werden. Die $\cd^{-1}(w, k)$-Funktion ist um $K$ verschoben zur $\sn^{-1}(w, k)$-Funktion, wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:cd}. \begin{figure} \centering \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex} \caption{ - $z$-Ebene der Funktion $z = \sn^{-1}(w, k)$. + $z$-Ebene der Funktion $z = \cd^{-1}(w, k)$. Die Funktion ist in der realen Achse $4K$-periodisch und in der imaginären Achse $2jK^\prime$-periodisch. } \label{ellfilter:fig:cd} \end{figure} -Auffallend ist, dass sich alle Nullstellen und Polstellen um $K$ verschoben haben. - -Durch das Konzept vom fundamentalen Rechteck, siehe Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:fundamental_rectangle} können für alle inversen Jaccobi elliptischen Funktionen die Positionen der Null- und Polstellen anhand eines Diagramms ermittelt werden. -Der erste Buchstabe bestimmt die Position der Nullstelle und der zweite Buchstabe die Polstelle. +Auffallend an der $w = \cd(z, k)$-Funktion ist, dass sich $w$ auf der reellen Achse wie der Kosinus immer zwischen $-1$ und $1$ bewegt, während bei $\mathrm{Im(z) = K^\prime}$ die Werte zwischen $\pm 1/k$ und $\pm \infty$ verlaufen. +Die Idee des elliptischen Filter ist es, diese zwei Equirippel-Zonen abzufahren, wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:cd2}, welche Analog zu Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2} gesehen werden kann. \begin{figure} \centering - \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex} + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex} \caption{ - Fundamentales Rechteck der inversen Jaccobi elliptischen Funktionen. + $z_1=N\frac{K_1}{K}\cd^{-1}(w, k)$-Ebene der elliptischen rationalen Funktionen. + Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen werden passiert. + Als Vereinfachung ist die Funktion nur für $w>0$ dargestellt. } - \label{ellfilter:fig:fundamental_rectangle} + \label{ellfilter:fig:cd2} \end{figure} - -Auffallend an der $w = \sn(z, k)$-Funktion ist, dass sich $w$ auf der reellen Achse wie der Kosinus immer zwischen $-1$ und $1$ bewegt, während bei $\mathrm{Im(z) = K^\prime}$ die Werte zwischen $\pm 1/k$ und $\pm \infty$ verlaufen. -Die Funktion hat also Equirippel-Verhalten um $w=0$ und um $w=\pm \infty$. -Falls es möglich ist diese Werte abzufahren im Sti der Tschebyscheff-Polynome, kann ein Filter gebaut werden, dass Equirippel-Verhalten im Durchlass- und Sperrbereich aufweist. - - - -Analog zu Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2} können wir auch bei den elliptisch rationalen Funktionen die komplexe $z$-Ebene betrachten, wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:cd2}, um die besser zu verstehen. +Das elliptische Filter hat im Gegensatz zum Tschebyscheff-Filter drei Zonen. +Im Durchlassbereich werden wie beim Tschebyscheff-Filter die Nullstellen durchlaufen. +Statt dass $z_1$ für alle $w>1$ in die imaginäre Richtung geht, bewegen wir uns im Sperrbereich wieder in reeller Richtung, wo Pole durchlaufen werden. +Aus dieser Sicht kann der Sperrbereich vom Tschebyscheff-Filter als unendlich langer Übergangsbereich angesehen werden. +% Falls es möglich ist diese Werte abzufahren im Stil der Tschebyscheff-Polynome, kann ein Filter gebaut werden, dass Equirippel-Verhalten im Durchlass- und Sperrbereich aufweist. +Da sich die Funktion im Übergangsbereich nur zur nächsten Reihe bewegt, ist der Übergangsbereich monoton steigend. +Theoretisch könnte eine gleiches Durchlass- und Sperrbereichverhalten erreicht werden, wenn die Funktion auf eine andere Reihe ansteigen würde. +Dies würde jedoch zu Oszillationen zwischen $1$ und $1/k$ im Übergangsbereich führen. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:elliptic_freq} zeigt eine elliptisch rationale Funktion und die Frequenzantwort des daraus resultierenden Filters. \begin{figure} \centering - \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex} - \caption{ - $z_1$-Ebene der elliptischen rationalen Funktionen. - Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen passiert. - } - \label{ellfilter:fig:cd2} + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf} + \caption{$F_N$ und die resultierende Frequenzantwort eines elliptischen Filters.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:elliptic_freq} \end{figure} -% Da die $\cd^{-1}$-Funktion - +\subsection{Gradgleichung} +Damit die Pol- und Nullstellen genau in dieser Konstellation durchfahren werden, müssen die elliptischen Moduli des inneren und äusseren $\cd$ aufeinander abgestimmt werden. +In der reellen Richtung müssen sich die Periodizitäten $K$ und $K_1$ um den Faktor $N$ unterscheiden, während die imagiäre Periodizitäten $K^\prime$ und $K^\prime_1$ gleich bleiben müssen. +Zur Erinnerung, $K$ und $K^\prime$ sind durch elliptische Integrale definiert und vom Modul $k$ abhängig wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:kprime}. \begin{figure} \centering - \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_elliptic.pgf} - \caption{$F_N$ für ein elliptischs filter.} - \label{ellfilter:fig:elliptic} + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf} + \caption{Die Periodizitäten in realer und imaginärer Richtung in Abhängigkeit vom elliptischen Modul $k$.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:kprime} \end{figure} - -\subsection{Degree Equation} - -Der $\cd^{-1}$ Term muss so verzogen werden, dass die umgebene $\cd$-Funktion die Nullstellen und Pole trifft. -Dies trifft ein wenn die Degree Equation erfüllt ist. - +$K$ und $K^\prime$ sind durch die Ortskurve $K + jK^\prime$ aneinander gebunden und benötigen den Zusatzfaktor $K_1/K$ in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:elliptic}, um die genanten Forderungen einzuhalten. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:degree_eq} zeigt das Problem geometrisch auf, wobei zwei Punkte $K+jK^\prime$ und $K_1+jK_1^\prime$ auf der Ortskurve gesucht sind. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz} + \caption{Die Gradgleichung als geometrisches Problem ($N=3$).} + \label{ellfilter:fig:degree_eq} +\end{figure} +Algebraisch kann so die Gradgleichung \begin{equation} N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} \end{equation} +aufgestellt werden, dessen Lösung ist gegeben durch +\begin{equation} %TODO check +k_1 = k^N \prod_{i=1}^L \sn^4 \Bigg( \frac{2i - 1}{N} K, k \Bigg), +\quad \text{wobei} \quad +N = 2L+r. +\end{equation} +Die Herleitung ist sehr umfassend und wird in \cite{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis} im Detail angeschaut. +% \begin{figure} +% \centering +% \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz} +% \caption{Die Gradgleichung als geometrisches Problem.} +% \end{figure} -Leider ist das lösen dieser Gleichung nicht trivial. -Die Rechnung wird in \ref{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis} im Detail angeschaut. - - -\subsection{Polynome?} +\subsection{Schlussfolgerung} +Die elliptischen Filter können als direkte Erweiterung der Tschebyscheff-Filter verstanden werden. Bei den Tschebyscheff-Polynomen haben wir gesehen, dass die Trigonometrische Formel zu einfachen Polynomen umgewandelt werden kann. -Im gegensatz zum $\cos^{-1}$ hat der $\cd^{-1}$ nicht nur Nullstellen sondern auch Pole. +Im elliptischen Fall entstehen so rationale Funktionen mit Nullstellen und auch Pole. Somit entstehen bei den elliptischen rationalen Funktionen, wie es der name auch deutet, rationale Funktionen, also ein Bruch von zwei Polynomen. -Da Transformationen einer rationalen Funktionen mit Grundrechenarten, wie es in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:h_omega} der Fall ist, immer noch rationale Funktionen ergeben, stellt dies kein Problem für die Implementierung dar. +% Da Transformationen einer rationalen Funktionen mit Grundrechenarten, wie es in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:h_omega} der Fall ist, immer noch rationale Funktionen ergeben, stellt dies kein Problem für die Implementierung dar. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex index 6a208fa..567bbcc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ \section{Jacobische elliptische Funktionen} -%TODO $z$ or $u$ for parameter? - -Für das elliptische Filter wird statt der, für das Tschebyscheff-Filter benutzen Kreis-Trigonometrie die elliptischen Funktionen gebraucht. +Für das elliptische Filter werden, wie es der Name bereits deutet, elliptische Funktionen gebraucht. +Wie die trigonometrischen Funktionen Zusammenhänge eines Kreises darlegen, beschreiben die elliptischen Funktionen Ellipsen. +Es ist daher naheliegend, dass Kosinus des Tschebyscheff-Filters mit einem elliptischen Pendant ausgetauscht werden könnte. Der Begriff elliptische Funktion wird für sehr viele Funktionen gebraucht, daher ist es hier wichtig zu erwähnen, dass es ausschliesslich um die Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen geht. +Die Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen werden ausführlich im Kapitel \ref{buch:elliptisch:section:jacobi} behandelt. Im Wesentlichen erweitern die Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen die trigonometrische Funktionen für Ellipsen. Zum Beispiel gibt es analog zum Sinus den elliptischen $\sn(z, k)$. Im Gegensatz zum den trigonometrischen Funktionen haben die elliptischen Funktionen zwei parameter. -Zum einen gibt es den \textit{elliptische Modul} $k$, der die Exzentrizität der Ellipse parametrisiert. -Zum andern das Winkelargument $z$. +Den \textit{elliptische Modul} $k$, der die Exzentrizität der Ellipse parametrisiert und das Winkelargument $z$. Im Kreis ist der Radius für alle Winkel konstant, bei Ellipsen ändert sich das. -Dies hat zur Folge, dass bei einer Ellipse die Kreisbodenstrecke nicht linear zum Winkel verläuft. +Dies hat zur Folge, dass bei einer Ellipse die Kreisbogenlänge nicht linear zum Winkel verläuft. Darum kann hier nicht der gewohnte Winkel verwendet werden. Das Winkelargument $z$ kann durch das elliptische Integral erster Art \begin{equation} @@ -27,17 +27,8 @@ Das Winkelargument $z$ kann durch das elliptische Integral erster Art 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta } } - = - \int_{0}^{\phi} - \frac{ - dt - }{ - \sqrt{ - (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) - } - } %TODO which is right? are both functions from phi? \end{equation} -mit dem Winkel $\phi$ in Verbindung liegt. +mit dem Winkel $\phi$ in Verbindung gebracht werden. Dabei wird das vollständige und unvollständige Elliptische integral unterschieden. Beim vollständigen Integral @@ -53,9 +44,9 @@ Beim vollständigen Integral } } \end{equation} -wird über ein viertel Ellipsenbogen integriert also bis $\phi=\pi/2$ und liefert das Winkelargument für eine Vierteldrehung. +wird über ein viertel Ellipsenbogen integriert, also bis $\phi=\pi/2$ und liefert das Winkelargument für eine Vierteldrehung. Die Zahl wird oft auch abgekürzt mit $K = K(k)$ und ist für das elliptische Filter sehr relevant. -Alle elliptishen Funktionen sind somit $4K$-periodisch. +Alle elliptischen Funktionen sind somit $4K$-periodisch. Neben dem $\sn$ gibt es zwei weitere basis-elliptische Funktionen $\cn$ und $\dn$. Dazu kommen noch weitere abgeleitete Funktionen, die durch Quotienten und Kehrwerte dieser Funktionen zustande kommen. @@ -93,37 +84,40 @@ Mithilfe von $F^{-1}$ kann zum Beispiel $sn^{-1}$ mit dem Elliptischen integral = \sn(z, k) = - w -\end{equation} - -\begin{equation} - \phi - = - F^{-1}(z, k) - = - \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) - = - \sin^{-1} ( w ) -\end{equation} - -\begin{equation} - F(\phi, k) - = - z - = - F( \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) , k) - = - F( \sin^{-1} ( w ), k) -\end{equation} - -\begin{equation} - \sn^{-1}(w, k) - = - F(\phi, k), - \quad - \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + w. \end{equation} +% \begin{equation} %TODO remove unnecessary equations +% \phi +% = +% F^{-1}(z, k) +% = +% \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) +% = +% \sin^{-1} ( w ) +% \end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} +% F(\phi, k) +% = +% z +% = +% F( \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) , k) +% = +% F( \sin^{-1} ( w ), k) +% \end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} +% \sn^{-1}(w, k) +% = +% F(\phi, k), +% \quad +% \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) +% \end{equation} + +Beim Tschebyscheff-Filter konnten wir mit Betrachten des Arcuscosinus die Funktionalität erklären. +Für das Elliptische Filter machen wir die gleiche Betrachtung mit der $\sn^{-1}$-Funktion. +Der $\sn^{-1}$ ist durch das elliptische Integral \begin{align} \sn^{-1}(w, k) & = @@ -148,11 +142,8 @@ Mithilfe von $F^{-1}$ kann zum Beispiel $sn^{-1}$ mit dem Elliptischen integral } } \end{align} - -Beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ haben wir gesehen, dass die analytische Fortsetzung bei $x < -1$ und $x > 1$ rechtwinklig in die Komplexen zahlen wandert. -Wenn man das gleiche mit $\sn^{-1}(w, k)$ macht, erkennt man zwei interessante Stellen. -Die erste ist die gleiche wie beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ nämlich bei $t = \pm 1$. -Der erste Term unter der Wurzel wird dann negativ, während der zweite noch positiv ist, da $k \leq 1$. +beschrieben. +Dazu betrachten wir wieder den Integranden \begin{equation} \frac{ 1 @@ -160,24 +151,15 @@ Der erste Term unter der Wurzel wird dann negativ, während der zweite noch posi \sqrt{ (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) } - } - \in \mathbb{R} - \quad \forall \quad - -1 \leq t \leq 1 + }. \end{equation} -Die zweite stelle passiert wenn beide Faktoren unter der Wurzel negativ werden, was bei $t = 1/k$ der Fall ist. - - - - -Funktion in relle und komplexe Richtung periodisch - -In der reellen Richtung ist sie $4K(k)$-periodisch und in der imaginären Richtung $4K^\prime(k)$-periodisch. - - - -%TODO sn^{-1} grafik - +Beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ haben wir gesehen, dass die analytische Fortsetzung bei $x < -1$ und $x > 1$ rechtwinklig in die Komplexen zahlen wandert. +Wenn man das Gleiche mit $\sn^{-1}(w, k)$ macht, erkennt man zwei interessante Stellen. +Die erste ist die gleiche wie beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ nämlich bei $t = \pm 1$. +Der erste Term unter der Wurzel wird dann negativ, während der zweite noch positiv ist, da $k \leq 1$. +Ab diesem Punkt knickt die Funktion in die imaginäre Richtung ab. +Bei $t = 1/k$ ist auch der zweite Term negativ und die Funktion verläuft in die negative reelle Richtung. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:sn} zeigt den Verlauf der Funktion in der komplexen Ebene. \begin{figure} \centering \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex} @@ -185,5 +167,20 @@ In der reellen Richtung ist sie $4K(k)$-periodisch und in der imaginären Richtu $z$-Ebene der Funktion $z = \sn^{-1}(w, k)$. Die Funktion ist in der realen Achse $4K$-periodisch und in der imaginären Achse $2jK^\prime$-periodisch. } - % \label{ellfilter:fig:cd2} + \label{ellfilter:fig:sn} \end{figure} +In der reellen Richtung ist sie $4K(k)$-periodisch und in der imaginären Richtung $4K^\prime(k)$-periodisch, wobei $K^\prime$ das komplementäre vollständige Elliptische Integral ist: +\begin{equation} + K^\prime(k) + = + \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-{k^\prime}^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + k^\prime = \sqrt{1-k^2}. +\end{equation} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex index 7fdb864..96bdfd3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ %Title Page \title{Elliptische Filter} -\subtitle{Eine Anwendung der Jaccobi elliptischen Funktionen} +\subtitle{Eine Anwendung der Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen} \author{Nicolas Tobler} -% \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} +\institute{Mathematisches Seminar 2022 | Spezielle Funktionen} % \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} \date{\today} @@ -113,25 +113,38 @@ \end{frame} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Content} + \frametitle{Inhalt} \tableofcontents \end{frame} - \section{Linear Filter} + \section{Lineare Filter} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Lineare Filter} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/filter.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} - \begin{equation} + + \begin{equation*} | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 F_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p} - \end{equation} + \end{equation*} \pause - \begin{equation} + \begin{align*} + |F_N(w)| &< 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| < 1 \\ + |F_N(w)| &= 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| = 1 \\ + |F_N(w)| &> 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| > 1 + \end{align*} + + + \begin{equation*} F_N(w) = w^N - \end{equation} + \end{equation*} \end{frame} @@ -218,10 +231,36 @@ Darstellung mit trigonometrischen Funktionen: - \begin{align} \label{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} + \begin{align*} T_N(w) &= \cos \left( N \cos^{-1}(w) \right) \\ &= \cos \left(N~z \right), \quad w= \cos(z) - \end{align} + \end{align*} + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + \cos^{-1}(x) + &= + \int_{x}^{1} + \frac{ + dz + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + }\\ + &= + \int_{0}^{x} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + ~dz + + \frac{\pi}{2} + \end{align*} \end{frame} @@ -229,15 +268,41 @@ \begin{frame} \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} - \begin{equation*} - z = \cos^{-1}(w) - \end{equation*} + \begin{columns} + + \begin{column}{0.2\textwidth} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \cos^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \vspace{0.5cm} + + Integrand: + \begin{equation*} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.8\textwidth} + + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.7}{ + \input{../tikz/arccos.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + - \begin{center} - \scalebox{0.85}{ - \input{../tikz/arccos.tikz.tex} - } - \end{center} \end{frame} @@ -245,7 +310,7 @@ \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} \begin{equation*} - z_1 = N~\cos^{-1}(w) + T_N(w) = \cos \left(z_1 \right), \quad z_1 = N~\cos^{-1}(w) \end{equation*} \begin{center} @@ -257,15 +322,14 @@ \end{frame} - \section{Jaccobi elliptische Funktionen} + \section{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Jaccobi elliptische Funktionen} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + Elliptisches Integral erster Art - \begin{equation} - z - = + \begin{equation*} F(\phi, k) = \int_{0}^{\phi} @@ -276,18 +340,18 @@ 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta } } - = - \int_{0}^{\phi} - \frac{ - dt - }{ - \sqrt{ - (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) - } - } - \end{equation} + % = + % \int_{0}^{\phi} + % \frac{ + % dt + % }{ + % \sqrt{ + % (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + % } + % } + \end{equation*} - \begin{equation} + \begin{equation*} K(k) = \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} @@ -298,24 +362,88 @@ 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta } } - \end{equation} + \end{equation*} \end{frame} + + + + \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Jaccobi elliptische Funktionen} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + \begin{equation*} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + = + F(\phi, k), + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \begin{align*} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + & = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \\ + & = + \int_{0}^{w} + \frac{ + dt + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } + \end{align*} - \begin{equation*} - z = \sn^{-1}(w, k) - \end{equation*} - \begin{center} - \scalebox{0.7}{ - \input{../tikz/sn.tikz.tex} - } - \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.2\textwidth} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \sn^{-1}(w, k) + \end{equation*} + + \vspace{0.5cm} + + Integrand: + \begin{equation*} + \frac{ + 1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.8\textwidth} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/sn.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + \end{column} + \end{columns} + \end{frame} @@ -334,7 +462,7 @@ \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Jaccobi elliptische Funktionen} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} \begin{equation*} z = \cd^{-1}(w, k) @@ -349,6 +477,23 @@ \end{frame} + \section{Elliptisches Filter} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} + + % \begin{equation*} + % z_1 = N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k) + % \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/cd3.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} \frametitle{Periodizität in realer und imaginärer Richtung} @@ -360,20 +505,42 @@ \end{frame} \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Gradgleichung} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.95}{ + \input{../tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz} + } + \end{center} + + \onslide<5->{ + \begin{equation*} + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} + \end{equation*} + } + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} \begin{equation*} - z_1 = N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k) + R_N = \cd(z_1, k_1), + \quad + z_1 = N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k), + \quad + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} \end{equation*} \begin{center} - \scalebox{0.8}{ + \scalebox{0.75}{ \input{../tikz/cd2.tikz.tex} } \end{center} \end{frame} + \begin{frame} \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} @@ -401,13 +568,4 @@ \end{frame} - \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Gradgleichung} - - \begin{equation} - N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} - \end{equation} - - \end{frame} - \end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_elliptic.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_elliptic.pgf deleted file mode 100644 index 03084c6..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_elliptic.pgf +++ /dev/null @@ -1,847 +0,0 @@ -%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend -%% -%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write -%% \input{<filename>.pgf} -%% -%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble -%% \usepackage{pgf} -%% -%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, -%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. -%% \usepackage{lmodern} -%% -%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if -%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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-\pgfusepath{stroke}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsetrectcap% -\pgfsetmiterjoin% -\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% -\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% -\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfusepath{stroke}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsetrectcap% -\pgfsetmiterjoin% -\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% -\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% -\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfusepath{stroke}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsetrectcap% -\pgfsetmiterjoin% -\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% -\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% -\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfusepath{stroke}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsetbuttcap% -\pgfsetmiterjoin% -\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% -\pgfsetfillopacity{0.800000}% -\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% -\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.800000,0.800000,0.800000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% -\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.800000}% -\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.830753in}{1.997171in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.157621in}{1.997171in}}% -\pgfpathquadraticcurveto{\pgfqpoint{2.185399in}{1.997171in}}{\pgfqpoint{2.185399in}{2.024949in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.185399in}{2.204733in}}% -\pgfpathquadraticcurveto{\pgfqpoint{2.185399in}{2.232510in}}{\pgfqpoint{2.157621in}{2.232510in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.830753in}{2.232510in}}% -\pgfpathquadraticcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.802975in}{2.232510in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.802975in}{2.204733in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.802975in}{2.024949in}}% -\pgfpathquadraticcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.802975in}{1.997171in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.830753in}{1.997171in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.830753in}{1.997171in}}% -\pgfpathclose% -\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsetrectcap% -\pgfsetroundjoin% -\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% -\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.121569,0.466667,0.705882}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% -\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.858531in}{2.128344in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.997420in}{2.128344in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.136309in}{2.128344in}}% -\pgfusepath{stroke}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=1.247420in,y=2.079733in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle N=5, k=0.1\)}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\end{pgfpicture}% -\makeatother% -\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf index 31b77d4..32485c1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ \begingroup% \makeatletter% \begin{pgfpicture}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{3.000000in}}% \pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% \begin{pgfscope}% \pgfsetbuttcap% @@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ \pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% \pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{0.000000in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{2.500000in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{3.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{3.000000in}}% \pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% \pgfpathclose% \pgfusepath{}% @@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}% \pgfpathclose% \pgfusepath{fill}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetbuttcap% \pgfsetmiterjoin% @@ -72,16 +72,16 @@ \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.200000}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{1.788459in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.189776in}{1.788459in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.189776in}{3.541645in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{3.541645in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{1.788459in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{-108.151374in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{-108.151374in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{2.187964in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.187964in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{-108.151374in}}% \pgfpathclose% \pgfusepath{fill}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetbuttcap% \pgfsetmiterjoin% @@ -93,16 +93,16 @@ \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.200000}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.189776in}{0.724087in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.205494in}{0.724087in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.205494in}{1.788459in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.189776in}{1.788459in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.189776in}{0.724087in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{2.187964in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{2.187964in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{2.408643in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{2.408643in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{2.187964in}}% \pgfpathclose% \pgfusepath{fill}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetbuttcap% \pgfsetmiterjoin% @@ -114,16 +114,16 @@ \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.200000}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.205494in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.777315in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.777315in}{0.724087in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.205494in}{0.724087in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.205494in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{2.408643in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.746812in}{2.408643in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.746812in}{2.850005in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{2.850005in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{2.408643in}}% \pgfpathclose% \pgfusepath{fill}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.850000in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -150,7 +150,295 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.733531in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{1.232715in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.232715in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{1.232715in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{1.731899in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.731899in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{1.731899in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.231083in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.231083in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.231083in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.730268in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.229452in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.229452in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{3.229452in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.728636in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.728636in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{3.728636in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{4.227820in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.227820in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{4.227820in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{4.727004in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.733531in}{1.746607in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -158,10 +446,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.617954in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.0}\)}% +\pgftext[x=0.348306in, y=1.698381in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {10^{-4}}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -169,8 +457,483 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{1.403865in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.403865in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.187964in}}% 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+\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.063413in}{2.408586in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.355156in}{2.408934in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{2.412037in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{2.412037in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetfillopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.041667in}{-0.041667in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.041667in}{0.041667in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.041667in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.011050in}{-0.041667in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.021649in}{-0.037276in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.029463in}{-0.029463in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.037276in}{-0.021649in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.041667in}{-0.011050in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.041667in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.041667in}{0.011050in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.037276in}{0.021649in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.029463in}{0.029463in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.021649in}{0.037276in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.011050in}{0.041667in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.041667in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.011050in}{0.041667in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.021649in}{0.037276in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.029463in}{0.029463in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.037276in}{0.021649in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.041667in}{0.011050in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.041667in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.041667in}{-0.011050in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.037276in}{-0.021649in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.029463in}{-0.029463in}}% +\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.021649in}{-0.037276in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.011050in}{-0.041667in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.041667in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.041667in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.733531in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.470692in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.720284in}{1.746607in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetfillopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.041667in}{-0.041667in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.041667in}{0.041667in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.041667in}{-0.041667in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.041667in}{0.041667in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.041667in}{0.041667in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.041667in}{-0.041667in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.750235in}{2.850000in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{3.039762in}{2.850000in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.746607in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{2.850000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.473611in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.473611in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.501961,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetfillopacity{0.200000}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.200000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.150435in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{1.150435in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{2.253828in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{2.253828in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.150435in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,0.647059,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetfillopacity{0.200000}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.200000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{0.480557in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{0.480557in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{1.150435in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{1.150435in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{0.480557in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetfillopacity{0.200000}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.200000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.746812in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.746812in}{0.480557in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{0.480557in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.473611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.733531in}{0.370218in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.733531in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.00}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{1.232715in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.232715in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -188,7 +951,7 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{1.403865in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{1.232715in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -196,10 +959,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=1.403865in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.5}\)}% +\pgftext[x=1.232715in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.25}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -207,8 +970,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.189776in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.189776in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{1.731899in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.731899in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -226,7 +989,7 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{2.189776in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{1.731899in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -234,10 +997,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=2.189776in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.0}\)}% +\pgftext[x=1.731899in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.50}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -245,8 +1008,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.975686in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.975686in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.231083in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.231083in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -264,7 +1027,7 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{2.975686in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.231083in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -272,10 +1035,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=2.975686in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.5}\)}% +\pgftext[x=2.231083in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.75}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -283,8 +1046,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -302,7 +1065,7 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{3.761597in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{2.730268in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -310,16 +1073,48 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=3.761597in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {2.0}\)}% +\pgftext[x=2.730268in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.00}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.229452in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.229452in}{1.473611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{3.229452in}{0.370218in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=2.189776in,y=0.272534in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle w\)}% +\pgftext[x=3.229452in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.25}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -327,8 +1122,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.728636in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.728636in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -340,13 +1135,13 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{3.728636in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -354,10 +1149,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=0.500544in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.0}\)}% +\pgftext[x=3.728636in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.50}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -365,8 +1160,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.899406in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.899406in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{4.227820in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.227820in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -378,13 +1173,13 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{0.899406in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{4.227820in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -392,10 +1187,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=0.851181in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.2}\)}% +\pgftext[x=4.227820in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.75}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -403,8 +1198,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{1.250043in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{1.250043in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -416,13 +1211,13 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{-0.048611in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{1.250043in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{4.727004in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -430,10 +1225,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=1.201818in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.4}\)}% +\pgftext[x=4.727004in,y=0.272996in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {2.00}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -441,8 +1236,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{1.600680in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{1.600680in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.370218in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -460,7 +1255,7 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{1.600680in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.733531in}{0.370218in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -468,10 +1263,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=1.552455in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.6}\)}% +\pgftext[x=0.458839in, y=0.321992in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.0}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -479,8 +1274,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{1.951318in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{1.951318in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.921914in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.921914in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -498,7 +1293,7 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{1.951318in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.733531in}{0.921914in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -506,10 +1301,10 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=1.903092in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.8}\)}% +\pgftext[x=0.458839in, y=0.873689in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.5}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% @@ -517,8 +1312,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.473611in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -536,7 +1331,7 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% }% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{0.617954in}{2.301955in}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.733531in}{1.473611in}% \pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfscope}% @@ -544,120 +1339,140 @@ \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.343262in, y=2.253730in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.0}\)}% +\pgftext[x=0.458839in, y=1.425386in, left, base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {1.0}\)}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% \definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=0.287707in,y=1.425362in,,bottom,rotate=90.000000]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle |H(w)|\)}% +\pgftext[x=0.403284in,y=0.921914in,,bottom,rotate=90.000000]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle |H(w)|\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.501961,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.473611in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.778480in}{1.472092in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.824428in}{1.467451in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.872374in}{1.459441in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.922317in}{1.447955in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.977255in}{1.432096in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.039185in}{1.410937in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.116097in}{1.381211in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.241955in}{1.328667in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.380797in}{1.271746in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.469697in}{1.238676in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.547608in}{1.212952in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.618528in}{1.192719in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.685452in}{1.176794in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.748381in}{1.164963in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.807314in}{1.156972in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.863250in}{1.152493in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.915192in}{1.151401in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{1.964136in}{1.153458in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.009085in}{1.158380in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.051038in}{1.165994in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.090992in}{1.176379in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.127950in}{1.189125in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.162911in}{1.204375in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.196872in}{1.222581in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.229835in}{1.243857in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.261799in}{1.268239in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.293762in}{1.296564in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.327724in}{1.330955in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.368677in}{1.377168in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.423615in}{1.439002in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.444591in}{1.457728in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.460573in}{1.467921in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.473559in}{1.472628in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.484546in}{1.473549in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.495534in}{1.471251in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.505522in}{1.466094in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.516510in}{1.456841in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.528496in}{1.442365in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.541482in}{1.421636in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.556465in}{1.391771in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.575443in}{1.346664in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.642367in}{1.179908in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.654354in}{1.161187in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.662345in}{1.153583in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.668338in}{1.151382in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.673332in}{1.152493in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.678326in}{1.156976in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.683321in}{1.165718in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.689314in}{1.183573in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.695307in}{1.212352in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.701300in}{1.256368in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.708292in}{1.333653in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.719280in}{1.472196in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.720279in}{1.473481in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.722277in}{1.459537in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.725273in}{1.387304in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{1.151360in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{1.151360in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,0.647059,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.730268in}{1.151360in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.739978in}{0.709346in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.746805in}{0.536003in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{0.480388in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{0.480388in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.143642in}{1.753186in}}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}{\pgfqpoint{3.993473in}{1.103393in}}% \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% \pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% -\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.121569,0.466667,0.705882}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% -\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.646254in}{2.300410in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.674554in}{2.295805in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.703640in}{2.287983in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.734298in}{2.276528in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.767315in}{2.260797in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.802690in}{2.240472in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.842781in}{2.213774in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.889947in}{2.178486in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.952050in}{2.127836in}}% 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-\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.535270in}{0.617584in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.574575in}{0.635868in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.617811in}{0.652529in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.664977in}{0.667359in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.717646in}{0.680619in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.776604in}{0.692216in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.843424in}{0.702155in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.920462in}{0.710422in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.010864in}{0.716921in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.118561in}{0.721464in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.250627in}{0.723829in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.419640in}{0.723619in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.651542in}{0.720038in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.717600in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.717600in}}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{2.750075in}{0.480388in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.756998in}{0.398490in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.759965in}{0.373708in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.760954in}{0.373969in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.768865in}{0.418088in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.776777in}{0.445199in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.784689in}{0.461928in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.792600in}{0.471986in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.800512in}{0.477584in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.809413in}{0.480262in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.820291in}{0.480059in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.834137in}{0.476323in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.852927in}{0.467773in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.886552in}{0.448435in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.959734in}{0.406057in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.006216in}{0.383080in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.036873in}{0.370620in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.085332in}{0.388800in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.137747in}{0.405140in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.195107in}{0.419767in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.259389in}{0.432926in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.332572in}{0.444663in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.415645in}{0.454798in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.512563in}{0.463443in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.627282in}{0.470496in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.766725in}{0.475859in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.940782in}{0.479318in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.167253in}{0.480557in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.484709in}{0.478977in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.476474in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.476474in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -667,8 +1482,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -678,8 +1493,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -689,8 +1504,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{0.548769in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{0.370218in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{0.370218in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% @@ -700,8 +1515,8 @@ \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.617954in}{2.301955in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.761597in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.733531in}{1.473611in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.727004in}{1.473611in}}% \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfpicture}% diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.py index b3336a1..6e0fd12 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.py +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.py @@ -324,9 +324,9 @@ K_prime = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) f, axs = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(5,2.5)) -axs[0].plot(k, K, linewidth=0.1) +axs[0].plot(k, K, linewidth=1) axs[0].text(k[30], K[30]+0.1, f"$K$") -axs[0].plot(k, K_prime, linewidth=0.1) +axs[0].plot(k, K_prime, linewidth=1) axs[0].text(k[30], K_prime[30]+0.1, f"$K^\prime$") axs[0].set_xlim([0,1]) axs[0].set_ylim([0,4]) @@ -342,9 +342,9 @@ k = np.array([0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.9,0.99]) K = ell_int(k) K_prime = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) -axs[1].plot(K, K_prime, '.', color=last_color(), markersize=2) -for x, y, n in zip(K, K_prime, k): - axs[1].text(x+0.1, y+0.1, f"$k={n:.2f}$", rotation_mode="anchor") +# axs[1].plot(K, K_prime, '.', color=last_color(), markersize=2) +# for x, y, n in zip(K, K_prime, k): +# axs[1].text(x+0.1, y+0.1, f"$k={n:.2f}$", rotation_mode="anchor") axs[1].set_ylabel("$K^\prime$") axs[1].set_xlabel("$K$") axs[1].set_xlim([0,6]) diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py index 29c6f47..20a7428 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ # %% +import enum import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import scipy.signal import numpy as np @@ -8,7 +9,9 @@ from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle import plot_params -def ellip_filter(N): +N=5 + +def ellip_filter(N, mode=-1): order = N passband_ripple_db = 3 @@ -26,7 +29,16 @@ def ellip_filter(N): fs=None ) - w, mag_db, phase = scipy.signal.bode((a, b), w=np.linspace(0*omega_c,2*omega_c, 4000)) + if mode == 0: + w = np.linspace(0*omega_c,omega_c, 2000) + elif mode == 1: + w = np.linspace(omega_c,1.00992*omega_c, 2000) + elif mode == 2: + w = np.linspace(1.00992*omega_c,2*omega_c, 2000) + else: + w = np.linspace(0*omega_c,2*omega_c, 4000) + + w, mag_db, phase = scipy.signal.bode((a, b), w=w) mag = 10**(mag_db/20) @@ -38,105 +50,96 @@ def ellip_filter(N): return w/omega_c, FN2 / epsilon2, mag, a, b -plt.figure(figsize=(4,2.5)) +f, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(5,3), sharex=True) -for N in [5]: - w, FN2, mag, a, b = ellip_filter(N) - plt.semilogy(w, FN2, label=f"$N={N}, k=0.1$", linewidth=1) +for mode, c in enumerate(["green", "orange", "red"]): + w, FN2, mag, a, b = ellip_filter(N, mode=mode) + axs[0].semilogy(w, FN2, label=f"$N={N}, k=0.1$", linewidth=1, color=c) -plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( (0, 0), 1, 1, fc ='green', alpha=0.2, lw = 10, )) -plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( (1, 1), - 0.01, 1e2-1, + 0.00992, 1e2-1, fc ='orange', alpha=0.2, lw = 10, )) -plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( - (1.01, 100), +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1.00992, 100), 1, 1e6, fc ='red', alpha=0.2, lw = 10, )) -zeros = [0,0.87,1] +zeros = [0,0.87,0.995] poles = [1.01,1.155] import matplotlib.transforms -plt.plot( # mark errors as vertical bars +axs[0].plot( # mark errors as vertical bars zeros, np.zeros_like(zeros), "o", mfc='none', color='black', transform=matplotlib.transforms.blended_transform_factory( - plt.gca().transData, - plt.gca().transAxes, + axs[0].transData, + axs[0].transAxes, ), ) -plt.plot( # mark errors as vertical bars +axs[0].plot( # mark errors as vertical bars poles, np.ones_like(poles), "x", mfc='none', color='black', transform=matplotlib.transforms.blended_transform_factory( - plt.gca().transData, - plt.gca().transAxes, + axs[0].transData, + axs[0].transAxes, ), ) -plt.xlim([0,2]) -plt.ylim([1e-4,1e6]) -plt.grid() -plt.xlabel("$w$") -plt.ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") -plt.legend() -plt.tight_layout() -plt.savefig("F_N_elliptic.pgf") -plt.show() - - - -plt.figure(figsize=(4,2.5)) -plt.plot(w, mag, linewidth=1) +for mode, c in enumerate(["green", "orange", "red"]): + w, FN2, mag, a, b = ellip_filter(N, mode=mode) + axs[1].plot(w, mag, linewidth=1, color=c) -plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( (0, np.sqrt(2)/2), 1, 1, fc ='green', alpha=0.2, lw = 10, )) -plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( (1, 0.1), - 0.01, np.sqrt(2)/2 - 0.1, + 0.00992, np.sqrt(2)/2 - 0.1, fc ='orange', alpha=0.2, lw = 10, )) -plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( - (1.01, 0), +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1.00992, 0), 1, 0.1, fc ='red', alpha=0.2, lw = 10, )) -plt.grid() -plt.xlim([0,2]) -plt.ylim([0,1]) -plt.xlabel("$w$") -plt.ylabel("$|H(w)|$") +axs[0].set_xlim([0,2]) +axs[0].set_ylim([1e-4,1e6]) +axs[0].grid() +axs[0].set_ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") +axs[1].grid() +axs[1].set_ylim([0,1]) +axs[1].set_ylabel("$|H(w)|$") plt.tight_layout() plt.savefig("elliptic.pgf") plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf index 95d61d4..bbb823a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf @@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% -\pgfsetlinewidth{0.100375pt}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.121569,0.466667,0.705882}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% @@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ \pgfusepath{clip}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetroundjoin% -\pgfsetlinewidth{0.100375pt}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% \definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,0.498039,0.054902}% \pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% \pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% @@ -1011,56 +1011,6 @@ \pgfusepath{stroke}% \end{pgfscope}% \begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{2.874885in}{0.548769in}}{\pgfqpoint{1.940523in}{1.753186in}}% -\pgfusepath{clip}% -\pgfsetbuttcap% -\pgfsetroundjoin% -\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.121569,0.466667,0.705882}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% -\pgfsetlinewidth{1.003750pt}% -\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.121569,0.466667,0.705882}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% -\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% -\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{-0.006944in}{-0.006944in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.006944in}{0.006944in}}{% -\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.006944in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.001842in}{-0.006944in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.003608in}{-0.006213in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.004910in}{-0.004910in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.006213in}{-0.003608in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.006944in}{-0.001842in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.006944in}{0.000000in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.006944in}{0.001842in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.006213in}{0.003608in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.004910in}{0.004910in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{0.003608in}{0.006213in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.001842in}{0.006944in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.006944in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.001842in}{0.006944in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.003608in}{0.006213in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.004910in}{0.004910in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.006213in}{0.003608in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.006944in}{0.001842in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.006944in}{0.000000in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.006944in}{-0.001842in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.006213in}{-0.003608in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.004910in}{-0.004910in}}% -\pgfpathcurveto{\pgfqpoint{-0.003608in}{-0.006213in}}{\pgfqpoint{-0.001842in}{-0.006944in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.006944in}}% -\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.006944in}}% -\pgfpathclose% -\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% -}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{3.384190in}{1.844597in}% -\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{3.388110in}{1.606330in}% -\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{3.405294in}{1.376014in}% -\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{3.441114in}{1.248396in}% -\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{3.612461in}{1.128939in}% -\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\pgfsys@transformshift{3.960478in}{1.102320in}% -\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% \pgfsetrectcap% \pgfsetmiterjoin% \pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% @@ -1116,42 +1066,6 @@ \pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% \pgftext[x=3.415254in,y=0.583833in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle \pi/2\)}% \end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=3.416532in,y=1.879661in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle k=0.10\)}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=3.420452in,y=1.641394in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle k=0.20\)}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=3.437636in,y=1.411078in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle k=0.40\)}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=3.473456in,y=1.283460in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle k=0.60\)}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=3.644803in,y=1.164003in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle k=0.90\)}% -\end{pgfscope}% -\begin{pgfscope}% -\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% -\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% -\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% -\pgftext[x=3.992820in,y=1.137383in,left,base]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle k=0.99\)}% -\end{pgfscope}% \end{pgfpicture}% \makeatother% \endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex index 2772620..b11c25d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex @@ -8,29 +8,6 @@ \begin{scope}[xscale=0.6] - \clip(-7.5,-2) rectangle (7.5,2); - - \draw[thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); - \draw[thick, ->, orange] (1, 0) -- (0,0); - \draw[thick, ->, red] (2, 0) -- (1,0); - \draw[thick, ->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); - - \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { - \begin{scope}[opacity=0.5, xshift=\i*4cm] - \draw[->, orange] (-1, 0) -- (0,0); - \draw[->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); - \draw[->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (0,-1.5); - \draw[->, orange] (1, 0) -- (0,0); - \draw[->, red] (2, 0) -- (1,0); - \draw[->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); - \draw[->, blue] (2,-1.5) -- (2, 0); - \draw[->, red] (2, 0) -- (3,0); - - \node[zero] at (1,0) {}; - \node[zero] at (3,0) {}; - \end{scope} - } - \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-6,0) {$-3\pi$}; \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-4,0) {$-2\pi$}; \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-2,0) {$-\pi$}; @@ -43,16 +20,53 @@ % \node[gray, anchor=south east] at (0, 0) {$0$}; \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0, 1.5) {$\infty$}; + \clip(-7.5,-2) rectangle (7.5,2); + + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); + + % \pause + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm] + \begin{scope}[] + \draw[->, darkgreen] (-1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); + \draw[->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,-1.5); + \draw[->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, blue] (2,-1.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \end{scope} + \node[zero] at (1,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (3,0) {}; + \end{scope} + } + \end{scope} - \begin{scope}[yshift=-2.5cm] + \node[zero] at (4,2) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-3.25cm] + + \draw[->, thick](0,0) -- node[anchor=center, fill=white]{$z = \cos^{-1}(w)$} (0,1); + + \end{scope} + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm] \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; - \draw[thick, ->, blue] (-4, 0) -- (-2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, red] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, darkgreen] (2, 0) -- (4, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-4, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (4, 0); \node[anchor=south] at (-4,0) {$-\infty$}; \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex index 3fc3cc6..2cec75f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex @@ -2,34 +2,45 @@ \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] - \begin{scope}[xscale=0.5] - \draw[gray, ->] (0,-2) -- (0,2) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; - \draw[gray, ->] (-10,0) -- (10,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z_1$}; + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1) -- (0,2) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-2,0) -- (9,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z_1$}; \begin{scope} - \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, blue] (2, 1.5) -- (2,0.05) -- node[anchor=south, pos=0.5]{$N=1$} (0.1,0.05) -- (0.1,1.5); - \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, orange] (4, 1.5) -- (4,0) -- node[anchor=south, pos=0.25]{$N=2$} (0,0) -- (0,1.5); - \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, red] (6, 1.5) node[anchor=north west]{$-\infty$} -- (6,-0.05) node[anchor=west]{$-1$} -- node[anchor=north]{$0$} node[anchor=south, pos=0.1666]{$N=3$} (-0.1,-0.05) node[anchor=east]{$1$} -- (-0.1,1.5) node[anchor=north east]{$\infty$}; + \draw[->, ultra thick, blue] (8, 1.5) -- node[align=center]{Sperrbereich} (8,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, cyan] (8, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich}(4,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, darkgreen] (4, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, orange] (0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Sperrbereich} (0,1.5); + + \node[anchor=north east] at (8, 1.5) {$-\infty$}; + \draw (8, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south east] {$1$}; + \draw (6, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$-1$}; + \draw (4, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$1$}; + \draw (2, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$-1$}; + \draw (0, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {$1$}; + \node[anchor=north west] at (0, 1.5){$\infty$}; + \node at(4,1) {$N = 4$}; - \node[zero] at (-7,0) {}; - \node[zero] at (-5,0) {}; - \node[zero] at (-3,0) {}; + % \node[zero] at (-7,0) {}; + % \node[zero] at (-5,0) {}; + % \node[zero] at (-3,0) {}; \node[zero] at (-1,0) {}; \node[zero] at (1,0) {}; \node[zero] at (3,0) {}; \node[zero] at (5,0) {}; \node[zero] at (7,0) {}; - \end{scope} - \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-8,0) {$-4\pi$}; - \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-6,0) {$-3\pi$}; - \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-4,0) {$-2\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-8,0) {$-4\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-6,0) {$-3\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-4,0) {$-2\pi$}; \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-2,0) {$-\pi$}; \node[gray, anchor=north] at (2,0) {$\pi$}; \node[gray, anchor=north] at (4,0) {$2\pi$}; @@ -37,9 +48,29 @@ \node[gray, anchor=north] at (8,0) {$4\pi$}; - \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0,-1.5) {$-\infty$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0,-1.5) {$-\infty$}; \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0, 1.5) {$\infty$}; \end{scope} + \node[zero] at (6.5,2) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[xshift=2.75cm, yshift=-2cm] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-4, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (4, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-4,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (4,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + \end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex index 7155a85..0cf2417 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} - \begin{scope}[xscale=1, yscale=2] + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.9, yscale=1.8] \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; @@ -22,32 +22,35 @@ \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \draw[->, orange!50] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[->, darkgreen!50] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, cyan!50] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[->, blue!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, purple!50] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[->, red!50] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[->, orange!50] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[->, blue!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); + \draw[->, purple!50] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[->, red!50] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); + \draw[->, cyan!50] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \draw[->, darkgreen!50] (3, 0) -- (4,0); + \end{scope} + } + } - \draw[thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); - \draw[thick, ->, orange] (1, 0) -- (0,0); - \draw[thick, ->, red] (2, 0) -- (1,0); - \draw[thick, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, purple] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); - \draw[thick, ->, cyan] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); - - + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, orange] (1, 0) -- (0,0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, red] (2, 0) -- (1,0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, purple] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, cyan] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, darkgreen] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, purple] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, cyan] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, red] (2, 0) -- (3,0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, orange] (3, 0) -- (4,0); - \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; @@ -63,16 +66,21 @@ \end{scope} - \begin{scope}[yshift=-3.5cm, xscale=0.75] + \node[zero] at (4,3) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + \node[pole, below=0.25cm of n] (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Polstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm, xscale=0.75] \draw[gray, ->] (-6,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; - \draw[thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, red] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, darkgreen] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, cyan] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); \node[anchor=south] at (-5,0) {$-\infty$}; \node[anchor=south] at (-3,0) {$-1/k$}; diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex index 0743f7d..d4187c4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} - \begin{scope}[xscale=1.25, yscale=2.5] + \begin{scope}[xscale=1.25, yscale=3.5] - \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.75) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.55) -- (0,1.05) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; \draw[gray, ->] (-1.5,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z_1$}; \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; @@ -35,18 +35,30 @@ % \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=3$}; \fill[orange!30] (0,0) rectangle (5, 0.5); - \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.1); \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=5$}; \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, yshift=0.05cm] - (5,0.5) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[above, yshift=0.1cm]{$NK$} + (5,0.5) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[above, yshift=0.1cm]{$NK_1$} (0,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, xshift=0.1cm] (5,0) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[right, xshift=0.1cm]{$K^\prime \frac{K_1N}{K} = K^\prime_1$} (5,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (5, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (-0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Übergangs-\\berech} (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0,0.5) -- node[align=center, yshift=0.7cm]{Sperrbereich} (5, 0.5); + + \draw (4,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $1$}; + \draw (2,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $-1$}; + \draw (0,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {\small $1$}; + \draw (0,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north west] {\small $1/k$}; + \draw (2,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $-1/k$}; + \draw (4,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $1/k$}; + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] @@ -60,24 +72,22 @@ } } + \end{scope} + \end{scope} + \begin{scope}[xshift=1cm , yshift=-3cm, xscale=0.75] - \draw[thick, ->, darkgreen] (5, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); - \draw[thick, ->, orange] (-0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Übergangs-\\berech} (0,0.5); - \draw[thick, ->, red] (0,0.5) -- node[align=center, yshift=0.5cm]{Sperrbereich} (5, 0.5); - - \draw (4,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $1$}; - \draw (2,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $-1$}; - \draw (0,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {\small $1$}; - \draw (0,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north west] {\small $1/k$}; - \draw (2,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $-1/k$}; - \draw (4,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $1/k$}; - - + \draw[gray, ->] (-1,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; - \end{scope} + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (3,0) {$1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (5,0) {$\infty$}; \end{scope} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae18519 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1.25, yscale=2.5] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.55) -- (0,1.05) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.5,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] ( 5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $5K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime_1$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \clip(-1.5,-0.75) rectangle (6.8,1.25); + + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, blue] (1, 0.45) -- (2, 0.45) -- (2, 0.05) -- ( 0.1, 0.05) -- ( 0.1,0.45) -- (1, 0.45); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, orange] (2, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0 ) -- ( 0 , 0 ) -- ( 0 ,0.5 ) -- (2, 0.5 ); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, red] (3, 0.55) -- (6, 0.55) -- (6,-0.05) -- (-0.1,-0.05) -- (-0.1,0.55) -- (3, 0.55); + % \node[blue] at (1, 0.25) {$N=1$}; + % \node[orange] at (3, 0.25) {$N=2$}; + % \node[red] at (5, 0.25) {$N=3$}; + + + + % \draw[line width=0.1cm, fill, red!50] (0,0) rectangle (3, 0.5); + % \draw[line width=0.05cm, fill, orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (2, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + % \node[] at (0.5, 0.25) {\small $N=1$}; + % \node[] at (1.5, 0.25) {\small $N=2$}; + % \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=3$}; + + % \fill[orange!30] (0,0) rectangle (5, 0.5); + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + + + % \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, yshift=0.05cm] + % (5,0.5) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[above, yshift=0.1cm]{$NK_1$} + % (0,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + % \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, xshift=0.1cm] + % (5,0) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[right, xshift=0.1cm]{$K^\prime \frac{K_1N}{K} = K^\prime_1$} + % (5,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + + \end{scope} + } + } + + + + \onslide<2->{ + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (5, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.4cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (-0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Übergangs-\\berech} (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0,0.5) -- node[align=center, yshift=0.4cm]{Sperrbereich} (5, 0.5); + \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=5$}; + } + \onslide<1->{ + \draw (4,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $1$}; + \draw (2,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $-1$}; + \draw (0,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {\small $1$}; + \draw (0,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north west] {\small $1/k$}; + \draw (2,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $-1/k$}; + \draw (4,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $1/k$}; + + } + + + \end{scope} + + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a36ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1, yscale=1.5] + + \begin{scope}[] + + \fill[orange!25] (0,0) rectangle (1.5, 0.75); + \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (0.5, 0.25); + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.75) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.75,0) -- (1.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.25) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 1.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.75) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \clip(-1.6,-0.6) rectangle (1.6,1.6); + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.5, yscale=0.25, blue] + \foreach \i in {-1,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-1,...,2} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*2cm, yshift=\j*2cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( -1, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,1) {}; + \node[pole] at ( -1,1) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + \end{scope} + + \node at (0,2) {$\cd \left(N~K_1~z , k_1 \right)$}; + \node at (0,2) {$w= \cd(z K, k)$}; + + \draw[scale=0.2, domain=0.02:5, variable=\x, red] plot ({\x1+3}, {1/\x+2}); + + \end{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=5cm] + + \fill[orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (1.5, 0.75); + \fill[yellow!25] (0,0) rectangle (0.5, 0.25); + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.75) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.75,0) -- (1.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.25) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.75) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \clip(-1.6,-0.6) rectangle (1.6,1.6); + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.5, yscale=0.75, red] + \foreach \i in {-1,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-1,...,0} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*2cm, yshift=\j*2cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( -1, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,1) {}; + \node[pole] at ( -1,1) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20c2d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ + +\def\d{0.2} +\def\n{3} +\def\nn{2} +\def\a{2.5} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=3, yscale=3] + + \begin{scope}[] + % \onslide<4->{ + \fill[orange!30, scale=1.735] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + % } + % \onslide<2->{ + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + % } + + \begin{scope}[] + \clip(0,0) rectangle (2,1.25); + \draw[thick, scale=1, domain=0.1:10, variable=\x, smooth, samples=200] plot ({\d*\x1+0.5}, {\d/\x+0.5}); + \node at(1.25,0.7) {$K + jK^\prime$ Ortskurve}; + \end{scope} + + % \onslide<2->{ + \begin{scope}[blue] + \draw[] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + + + \node[pole] at ( \d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[zero] at ( \d*\a+0.5, 0) {}; + + \draw[] ( \d*\a+0.5,0) node[anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[] (0, \d/\a+0.5) node[anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + % \onslide<3->{ + + \foreach \i in {1,...,\nn} { + \draw[gray, dotted] (\i*\d*\a/\n+\i*0.5/\n, 0) -- (\i*\d*\a/\n+\i*0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + } + + \node[dot, gray] at (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[above] at (0.5*\d*\a/\n+0.5*0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {\small $K/N$}; + % } + \end{scope} + % } + + % \onslide<4->{ + \begin{scope}[scale=1.735, red] + \draw (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + \draw[gray] (0,0) -- (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + + \node[pole] at ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[zero] at ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, 0) {}; + + + \draw[] ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n,0) node[anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[] (0, \d/\a+0.5) node[anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \end{scope} + % } + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.25) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-0.25,0) -- (2,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..769602a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=3, yscale=2.5] + + \fill[darkgreen!15] (0,0) rectangle (1,1); + \node[darkgreen] at (0.5,0.5) {Durchlassbereich}; + \fill[orange!15] (1,0) rectangle (2.5,1); + \node[orange] at (1.75,0.5) {Sperrbereich}; + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,0) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$|H(\Omega)|$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (0,0) -- (2.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\Omega$}; + + \draw[dashed] (0,0.707) node[left] {$\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon^2}}$} -| (1,0) node[below] {$\Omega_p$}; + \draw[dashed] (0,0.707) node[left] {$\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon^2}}$} -| (1,0) node[below] {$\Omega_p$}; + + \node[left] at(0,1) {$1$}; + + \draw[red, thick] (0,1) -- (1,1) -- (1,0) -- (2.5,0); + + \node[anchor=north, red] at (0.5,1) {Ideal}; + + \draw[thick, domain=0:2.5, variable=\x, smooth, samples=200] plot + ({\x}, {sqrt(abs(1/ (1 + \x^10)))}); + \node[anchor=south] at (0.5,1) {Butterworth ($N=5$)}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex index 87c63c0..0546fda 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} - \begin{scope}[xscale=1, yscale=2] + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.9, yscale=1.8] \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; @@ -17,35 +17,45 @@ \begin{scope}[xshift=-1cm] - \draw[thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); - \draw[thick, ->, orange] (1, 0) -- (0,0); - \draw[thick, ->, red] (2, 0) -- (1,0); - \draw[thick, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, purple] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); - \draw[thick, ->, cyan] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \foreach \i in {-2,...,2} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \draw[<-, blue!50] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[<-, cyan!50] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[<-, darkgreen!50] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[<-, orange!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[<-, red!50] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[<-, purple!50] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[<-, blue!50] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[<-, orange!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); + \draw[<-, red!50] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[<-, purple!50] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); + \draw[<-, darkgreen!50] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \draw[<-, cyan!50] (3, 0) -- (4,0); + \end{scope} + } + } + + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, darkgreen] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, orange] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, red] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, blue] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, <-, purple] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, <-, cyan] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + % \pause \foreach \i in {-2,...,2} { \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, orange] (1, 0) -- (0,0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, red] (2, 0) -- (1,0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, purple] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, cyan] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, darkgreen] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, purple] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, cyan] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, red] (2, 0) -- (3,0); - \draw[opacity=0.5, ->, orange] (3, 0) -- (4,0); - \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; - \end{scope} } } @@ -57,20 +67,23 @@ \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.1) -- +(0, -0.1) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; - - \end{scope} - \begin{scope}[yshift=-3.5cm, xscale=0.75] + \node[zero] at (4,3) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + \node[pole, below=0.25cm of n] (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Polstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm, xscale=0.75] \draw[gray, ->] (-6,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; - \draw[thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, red] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, darkgreen] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); - \draw[thick, ->, cyan] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); \node[anchor=south] at (-5,0) {$-\infty$}; \node[anchor=south] at (-3,0) {$-1/k$}; diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex index 7d426b6..639c87c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex @@ -1,9 +1,8 @@ \section{Tschebyscheff-Filter} -Als Einstieg betrachent Wir das Tschebyscheff-Filter, welches sehr verwand ist mit dem elliptischen Filter. -Genauer ausgedrückt sind die Tschebyscheff-1 und -2 Filter Spezialfälle davon. - -Der Name des Filters deutet schon an, dass die Tschebyscheff-Polynome $T_N$ für das Filter relevant sind: +Als Einstieg betrachten wir das Tschebyscheff-Filter, welches sehr verwandt ist mit dem elliptischen Filter. +Genauer ausgedrückt erhält man die Tschebyscheff-1 und -2 Filter bei Grenzwerten von Parametern beim elliptischen Filter. +Der Name des Filters deutet schon an, dass die Tschebyscheff-Polynome $T_N$ (siehe auch Kapitel \label{buch:polynome:section:tschebyscheff}) für das Filter relevant sind: \begin{align} T_{0}(x)&=1\\ T_{1}(x)&=x\\ @@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Polynome im Intervall $[-1, 1]$ mit der trigonometri T_N(w) &= \cos \left( N \cos^{-1}(w) \right) \\ &= \cos \left(N~z \right), \quad w= \cos(z) \end{align} -übereinstimmt. +übereinstimmen. Der Zusammenhang lässt sich mit den Doppel- und Mehrfachwinkelfunktionen der trigonometrischen Funktionen erklären. Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:chebychef_polynomials} zeigt einige Tschebyscheff-Polynome. \begin{figure} @@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:chebychef_polynomials} zeigt einige Tschebyscheff-P Da der Kosinus begrenzt zwischen $-1$ und $1$ ist, sind auch die Tschebyscheff-Polynome begrenzt. Geht man aber über das Intervall $[-1, 1]$ hinaus, divergieren die Funktionen mit zunehmender Ordnung immer steiler gegen $\pm \infty$. Diese Eigenschaft ist sehr nützlich für ein Filter. -Wenn wir die Tschebyscheff-Polynome quadrieren, passen sie perfekt in die Voraussetzungen für Filterfunktionen, wie es Abbildung \ref{ellfiter:fig:chebychef} demonstriert. +Wenn wir die Tschebyscheff-Polynome quadrieren, passen sie perfekt in die Forderungen für Filterfunktionen, wie es Abbildung \ref{ellfiter:fig:chebychef} demonstriert. \begin{figure} \centering \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_chebychev.pgf} @@ -36,12 +35,11 @@ Wenn wir die Tschebyscheff-Polynome quadrieren, passen sie perfekt in die Voraus \label{ellfiter:fig:chebychef} \end{figure} - Die analytische Fortsetzung von \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} über das Intervall $[-1,1]$ hinaus stimmt mit den Polynomen überein, wie es zu erwarten ist. -Die genauere Betrachtung wird uns dann helfen die elliptischen Filter besser zu verstehen. +Die genauere Betrachtung wird uns helfen die elliptischen Filter besser zu verstehen. -Starten wir mit der Funktion, die als erstes auf $w$ angewendet wird, dem Arcuscosinus. -Die invertierte Funktion des Kosinus kann als definites Integral dargestellt werden: +Starten wir mit der Funktion, die in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} als erstes auf $w$ angewendet wird, dem Arcuscosinus. +Die invertierte Funktion des Kosinus kann als bestimmtes Integral dargestellt werden: \begin{align} \cos^{-1}(x) &= @@ -63,9 +61,9 @@ Die invertierte Funktion des Kosinus kann als definites Integral dargestellt wer } } ~dz - + \frac{\pi}{2} + + \frac{\pi}{2}. \end{align} -Der Integrand oder auch die Ableitung +Der Integrand oder auch die Ableitung von $\cos^{-1}(x)$ \begin{equation} \frac{ -1 @@ -75,59 +73,37 @@ Der Integrand oder auch die Ableitung } } \end{equation} -bestimmt dabei die Richtung, in der die Funktion verläuft. +bestimmt dabei die Richtung, in welche die Funktion verläuft. Der reelle Arcuscosinus is bekanntlich nur für $|z| \leq 1$ definiert. Hier bleibt der Wert unter der Wurzel positiv und das Integral liefert reelle Werte. Doch wenn $|z|$ über 1 hinausgeht, wird der Term unter der Wurzel negativ. Durch die Quadratwurzel entstehen für den Integranden zwei rein komplexe Lösungen. Der Wert des Arcuscosinus verlässt also bei $z= \pm 1$ den reellen Zahlenstrahl und knickt in die komplexe Ebene ab. -Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos} zeigt den $\arccos$ in der komplexen Ebene. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos} zeigt den Arcuscosinus in der komplexen Ebene. \begin{figure} \centering \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex} \caption{Die Funktion $z = \cos^{-1}(w)$ dargestellt in der komplexen ebene.} \label{ellfilter:fig:arccos} \end{figure} -Wegen der Periodizität des Kosinus ist auch der Arcuscosinus $2\pi$-periodisch und es entstehen periodische Nullstellen. -% \begin{equation} -% \frac{ -% 1 -% }{ -% \sqrt{ -% 1-z^2 -% } -% } -% \in \mathbb{R} -% \quad -% \forall -% \quad -% -1 \leq z \leq 1 -% \end{equation} -% \begin{equation} -% \frac{ -% 1 -% }{ -% \sqrt{ -% 1-z^2 -% } -% } -% = i \xi \quad | \quad \xi \in \mathbb{R} -% \quad -% \forall -% \quad -% z \leq -1 \cup z \geq 1 -% \end{equation} +Wegen der Periodizität des Kosinus ist auch der Arcuscosinus $2\pi$-periodisch. +Das Einzeichnen von Pol- und Nullstellen ist hilfreich für die Betrachtung der Funktion. + -Die Tschebyscheff-Polynome skalieren diese Nullstellen mit dem Ordnungsfaktor $N$, wie dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2}. +In \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} wird $z$ mit dem Ordnungsfaktor $N$ multipliziert und durch die Kosinusfunktion zurück transformiert. +Die Skalierung hat zur folge, dass bei der Rücktransformation durch den Kosinus mehrere Nullstellen durchlaufen werden. +Somit passiert $\cos( N~\cos^{-1}(w))$ im Intervall $[-1, 1]$ $N$ Nullstellen, wie dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2}. \begin{figure} \centering \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex} \caption{ $z_1=N \cos^{-1}(w)$-Ebene der Tschebyscheff-Funktion. - Die eingefärbten Pfade sind Verläufe von $w~\forall~[-\infty, \infty]$ für verschiedene Ordnungen $N$. - Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen werden passiert. + Die eingefärbten Pfade sind Verläufe von $w\in(-\infty, \infty)$ für $N = 4$. + Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen werden passiert die zu Equirippel-Verhalten führen. + Die vertikalen Segmente der Funktion sorgen für das Ansteigen der Funktion gegen $\infty$ nach der Grenzfrequenz. + Die eingezeichneten Nullstellen sind vom zurücktransformierenden Kosinus. } \label{ellfilter:fig:arccos2} \end{figure} -Somit passert $\cos( N~\cos^{-1}(w))$ im Intervall $[-1, 1]$ $N$ Nullstellen. -Durch die spezielle Anordnung der Nullstellen hat die Funktion Equirippel-Verhalten und ist dennoch ein Polynom, was sich perfekt für linear Filter eignet. +Durch die spezielle Anordnung der Nullstellen hat die Funktion auf der reellen Achse Equirippel-Verhalten und ist dennoch ein Polynom, was sich perfekt für linear Filter eignet. +Equirippel bedeutet, dass alle lokalen Maxima der Betragsfunktion gleich gross sind. diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore b/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eae2913 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +standalone
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex b/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2ba39f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\subsection{Modulationsarten\label{fm:section:modulation}} + +Das sinusförmige Trägersignal hat die übliche Form: +\(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_c(t)+\varphi)\). +Wobei die konstanten Amplitude \(A_c\) und Phase \(\varphi\) vom Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) verändert wird. +Der Parameter \(\omega_c\), die Trägerkreisfrequenz bzw. die Trägerfrequenz \(f_c = \frac{\omega_c}{2\pi}\), +steht nicht für die modulation zur verfügung, statt dessen kann durch ihn die Frequenzachse frei gewählt werden. +\newblockpunct +Jedoch ist das für die Vielfalt der Modulationsarten keine Einschrenkung. +Ein Nachrichtensignal kann auch über die Momentanfrequenz (instantenous frequency) \(\omega_i\) eines trägers verändert werden. +Mathematisch wird dann daraus +\[ + \omega_i = \omega_c + \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt} +\] +mit der Ableitung der Phase\cite{fm:NAT}. +Mit diesen drei Parameter ergeben sich auch drei Modulationsarten, die Amplitudenmodulation, welche \(A_c\) benutzt, +die Phasenmodulation \(\varphi\) und dann noch die Momentankreisfrequenz \(\omega_i\): +\begin{itemize} + \item AM + \item PM + \item FM +\end{itemize} + +To do: Bilder jeder Modulationsart + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/01_AM-FM.tex b/buch/papers/fm/01_AM-FM.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 55697df..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/01_AM-FM.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{fm:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{fm:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex b/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..21927f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Amplitudenmodulation\label{fm:section:teil0}} +\rhead{AM} + +Das Ziel ist FM zu verstehen doch dazu wird zuerst AM erklärt welches einwenig einfacher zu verstehen ist und erst dann übertragen wir die Ideen in FM. +Nun zur Amplitudenmodulation verwenden wir das bevorzugte Trägersignal +\[ + x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_ct). +\] +Dies bringt den grossen Vorteil das, dass modulierend Signal sämtliche Anteile im Frequenzspektrum inanspruch nimmt +und das Trägersignal nur zwei komplexe Schwingungen besitzt. +Dies sieht man besonders in der Eulerischen Formel +\[ + x_c(t) = \frac{A_c}{2} \cdot e^{j\omega_ct}\;+\;\frac{A_c}{2} \cdot e^{-j\omega_ct}. +\] +Dabei ist die negative Frequenz der zweiten komplexen Schwingung zwingend erforderlich, damit in der Summe immer ein reellwertiges Trägersignal ergibt. +Nun wird der Parameter \(A_c\) durch das Modulierende Signal \(m(t)\) ersetzt, wobei so \(m(t) \leqslant |1|\) normiert wurde. +\newline +\newline +TODO: +Hier beschrieib ich was AmplitudenModulation ist und mache dan den link zu Frequenzmodulation inkl Formel \[\cos( \cos x)\] +so wird beschrieben das daraus eigentlich \(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_i)\) wird und somit \(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_c + \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt})\). +Da \(\sin \) abgeleitet \(\cos \) ergibt, so wird aus dem \(m(t)\) ein \( \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt}\) in der momentan frequenz. \[ \Rightarrow \cos( \cos x) \] + +\subsection{Frequenzspektrum}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex b/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fedfaaa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +% +% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{FM +\label{fm:section:teil1}} +\rhead{FM} +\subsection{Frequenzspektrum} +TODO +Hier Beschreiben ich FM und FM im Frequenzspektrum. +%Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +%accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa +%quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae +%dicta sunt explicabo. +%Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit +%aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione +%voluptatem sequi nesciunt +%\begin{equation} +%\int_a^b x^2\, dx +%= +%\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b +%= +%\frac{b^3-a^3}3. +%\label{fm:equation1} +%\end{equation} +%Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, +%consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora +%incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +% +%Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +%suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? +%Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit +%esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum +%fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? +% +%\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +%\label{fm:subsection:finibus}} +%At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +%blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +%dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +%provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +%animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. +% +%Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +%\ref{fm:section:loesung}. +%Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil +%impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis +%voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus +%\ref{fm:section:folgerung}. +%Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum +%necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et +%molestiae non recusandae. +%Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis +%voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus +%asperiores repellat. diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/02_frequenzyspectrum.tex b/buch/papers/fm/02_frequenzyspectrum.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 6f9edf1..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/02_frequenzyspectrum.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{fm:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{fm:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{fm:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{fm:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex b/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex index 6ab6fa0..5f85dc6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex @@ -3,38 +3,210 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 -\label{fm:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\section{FM und Bessel-Funktion +\label{fm:section:proof}} +\rhead{Herleitung} +Die momentane Trägerkreisfrequenz \(\omega_i\), wie schon in (ref) beschrieben ist, bringt die Ableitung \(\frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt}\) mit sich. +Diese wiederum kann durch \(\beta\sin(\omega_mt)\) ausgedrückt werden, wobei es das modulierende Signal \(m(t)\) ist. +Somit haben wir unser \(x_c\) welches +\[ +\cos(\omega_c t+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) +\] +ist. + +\subsection{Herleitung} +Das Ziel ist, unser moduliertes Signal mit der Bessel-Funktion so auszudrücken: +\begin{align} + x_c(t) + = + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + &= + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t) + \label{fm:eq:proof} +\end{align} + +\subsubsection{Hilfsmittel} +Doch dazu brauchen wir die Hilfe der Additionsthoerme +\begin{align} + \cos(A + B) + &= + \cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B) + \label{fm:eq:addth1} + \\ + 2\cos (A)\cos (B) + &= + \cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B) + \label{fm:eq:addth2} + \\ + 2\sin(A)\sin(B) + &= + \cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B) + \label{fm:eq:addth3} +\end{align} +und die drei Bessel-Funktionsindentitäten, +\begin{align} + \cos(\beta\sin\phi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \cos(2k\phi) + \label{fm:eq:besselid1} + \\ + \sin(\beta\sin\phi) + &= + 2\sum_{k=0}^\infty J_{2k+1}(\beta) \cos((2k+1)\phi) + \label{fm:eq:besselid2} + \\ + J_{-n}(\beta) &= (-1)^n J_n(\beta) + \label{fm:eq:besselid3} +\end{align} +welche man im Kapitel \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:expinphireal}, \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:expinphiimaginary}, \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:symetrie} findet. + +\subsubsection{Anwenden des Additionstheorem} +Mit dem \eqref{fm:eq:addth1} wird aus dem modulierten Signal +\[ + x_c(t) + = + \cos(\omega_c t + \beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + = + \cos(\omega_c t)\cos(\beta\sin(\omega_m t))-\sin(\omega_ct)\sin(\beta\sin(\omega_m t)). + \label{fm:eq:start} +\] +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsubsection{Cos-Teil} +Zu beginn wird der Cos-Teil +\begin{align*} + c(t) + &= + \cos(\omega_c t)\cdot\cos(\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) +\end{align*} +mit hilfe der Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid1} zum +\begin{align*} + c(t) + &= + \cos(\omega_c t) \cdot \bigg[ J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \cos( 2k \omega_m t)\, \bigg] + \\ + &= + J_0(\beta) \cdot \cos(\omega_c t) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \underbrace{2\cos(\omega_c t)\cos(2k\omega_m t)}_{\text{Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth2}}} +\end{align*} +%intertext{} Funktioniert nicht. +wobei mit dem Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth2} \(A = \omega_c t\) und \(B = 2k\omega_m t \) ersetzt wurden. +\begin{align*} + c(t) + &= + J_0(\beta) \cdot \cos(\omega_c t) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \{ \underbrace{\cos((\omega_c - 2k \omega_m) t)} \,+\, \cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t) \} + \\ + &= + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{-1} J_{2k}(\beta) \overbrace{\cos((\omega_c +2k \omega_m) t)} + \,+\,J_0(\beta)\cdot \cos(\omega_c t+ 2\cdot0 \omega_m) + \,+\, \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta)\cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +wird. +Das Minus im Ersten Term wird zur negativen Summe \(\sum_{-\infty}^{-1}\) ersetzt. +Da \(2k\) immer gerade ist, wird es durch alle negativen und positiven Ganzzahlen \(n\) ersetzt: +\begin{align*} + \sum_{n\, \text{gerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t), + \label{fm:eq:gerade} +\end{align*} +%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsubsection{Sin-Teil} +Nun zum zweiten Teil des Term \eqref{fm:eq:start}, den Sin-Teil +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + -\sin(\omega_c t)\cdot\sin(\beta\sin(\omega_m t)). +\end{align*} +Dieser wird mit der \eqref{fm:eq:besselid2} Besselindentität zu +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + -\sin(\omega_c t) \cdot \bigg[ 2 \sum_{k=0}^\infty J_{ 2k + 1}(\beta) \cos(( 2k + 1) \omega_m t) \bigg] + \\ + &= + \sum_{k=0}^\infty -1 \cdot J_{2k+1}(\beta) 2\sin(\omega_c t)\cos((2k+1)\omega_m t). +\end{align*} +Da \(2k + 1\) alle ungeraden positiven Ganzzahlen entspricht wird es durch \(n\) ersetzt. +Wird die Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid3} gebraucht, so ersetzten wird \(J_{-n}(\beta) = -1\cdot J_n(\beta)\) ersetzt: +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=0}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta) \underbrace{2\sin(\omega_c t)\cos(n \omega_m t)}_{\text{Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth3}}}. +\end{align*} +Auch hier wird ein Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth3} gebraucht, dabei ist \(A = \omega_c t\) und \(B = n \omega_m t \), +somit wird daraus: +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=0}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta) \{ \underbrace{\cos((\omega_c - n\omega_m) t)} \,-\, \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) \} + \\ + &= + \sum_{n=- \infty}^{0} J_{n}(\beta) \overbrace{\cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t)} + \,-\, \sum_{n=0}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +Auch hier wurde wieder eine zweite Summe \(\sum_{-\infty}^{-1}\) gebraucht um das Minus zu einem Plus zu wandeln. +Wenn \(n = 0 \) ist der Minuend gleich dem Subtrahend und somit dieser Teil \(=0\), das bedeutet \(n\) ended bei \(-1\) und started bei \(1\). +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=- \infty}^{-1} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t) + \underbrace{\,-\, \sum_{n=1}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta)} \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +Um aus diesem Subtrahend eine Addition zu kreiernen, wird die Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid3} gebraucht, +jedoch so \(-1 \cdot J_{-n}(\beta) = J_n(\beta)\) und daraus wird dann: +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=- \infty}^{-1} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t) + \,+\, \sum_{n=1}^\infty J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +Da \(n\) immer ungerade ist und \(0\) nicht zu den ungeraden zahlen zählt, kann man dies so vereinfacht +\[ + s(t) + = + \sum_{n\, \text{ungerade}} -1 \cdot J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t). + \label{fm:eq:ungerade} +\] +schreiben. +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\subsubsection{Summe Zusammenführen} +Beide Teile \eqref{fm:eq:gerade} Gerade +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{gerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\] +und \eqref{fm:eq:ungerade} Ungerade +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{ungerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\] +ergeben zusammen +\[ + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + = + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t). +\] +Somit ist \eqref{fm:eq:proof} bewiesen. +\newpage +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsection{Bessel und Frequenzspektrum} +Um sich das ganze noch einwenig Bildlicher vorzustellenhier einmal die Bessel-Funktion \(J_{k}(\beta)\) in geplottet. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf} + \caption{Bessle Funktion \(J_{k}(\beta)\)} + \label{fig:bessel} +\end{figure} +TODO Grafik einfügen, +\newline +Nun einmal das Modulierte FM signal im Frequenzspektrum mit den einzelen Summen dargestellt + +TODO +Hier wird beschrieben wie die Bessel Funktion der FM im Frequenzspektrum hilft, wieso diese gebrauch wird und ihre Vorteile. +\begin{itemize} + \item Zuerest einmal die Herleitung von FM zu der Bessel-Funktion + \item Im Frequenzspektrum darstellen mit Farben, ersichtlich machen. + \item Parameter tuing der Trägerfrequenz, Modulierende frequenz und Beta. +\end{itemize} + + +%\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +%\label{fm:subsection:bonorum}} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex b/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex index 3bcfc4d..8d5eca4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex @@ -3,38 +3,10 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 3 -\label{fm:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? +\section{Fazit +\label{fm:section:fazit}} +\rhead{Zusamenfassend} -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +TODO Anwendungen erklären und Sinn des Ganzen. diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/FM_presentation.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf Binary files differindex 496e35e..496e35e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/FM_presentation.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/FM_presentation.tex b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex index 92cb501..2801e69 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/FM_presentation.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -%% !TeX root = RS.tex +%% !TeX root = .tex \documentclass[11pt,aspectratio=169]{beamer} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ \logo{} \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} \date{16.5.2022} - \subject{Mathematisches Seminar} + \subject{Mathematisches Seminar - Spezielle Funktionen} %\setbeamercovered{transparent} \setbeamercovered{invisible} \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65f390d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Dies ist die Presentation des FM - Bessel
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standalone + +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +#figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex +# mkdir -p figures +# pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< + +.PHONY: standalone +standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) $(FIGURES) + mkdir -p standalone + cd ../..; \ + pdflatex \ + --halt-on-error \ + --shell-escape \ + --output-directory=papers/fm/standalone \ + papers/fm/standalone.tex; + cd standalone; \ + bibtex standalone; \ + makeindex standalone;
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc index e5cd9f6..40f23b1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc @@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ dependencies-fm = \ papers/fm/packages.tex \ papers/fm/main.tex \ - papers/fm/01_AM-FM.tex \ - papers/fm/02_frequenzyspectrum.tex \ + papers/fm/00_modulation.tex \ + papers/fm/01_AM.tex \ + papers/fm/02_FM.tex \ papers/fm/03_bessel.tex \ papers/fm/04_fazit.tex \ papers/fm/references.bib diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb index bfbb83d..74f1011 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 117, + "execution_count": 4, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ @@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ "from scipy.fft import fft, ifft, fftfreq\n", "import scipy.special as sc\n", "import scipy.fftpack\n", + "import matplotlib as mpl\n", + "# Use the pgf backend (must be set before pyplot imported)\n", + "mpl.use('pgf')\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "from matplotlib.widgets import Slider\n", "def fm(beta):\n", @@ -67,39 +70,26 @@ "xf = fftfreq(N, 1 / 1000)\n", "plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf_old))\n", "#plt.xlim(-150, 150)\n", - "plt.show()" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 118, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [ - { - "data": { - "image/png": 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- "text/plain": [ - "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" - ] - }, - "metadata": { - "needs_background": "light" - }, - "output_type": "display_data" - } - ], - "source": [ + "plt.show()\n", + "\n", "fm(1)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": 122, + "execution_count": 5, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "0.7651976865579666\n" + ] + }, + { "data": { - "image/png": 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", + "image/png": 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", "text/plain": [ "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" ] @@ -108,29 +98,23 @@ "needs_background": "light" }, "output_type": "display_data" - }, - { - "name": "stdout", - "output_type": "stream", - "text": [ - "0.7651976865579666\n" - ] } ], "source": [ "\n", - "for n in range (-4,4):\n", - " x = np.linspace(0,11,1000)\n", + "for n in range (-2,4):\n", + " x = np.linspace(-11,11,1000)\n", " y = sc.jv(n,x)\n", - " plt.plot(x, y, '-')\n", - "plt.plot([1,1],[sc.jv(0,1),sc.jv(-1,1)],)\n", - "plt.xlim(0,10)\n", + " plt.plot(x, y, '-',label='n='+str(n))\n", + "#plt.plot([1,1],[sc.jv(0,1),sc.jv(-1,1)],)\n", + "plt.xlim(-10,10)\n", "plt.grid(True)\n", - "plt.ylabel('Bessel J_n(b)')\n", - "plt.xlabel('b')\n", + "plt.ylabel('Bessel $J_n(\\\\beta)$')\n", + "plt.xlabel(' $ \\\\beta $ ')\n", "plt.plot(x, y)\n", - "plt.show()\n", - "\n", + "plt.legend()\n", + "#plt.show()\n", + "plt.savefig('bessel.pgf', format='pgf')\n", "print(sc.jv(0,1))" ] }, diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc7af1e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,2057 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% \usepackage{fontspec} +%% \setmainfont{DejaVuSerif.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% \setsansfont{DejaVuSans.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% \setmonofont{DejaVuSansMono.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.000000in}{4.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.000000in}{4.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{4.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.750000in}{0.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.400000in}{0.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.400000in}{3.520000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.750000in}{3.520000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.750000in}{0.500000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfqpoint{0.750000in}{0.500000in}}{\pgfqpoint{4.650000in}{3.020000in}}% +\pgfusepath{clip}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.690196,0.690196,0.690196}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.750000in}{0.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.750000in}{3.520000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% 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+\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/A2-14.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/A2-14.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7348cca --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/A2-14.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/FM_presentation.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/FM_presentation.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..496e35e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/FM_presentation.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf Binary files differindex a6e701c..a6e701c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a0bddd --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/README.txt b/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/README.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4d0620f..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/README.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -Dies ist die Presentation des Reed-Solomon-Code
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/RS.tex b/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/RS.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 8a67619..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/RS presentation/RS.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,123 +0,0 @@ -%% !TeX root = RS.tex - -\documentclass[11pt,aspectratio=169]{beamer} -\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} -\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -\usepackage{lmodern} -\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} -\usepackage{tikz} -\usetheme{Hannover} - -\begin{document} - \author{Joshua Bär} - \title{FM - Bessel} - \subtitle{} - \logo{} - \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} - \date{16.5.2022} - \subject{Mathematisches Seminar- Spezielle Funktionen} - %\setbeamercovered{transparent} - \setbeamercovered{invisible} - \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} - \begin{frame}[plain] - \maketitle - \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\section{Einführung} - \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Frequenzmodulation} - - \visible<1->{\begin{equation} \cos(\omega_c t+\beta\sin(\omega_mt))\end{equation}} - - \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/fm_in_time.png}} - \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/fm_frequenz.png}} - \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/bessel_frequenz.png}} - - - \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\section{Proof} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Bessel} - - \visible<1->{\begin{align} - \cos(\beta\sin\varphi) - &= - J_0(\beat) + 2\sum_{m=1}^\infty J_{2m}(\beta) \cos(2m\varphi) - \\ - \sin(\beta\sin\varphi) - &= - J_0(\beat) + 2\sum_{m=1}^\infty J_{2m}(\beta) \cos(2m\varphi) - \\ - J_{-n}(\beat) &= (-1)^n J_n(\beta) - \end{align}} - \visible<2->{\begin{align} - \cos(A + B) - &= - \cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B) - \\ - 2\cos (A)\cos (B) - &= - \cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B) - \\ - 2\sin(A)\sin(B) - &= - \cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B) - \end{align}} -\end{frame} - -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Prof->Done} - \begin{align} - \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) - &= - \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omgea_m)t) - \end{align} - \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - \begin{frame} - \begin{figure} - \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale = 0.75]{images/fm_frequenz.png}} - \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale = 0.75]{images/bessel_frequenz.png}} - \end{figure} - \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\section{Input Parameter} - \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Träger-Frequenz Parameter} - \onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt))\end{equation}} - \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/100HZ.png}} - \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/200HZ.png}} - \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/300HZ.png}} - \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/400HZ.png}} - \end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\begin{frame} -\frametitle{Modulations-Frequenz Parameter} -\onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt))\end{equation}} -\only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_3Hz.png}} -\only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_5Hz.png}} -\only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_7Hz.png}} -\only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_10Hz.png}} -\only<5>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_20Hz.png}} -\only<6>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_30Hz.png}} -\end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\begin{frame} -\frametitle{Beta Parameter} - \onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omgea_m)t)\end{equation}} - \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.001.png}} - \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.1.png}} - \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.5.png}} - \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_1.png}} - \only<5>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_2.png}} - \only<6>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_3.png}} - \only<7>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/bessel.png}} -\end{frame} -%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\begin{frame} - \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/beta_1.png} - \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/bessel.png} -\end{frame} -\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/main.tex b/buch/papers/fm/main.tex index 1f8ebde..731f56f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/main.tex @@ -1,43 +1,42 @@ +% !TeX root = ../../buch.tex % % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <fm> % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -% !TeX root = buch.tex -%\begin {document} -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:fm}} -\lhead{Thema} + +\chapter{FM Bessel\label{chapter:fm}} +\lhead{FM} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Joshua Bär} -Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt die Beziehung von der Besselfunktion(Ref) zur Frequenz Modulatrion (FM)(acronym?). - -%Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -%\begin{itemize} -%\item -%Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -%Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -%\item -%Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -%Optionen werden gelöscht. -%Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -%\item -%Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -%Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -%in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -%anzuwenden. -%\item -%Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -%Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -%\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/fm/01_AM-FM.tex} -\input{papers/fm/02_frequenzyspectrum.tex} +Die Frequenzmodulation ist eine Modulation die man auch schon im alten Radio findet. +Falls du dich an die Zeit erinnerst, konnte man zwischen \textit{FM-AM} Umschalten, +dies bedeutete so viel wie: \textit{F}requenz-\textit{M}odulation und \textit{A}mplituden-\textit{M}odulation. +Durch die Modulation wird ein Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) auf ein Trägersignal (z.B. ein Sinus- oder Rechtecksignal) abgebildet (kombiniert). +Durch dieses Auftragen vom Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) kann das modulierte Signal in einem gewünschten Frequenzbereich übertragen werden. +Der ursprünglich Frequenzbereich des Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) erstreckt sich typischerweise von 0 Hz bis zur Bandbreite \(B_m\). +\newline +Beim Empfänger wird dann durch Demodulation das ursprüngliche Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) so originalgetreu wie möglich zurückgewonnen. +\newline +Beim Trägersignal \(x_c(t)\) handelt es sich um ein informationsloses Hilfssignal. +Durch die Modulation mit dem Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) wird es zum modulierten zu übertragenden Signal. +Für alle Erklärungen wird ein sinusförmiges Trägersignal benutzt, jedoch kann auch ein Rechtecksignal, +welches Digital einfach umzusetzten ist, +genauso als Trägersignal genutzt werden kann. +Zuerst wird erklärt was \textit{FM-AM} ist, danach wie sich diese im Frequenzspektrum verhalten. +Erst dann erklär ich dir wie die Besselfunktion mit der Frequenzmodulation( acro?) zusammenhängt. +Nun zur Modulation im nächsten Abschnitt.\cite{fm:NAT} + + +\input{papers/fm/00_modulation.tex} +\input{papers/fm/01_AM.tex} +\input{papers/fm/02_FM.tex} \input{papers/fm/03_bessel.tex} \input{papers/fm/04_fazit.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} -%\end {document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex b/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex index 4cba2b6..7bbbe35 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex @@ -7,4 +7,5 @@ % if your paper needs special packages, add package commands as in the % following example %\usepackage{packagename} - +\usepackage{xcolor} +\usepackage{pgf} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/references.bib b/buch/papers/fm/references.bib index 76eb265..21b910b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/fm/references.bib @@ -23,6 +23,17 @@ volume = {2} } +@book{fm:NAT, + title = {Nachrichtentechnik 1 + 2}, + author = {Thomas Kneubühler}, + publisher = {None}, + year = {2021}, + isbn = {}, + inseries = {Script for students}, + volume = {} +} + + @article{fm:mendezmueller, author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex b/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c161ed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +\documentclass{book} + +\def\IncludeBookCover{0} +\input{common/packages.tex} + +% additional packages used by the individual papers, add a line for +% each paper +\input{papers/common/addpackages.tex} + +% workaround for biblatex bug +\makeatletter +\def\blx@maxline{77} +\makeatother +\addbibresource{chapters/references.bib} + +% Bibresources for each article +\input{papers/common/addbibresources.tex} + +% make sure the last index starts on an odd page +\AtEndDocument{\clearpage\ifodd\value{page}\else\null\clearpage\fi} +\makeindex + +%\pgfplotsset{compat=1.12} +\setlength{\headheight}{15pt} % fix headheight warning +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + +\begin{document} + \input{common/macros.tex} + \def\chapterauthor#1{{\large #1}\bigskip\bigskip} + \input{papers/fm/main.tex} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc index f453e6e..a521e4b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc @@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # dependencies-kra = \ - papers/kra/packages.tex \ + papers/kra/packages.tex \ papers/kra/main.tex \ - papers/kra/references.bib \ - papers/kra/teil0.tex \ - papers/kra/teil1.tex \ - papers/kra/teil2.tex \ - papers/kra/teil3.tex + papers/kra/references.bib \ + papers/kra/einleitung.tex \ + papers/kra/loesung.tex \ + papers/kra/anwendung.tex \ diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/anwendung.tex b/buch/papers/kra/anwendung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6383984 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/anwendung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +\section{Anwendung \label{kra:section:anwendung}} +\rhead{Anwendung} +\newcommand{\dt}[0]{\frac{d}{dt}} + +Die Matrix-Riccati Differentialgleichung findet unter anderem Anwendung in der Regelungstechnik beim RQ- und RQG-Regler oder aber auch beim Kalmanfilter. +Im folgenden Abschnitt möchten wir uns an einem Beispiel anschauen wie wir mit Hilfe der Matrix-Riccati Differentialgleichung (\ref{kra:equation:matrixriccati}) ein Feder-Masse-System untersuchen können \cite{kra:riccati}. + +\subsection{Feder-Masse-System} +Die einfachste Form eines Feder-Masse-Systems ist dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:simple_mass_spring}. +Es besteht aus einer reibungsfrei gelagerten Masse $m$ ,welche an eine Feder mit der Federkonstante $k$ gekoppelt ist. +Die im System wirkenden Kräfte teilen sich auf in die auf dem hookeschen Gesetz basierenden Rückstellkraft $F_R = k \Delta_x$ und der auf dem Aktionsprinzip basierenden Kraft $F_a = am = \ddot{x} m$. +Das Kräftegleichgewicht fordert $F_R = F_a$ woraus folgt, dass + +\begin{equation*} + k \Delta_x = \ddot{x} m \Leftrightarrow \ddot{x} = \frac{k \Delta_x}{m} +\end{equation*} +Die Funktion die diese Differentialgleichung löst, ist die harmonische Schwingung +\begin{equation} + x(t) = A \cos(\omega_0 t + \Phi), \quad \omega_0 = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}} +\end{equation} +\begin{figure} + % move image to standalone because the physics package is + % incompatible with underbrace + \includegraphics{papers/kra/images/simple.pdf} + %\input{papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex} + \caption{Einfaches Feder-Masse-System.} + \label{kra:fig:simple_mass_spring} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \input{papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex} + \caption{Feder-Masse-System mit zwei Massen und drei Federn.} + \label{kra:fig:multi_mass_spring} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Hamilton-Funktion} +Die Bewegung der Masse $m$ kann mit Hilfe der hamiltonschen Mechanik im Phasenraum untersucht werden. +Die hamiltonschen Gleichungen verwenden dafür die verallgemeinerten Ortskoordinaten +$q = (q_{1}, q_{2}, ..., q_{n})$ und die verallgemeinerten Impulskoordinaten $p = (p_{1}, p_{2}, ..., p_{n})$, wobei der Impuls definiert ist als $p_k = m_k \cdot v_k$. +Liegen keine zeitabhängigen Zwangsbedingungen vor, so entspricht die Hamitlon-Funktion der Gesamtenergie des Systems \cite{kra:hamilton}. +Im Falle des einfachen Feder-Masse-Systems, Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:simple_mass_spring}, setzt sich die Hamilton-Funktion aus kinetischer und potentieller Energie zusammen. +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:harmonischer_oszillator} + \begin{split} + \mathcal{H}(q, p) &= T(p) + V(q) = E \\ + &= \underbrace{\frac{p^2}{2m}}_{E_{kin}} + \underbrace{\frac{k q^2}{2}}_{E_{pot}} + \end{split} +\end{equation} +Die Hamiltonschen Bewegungsgleichungen liefern \cite{kra:kanonischegleichungen} +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:hamilton:bewegungsgleichung} + \dot{q_{k}} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial p_k} + \qquad + \dot{p_{k}} = -\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial q_k} +\end{equation} +daraus folgt +\[ + \dot{q} = \frac{p}{m} + \qquad + \dot{p} = -kq +\] +in Matrixschreibweise erhalten wir also +\[ + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q} \\ + \dot{p} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & \frac{1}{m} \\ + -k & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q \\ + p + \end{pmatrix} +\] +Für das erweiterte Federmassesystem, Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:multi_mass_spring}, können wir analog vorgehen. +Die kinetische Energie setzt sich nun aus den kinetischen Energien der einzelnen Massen $m_1$ und $m_2$ zusammen. +Die Potentielle Energie erhalten wir aus der Summe der kinetischen Energien der einzelnen Federn mit den Federkonstanten $k_1$, $k_c$ und $k_2$. +\begin{align*} + \begin{split} + T &= T_1 + T_2 \\ + &= \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} + \end{split} + \\ + \begin{split} + V &= V_1 + V_c + V_2 \\ + &= \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2} + \end{split} +\end{align*} +Die Hamilton-Funktion ist also +\begin{align*} + \begin{split} + \mathcal{H} &= T + V \\ + &= \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} + \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2} + \end{split} +\end{align*} +Die Bewegungsgleichungen \ref{kra:hamilton:bewegungsgleichung} liefern +\begin{align*} + \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial p_k} & = \dot{q_k} + \Rightarrow + \left\{ + \begin{alignedat}{2} + \dot{q_1} &= \frac{2p_1}{2m_1} &&= \frac{p_1}{m_1}\\ + \dot{q_2} &= \frac{2p_2}{2m_2} &&= \frac{p_2}{m_2} + \end{alignedat} + \right. + \\ + -\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial q_k} & = \dot{p_k} + \Rightarrow + \left\{ + \begin{alignedat}{2} + \dot{p_1} &= -(\frac{2k_1q_1}{2} - \frac{2k_c(q_2-q_1)}{2}) &&= -q_1(k_1+k_c) + q_2k_c \\ + \dot{p_1} &= -(\frac{2k_c(q_2-q_1)}{2} - \frac{2k_2q_2}{2}) &&= q_1k_c - (k_c + k_2) + \end{alignedat} + \right. +\end{align*} +In Matrixschreibweise erhalten wir +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:hamilton:multispringmass} + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q_1} \\ + \dot{q_2} \\ + \dot{p_1} \\ + \dot{p_2} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_1} & 0 \\ + 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_2} \\ + -(k_1 + k_c) & k_c & 0 & 0 \\ + k_c & -(k_c + k_2) & 0 & 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q_1 \\ + q_2 \\ + p_1 \\ + p_2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \Leftrightarrow + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & M \\ + K & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + }_{G} + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Phasenraum} +Der Phasenraum erlaubt die eindeutige Beschreibung aller möglichen Bewegungszustände eines mechanischen Systems durch einen Punkt. +Die Phasenraumdarstellung eignet sich somit sehr gut für die systematische Untersuchung der Feder-Masse-Systeme. + +\subsubsection{Harmonischer Oszillator} +Die Hamiltonfunktion des harmonischen Oszillators \ref{kra:harmonischer_oszillator} führt auf eine Lösung der Form +\begin{equation*} + q(t) = A \cos(\omega_0 T + \Phi), \quad p(t) = -m \omega_0 A \sin(\omega_0 t + \Phi) +\end{equation*} +die Phasenraumtrajektorien bilden also Ellipsen mit Zentrum $q=0, p=0$ und Halbachsen $A$ und $m \omega A$. +Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:phasenraum} zeigt Phasenraumtrajektorien mit den Energien $E_{x \in \{A, B, C, D\}}$ und verschiedenen Werten von $\omega$. +\begin{figure} + \input{papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex} + \caption{Phasenraumdarstellung des einfachen Feder-Masse-Systems.} + \label{kra:fig:phasenraum} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Erweitertes Feder-Masse-System} +Wir intressieren uns nun dafür wie der Phasenwinkel $U = PQ^{-1}$ von der Zeit abhängt, +wir suchen also die Grösse $\Theta = \dt U$. +Ersetzten wir in der Gleichung \ref{kra:hamilton:multispringmass} die Matrix $G$ mit $\tilde{G}$ so erhalten wir +\begin{equation} + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P + \end{pmatrix} + = + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + A & B \\ + C & D + \end{pmatrix} + }_{\tilde{G}} + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P + \end{pmatrix} +\end{equation} +Mit einsetzten folgt +\begin{align*} + \dot{Q} = AQ + BP \\ + \dot{P} = CQ + DP +\end{align*} +\begin{equation} + \begin{split} + \dt U &= \dot{P} Q^{-1} + P \dt Q^{-1} \\ + &= (CQ + DP) Q^{-1} - P (Q^{-1} \dot{Q} Q^{-1}) \\ + &= C\underbrace{QQ^{-1}}_\text{I} + D\underbrace{PQ^{-1}}_\text{U} - P(Q^{-1} (AQ + BP) Q^{-1}) \\ + &= C + DU - \underbrace{PQ^{-1}}_\text{U}(A\underbrace{QQ^{-1}}_\text{I} + B\underbrace{PQ^{-1}}_\text{U}) \\ + &= C + DU - UA - UBU + \end{split} +\end{equation} +was uns auf die Matrix-Riccati Gleichung \ref{kra:equation:matrixriccati} führt. + +% @TODO Einfluss auf anfangsbedingungen, plots? +% @TODO Fazit ? diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/kra/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cde2e66 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +\section{Einleitung} \label{kra:section:einleitung} +\rhead{Einleitung} +Die riccatische Differentialgleichung ist eine nicht lineare gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung erster Ordnung der Form +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:equation:riccati} + y' = f(x)y + g(x)y^2 + h(x) +\end{equation} +Sie ist benannt nach dem italienischen Grafen Jacopo Francesco Riccati (1676–1754) der sich mit der Klassifizierung von Differentialgleichungen befasste. +Als Riccati Gleichung werden auch Matrixgleichungen der Form +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:equation:matrixriccati} + \dot{X}(t) = C + DX(t) - X(t)A -X(t)BX(t) +\end{equation} +bezeichnet, welche aufgrund ihres quadratischen Terms eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit aufweisen \cite{kra:ethz} \cite{kra:riccati}. diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/kra/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef226a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# +# Makefile -- build standalone images +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller +# +all: simple.pdf + +simple.pdf: simple.tex simple_mass_spring.tex + pdflatex simple.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f255cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +% create tikz drawing of a multi mass multi spring system + +\tikzstyle{vmline}=[red, dashed,line width=0.4,dash pattern=on 1pt off 1pt] +\tikzstyle{ground}=[pattern=north east lines] +\tikzstyle{mass}=[line width=0.6,red!30!black,fill=red!40!black!10,rounded corners=1,top color=red!40!black!20,bottom color=red!40!black!10,shading angle=20] +\tikzstyle{spring}=[line width=0.8,blue!7!black!80,snake=coil,segment amplitude=5,line cap=round] + +\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2] + \newcommand{\ticks}[3] + { + % x, y coordinates + \draw[thick] (#1, #2 - 0.1 / 2) --++ (0, 0.1) node[scale=0.8,below=0.2] {#3}; + } + \tikzmath{ + \hWall = 1.2; + \wWall = 0.3; + \lWall = 5; + \hMass = 0.6; + \wMass = 1.1; + \xMass1 = 1.0; + \xMass2 = 3.0; + \xAxisYpos = 0; + \originX1 = 0; + \originY1 = 0.5; + \springscale=7; + } + + % create axis + \draw[->,thick] (0,\xAxisYpos) --+ (\xMass2 + \wMass, 0) node[right]{$q$}; + % create ticks on x / q axis + \ticks{\xMass1}{\xAxisYpos}{$q_{1}$} + \ticks{\xMass2}{\xAxisYpos}{$q_{2}$} + + % create non-moving backgrounds + \draw[ground] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (0, 0) --+(\lWall,0) --+(\lWall, \hWall) + --+ (\lWall - \wWall, \hWall) --+(\lWall - \wWall, \wWall) --+ (\wWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \hWall) --+(0, \hWall) -- cycle; + + % create masses + \draw[mass] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (\xMass1, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m_{1}$}; + \draw[mass] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (\xMass2, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m_{2}$}; + + % create springs + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\wWall, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass1 - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=0.2] {$k_1$}; + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\xMass1 + \wMass, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass2 - \xMass1 - \wMass, 0) node[midway,above=0.2] {$k_c$}; + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\xMass2 + \wMass, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\lWall - \xMass2 - \wMass - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=0.2] {$k_2$}; + + % create vertical measurement line + \draw[vmline] (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY1 + \wWall); + \draw[vmline] (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY1 + \wWall); + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd51ea4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +\colorlet{mypurple}{red!50!blue!90!black!80} + +% style to create arrows +\tikzset{ + traj/.style 2 args={thick, postaction={decorate},decoration={markings, + mark=at position #1 with {\arrow{<}}, + mark=at position #2 with {\arrow{<}}} + } +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.6] + % p(t=0) = 0, q(t=0) = A, max(p) = mwA + \tikzmath{ + \axh = 5.2; + \axw1 = 4.2; + \axw2 = 4.8; + \d1 = 0.9; + \a0 = 1; + \b0 = 2; + \a1 = \a0 + \d1; + \b1 = \b0 + \d1; + \a2 = \a1 + \d1; + \b2 = \b1 + \d1; + \a3 = \a2 + \d1; + \b3 = \b2 + \d1; + \d2 = 0.75; + \aa0 = 2; + \bb0 = 1; + \aa1 = \aa0 + \d2; + \bb1 = \bb0 + \d2; + \aa2 = \aa1 + \d2; + \bb2 = \bb1 + \d2; + \aa3 = \aa2 + \d2; + \bb3 = \bb2 + \d2; + } + + \draw[->,thick] (-\axw1,0) -- (\axw1,0) node[right] {$q$}; + \draw[->,thick] (0,-\axh) -- (0,\axh) node[above] {$p$}; + + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},darkgreen] ellipse (\a0 and \b0); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},blue] ellipse (\a1 and \b1); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},cyan] ellipse (\a2 and \b2); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},mypurple] ellipse (\a3 and \b3); + + \node[right,darkgreen] at (45:{\a0} and {\b0}) {$E_A$}; + \node[right, blue] at (45:{\a1} and {\b1}) {$E_B$}; + \node[right, cyan] at (45:{\a2} and {\b2}) {$E_C$}; + \node[right, mypurple] at (45:{\a3} and {\b3}) {$E_D$}; + \node[above left] at (110:\b3 + 0.1) {grosses $\omega$}; + + \begin{scope}[xshift=12cm] + \draw[->,thick] (-\axw2,0) -- (\axw2,0) node[right] {$q$}; + \draw[->,thick] (0,-\axh) -- (0,\axh) node[above] {$p$}; + + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},darkgreen] ellipse (\aa0 and \bb0); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},blue] ellipse (\aa1 and \bb1); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},cyan] ellipse (\aa2 and \bb2); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},mypurple] ellipse (\aa3 and \bb3); + + \node[above, darkgreen] at (45:{\aa0} and {\bb0}) {$E_A$}; + \node[above, blue] at (45:{\aa1} and {\bb1}) {$E_B$}; + \node[above, cyan] at (45:{\aa2} and {\bb2}) {$E_C$}; + \node[above, mypurple] at (45:{\aa3} and {\bb3}) {$E_D$}; + + \node[above left] at (110:\b3 + 0.1) {kleines $\omega$}; + \end{scope} +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.pdf b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4351518 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bdde27 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.tex @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +% +% tikztemplate.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\pgfplotsset{compat=1.16} +\usepackage[outline]{contour} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usepackage{physics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usetikzlibrary{patterns} +\usetikzlibrary{snakes} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings} +\begin{document} +\input{simple_mass_spring.tex} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..868362d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +% create tikz drawing of a simple mass spring system + +\tikzstyle{hmline}=[{Latex[length=3.3,width=2.2]}-{Latex[length=3.3,width=2.2]},line width=0.3] +\tikzstyle{vmline}=[red, dashed,line width=0.4,dash pattern=on 1pt off 1pt] +\tikzstyle{ground}=[pattern=north east lines] +\tikzstyle{mass}=[line width=0.6,red!30!black,fill=red!40!black!10,rounded corners=1,top color=red!40!black!20,bottom color=red!40!black!10,shading angle=20] +\tikzstyle{spring}=[line width=0.8,blue!7!black!80,snake=coil,segment amplitude=5,line cap=round] + +\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2,>=latex] + \newcommand{\ticks}[2] + { + % arguments: x, y coordinates + \draw[thick] (#1, #2 - 0.1 / 2) --++ (0, 0.1); + } + + \tikzmath{ + \hWall = 1.2; + \wWall = 0.3; + \lWall = 3.5; + \hMass = 0.6; + \wMass = 1.1; + \xMass1 = 1.2; + \xMass2 = 2.2; + \xAxisYpos = 0; + \originX1 = 0; + \originY1 = 0.5; + \originX2 = 0; + \originY2 = -2; + \springscale=7; + } + + % create x axis + \draw[->,thick] (0,\xAxisYpos) --+ (\lWall, 0) node[right]{$x$}; + + % create ticks on x axis + \ticks{\wWall}{\xAxisYpos} + \ticks{\xMass1}{\xAxisYpos} + \ticks{\xMass2}{\xAxisYpos} + + % create underground + \draw[ground] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (0, 0) --+(\lWall,0) --+(\lWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \hWall) --+(0, \hWall) -- cycle; + \draw[ground] (\originX2, \originY2) ++ (0, 0) --+(\lWall,0) --+(\lWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \hWall) --+(0, \hWall) -- cycle; + + % create masses + \draw[mass] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (\xMass1, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m$}; + \draw[mass] (\originX2, \originY2) ++ (\xMass2, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m$}; + + % create springs + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\wWall, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass1 - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=3.5] {$k$}; + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass2 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX2, \originY2) ++ + (\wWall, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass2 - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=3.5] {$k$}; + + % create vertical measurement line + \draw[vmline] (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY1 + \wWall); + \draw[vmline] (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY2 + \hMass+\wWall); + \draw[vmline] (\wWall, \originY1+\wWall) --(\wWall, \originY2 + \hWall); + + % create horizontal measurement line + \draw[hmline] (\wWall, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) -- (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=0] {$l_0$}; + \draw[hmline] (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) -- (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=0] {$\Delta_{x}$}; + \draw[hmline] (\wWall, \xAxisYpos - 0.3) -- (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos - 0.3) node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=0] {$l_{1}$}; + + % create force arrow + \draw[->,blue, very thick,line cap=round] (\xMass2 + \wMass / 2, \originY2 + \wWall + \hMass + 0.15) node[above] {$\vb{F_{R}}$} --+ (-0.5, 0); +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/loesung.tex b/buch/papers/kra/loesung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e0da1c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/loesung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +\section{Lösungsmethoden} \label{kra:section:loesung} +\rhead{Lösungsmethoden} + +\subsection{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} \label{kra:loesung:riccati} +Eine allgemeine analytische Lösung der Riccati Differentialgleichung ist nicht möglich. +Es gibt aber Spezialfälle, in denen sich die Gleichung vereinfachen lässt und so eine analytische Lösung gefunden werden kann. +Diese wollen wir im folgenden Abschnitt genauer anschauen. + +\subsubsection{Fall 1: Konstante Koeffizienten} +Sind die Koeffizienten $f(x), g(x), h(x)$ Konstanten, so lässt sich die DGL separieren und reduziert sich auf die Lösung des Integrals \ref{kra:equation:case1_int}. +\begin{equation} + y' = fy^2 + gy + h +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + \frac{dy}{dx} = fy^2 + gy + h +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} \label{kra:equation:case1_int} + \int \frac{dy}{fy^2 + gy + h} = \int dx +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Fall 2: Bekannte spezielle Lösung} +Kennt man eine spezielle Lösung $y_p$ so kann die riccatische DGL mit Hilfe einer Substitution auf eine lineare Gleichung reduziert werden. +Wir wählen als Substitution +\begin{equation} \label{kra:equation:substitution} + z = \frac{1}{y - y_p} +\end{equation} +durch Umstellen von \ref{kra:equation:substitution} folgt +\begin{equation} + y = y_p + \frac{1}{z^2} \label{kra:equation:backsubstitution} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + y' = y_p' - \frac{1}{z^2}z' +\end{equation} +mit Einsetzten in die DGL \ref{kra:equation:riccati} folgt +\begin{equation} + y_p' - \frac{1}{z^2}z' = f(x)(y_p + \frac{1}{z}) + g(x)(y_p + \frac{1}{z})^2 + h(x) +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + -z^{2}y_p' + z' = -z^2\underbrace{(y_{p}f(x) + g(x)y_p^2 + h(x))}_{y_p'} - z(f(x) + 2y_{p}g(x)) - g(x) +\end{equation} +was uns direkt auf eine lineare Differentialgleichung 1.Ordnung führt. +\begin{equation} + z' = -z(f(x) + 2y_{p}g(x)) - g(x) +\end{equation} +Diese kann nun mit den Methoden zur Lösung von linearen Differentialgleichungen 1.Ordnung gelöst werden. +Durch die Rücksubstitution \ref{kra:equation:backsubstitution} erhält man dann die Lösung von \ref{kra:equation:riccati}. + +\subsection{Matrix-Riccati Differentialgleichung} \label{kra:loesung:riccati} +% Lösung matrix riccati +Die Lösung der Matrix-Riccati Gleichung \ref{kra:equation:matrixriccati} erhalten wir nach \cite{kra:kalmanisae} folgendermassen +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:matrixriccati-solution} + \begin{pmatrix} + X(t) \\ + Y(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \Phi(t_0, t) + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) \\ + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + U(t) = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + ^{-1} +\end{equation} +wobei $\Phi(t, t_0)$ die sogenannte Zustandsübergangsmatrix ist. +\begin{equation} + \Phi(t_0, t) = e^{H(t - t_0)} +\end{equation} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/main.tex b/buch/papers/kra/main.tex index fcee25b..a84ebaf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kra/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,12 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Kalman, Riccati und Abel\label{chapter:kra}} -\lhead{Kalman, Riccati und Abel} +\chapter{Riccati Differentialgleichung\label{chapter:kra}} +\lhead{Riccati Differentialgleichung} \begin{refsection} - \chapterauthor{Samuel Niederer} - - Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes - \begin{itemize} - \item - Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. - Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. - \item - Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende - Optionen werden gelöscht. - Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. - \item - Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. - Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen - in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt - anzuwenden. - \item - Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren - Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. - \end{itemize} - - \input{papers/kra/teil0.tex} - \input{papers/kra/teil1.tex} - \input{papers/kra/teil2.tex} - \input{papers/kra/teil3.tex} - - \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] + \chapterauthor{Samuel Niederer} + \input{papers/kra/einleitung.tex} + \input{papers/kra/loesung.tex} + \input{papers/kra/anwendung.tex} + \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex b/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex index df34dcf..56c48d9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,11 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +%\usepackage{physics} +\usepackage[outline]{contour} +\pgfplotsset{compat=1.16} +\usetikzlibrary{patterns} +\usetikzlibrary{snakes} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/kra/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb6541b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,491 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169, xcolor={rgb}]{beamer} + +% style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{booktabs} %toprule midrule bottomrue in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} +\usepackage{textgreek} +\usepackage[rgb]{xcolor} + +\usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % \sout + +\usepackage{ marvosym } % \Lightning + +\usepackage{multimedia} % embedded videos + +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{pgf} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + +%math font +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{KRA} +\subtitle{Kalman Riccati Abel} +\author{Samuel Niederer} +% \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} +% \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} +\date{\today} + +\input{../packages.tex} + +\newcommand*{\QED}{\hfill\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}% + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} +\newcommand{\dt}[0]{\frac{d}{dt}} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc,shapes.geometric, fadings} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{frame} + \titlepage +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Content} + \tableofcontents +\end{frame} + +\section{Einführung} + +\begin{frame} + \begin{itemize} + \item<1|only@1> \textbf{K}alman + \item<1|only@1> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<1|only@1> \textbf{A}bel + + \item<2|only@2> \textcolor{red}{\sout{\textbf{K}alman}} + \item<2|only@2> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<2|only@2> \textbf{A}bel + + \item<3|only@3> \textcolor{red}{\sout{\textbf{K}alman}} \textcolor{green}{Federmassesytem} + \item<3|only@3> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<3|only@3> \textbf{A}bel + + \item<4|only@4> \textcolor{red}{\sout{\textbf{K}alman}} \textcolor{green}{Federmassesytem} + \item<4|only@4> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<4|only@4> \uwave{\textbf{A}bel} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\section{Riccati} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} + \begin{equation*} + % y'(x) = f(x)y^2(x) + g(x)y(x) + h(x) + x'(t) = f(t)x^2(t) + g(t)x(t) + h(t) + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{equation*} + \dot{X}(t) = - X(t)BX(t) - X(t)A + DX(t) + C + \end{equation*} + + % \pause + % Anwendungen + % \begin{itemize} + % \item Zeitkontinuierlicher Kalmanfilter + % \item Regelungstechnik LQ-Regler + % \item Federmassesyteme + % \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Auftreten der Gleichung} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{equation*} + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + X \\ + Y + \end{pmatrix} + = + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + A & B \\ + C & D + \end{pmatrix} + }_{H} + \begin{pmatrix} + X \\ + Y + \end{pmatrix} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{equation*} + U = YX^{-1} \qquad \dt U = ? + \end{equation*} + \end{columns} + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + \dt U & = \dot{Y} X^{-1} + Y \dt X^{-1} \\ + \uncover<4->{ & = (CX + DY) X^{-1} - Y (X^{-1} \dot{X} X^{-1})\\} + \uncover<5->{ & = C\underbrace{XX^{-1}}_\text{I} + D\underbrace{YX^{-1}}_\text{U} - Y(X^{-1} (AX + BY) X^{-1})\\} + \uncover<6->{ & = C + DU - \underbrace{YX^{-1}}_\text{U}(A\underbrace{XX^{-1}}_\text{I} + B\underbrace{YX^{-1}}_\text{U})\\} + \uncover<7->{ & = C + DU - UA - UBU} + \end{align*} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Lösen der Gleichung} + \begin{equation*} + \begin{pmatrix} + X(t) \\ + Y(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \Phi(t_0, t) + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) \\ + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{equation*} + U(t) = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + ^{-1} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + % wobei $\Phi(t, t_0)$ die sogennante Zustandsübergangsmatrix ist. + + \begin{equation*} + \Phi(t_0, t) = e^{H(t - t_0)} + \end{equation*} +\end{frame} + +\section{Federmassystem} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Federmassesystem} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.5 \textwidth} + \input{../images/simple_mass_spring.tex} + + \column{0.5 \textwidth} + \begin{align*} + \uncover<2->{F_R & = k \Delta_x \\} + \uncover<3->{F_a & = am = \ddot{x} m \\} + \uncover<4->{F_R & = F_a \Leftrightarrow k \Delta_x = \ddot{x} m\\} + \uncover<5->{\ddot{x} & = \frac{k \Delta_x}{m} \\} + \uncover<6->{x(t) & = A \cos(\omega_0 + \Phi), \quad \omega_0 = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}} + \end{align*} + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Phasenraum} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.3 \textwidth} + \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3] + \draw[->, thick] (0, 0) -- (1,0) node[right] {$q$}; + \draw[->, thick] (0.5, -0.5) -- (0.5,0.5) node[above]{$p$}; + \end{tikzpicture} + \column{0.7 \textwidth} + Impulskoordinaten $p = (p_{1}, p_{2}, ..., p_{n}), \quad p=mv$ \\ + Ortskoordinaten $q = (q_{1}, q_{2}, ..., q_{n})$ \\ + + + + \begin{align*} + \uncover<2->{\mathcal{H}(q, p) & = \underbrace{T(p)}_{E_{kin}} + \underbrace{V(q)}_{E_{pot}} = E_{tot} \\} + \uncover<3->{ & = \frac{p^2}{2m}+ \frac{k q^2}{2}} + \end{align*} + + + + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<4->{ + \dot{q_{k}} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial p_k} + \qquad + \dot{p_{k}} = -\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial q_k} + } + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<5->{ + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q} \\ + \dot{p} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & \frac{1}{m} \\ + -k & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q \\ + p + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Phasenraum} + \input{../images/phase_space.tex} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Federmassesystem} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.6 \textwidth} + \scalebox{0.8}{\input{../images/multi_mass_spring.tex}} + \begin{align*} + \uncover<2->{\mathcal{H} & = T + V \\} + \uncover<7->{ & = \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} + \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2}} + \end{align*} + + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{align*} + \uncover<3->{T & = T_1 + T_2} \\ + \uncover<5->{ & = \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} } \\ + \uncover<4->{V & = V_1 + V_c + V_2 } \\ + \uncover<6->{ & = \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2}} + \end{align*} + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Federmassesystem} + \begin{equation*} + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q_1} \\ + \dot{q_2} \\ + \dot{p_1} \\ + \dot{p_2} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_1} & 0 \\ + 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_2} \\ + -(k_1 + k_c) & k_c & 0 & 0 \\ + k_c & -(k_c + k_2) & 0 & 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q_1 \\ + q_2 \\ + p_1 \\ + p_2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \Leftrightarrow + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & M \\ + K & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + }_{H} + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + $U = PQ^{-1} \qquad \dt U = ?$ + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + \dt U & = C + DU - UA - UBU \\ + & = K - UMU + \end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Einfluss der Anfangsbedingung:} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<2->{q_0 = + \begin{pmatrix} + q_{10} \\ + q_{20} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 3 \\ + 1 + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<3->{q_0 = + \begin{pmatrix} + q_{10} \\ + q_{20} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 3 \\ + 3 + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<4->{q_0 = + \begin{pmatrix} + q_{10} \\ + q_{20} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 2 \\ + -2 + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + \column{0.6 \textwidth} + \scalebox{0.8}{\input{../images/multi_mass_spring.tex}} + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\section{Schlussteil} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Zusammenfassung} + \begin{itemize} + \pause + \item{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} + \pause + \begin{itemize} + \item{Ausgansgleichung} + \pause + \item{Lösung} + \end{itemize} + \pause + \item{Harmonischer Ozillator} + \pause + \begin{itemize} + \item{Hamiltonfunktion} + \pause + \item{Phasenraum} + \end{itemize} + \pause + \item{Gekoppelter harmonischer Ozillator} + \pause + \begin{itemize} + \item{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} + \pause + \item{Einfluss der Anfangsbedingungen} + \end{itemize} + \pause + \item{\uwave{Abel}} + \begin{itemize} + \pause + \item{Nichtlineare Federkonstante} + \end{itemize} + + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/references.bib b/buch/papers/kra/references.bib index f13c3d8..a9a8ede 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/kra/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,42 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{kra:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@misc{kra:riccati, +title = {Riccatische Differentialgleichung}, +url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccatische_Differentialgleichung}, +date = {2022-05-26} } -@book{kra:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} +@misc{kra:ethz, +author = {Ch. Roduner}, +title = {Die-Riccati-Gleichung}, +url = {https://www.imrtweb.ethz.ch/users/geering/Riccati.pdf}, +date = {2022-05-26} } -@article{kra:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{kra:hamilton, + title = {Hamilton-Funktion}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton-Funktion}, + date = {2022-05-26} } +@misc{kra:kanonischegleichungen, + title = {Kanonische Gleichungen}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonische_Gleichungen}, + date = {2022-05-26} +} + +@misc{kra:newton, + title = {Newtonsche Gesetze}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonsche_Gesetze}, + date = {2022-05-26} +} + +@misc{kra:kalmanisae, + author = {D.Alazard}, + title = {Introduction to Kalman filtering}, + url = {https://pagespro.isae-supaero.fr/IMG/pdf/introKalman_e_151211.pdf}, + date = {2022-05-26} +} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/scripts/animation.py b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/animation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e805ae --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/animation.py @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import matplotlib.patches
+import matplotlib.transforms
+import matplotlib.text
+from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
+import imageio
+
+from simulation import Simulation
+
+
+class Mass:
+ def __init__(self, x_0, width, height, **kwargs):
+ self._x_0 = x_0
+ xy = (x_0, 0)
+ self._rect = matplotlib.patches.Rectangle(xy, width, height, **kwargs)
+
+ @property
+ def patch(self):
+ return self._rect
+
+ @property
+ def x(self):
+ return self._rect.get_x()
+
+ @property
+ def width(self):
+ return self._rect.get_width()
+
+ def move(self, x):
+ self._rect.set_x(self._x_0 + x)
+
+
+class Spring:
+ def __init__(self, n, height, ax, resolution=1000, **kwargs):
+ self._n = n
+ self._height = height
+ self._N = resolution
+ (self._line,) = ax.plot([], [], "-", **kwargs)
+
+ def set(self, x_0, x_1):
+ T = (x_1 - x_0) / self._n
+ x = np.linspace(x_0, x_1, self._N, endpoint=True)
+ t = np.linspace(0, x_1 - x_0, self._N)
+ y = (np.sin(2 * np.pi * t / T) + 1.5) * self._height / 2
+ self.line.set_data(x, y)
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self._line
+
+
+class LinePlot:
+ def __init__(self, ax, **kwargs):
+ (self._line,) = ax.plot([], [], "-", **kwargs)
+ self._x = []
+ self._y = []
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self._line
+
+ def update(self, x, y):
+ self._x.append(x)
+ self._y.append(y)
+ self._line.set_data(self._x, self._y)
+
+
+class ScatterPlot:
+ def __init__(self, ax, **kwargs):
+ self._color = kwargs.get("color", "tab:green")
+ self._line = ax.scatter([], [], **kwargs)
+ self._ax = ax
+ self._x = []
+ self._y = []
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self._line
+
+ def update(self, x, y, **kwargs):
+ self._x.append(x)
+ self._y.append(y)
+ self._line.remove()
+ self._line = self._ax.scatter(self._x, self._y, color=self._color, **kwargs)
+
+
+class QuiverPlot:
+ def __init__(self, ax, **kwargs):
+ self.x = []
+ self.y = []
+ self.u = []
+ self.v = []
+ self.ax = ax
+ self.ln = self.ax.quiver([], [], [], [])
+
+ def update(self, x, y, u, v):
+ self.x.append(x)
+ self.y.append(y)
+ self.u.append(u)
+ self.v.append(v)
+ self.ln.remove()
+ self.ln = self.ax.quiver(self.x, self.y, self.u, self.v)
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self.ln
+
+
+anim_folder = "anim_0"
+img_counter = 0
+
+sim = Simulation()
+params = {
+ "x_0": [2, -2],
+ "k_1": 1,
+ "k_c": 2,
+ "k_2": 1,
+ "m_1": 0.5,
+ "m_2": 0.5,
+}
+
+time = 2.1
+
+
+# create axis
+fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15), constrained_layout=True)
+fig.suptitle(
+ " ,".join([f"${key} = {val}$" for (key, val) in params.items()]), fontsize=20
+)
+spec = fig.add_gridspec(3, 4)
+ax0 = fig.add_subplot(spec[-1, :])
+ax1 = fig.add_subplot(spec[:-1, :2])
+ax2 = fig.add_subplot(spec[:-1, 2:])
+
+ax0.set_yticks([])
+
+mass_height = 0.5
+spring_height = 0.6 * mass_height
+x_max = 21
+y_max = 2 * mass_height
+
+mass_1 = Mass(
+ 7,
+ 2,
+ mass_height,
+ color="tab:red",
+)
+mass_2 = Mass(14, 2, mass_height, color="tab:blue")
+masses = [mass_1, mass_2]
+patches = [mass.patch for mass in masses]
+
+spring_1 = Spring(4, spring_height, ax0, color="tab:red", linewidth=10)
+spring_2 = Spring(4, spring_height, ax0, color="tab:gray", linewidth=10)
+spring_3 = Spring(4, spring_height, ax0, color="tab:blue", linewidth=10)
+springs = [spring_1, spring_2, spring_3]
+
+linePlot_1 = LinePlot(ax1, color="tab:red", label="$m_1$", alpha=1)
+linePlot_2 = LinePlot(ax1, color="tab:blue", label="$m_2$", alpha=1)
+linePlots = [linePlot_1, linePlot_2]
+
+# quiverPlot = QuiverPlot(ax2)
+scatterPlot = ScatterPlot(ax2)
+
+lines = [spring.line for spring in springs]
+lines.extend([plot.line for plot in linePlots])
+# lines.append(quiverPlot.line)
+lines.append(scatterPlot.line)
+
+objects = lines + patches
+
+ax0.plot(
+ np.repeat(mass_1.x, 2),
+ [0, y_max],
+ "--",
+ color="tab:red",
+ label="Ruhezustand $m_1$",
+)
+ax0.plot(
+ np.repeat(mass_2.x, 2),
+ [0, y_max],
+ "--",
+ color="tab:blue",
+ label="Ruhezustand $m_2$",
+)
+
+
+def init():
+ ax0.set_xlim(0, x_max)
+ ax0.set_ylim(0, y_max)
+
+ ax1.set_xlim(0, time)
+ ax1.set_ylim(-4, 4)
+ ax1.set_xlabel("time", fontsize=20)
+ ax1.set_ylabel("$q$", fontsize=20)
+
+ ax2.set_xlim(-4, 4)
+ ax2.set_ylim(-4, 4)
+ ax2.set_xlabel("$q_1$", fontsize=20)
+ ax2.set_ylabel("$q_2$", fontsize=20)
+
+ for patch in patches:
+ ax0.add_patch(patch)
+
+ spring_1.set(0, mass_1.x)
+ spring_2.set(mass_1.x + mass_1.width, mass_2.x)
+ spring_2.set(mass_2.x + mass_2.width, x_max)
+
+ return objects
+
+
+def update(frame):
+ global img_counter
+ x_1, x_2 = sim(frame, **params)
+
+ mass_1.move(x_1)
+ mass_2.move(x_2)
+
+ spring_1.set(0, mass_1.x)
+ spring_2.set(mass_1.x + mass_1.width, mass_2.x)
+ spring_3.set(mass_2.x + mass_2.width, x_max)
+
+ linePlot_1.update(frame, x_1)
+ linePlot_2.update(frame, x_2)
+
+ scatterPlot.update(x_1, x_2, alpha=0.25)
+
+ img_counter += 1
+ return objects
+
+
+anim = FuncAnimation(
+ fig,
+ update,
+ frames=np.linspace(0, time, int(time * 30)),
+ init_func=init,
+ blit=False,
+)
+
+ax0.legend(fontsize=20)
+ax1.legend(fontsize=20)
+FFwriter = matplotlib.animation.FFMpegWriter(fps=30)
+anim.save("animation.mp4", writer=FFwriter)
diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/scripts/simulation.py b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/simulation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bccb6a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/simulation.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +import sympy as sp
+
+
+class Simulation:
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.k_1, self.k_2, self.k_c = sp.symbols("k_1 k_2 k_c")
+ self.m_1, self.m_2 = sp.symbols("m_1 m_2")
+ self.t = sp.symbols("t")
+ K = sp.Matrix(
+ [[-(self.k_1 + self.k_c), self.k_c], [self.k_c, -(self.k_2 + self.k_c)]]
+ )
+ M = sp.Matrix([[1 / self.m_1, 0], [0, 1 / self.m_2]])
+ A = M * K
+
+ self.eigenvecs = []
+ self.eigenvals = []
+ for ev, mult, vecs in A.eigenvects():
+ self.eigenvecs.append(sp.Matrix(vecs))
+ self.eigenvals.extend([ev] * mult)
+
+ def __call__(self, t, x_0, k_1, k_c, k_2, m_1, m_2):
+ params = {
+ self.k_1: k_1,
+ self.k_c: k_c,
+ self.k_2: k_2,
+ self.m_1: m_1,
+ self.m_2: m_2,
+ }
+ x_0 = sp.Matrix(x_0)
+ eig_mat = sp.Matrix.hstack(*self.eigenvecs).subs(params)
+ g = eig_mat.inv() * x_0
+ L = sp.Matrix(
+ [
+ g[0] * sp.cos(self.eigenvals[0].subs(params) * self.t),
+ g[1] * sp.cos(self.eigenvals[1].subs(params) * self.t),
+ ]
+ )
+ x = eig_mat * L
+ f = sp.lambdify(self.t, x, "numpy")
+ return f(t).squeeze()
diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index d06a055..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{kra:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{kra:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 0c0977d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{kra:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{kra:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kra:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{kra:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{kra:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 249f078..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{kra:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kra:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 2515c7d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{kra:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kra:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2f227e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell: + +\section{Applications} + +\subsection{Electroencephalography (EEG)} + +\subsection{Measuring Gravitational Fields} + +\subsection{Quantisation of Angular Momentum} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b09e9c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=78: + +\section{Introduction} + +This chapter of the book is devoted to the sef of functions called +\emph{spherical harmonics}. However, before we dive into the topic, we want to +make a few preliminary remarks to avoid ``upsetting'' a certain type of +reader. Specifically, we would like to specify that the authors of this +chapter not mathematicians but engineers, and therefore the text will not be +always complete with sound proofs after every claim. Instead we will go +through the topic in a more intuitive way including rigorous proofs only if +they are enlightening or when they are very short. Where no proofs are given +we will try to give an intuition for why it is true. + +That being said, when talking about spherical harmonics one could start by +describing their name. The latter may be a cause of some confusion because of +the misleading translations in other languages. In German the name for this +set of functions is ``Kugelfunktionen'', which puts the emphasis only on the +spherical context, whereas the English name ``spherical harmonics'' also +contains the \emph{harmonic} part hinting at Fourier theories and harmonic +analysis in general. + +The structure of this chapter is organized in the following way. First, we +will quickly go through some fundamental linear algebra and Fourier theory to +refresh a few important concepts. In principle, we could have written the +whole thing starting from a much more abstract level without much preparation, +but then we would have lost some of the beauty that comes from the +appreciation of the power of some surprisingly simple ideas. Then once the +basics are done, we can explore the main topic of spherical harmonics which as +we will see arises from the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian operator in +spherical coordinates. Finally, after studying what we think are the most +beautiful and interesting properties of the spherical harmonics, to conclude +this journey we will present a few real-world applications, which are of +course most of interest for engineers. + diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex index 06368af..98d9cb2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex @@ -1,39 +1,20 @@ -% +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et: % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <kugel> % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Recurrence Relations for Spherical Harmonics in Quantum Mechanics\label{chapter:kugel}} -\lhead{Recurrence Relations in Quantum Mechanics} +\begin{otherlanguage}{english} +\chapter{Spherical Harmonics\label{chapter:kugel}} +\lhead{Spherical Harmonics} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Manuel Cattaneo, Naoki Pross} -\begin{verbatim} - -Ideas and current research goals --------------------------------- - -- Recurrence relations for spherical harmonics -- Associated Legendre polynomials -- Rodrigues' type formula aka Rodrigues' formula -- Applications: - * Quantization of angular momentum - * Gravitational field measurements (NASA ebb and flow, ESA goce) - * Literally anything that needs basis functions on the surface of a sphere - -Literature ----------- - -- Nichtkommutative Bildverarbeitung, T. Mendez, p57+ -- Linear Algebra Done Right, S. Axler, p212,221,231,237 -- Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D. J. Griffith, p201+ -- Seminar Quantenmechanik, A. Müller, p101,106,114,121 -- Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, J. Oliver, p510+ -- Partial Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, K. Miller, p175,190 - -\end{verbatim} - +\input{papers/kugel/introduction} +\input{papers/kugel/preliminaries} +\input{papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics} +\input{papers/kugel/applications} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} +\end{otherlanguage} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03cd421 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex @@ -0,0 +1,346 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=78: + +\section{Preliminaries} + +The purpose of this section is to dust off some concepts that will become +important later on. This will enable us to be able to get a richer and more +general view of the topic than just liming ourselves to a specific example. + +\subsection{Vectors and inner product spaces} + +We shall start with a few fundamentals of linear algebra. We will mostly work +with complex numbers, but for the sake of generality we will do what most +textbook do, and write \(\mathbb{K}\) instead of \(\mathbb{C}\) since the +theory works the same when we replace \(\mathbb{K}\) with the real +numbers \(\mathbb{R}\). + +\begin{definition}[Vector space] + \label{kugel:def:vector-space} \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + A \emph{vector space} over a field \(\mathbb{K}\) is a set \(V\) with an + addition on \(V\) and a multiplication on \(V\) such that the following + properties hold: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item (Commutativity) \(u + v = v + u\) for all \(u, v \in V\); + \item (Associativity) \((u + v) + w = u + (v + w)\) and \((ab)v = a(bv)\) + for all \(u, v, w \in V\) and \(a, b \in \mathbb{K}\); + \item (Additive identity) There exists an element \(0 \in V\) such that + \(v + 0 = v\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Additive inverse) For every \(v \in V\), there exists a \(w \in V\) + such that \(v + w = 0\); + \item (Multiplicative identity) \(1 v = v\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Distributive properties) \(a(u + v) = au + av\) and \((a + b)v = av + + bv\) for all \(a, b \in \mathbb{K}\) and all \(u,v \in V\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +\begin{definition}[Dot product] + \label{kugel:def:dot-product} + In the vector field \(\mathbb{K}^n\) the scalar or dot product between two + vectors \(u, v \in \mathbb{K}^n\) is + \( + u \cdot v + = u_1 \overline{v}_1 + u_2 \overline{v}_2 + \cdots + u_n \overline{v}_n + = \sum_{i=1}^n u_i \overline{v}_i. + \) +\end{definition} + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Span] +\end{definition} + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Linear independence] +\end{definition} + + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Basis] +\end{definition} + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Inner product] + \label{kugel:def:inner-product} \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + The \emph{inner product} on \(V\) is a function that takes each ordered pair + \((u, v)\) of elements of \(V\) to a number \(\langle u, v \rangle \in + \mathbb{K}\) and has the following properties: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item (Positivity) \(\langle v, v \rangle \geq 0\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Definiteness) \(\langle v, v \rangle = 0\) iff \(v = 0\); + \item (Additivity) \( + \langle u + v, w \rangle = + \langle u, w \rangle + \langle v, w \rangle + \) for all \(u, v, w \in V\); + \item (Homogeneity) \( + \langle \lambda u, v \rangle = + \lambda \langle u, v \rangle + \) for all \(\lambda \in \mathbb{K}\) and all \(u, v \in V\); + \item (Conjugate symmetry) + \(\langle u, v \rangle = \overline{\langle v, u \rangle}\) for all + \(u, v \in V\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +This newly introduced inner product is thus a generalization of the scalar +product that does not explicitly depend on rows or columns of vectors. This +has the interesting consequence that anything that behaves according to the +rules given in definition \ref{kugel:def:inner-product} \emph{is} an inner +product. For example if we say that the vector space \(V = \mathbb{R}^n\), +then the dot product defined in definition \ref{kugel:def:dot-product} +\( + u \cdot v = u_1 \overline{v}_1 + u_2 \overline{v}_2 + \cdots + u_n \overline{v}_n +\) +is an inner product in \(V\), and the two are said to form an \emph{inner +product space}. + +\begin{definition}[Inner product space] + \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + An inner product space is a vector space \(V\) equipped with an inner + product on \(V\). +\end{definition} + +How about a more interesting example: the set of continuous complex valued +functions on the interval \([0; 1]\) can behave like vectors. Functions can +be added, subtracted, multiplied with scalars, are associative and there is +even the identity element (zero function \(f(x) = 0\)), so we can create an +inner product +\[ + \langle f, g \rangle = \int_0^1 f(x) \overline{g(x)} \, dx, +\] +which will indeed satisfy all of the rules for an inner product (in fact this +is called the Hermitian inner product\nocite{allard_mathematics_2009}). If +this last step sounds too good to be true, you are right, because it is not +quite so simple. The problem that we have swept under the rug here is +convergence, which any student who took an analysis class will know is a +rather hairy question. We will not need to go too much into the details since +formally discussing convergence is definitely beyond the scope of this text, +however, for our purposes we will still need to dig a little deeper for a few +more paragraph. + +\subsection{Convergence} + +In the last section we hinted that we can create ``infinite-dimensional'' +vector spaces using functions as vectors, and inner product spaces by +integrating the product of two functions of said vector space. However, there +is a problem with convergence which twofold: the obvious problem is that the +integral of the inner product may not always converge, while the second is a +bit more subtle and will be discussed later. The inner product that does +not converge is a problem because we want a \emph{norm}. + +\begin{definition}[\(L^2\) Norm] + \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + The norm of a vector \(v\) of an inner product space is a number + denoted as \(\| v \|\) that is computed by \(\| v \| = \sqrt{\langle v, v + \rangle}\). +\end{definition} + +In \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with the dot product (Euclidian space) the norm is the +geometric length of a vector, while in a more general inner product space the +norm can be thought of as a more abstract measure of ``length''. In any case +it is rather important that the expression \(\sqrt{\langle v, v \rangle}\), +which when using functions \(f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{C}\) becomes +\[ + \sqrt{\langle f, f \rangle} = + \sqrt{\int_\mathbb{R} f(x) \overline{f(x)} \, dx} = + \sqrt{\int_\mathbb{R} |f(x)|^2 \, dx}, +\] +always exists. So, to fix this problems we do what mathematicians do best: +make up the solution. Since the integrand under the square root is always the +square of the magnitude, we can just specify that the functions must be +\emph{absolutely square integrable}. To be more compact it is common to just +write \(f \in L^2\), where \(L^2\) denotes the set of absolutely square +integrable functions. + +Now we can tackle the second (much more difficult) problem of convergence +mentioned at the beginning. Using the technical jargon, we need that our inner +product space is what is called a \emph{complete metric space}, which just +means that we can measure distances. For the more motivated readers although +not really necessary we can also give a more formal definition, the others can +skip to the next section. + +\begin{definition}[Metric space] + \nocite{tao_analysis_2016} + A metric space \((X, d)\) is a space \(X\) of objects (called points), + together with a distance function or metric \(d: X \times X \to [0, + +\infty)\), which associates to each pair \(x, y\) of points in \(X\) a + non-negative real number \(d(x, y) \geq 0\). Furthermore, the metric must + satisfy the following four axioms: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item For any \(x\in X\), we have \(d(x, x) = 0\). + \item (Positivity) For any \emph{distinct} \(x, y \in X\), we have + \(d(x,y) > 0\). + \item (Symmetry) For any \(x,y \in X\), we have \(d(x, y) = d(y, x)\). + \item (Triangle inequality) For any \(x, y, z \in X\) we have + \(d(x, z) \leq d(x, y) + d(y, z)\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +As is seen in the definition metric spaces are a very abstract concept and +rely on rather weak statements, which makes them very general. Now, the more +intimidating part is the \emph{completeness} which is defined as follows. + +\begin{definition}[Complete metric space] + \label{kugel:def:complete-metric-space} + A metric space \((X, d)\) is said to be \emph{complete} iff every Cauchy + sequence in \((X, d)\) is convergent in \((X, d)\). +\end{definition} + +To fully explain definition \ref{kugel:def:complete-metric-space} it would +take a few more pages, which would get a bit too heavy. So instead we will +give an informal explanation through an counterexample to get a feeling of +what is actually happening. Cauchy sequences is a rather fancy name for a +sequence for example of numbers that keep changing, but in a such a way that +at some point the change keeps getting smaller (the infamous +\(\varepsilon-\delta\) definition). For example consider the sequence of +numbers +\[ + 1, + 1.4, + 1.41, + 1.414, + 1.4142, + 1.41421, + \ldots +\] +in the metric space \((\mathbb{Q}, d)\) with \(d(x, y) = |x - y|\). Each +element of this sequence can be written with some fraction in \(\mathbb{Q}\), +but in \(\mathbb{R}\) the sequence is converging towards the number +\(\sqrt{2}\). However, \(\sqrt{2} \notin \mathbb{Q}\). Since we can find a +sequence of fractions whose distance's limit is not in \(\mathbb{Q}\), the +metric space \((\mathbb{Q}, d)\) is \emph{not} complete. Conversely, +\((\mathbb{R}, d)\) is a complete metric space since \(\sqrt{2} \in +\mathbb{R}\). + +Of course the analogy above also applies to vectors, i.e. if in an inner +product space \(V\) over a field \(\mathbb{K}\) all sequences of vectors have +a distance that is always in \(\mathbb{K}\), then \(V\) is also a complete +metric space. In the jargon, this particular case is what is known as a +Hilbert space, after the incredibly influential German mathematician David +Hilbert. + +\begin{definition}[Hilbert space] + A Hilbert space is a vector space \(H\) with an inner product \(\langle f, g + \rangle\) and a norm \(\sqrt{\langle f, f \rangle}\) defined such that \(H\) + turns into a complete metric space. +\end{definition} + +\subsection{Orthogonal basis and Fourier series} + +Now we finally have almost everything we need to get into the domain of +Fourier theory from the perspective of linear algebra. However, we still need +to briefly discuss the matter of orthogonality\footnote{See chapter +\ref{buch:chapter:orthogonalitaet} for more on orthogonality.} and +periodicity. Both should be very straightforward and already well known. + +\begin{definition}[Orthogonality and orthonormality] + \label{kugel:def:orthogonality} + In an inner product space \(V\) two vectors \(u, v \in V\) are said to be + \emph{orthogonal} if \(\langle u, v \rangle = 0\). Further, if both \(u\) + and \(v\) are of unit length, i.e. \(\| u \| = 1\) and \(\| v \| = 1\), then + they are said to be ortho\emph{normal}. +\end{definition} + +\begin{definition}[1-periodic function and \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\)] + A function is said to be 1-periodic if \(f(x + 1) = f(x)\). The set of + 1-periodic function from the real to the complex + numbers is denoted by \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\). +\end{definition} + +In the definition above the notation \(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}\) was borrowed +from group theory, and is what is known as a quotient group; Not really +relevant for our discussion but still a ``good to know''. More importantly, it +is worth noting that we could have also defined more generally \(L\)-periodic +functions with \(L\in\mathbb{R}\), however, this would introduce a few ugly +\(L\)'s everywhere which are not really necessary (it will always be possible +to extend the theorems to \(\mathbb{R} / L\mathbb{Z}\)). Thus, we will +continue without the \(L\)'s, and to simplify the language unless specified +otherwise ``periodic'' will mean 1-periodic. Having said that, we can +officially begin with the Fourier theory. + +\begin{lemma} + The subset of absolutely square integrable functions in + \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\) together with the Hermitian inner + product + \[ + \langle f, g \rangle = \int_{[0; 1)} f(x) \overline{g(x)} \, dx + \] + form a Hilbert space. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + It is not too difficult to show that the functions in \(C(\mathbb{R} / + \mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\) are well behaved and form a vector space. Thus, + what remains is that the norm needs to form a complete metric space. + However, this follows from the fact that we defined the functions to be + absolutely square integrable\footnote{For the curious on why, it is because + \(L^2\) is what is known as a \emph{compact metric space}, and compact + metric spaces are always complete (see \cite{eck_metric_2022, + tao_analysis_2016}). To explain compactness and the relationship between + compactness and completeness is definitely beyond the goals of this text.}. +\end{proof} + +This was probably not a very satisfactory proof since we brushed off a lot of +details by referencing other theorems. However, the main takeaway should be +that we have ``constructed'' this new Hilbert space of functions in a such a +way that from now on we will not have to worry about the details of +convergence. + +\begin{lemma} + \label{kugel:lemma:exp-1d} + The set of functions \(E_n(x) = e^{i2\pi nx}\) on the interval + \([0; 1)\) with \(n \in \mathbb{Z} \) are orthonormal. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + We need to show that \(\langle E_m, E_n \rangle\) equals 1 when \(m = n\) + and zero otherwise. This is a straightforward computation: We start by + unpacking the notation to get + \[ + \langle E_m, E_n \rangle + = \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi mx} e^{- i2\pi nx} \, dx + = \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi (m - n)x} \, dx, + \] + then inside the integrand we can see that when \(m = n\) we have \(e^0 = 1\) and + thus \( \int_0^1 dx = 1, \) while when \(m \neq n\) we can just say that we + have a new non-zero integer + \(k := m - n\) and + \[ + \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi kx} \, dx + = \frac{e^{i2\pi k} - e^{0}}{i2\pi k} + = \frac{1 - 1}{i2\pi k} + = 0 + \] + as desired. \qedhere +\end{proof} + +\begin{definition}[Spectrum] +\end{definition} + +\begin{theorem}[Fourier Theorem] + \[ + \lim_{N \to \infty} \left \| + f(x) - \sum_{n = -N}^N \hat{f}(n) E_n(x) + \right \|_2 = 0 + \] +\end{theorem} + +\begin{lemma} + The set of functions \(E_{m, n}(\xi, \eta) = e^{i2\pi m\xi}e^{i2\pi n\eta}\) + on the square \([0; 1)^2\) with \(m, n \in \mathbb{Z} \) are orthonormal. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + The proof is almost identical to lemma \ref{kugel:lemma:exp-1d}, with the + only difference that the inner product is given by + \[ + \langle E_{m,n}, E_{m', n'} \rangle + = \iint_{[0;1)^2} + E_{m, n}(\xi, \eta) \overline{E_{m', n'} (\xi, \eta)} + \, d\xi d\eta + .\qedhere + \] +\end{proof} + +\subsection{Laplacian operator} + +\subsection{Eigenvalue Problem} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib b/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib index 013da60..b74c5cd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib @@ -1,35 +1,195 @@ -% -% references.bib -- Bibliography file for the paper kugel -% -% (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil -% - -@online{kugel:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{kugel:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{kugel:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} + +@article{carvalhaes_surface_2015, + title = {The surface Laplacian technique in {EEG}: Theory and methods}, + volume = {97}, + issn = {01678760}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167876015001749}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.023}, + shorttitle = {The surface Laplacian technique in {EEG}}, + pages = {174--188}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, + shortjournal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, + author = {Carvalhaes, Claudio and de Barros, J. Acacio}, + urldate = {2022-05-16}, + date = {2015-09}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Submitted Version:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/SN4YUNQC/Carvalhaes and de Barros - 2015 - The surface Laplacian technique in EEG Theory and.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@video{minutephysics_better_2021, + title = {A Better Way To Picture Atoms}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2Xb2GFK2yc}, + abstract = {Thanks to Google for sponsoring a portion of this video! +Support {MinutePhysics} on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics + +This video is about using Bohmian trajectories to visualize the wavefunctions of hydrogen orbitals, rendered in 3D using custom python code in Blender. + +{REFERENCES} +A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I +David Bohm, Physical Review, Vol 85 No. 2, January 15, 1952 + +Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics +J. S. Bell + +Trajectory construction of Dirac evolution +Peter Holland + +The de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and its Application to some Simple Systems by Caroline Colijn + +Bohmian Trajectories as the Foundation of Quantum Mechanics +http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.2666v1 + +The Pilot-Wave Perspective on Quantum Scattering and Tunneling +http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.7265v2 + +A Quantum Potential Description of One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Scattering From Square Barriers and Square Wells +Dewdney, Foundations of Physics, {VoL} 12, No. 1, 1982 + +Link to Patreon Supporters: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters/ + +{MinutePhysics} is on twitter - @minutephysics +And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics + +Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! + +Created by Henry Reich}, + author = {{minutephysics}}, + urldate = {2022-05-19}, + date = {2021-05-19}, +} + +@article{ries_role_2013, + title = {Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in speech monitoring}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1662-5161}, + url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00703/abstract}, + doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00703}, + journaltitle = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, + shortjournal = {Front. Hum. Neurosci.}, + author = {Riès, Stephanie K. and Xie, Kira and Haaland, Kathleen Y. and Dronkers, Nina F. and Knight, Robert T.}, + urldate = {2022-05-16}, + date = {2013}, + file = {Full Text:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/W7KTJB8E/Riès et al. - 2013 - Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in speech mo.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@online{saylor_academy_atomic_2012, + title = {Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies}, + url = {http://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-chemistry-principles-patterns-and-applications-v1.0/s10-05-atomic-orbitals-and-their-ener.html}, + author = {{Saylor Academy}}, + urldate = {2022-05-30}, + date = {2012}, + file = {Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/LJ8DM3YI/s10-05-atomic-orbitals-and-their-ener.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{schmitz_using_2012, + location = {Santa Clara, {CA}, {USA}}, + title = {Using spherical harmonics for modeling antenna patterns}, + isbn = {978-1-4577-1155-8 978-1-4577-1153-4 978-1-4577-1154-1}, + url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6175298/}, + doi = {10.1109/RWS.2012.6175298}, + eventtitle = {2012 {IEEE} Radio and Wireless Symposium ({RWS})}, + pages = {155--158}, + booktitle = {2012 {IEEE} Radio and Wireless Symposium}, + publisher = {{IEEE}}, + author = {Schmitz, Arne and Karolski, Thomas and Kobbelt, Leif}, + urldate = {2022-05-16}, + date = {2012-01}, +} + +@online{allard_mathematics_2009, + title = {Mathematics 203-204 - Basic Analysis I-{II}}, + url = {https://services.math.duke.edu/~wka/math204/}, + author = {Allard, William K.}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Mathematics 203-204 - Basic Analysis I-II:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/LJISXBCM/math204.html:text/html}, +} + +@book{olver_introduction_2013, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Introduction to partial differential equations}, + isbn = {978-3-319-02098-3}, + publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media, {LLC}}, + author = {Olver, Peter J.}, + date = {2013}, +} + +@book{miller_partial_2020, + location = {Mineola, New York}, + title = {Partial differential equations in engineering problems}, + isbn = {978-0-486-84329-2}, + abstract = {"Requiring only an elementary knowledge of ordinary differential equations, this concise text begins by deriving common partial differential equations associated with vibration, heat flow, electricity, and elasticity. The treatment discusses and applies the techniques of Fourier analysis to these equations and extends the discussion to the Fourier integral. Final chapters discuss Legendre, Bessel, and Mathieu functions and the general structure of differential operators"--}, + publisher = {Dover Publications, Inc}, + author = {Miller, Kenneth S.}, + date = {2020}, + keywords = {Differential equations, Partial}, +} + +@book{asmar_complex_2018, + location = {Cham}, + title = {Complex analysis with applications}, + isbn = {978-3-319-94062-5}, + series = {Undergraduate texts in mathematics}, + pagetotal = {494}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Asmar, Nakhlé H. and Grafakos, Loukas}, + date = {2018}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-94063-2}, + file = {Table of Contents PDF:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/G2Q2RDFU/Asmar and Grafakos - 2018 - Complex analysis with applications.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{adkins_ordinary_2012, + location = {New York}, + title = {Ordinary differential equations}, + isbn = {978-1-4614-3617-1}, + series = {Undergraduate texts in mathematics}, + pagetotal = {799}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Adkins, William A. and Davidson, Mark G.}, + date = {2012}, + keywords = {Differential equations}, +} + +@book{griffiths_introduction_2015, + title = {Introduction to electrodynamics}, + isbn = {978-93-325-5044-5}, + author = {Griffiths, David J}, + date = {2015}, + note = {{OCLC}: 965197645}, +} + +@book{tao_analysis_2016, + title = {Analysis 2}, + isbn = {978-981-10-1804-6}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1804-6}, + author = {Tao, Terence}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2016}, + note = {{OCLC}: 965325026}, +} + +@book{axler_linear_2015, + location = {Cham}, + title = {Linear Algebra Done Right}, + isbn = {978-3-319-11079-0 978-3-319-11080-6}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-11080-6}, + series = {Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + author = {Axler, Sheldon}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2015}, + langid = {english}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-11080-6}, + file = {Submitted Version:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/3Y8MX74N/Axler - 2015 - Linear Algebra Done Right.pdf:application/pdf}, } +@online{eck_metric_2022, + title = {Metric Spaces: Completeness}, + url = {https://math.hws.edu/eck/metric-spaces/completeness.html}, + titleaddon = {Math 331: Foundations of Analysis}, + author = {Eck, David J.}, + urldate = {2022-08-01}, + date = {2022}, + file = {Metric Spaces\: Completeness:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/5JYEE8NF/completeness.html:text/html}, +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b23ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell: + +\section{Spherical Harmonics} + +\subsection{Eigenvalue Problem in Spherical Coordinates} + +\subsection{Properties} + +\subsection{Recurrence Relations} + +\section{Series Expansions in \(C(S^2)\)} + +\nocite{olver_introduction_2013} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile index 0f0985a..85a1b83 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile @@ -3,9 +3,42 @@ # # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # +IMGFOLDER := images +PRESFOLDER := presentation -images: images/laguerre_polynomes.pdf +FIGURES := \ + images/targets.pdf \ + images/rel_error_complex.pdf \ + images/estimates.pdf \ + images/integrand.pdf \ + images/integrand_exp.pdf \ + images/laguerre_poly.pdf \ + images/rel_error_mirror.pdf \ + images/rel_error_range.pdf \ + images/rel_error_shifted.pdf \ + images/rel_error_simple.pdf \ + images/gammaplot.pdf -images/laguerre_polynomes.pdf: scripts/laguerre_plot.py - python3 scripts/laguerre_plot.py +.PHONY: all +all: images presentation +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +.PHONY: presentation +presentation: $(PRESFOLDER)/presentation.pdf + +images/%.pdf images/%.pgf: scripts/%.py scripts/gamma_approx.py + python3 $< + +images/gammaplot.pdf: images/gammaplot.tex images/gammapaths.tex + cd $(IMGFOLDER) && latexmk -quiet -pdf gammaplot.tex + +$(PRESFOLDER)/%.pdf: $(PRESFOLDER)/%.tex $(FIGURES) + cd $(PRESFOLDER) && latexmk -quiet -pdf $(<F) + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + rm $(FIGURES) + cd $(IMGFOLDER) && latexmk -C + cd $(PRESFOLDER) && latexmk -C
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc index 12b0935..39b5d6f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc @@ -10,6 +10,4 @@ dependencies-laguerre = \ papers/laguerre/definition.tex \ papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex \ papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex \ - papers/laguerre/gamma.tex - - + papers/laguerre/gamma.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex index d111f6f..61549e0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex @@ -3,35 +3,58 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Definition +\section{Herleitung% + % \section{Einleitung + % \section{Definition \label{laguerre:section:definition}} -\rhead{Definition} -Die verallgemeinerte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung ist gegeben durch +\rhead{Definition}% +In einem ersten Schritt möchten wir die Laguerre-Polynome +aus der Laguerre-\-Differentialgleichung herleiten. +Zudem werden wir die Lösung auf die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome ausweiten. +Im Anschluss soll dann noch die Orthogonalität dieser Polynome bewiesen werden. + +\subsection{Assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} +Die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung ist gegeben durch \begin{align} x y''(x) + (\nu + 1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) = 0 , \quad -n \in \mathbb{N}_0 +n \in \mathbb{N} , \quad x \in \mathbb{R} -. \label{laguerre:dgl} +. \end{align} +Spannenderweise wurde die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung +zuerst von Yacovlevich Sonine (1849 - 1915) beschrieben, +aber aufgrund ihrer Ähnlichkeit nach Laguerre benannt. Die klassische Laguerre-Diffentialgleichung erhält man, wenn $\nu = 0$. -Hier wird die verallgemeinerte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung verwendet, -weil die Lösung mit der selben Methode berechnet werden kann, -aber man zusätzlich die Lösung für den allgmeinen Fall erhält. -Zur Lösung der Gleichung \eqref{laguerre:dgl} verwenden wir einen -Potenzreihenansatz. -Da wir bereits wissen, dass die Lösung orthogonale Polynome sind, -erscheint dieser Ansatz sinnvoll. -Setzt man nun den Ansatz + +\subsection{Potenzreihenansatz% +\label{laguerre:subsection:potenzreihenansatz}} +Hier wird die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung verwendet, +weil die Lösung mit derselben Methode berechnet werden kann. +Zusätzlich erhält man aber die Lösung für den allgmeinen Fall. +Wir stellen die Vermutung auf, +dass die Lösungen orthogonale Polynome sind. +Die Orthogonalität der Lösung werden wir im +Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal} beweisen. +Zur Lösung von \eqref{laguerre:dgl} verwenden wir aufgrund +der getroffenen Vermutungen einen Potenzreihenansatz. +Der Potenzreihenansatz ist gegeben als +% Da wir bereits wissen, +% dass die Lösung orthogonale Polynome sind, +% erscheint dieser Ansatz sinnvoll. \begin{align*} y(x) & = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k -\\ +% \\ +. +\end{align*} +Für die 1. und 2. Ableitungen erhalten wir +\begin{align*} y'(x) & = \sum_{k=1}^\infty k a_k x^{k-1} @@ -43,8 +66,16 @@ y''(x) \sum_{k=2}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k-2} = \sum_{k=1}^\infty (k+1) k a_{k+1} x^{k-1} +. \end{align*} -in die Differentialgleichung ein, erhält man: + +\subsection{Lösen der Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} +Setzt man nun den Potenzreihenansatz in +\eqref{laguerre:dgl} +%die Differentialgleichung +ein, +% erhält man +resultiert \begin{align*} \sum_{k=1}^\infty (k+1) k a_{k+1} x^k + @@ -61,18 +92,21 @@ n \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k 0. \end{align*} Daraus lässt sich die Rekursionsbeziehung -\begin{align*} +\begin{align} a_{k+1} & = \frac{k-n}{(k+1) (k + \nu + 1)} a_k -\end{align*} +\label{laguerre:rekursion} +\end{align} ableiten. Für ein konstantes $n$ erhalten wir als Potenzreihenlösung ein Polynom vom Grad $n$, denn für $k=n$ wird $a_{n+1} = 0$ und damit auch $a_{n+2}=a_{n+3}=\ldots=0$. -Aus der Rekursionsbeziehung ist zudem ersichtlich, +Aus %der Rekursionsbeziehung +\eqref{laguerre:rekursion} ist zudem ersichtlich, dass $a_0 \neq 0$ beliebig gewählt werden kann. -Wählen wir nun $a_0 = 1$, dann folgt für die Koeffizienten $a_1, a_2, a_3$ +Wählen wir nun $a_0 = 1$, dann folgt für die Koeffizienten +% $a_1, a_2, a_3$ \begin{align*} a_1 = @@ -102,8 +136,10 @@ k & >n: & a_k & = -0. +0 +. \end{align*} +Die Koeffizienten wechseln also für $k \leq n$ das Vorzeichen. Somit erhalten wir für $\nu = 0$ die Laguerre-Polynome \begin{align} L_n(x) @@ -111,29 +147,45 @@ L_n(x) \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k \label{laguerre:polynom} \end{align} -und mit $\nu \in \mathbb{R}$ die verallgemeinerten Laguerre-Polynome +und mit $\nu \in \mathbb{R}$ die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome \begin{align} L_n^\nu(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{(\nu + 1)_k} \binom{n}{k} x^k. \label{laguerre:allg_polynom} \end{align} +Die Laguerre-Polynome von Grad $0$ bis $7$ sind in +Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:polyeval} dargestellt. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \scalebox{0.8}{\input{papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf} +\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} +\label{laguerre:fig:polyeval} +\end{figure} \subsection{Analytische Fortsetzung} -Durch die analytische Fortsetzung erhalten wir zudem noch die zweite Lösung der -Differentialgleichung mit der Form +Durch die analytische Fortsetzung können wir zudem noch die zweite Lösung der +Differentialgleichung erhalten. +Laut \eqref{buch:funktionentheorie:singularitäten:eqn:w1} hat die Lösung +die Form \begin{align*} \Xi_n(x) = -L_n(x) \ln(x) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty d_k x^k +L_n(x) \log(x) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty d_k x^k +. \end{align*} -Nach einigen mühsamen Rechnungen, -die den Rahmen dieses Kapitel sprengen würden, +Eine Herleitung dazu lässt sich im +Abschnitt \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:dglsing} +im ersten Teil des Buches finden. +Nach einigen aufwändigen Rechnungen, +% die am besten ein Computeralgebrasystem übernimmt, +die den Rahmen dieses Kapitels sprengen würden, erhalten wir \begin{align*} \Xi_n = -L_n(x) \ln(x) +L_n(x) \log(x) + \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} (\alpha_{n-k} - \alpha_n - 2 \alpha_k)x^k @@ -142,16 +194,5 @@ L_n(x) \ln(x) \end{align*} wobei $\alpha_0 = 0$ und $\alpha_k =\sum_{i=1}^k i^{-1}$, $\forall k \in \mathbb{N}$. -Die Laguerre-Polynome von Grad $0$ bis $7$ sind in -Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:polyeval} dargestellt. -\begin{figure} -\centering -\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{% - papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_polynomes.pdf% -} -\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} -\label{laguerre:fig:polyeval} -\end{figure} - % https://www.math.kit.edu/iana1/lehre/hm3phys2012w/media/laguerre.pdf % http://www.physics.okayama-u.ac.jp/jeschke_homepage/E4/kapitel4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex index b0cc3a3..b007c2d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex @@ -3,36 +3,83 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Eigenschaften - \label{laguerre:section:eigenschaften}} -{ -\large \color{red} -TODO: -Evtl. nur Orthogonalität hier behandeln, da nur diese für die Gauss-Quadratur -benötigt wird. -} - -Die Laguerre-Polynome besitzen einige interessante Eigenschaften -\rhead{Eigenschaften} - -\subsection{Orthogonalität - \label{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal}} -Im Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:section:definition} haben wir behauptet, -dass die Laguerre-Polynome orthogonale Polynome sind. +\subsection{Orthogonalität% +\label{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal}} +\rhead{Orthogonalität}% +Im Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:potenzreihenansatz} +haben wir die Behauptung aufgestellt, +dass die Laguerre-Polynome orthogonal sind. Zu dieser Behauptung möchten wir nun einen Beweis liefern. -Wenn wir die Laguerre\--Differentialgleichung in ein -Sturm\--Liouville\--Problem umwandeln können, haben wir bewiesen, dass es sich -bei -den Laguerre\--Polynomen um orthogonale Polynome handelt (siehe -Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}). -Der Sturm-Liouville-Operator hat die Form +% +Um die Orthogonalität von Funktionen zu zeigen, +bieten sich folgende Möglichkeiten an: +\begin{enumerate} +\item Identifizieren der Funktion als Eigenfunktion eines Skalarproduktes +mit einem selbstadjungierten Operator. +Dafür muss aber zuerst bewiesen werden, +dass der verwendete Operator selbstadjungiert ist. +Die Theorie dazu findet sich in den +Abschnitten~\ref{buch:orthogonal:section:orthogonale-polynome-und-dgl} und +\ref{buch:orthogonalitaet:section:bessel}. +\item Umformen der Differentialgleichung in die Form der +Sturm-Liouville-Differentialgleichung, +denn für dieses verallgemeinerte Problem +ist die Orthogonalität bereits bewiesen. +Die Theorie dazu findet sich im Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}. +\end{enumerate} + +% \subsubsection{Plan} +\subsubsection{Idee} +Für den Beweis der Orthogonalität der Laguerre-Polynome möchten +wir den zweiten Ansatz über das Sturm-Liouville-Problem verwenden. +% Dazu müssen wir die Laguerre-Differentialgleichung~\eqref{laguerre:dgl} +% in die Form der Sturm-Liouville-Differentialgleichung bringen. +Allerdings möchten wir nicht die Laguerre-Differentialgleichung +in die richtige Form bringen, +sondern den Laguerre-Operator +\begin{align} +\Lambda += +x \frac{d}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 -x) \frac{d}{dx} +\label{laguerre:lagop} +. +\end{align} +Da es sich beim Sturm-Liouville-Problem um ein Eigenwertproblem handelt, +kann die Orthogonalität äquivalent über denn Sturm-Liouville-Operator \begin{align} S = \frac{1}{w(x)} \left(-\frac{d}{dx}p(x) \frac{d}{dx} + q(x) \right). \label{laguerre:slop} \end{align} -Aus der Beziehung +bewiesen werden. +Dazu müssen wir die Operatoren einander gleichsetzen. + +% Wenn wir \eqref{laguerre:dgl} in ein +% Sturm-Liouville-Problem umwandeln können, haben wir bewiesen, dass es sich +% bei den Laguerre-Polynomen um orthogonale Polynome handelt (siehe +% Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}). +% Der Beweis kann äquivalent auch über den Sturm-Liouville-Operator +% \begin{align} +% S +% = +% \frac{1}{w(x)} \left(-\frac{d}{dx}p(x) \frac{d}{dx} + q(x) \right). +% \label{laguerre:slop} +% \end{align} +% und den Laguerre-Operator +% \begin{align} +% \Lambda +% = +% x \frac{d}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 -x) \frac{d}{dx} +% \end{align} +% erhalten werden, +% indem wir diese Operatoren einander gleichsetzen. + +\subsubsection{Umformen in Sturm-Liouville-Operator} +% Aus der Beziehung von +Setzen wir nun +\eqref{laguerre:lagop} und \eqref{laguerre:slop} +einander gleich \begin{align} S & = @@ -43,45 +90,52 @@ S & = x \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 - x) \frac{d}{dx} \label{laguerre:sl-lag} +, \end{align} lässt sich sofort erkennen, dass $q(x) = 0$. Ausserdem ist ersichtlich, dass $p(x)$ die Differentialgleichung \begin{align*} x \frac{dp}{dx} = --(\nu + 1 - x) p, +(\nu + 1 - x) p \end{align*} erfüllen muss. Durch Separation erhalten wir dann \begin{align*} \int \frac{dp}{p} & = --\int \frac{\nu + 1 - x}{x}dx +\int \frac{\nu + 1 - x}{x} \, dx += +\int \frac{\nu + 1}{x} \, dx - \int 1\, dx \\ \log p & = --\log \nu + 1 - x + C +(\nu + 1)\log x - x + c \\ p(x) & = --C x^{\nu + 1} e^{-x} +C x^{\nu + 1} e^{-x} +. \end{align*} -Eingefügt in Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sl-lag} erhalten wir +Eingefügt in Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sl-lag} ergibt sich \begin{align*} \frac{C}{w(x)} \left( -x^{\nu+1} e^{-x} \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + +-x^{\nu+1} e^{-x} \frac{d^2}{dx^2} - (\nu + 1 - x) x^{\nu} e^{-x} \frac{d}{dx} \right) = x \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 - x) \frac{d}{dx}. \end{align*} -Mittels Koeffizientenvergleich kann nun abgelesen werden, dass $w(x) = x^\nu -e^{-x}$ und $C=1$ mit $\nu > -1$. -Die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ wächst für $x\rightarrow-\infty$ sehr schnell an, -deshalb ist die Laguerre-Gewichtsfunktion nur geeignet für den -Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$. -Bleibt nur noch sicherzustellen, dass die Randbedingungen, +Mittels Koeffizientenvergleich kann nun abgelesen werden, +dass $w(x) = x^\nu e^{-x}$ und $C=-1$. %mit $\nu \geq 0$. +Die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ wächst für $x\rightarrow-\infty$ sehr schnell an. +Ausserdem hat die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ für negative $\nu$ einen Pol bei $x=0$, +daher ist die Laguerre-Gewichtsfunktion nur für den +Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ geeignet. + +\subsubsection{Randbedingungen} +Bleibt nur noch sicherzustellen, dass die Randbedingungen \begin{align} k_0 y(0) + h_0 p(0)y'(0) & = @@ -94,10 +148,12 @@ k_\infty y(\infty) + h_\infty p(\infty) y'(\infty) \label{laguerre:sllag_randb} \end{align} mit $|k_i|^2 + |h_i|^2 \neq 0,\,\forall i \in \{0, \infty\}$, erfüllt sind. -Am linken Rand (Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sllag_randa}) kann $y(0) = 1$, $k_0 = -0$ und $h_0 = 1$ verwendet werden, +% +Am linken Rand \eqref{laguerre:sllag_randa} kann $y(0) = 1$, $k_0 = 0$ und +$h_0 = 1$ verwendet werden, was auch die Laguerre-Polynome ergeben haben. -Für den rechten Rand ist die Bedingung (Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sllag_randb}) + +Für den rechten Rand ist die Bedingung \eqref{laguerre:sllag_randb} \begin{align*} \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty} p(x) y'(x) & = @@ -106,14 +162,27 @@ Für den rechten Rand ist die Bedingung (Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sllag_randb}) 0 \end{align*} für beliebige Polynomlösungen erfüllt für $k_\infty=0$ und $h_\infty=1$. -Damit können wir schlussfolgern, dass die Laguerre-Polynome orthogonal -bezüglich des Skalarproduktes auf dem Intervall $(0, \infty)$ mit der Laguerre\--Gewichtsfunktion -$w(x)=x^\nu e^{-x}$ sind. - - -\subsection{Rodrigues-Formel} - -\subsection{Drei-Terme Rekursion} -\subsection{Beziehung mit der Hypergeometrischen Funktion} +% Somit können wir schlussfolgern: +\begin{satz} +Die Laguerre-Polynome %($\nu=0$) +\eqref{laguerre:polynom} +% \begin{align*} +% L_n(x) +% = +% \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k +% \end{align*} +sind orthognale Polynome bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +im Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ mit der Gewichts\-funktion~$w(x)=e^{-x}$. +\end{satz} +\begin{satz} +Die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome \eqref{laguerre:allg_polynom} +% \begin{align*} +% L_n^\nu(x) +% = +% \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{(\nu + 1)_k} \binom{n}{k} x^k. +% \end{align*} +sind orthogonale Polynome bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +im Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ mit der Gewichts\-funktion~$w(x)=x^\nu e^{-x}$. +\end{satz} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex index e3838b0..0cf17b9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex @@ -3,74 +3,605 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Anwendung: Berechnung der Gamma-Funktion +\section{Anwendung: Berechnung der + Gamma-Funktion% \label{laguerre:section:quad-gamma}} +\rhead{Approximation der Gamma-Funktion}% Die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur kann nun verwendet werden, -um exponentiell abfallende Funktionen im Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ zu -berechnen. -Dabei bietet sich z.B. die Gamma-Funkion bestens an, wie wir in den folgenden -Abschnitten sehen werden. +um exponentiell abfallende Funktionen im Definitionsbereich~$(0, \infty)$ +zu berechnen. +Dabei bietet sich zum Beispiel die Gamma-Funktion hervorragend an, +wie wir in den folgenden Abschnitten sehen werden. -\subsection{Gamma-Funktion} +Im ersten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gamma} möchten wir noch einmal +die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der Gamma-Funktion betrachten, +bevor wir dann im zweiten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma} +diese Eigenschaften nutzen werden, +damit wir die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion +markant verbessern können. +% damit wir sie dann in einem nächsten Schritt verwenden können, +% um unsere Approximationsmethode zu verbessern +% Im zweiten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma} +% wenden wir dann die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur auf die Gamma-Funktion und +% erweitern die Methode + +\subsection{Gamma-Funktion% +\label{laguerre:subsection:gamma}} Die Gamma-Funktion ist eine Erweiterung der Fakultät auf die reale und komplexe Zahlenmenge. +Mehr Informationen zur Gamma-Funktion lassen sich im +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:rekursion:section:gamma} finden. Die Definition~\ref{buch:rekursion:def:gamma} beschreibt die Gamma-Funktion als Integral der Form \begin{align} \Gamma(z) & = -\int_0^\infty t^{z-1} e^{-t} dt +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx , \quad -\text{wobei Realteil von $z$ grösser als $0$} -, +\text{wobei } \operatorname{Re}(z) > 0 \label{laguerre:gamma} +. \end{align} -welches alle Eigenschaften erfüllt, um mit der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur -berechnet zu werden. +Der Term $e^{-x}$ im Integranden und der Integrationsbereich erfüllen +genau die Bedingungen der Gauss-Laguerre-Integration. +% Der Term $e^{-t}$ ist genau die Gewichtsfunktion der Laguerre-Integration und +% der Definitionsbereich passt ebenfalls genau für dieses Verfahren. +Weiter zu erwähnen ist, dass für die assoziierte Gauss-Laguerre-Integration die +Gewichtsfunktion $x^\nu e^{-x}$ exakt dem Integranden +für $\nu = z - 1$ entspricht. \subsubsection{Funktionalgleichung} -Die Funktionalgleichung besagt +Die Gamma-Funktion besitzt die gleiche Rekursionsbeziehung wie die Fakultät, +nämlich \begin{align} -z \Gamma(z) = \Gamma(z+1). +\Gamma(z+1) += +z \Gamma(z) +\quad +\text{mit } +\Gamma(1) += +1 +. \label{laguerre:gamma_funktional} \end{align} -Mittels dieser Gleichung kann der Wert an einer bestimmten, -geeigneten Stelle evaluiert werden und dann zurückverschoben werden, -um das gewünschte Resultat zu erhalten. -\subsection{Berechnung mittels Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\subsubsection{Reflektionsformel} +Die Reflektionsformel +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) \Gamma(1 - z) += +\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi z} +,\quad +\text{für } +z \notin \mathbb{Z} +\label{laguerre:gamma_refform} +\end{align} +stellt eine Beziehung zwischen den zwei Punkten, +die aus der Spiegelung an der Geraden $\real z = 1/2$ hervorgehen, +her. +Dadurch lassen Werte der Gamma-Funktion sich für $z$ in der rechten Halbebene +leicht in die linke Halbebene übersetzen und umgekehrt. -Fehlerterm: +\subsection{Berechnung mittels +Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur% +\label{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma}} +In den vorherigen Abschnitten haben wir gesehen, +dass sich die Gamma-Funktion bestens für die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx += +\int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\end{align*} +eignet. +Nun bieten sich uns zwei Optionen, +diese zu berechnen: +\begin{enumerate} +\item Wir verwenden die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome $L_n^\nu(x)$ mit +$w(x) = x^\nu e^{-x}$, $\nu = z - 1$ und $f(x) = 1$. +% $f(x)=1$. +% \begin{align*} +% \int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +% = +% \int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +% \quad +% \text{mit } +% w(x) +% = +% x^\nu e^{-x}, +% \nu +% = +% z - 1 +% \text{ und } +% f(x) = 1 +% . +% \end{align*} +\item Wir verwenden die Laguerre-Polynome $L_n(x)$ mit +$w(x) = e^{-x}$ und $f(x) = x^{z - 1}$. +% $f(x)=x^{z-1}$ +% \begin{align*} +% \int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +% = +% \int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +% \quad +% \text{mit } +% w(x) +% = +% e^{-x} +% \text{ und } +% f(x) = x^{z - 1} +% . +% \end{align*} +\end{enumerate} +Die erste Variante wäre optimal auf das Problem angepasst, +allerdings müssten die Gewichte und Nullstellen für jedes $z$ +neu berechnet werden, +da sie per Definition von $z$ abhängen. +Dazu kommt, +dass die Berechnung der Gewichte $A_i$ nach +\cite{laguerre:Cassity1965AbcissasCA} \begin{align*} +A_i += +\frac{ +\Gamma(n) \Gamma(n+\nu) +} +{ +(n+\nu) +\left[L_{n-1}^{\nu}(x_i)\right]^2 +} +\end{align*} +Evaluationen der Gamma-Funktion benötigen. +Somit ist diese Methode eindeutig nicht geeignet für unser Vorhaben. + +Bei der zweiten Variante benötigen wir keine Neuberechung der Gewichte +und Nullstellen für unterschiedliche $z$. +In \eqref{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} ist ersichtlich, +dass die Gewichte einfach zu berechnen sind. +Auch die Nullstellen können vorgängig, +mittels eines geeigneten Verfahrens, +aus den Polynomen bestimmt werden. +Als problematisch könnte sich höchstens +die zu integrierende Funktion $f(x)=x^{z-1}$ für $|z| \gg 0$ erweisen. +Somit entscheiden wir uns aufgrund der vorherigen Punkte, +die zweite Variante weiterzuverfolgen. + +\subsubsection{Direkter Ansatz} +% +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des direkten Ansatzes +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Grade $n$ der +Laguerre-Polynome}% +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple} +\end{figure} +%. +Wenden wir also die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur aus +\eqref{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} auf die Gamma-Funktion +\eqref{laguerre:gamma} an, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n x_i^{z-1} A_i +\label{laguerre:naive_lag} +. +\end{align} +Bevor wir die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur anwenden, +möchten wir als ersten Schritt eine Fehlerabschätzung durchführen. +Für den Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:lag_error} wird die $2n$-te Ableitung +der zu integrierenden Funktion $f(\xi)$ benötigt. +Für das Integral der Gamma-Funktion ergibt sich also +\begin{align*} +\frac{d^{2n}}{d\xi^{2n}} f(\xi) + & = +\frac{d^{2n}}{d\xi^{2n}} \xi^{z-1} +\\ + & = +(z - 2n)_{2n} \xi^{z - 2n - 1} +. +\end{align*} +Eingesetzt im Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:lag_error} resultiert +\begin{align} R_n = (z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z-2n-1} -\end{align*} +, +\label{laguerre:gamma_err_simple} +\end{align} +wobei $\xi$ ein geeigneter Wert im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ ist +und $n$ der Grad des verwendeten Laguerre-Polynoms. +Eine Fehlerabschätzung mit dem Fehlerterm stellt sich als unnütz heraus, +da $R_n$ für $z < 2n - 1$ bei $\xi \rightarrow 0$ eine Singularität aufweist +und für $z > 2n - 1$ bei $\xi \rightarrow \infty$ divergiert. +Nur für den unwahrscheinlichen Fall $ z = 2n - 1$ +wäre eine Fehlerabschätzung plausibel. -\subsubsection{Finden der optimalen Berechnungsstelle} +Wenden wir nun also direkt die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +auf die Gamma-Funktion an. +Dazu benötigen wir die Gewichte nach +\eqref{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} +und als Stützstellen die Nullstellen des Laguerre-Polynomes $L_n$. +Evaluieren wir den relativen Fehler unserer Approximation zeigt sich ein +Bild wie in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple}. +Man kann sehen, +wie der relative Fehler Nullstellen aufweist für ganzzahlige $z \leq 2n$. +Laut der Theorie der Gauss-Quadratur ist das auch zu erwarten, +da die Approximation via Gauss-Quadratur +exakt ist für zu integrierende Polynome mit Grad $\leq 2n-1$ und +der Integrand $x^{z-1}$ wird für $z \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$ +zu einem Polynom . +% Hinzukommt, dass zudem von $z$ noch $1$ abgezogen wird im Exponenten. +Es ist ersichtlich, +dass sich für den Polynomgrad $n$ ein Intervall gibt, +in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist. +Links steigt der relative Fehler besonders stark an, +während er auf der rechten Seite zu konvergieren scheint. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit Spiegelung negativer Realwerte +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Grade $n$ der Laguerre-Polynome} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_mirror} +\end{figure} + +Um die linke Hälfte in den Griff zu bekommen, +könnten wir die Reflektionsformel der Gamma-Funktion verwenden. +Spiegelt man nun $z$ mit negativem Realteil mittels der Reflektionsformel, +ergibt sich ein stabilerer Fehler in der linken Hälfte, +wie in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_mirror}. +Die Spiegelung bringt nur für wenige Werte einen, +für praktische Anwendungen geeigneten, +relativen Fehler. +Wie wir aber in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple} sehen konnten, +gibt es für jeden Polynomgrad $n$ ein Intervall $[a(n), a(n) + 1]$, +$a(n) \in \mathbb{Z}$, +in welchem der relative Fehler minimal ist. +Die Funktionalgleichung der Gamma-Funktion \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} +könnte uns hier helfen, +das Problem in den Griff zu bekommen. + +\subsubsection{Analyse des Integranden} +Wie wir im vorherigen Abschnitt gesehen haben, +scheint der Integrand problematisch. +Darum möchten wir ihn jetzt analysieren, +damit wir ihn besser verstehen können. +Dies sollte es uns ermöglichen, +anschliessend geeignete Gegenmassnahmen zu entwickeln. + +% Dieser Abschnitt soll eine grafisches Verständnis dafür schaffen, +% wieso der Integrand so problematisch ist. +% Was das heisst sollte in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand} +% und Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} grafisch dargestellt werden. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\label{laguerre:fig:integrand} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand} ist der Integrand $x^z$ für +unterschiedliche Werte von $z$ dargestellt. +Dies entspricht der zu integrierenden Funktion $f(x)$ +der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion. +Man erkennt, +dass für kleine $z$ sich ein singulärer Integrand ergibt +und auch für grosse $z$ wächst der Integrand sehr schnell an. +Das heisst, +die Ableitungen im Fehlerterm divergieren noch schneller +und das wirkt sich negativ auf die Genauigkeit der Approximation aus. +Somit lässt sich hier sagen, +dass kleine Exponenten um $0$ genauere Resultate liefern sollten. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Integrand $x^z e^{-x}$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\label{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} fügen wir +die Dämpfung der Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ +der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur wieder hinzu +und erhalten so wieder den kompletten Integranden $x^{z} e^{-x}$ +der Gamma-Funktion. +Für negative $z$ ergeben sich immer noch Singularitäten, +wenn $x \rightarrow 0$. +Um $x = 1$ wächst der Term $x^z$ für positive $z$ +schneller als die Dämpfung $e^{-x}$, +aber für $x \rightarrow \infty$ geht der Integrand gegen $0$. +Das führt zu glockenförmigen Kurven, +die für grosse Exponenten $z$ nach der Stelle $x=1$ schnell anwachsen. +Zu grosse Exponenten $z$ sind also immer noch problematisch. +Kleine positive $z$ scheinen nun aber auch zulässig zu sein. +Damit formulieren wir die Vermutung, +dass $a(n)$, +welches das Intervall $[a(n), a(n) + 1]$ definiert, +in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist, +grösser als $0$ und kleiner als $2n-1$ ist. + +\subsubsection{Ansatz mit Verschiebungsterm} +% Mittels der Funktionalgleichung \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} +% kann der Wert von $\Gamma(z)$ im Intervall $z \in [a,a+1]$, +% in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist, +% evaluiert werden und dann mit der Funktionalgleichung zurückverschoben werden. Nun stellt sich die Frage, ob die Approximation mittels Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur verbessert werden kann, -wenn man das Problem an einer geeigneten Stelle evaluiert und -dann zurückverschiebt mit der Funktionalgleichung. -Dazu wollen wir den Fehlerterm in -Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:lagurre:lag_error} anpassen und dann minimieren. -Zunächst wollen wir dies nur für $z\in \mathbb{R}$ und $0<z<1$ definieren. -Zudem nehmen wir an, dass die optimale Stelle $x^* \in \mathbb{R}$, $z < x^*$ -ist. -Dann fügen wir einen Verschiebungsterm um $m$ Stellen ein, daraus folgt +wenn man das Problem in einem geeigneten Intervall $[a(n), a(n)+1]$, +$a(n) \in \mathbb{Z}$, +evaluiert und dann mit der +Funktionalgleichung \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} zurückverschiebt. +Für dieses Vorhaben führen wir einen Verschiebungsterm $m \in \mathbb{Z}$ ein. +Passen wir \eqref{laguerre:naive_lag} +mit dem Verschiebungsterm $m$ +%,der $z$ and die Stelle $z_m = z + m$ verschiebt, +an, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +s(z, m) \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^{z + m - 1} A_i +% && +% \text{mit } +% s(z, m) +% = +% \begin{cases} +% \displaystyle +% \frac{1}{(z - m)_m} & \text{wenn } m \geq 0\\ +% (z + m)_{-m} & \text{wenn } m < 0 +% \end{cases} +% . +\label{laguerre:shifted_lag} +\end{align} +mit \begin{align*} -R_n +s(z, m) = -\frac{(z - 2n)_{2n}}{(z - m)_m} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z + m - 2n - 1} +\begin{cases} +\displaystyle +\frac{1}{(z)_m} & \text{wenn } m \geq 0 \\ +(z + m)_{-m} & \text{wenn } m < 0 +\end{cases} . \end{align*} -{ -\large \color{red} -TODO: -Geeignete Minimierung für Fehler finden, so dass sie mit den emprisich -bestimmen optimalen Punkten übereinstimmen. -} +\subsubsection{Finden der optimalen Berechnungsstelle} +Um die optimale Stelle $z^*(n) \in \left[a(n), a(n) + 1\right]$, +$z^*(n) \in \mathbb{R}$, +zu finden, +erweitern wir denn Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:gamma_err_simple} +und erhalten +\begin{align} +R_{n,m}(\xi) += +s(z, m) \cdot (z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z + m - 2n - 1} +,\quad +\text{für } +\xi \in (0, \infty) +\label{laguerre:gamma_err_shifted} +. +\end{align} +% +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf} +% %\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{$m^*$ in Abhängigkeit von $z$ und $n$} +\label{laguerre:fig:targets} +\end{figure} +% +Daraus formulieren wir das Optimierungproblem +\begin{align*} +m^* += +\operatorname*{argmin}_m \max_\xi R_{n,m}(\xi) +. +\end{align*} +Allerdings ist die Funktion $R_{n,m}(\xi)$ unbeschränkt und +hat die gleichen Probleme wie die Fehlerabschätzung des direkten Ansatzes. +Dazu müssten wir $\xi$ versuchen, +unter Kontrolle zu bringen, +was ein äussersts schwieriges Unterfangen zu sein scheint. +Da die Gauss-Quadratur aber sowieso +nur wirklich praktisch sinnvoll für kleine $n$ ist, +können die Intervalle $[a(n), a(n)+1]$ empirisch gesucht werden. + +Wir bestimmen nun die optimalen Verschiebungsterme empirisch +für $n = 1,\ldots, 12$ im Intervall $z \in (0, 1)$, +da $z$ sowieso mit den Term $m$ verschoben wird, +reicht es, +die $m^*$ nur in diesem Intervall zu analysieren. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:targets} sind die empirisch bestimmten $m^*$ +abhängig von $z$ und $n$ dargestellt. +In $n$-Richtung lässt sich eine klare lineare Abhängigkeit erkennen und +die Beziehung zu $z$ ist negativ, +d.h. wenn $z$ grösser ist, wird $m^*$ kleiner. +Allerdings ist die genaue Beziehung zu $z$ +aus dieser Grafik nicht offensichtlich, +aber sie scheint regelmässig zu sein. +Es lässt die Vermutung aufkommen, +dass die Restriktion von $m^* \in \mathbb{Z}$ Rundungsprobleme verursacht. +Wir versuchen, +dieses Problem via lineare Regression und geeignete Rundung zu beheben. +Den linearen Regressor +\begin{align*} +\hat{m} += +\alpha n + \beta +\end{align*} +machen wir nur abhängig von $n$, +in dem wir den Mittelwert $\overline{m}$ von $m^*$ über $z$ berechnen. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Schätzung Mittelwert von $m$ und Fehler} +\label{laguerre:fig:schaetzung} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:schaetzung} sind die Resultate +der linearen Regression aufgezeigt mit $\alpha = 1.34154$ und $\beta = +0.848786$. +Die lineare Beziehung ist ganz klar ersichtlich und der Fit scheint zu genügen. +Der optimale Verschiebungsterm kann nun mit +\begin{align*} +m^* +\approx +\lceil \hat{m} - z \rceil += +\lceil \alpha n + \beta - z \rceil +\end{align*} +% kann nun mit dem linearen Regressor und $z$ +gefunden werden. + +\subsubsection{Evaluation des Schätzers} +In einem ersten Schritt möchten wir analysieren, +wie gut die Abschätzung des optimalen Verschiebungsterms ist. +Dazu bestimmen wir den relativen Fehler für verschiedene Verschiebungsterme $m$ +in der Nähe von $m^*$ bei gegebenem Polynomgrad $n = 8$ für $z \in (0, 1)$. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_shifted} sind die relativen Fehler +der Approximation dargestellt. +Man kann deutlich sehen, +dass der relative Fehler anwächst, +je weiter der Verschiebungsterm vom idealen Wert abweicht. +Zudem scheint der Schätzer den optimalen Verschiebungsterm gut zu bestimmen, +da der Schätzer zuerst der grünen Linie folgt und +dann beim Übergang auf die orange Linie wechselt. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit Verschiebungsterm +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Verschiebungsterme $m$. +Das verwendete Laguerre-Polynom besitzt den Grad $n = 8$. +$m^*$ bezeichnet hier den optimalen Verschiebungsterm.} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_shifted} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Resultate} +Das Verfahren scheint für den Grad $n=8$ und $z \in (0,1)$ gut zu funktioneren. +Es stellt sich nun die Frage, +wie der relative Fehler sich für verschiedene $z$ und $n$ verhält. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range} sind die relativen Fehler für +unterschiedliche $n$ dargestellt. +Der relative Fehler scheint immer noch Nullstellen aufzuweisen +für ganzzahlige $z$. +Durch das Verschieben ergibt sich jetzt aber, +wie zu erwarten war, +ein periodischer relativer Fehler mit einer Periodendauer von $1$. +Zudem lässt sich erkennen, +dass der Fehler abhängig von der Ordnung $n$ +des verwendeten Laguerre-Polynoms ist. +Wenn der Grad $n$ um $1$ erhöht wird, +verbessert sich die Genauigkeit des Resultats um etwa eine signifikante Stelle. + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_complex} +ist der Betrag des relativen Fehlers in der komplexen Ebene dargestellt. +Je stärker der Imaginäranteil von $z$ von $0$ abweicht, +umso schlechter wird die Genauigkeit der Approximation. +Das erstaunt nicht weiter, +da die Gauss-Quadratur eigentlich nur für reelle Zahlen definiert ist. +Wenn der Imaginäranteil von $z$ ungefähr $0$ ist, +lässt sich das gleiche Bild beobachten wie in +Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range}. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit optimalen Verschiebungsterm +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $n$} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_complex.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Absolutwert des relativen Fehlers in der komplexen Ebene} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_complex} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Vergleich mit Lanczos-Methode} +Nun stellt sich die Frage, +wie das in diesem Abschnitt beschriebene Approximationsverfahren +der Gamma-Funktion sich gegenüber den üblichen Approximationsverfahren schlägt. +Eine häufig verwendete Methode ist die Lanczos-Approximation, +welche gegeben ist durch +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z + 1) +\approx +\sqrt{2\pi} \left( z + \sigma + \frac{1}{2} \right)^{z + 1/2} +e^{-(z + \sigma + 1/2)} \sum_{k=0}^n g_k H_k(z) +, +\end{align} +wobei +\begin{align*} +g_k = \frac{e^\sigma \varepsilon_k (-1)^k}{\sqrt{2\pi}} +\sum_{r=0}^k (-1)^r \, \binom{k}{r} \, (k)_r +\left( \frac{e}{r + \sigma + \frac{1}{2}}\right)^{r + 1/2} +, +\end{align*} +\begin{align*} +\varepsilon_k += +\begin{cases} +1 & \text{für } k = 0 \\ +2 & \text{sonst} +\end{cases} +\quad \text{und}\quad +H_k(z) += +\frac{(-1)^k (-z)_k}{(z+1)_k} +\end{align*} +mit $H_0 = 1$ und $\sum_0^n g_k = 1$ (siehe \cite{laguerre:lanczos}). +Diese Methode wurde zum Beispiel in +{\em GNU Scientific Library}, {\em Boost}, {\em CPython} und +{\em musl} implementiert. +Diese Methode erreicht für $n = 7$ typischerweise eine Genauigkeit von $13$ +korrekten, signifikanten Stellen für reelle Argumente. +Zum Vergleich: die vorgestellte Methode erreicht für $n = 7$ +eine minimale Genauigkeit von $6$ korrekten, signifikanten Stellen +für reelle Argumente. -\subsection{Resultate} +\subsubsection{Fazit} +% Das Resultat ist etwas enttäuschend, +Die Genauigkeit der vorgestellten Methode schneidet somit schlechter ab +als die Lanczos-Methode. +Dieser Erkenntnis kommt nicht ganz unerwartet, +% aber nicht unerwartet, +da die Lanczos-Methode spezifisch auf dieses Problem zugeschnitten ist und +unsere Methode eine erweiterte allgemeine Methode ist. +Allerdings besticht die vorgestellte Methode +durch ihre stark reduzierte Komplexität. % und Rechenaufwand. +% Was die Komplexität der Berechnungen im Betrieb angeht, +% ist die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur wesentlich ressourcensparender, +% weil sie nur aus $n$ Funktionsevaluationen, +% wenigen Multiplikationen und Additionen besteht. +Was den Rechenaufwand angeht, +benötigt die vorgestellte Methode, +für eine Genauigkeit von $n-1$ signifikanten Stellen, +nur $n$ Funktionsevaluationen +und wenige zusätzliche Multiplikationen und Additionen. +Demzufolge könnte diese Methode Anwendung in Systemen mit wenig Rechenleistung +und/oder knappen Energieressourcen finden. +Die vorgestellte Methode ist ein weiteres Beispiel dafür, +wie Verfahren durch die Kenntnis der Eigenschaften einer Funktion +verbessert werden können.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe48f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efa0863 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@ +\def\gammaplus{({\dx*0.0190},{\dy*52.0728}) + -- ({\dx*0.0200},{\dy*49.4422}) + -- ({\dx*0.0400},{\dy*24.4610}) + -- ({\dx*0.0600},{\dy*16.1457}) + -- ({\dx*0.0800},{\dy*11.9966}) + -- ({\dx*0.1000},{\dy*9.5135}) + -- ({\dx*0.1200},{\dy*7.8633}) + -- ({\dx*0.1400},{\dy*6.6887}) + -- ({\dx*0.1600},{\dy*5.8113}) + -- ({\dx*0.1800},{\dy*5.1318}) + -- ({\dx*0.2000},{\dy*4.5908}) + -- ({\dx*0.2200},{\dy*4.1505}) + -- ({\dx*0.2400},{\dy*3.7855}) + -- ({\dx*0.2600},{\dy*3.4785}) + -- ({\dx*0.2800},{\dy*3.2169}) + -- ({\dx*0.3000},{\dy*2.9916}) + -- ({\dx*0.3200},{\dy*2.7958}) + -- ({\dx*0.3400},{\dy*2.6242}) + -- ({\dx*0.3600},{\dy*2.4727}) + -- ({\dx*0.3800},{\dy*2.3383}) + -- ({\dx*0.4000},{\dy*2.2182}) + -- ({\dx*0.4200},{\dy*2.1104}) + -- ({\dx*0.4400},{\dy*2.0132}) + -- ({\dx*0.4600},{\dy*1.9252}) + -- ({\dx*0.4800},{\dy*1.8453}) + -- ({\dx*0.5000},{\dy*1.7725}) + -- ({\dx*0.5200},{\dy*1.7058}) + -- ({\dx*0.5400},{\dy*1.6448}) + -- ({\dx*0.5600},{\dy*1.5886}) + -- ({\dx*0.5800},{\dy*1.5369}) + -- ({\dx*0.6000},{\dy*1.4892}) + -- ({\dx*0.6200},{\dy*1.4450}) + -- ({\dx*0.6400},{\dy*1.4041}) + -- ({\dx*0.6600},{\dy*1.3662}) + -- ({\dx*0.6800},{\dy*1.3309}) + -- ({\dx*0.7000},{\dy*1.2981}) + -- ({\dx*0.7200},{\dy*1.2675}) + -- ({\dx*0.7400},{\dy*1.2390}) + -- ({\dx*0.7600},{\dy*1.2123}) + -- ({\dx*0.7800},{\dy*1.1875}) + -- ({\dx*0.8000},{\dy*1.1642}) + -- ({\dx*0.8200},{\dy*1.1425}) + -- ({\dx*0.8400},{\dy*1.1222}) + -- ({\dx*0.8600},{\dy*1.1031}) + -- ({\dx*0.8800},{\dy*1.0853}) + -- ({\dx*0.9000},{\dy*1.0686}) + -- ({\dx*0.9200},{\dy*1.0530}) + -- ({\dx*0.9400},{\dy*1.0384}) + -- ({\dx*0.9600},{\dy*1.0247}) + -- ({\dx*0.9800},{\dy*1.0119}) + -- ({\dx*1.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*1.0200},{\dy*0.9888}) + -- ({\dx*1.0400},{\dy*0.9784}) + -- ({\dx*1.0600},{\dy*0.9687}) + -- ({\dx*1.0800},{\dy*0.9597}) + -- ({\dx*1.1000},{\dy*0.9514}) + -- ({\dx*1.1200},{\dy*0.9436}) + -- ({\dx*1.1400},{\dy*0.9364}) + -- ({\dx*1.1600},{\dy*0.9298}) + -- ({\dx*1.1800},{\dy*0.9237}) + -- ({\dx*1.2000},{\dy*0.9182}) + -- ({\dx*1.2200},{\dy*0.9131}) + -- ({\dx*1.2400},{\dy*0.9085}) + -- ({\dx*1.2600},{\dy*0.9044}) + -- ({\dx*1.2800},{\dy*0.9007}) + -- ({\dx*1.3000},{\dy*0.8975}) + -- ({\dx*1.3200},{\dy*0.8946}) + -- ({\dx*1.3400},{\dy*0.8922}) + -- ({\dx*1.3600},{\dy*0.8902}) + -- ({\dx*1.3800},{\dy*0.8885}) + -- ({\dx*1.4000},{\dy*0.8873}) + -- ({\dx*1.4200},{\dy*0.8864}) + -- ({\dx*1.4400},{\dy*0.8858}) + -- ({\dx*1.4600},{\dy*0.8856}) + -- ({\dx*1.4800},{\dy*0.8857}) + -- ({\dx*1.5000},{\dy*0.8862}) + -- ({\dx*1.5200},{\dy*0.8870}) + -- ({\dx*1.5400},{\dy*0.8882}) + -- ({\dx*1.5600},{\dy*0.8896}) + -- ({\dx*1.5800},{\dy*0.8914}) + -- ({\dx*1.6000},{\dy*0.8935}) + -- ({\dx*1.6200},{\dy*0.8959}) + -- ({\dx*1.6400},{\dy*0.8986}) + -- ({\dx*1.6600},{\dy*0.9017}) + -- ({\dx*1.6800},{\dy*0.9050}) + -- ({\dx*1.7000},{\dy*0.9086}) + -- ({\dx*1.7200},{\dy*0.9126}) + -- ({\dx*1.7400},{\dy*0.9168}) + -- ({\dx*1.7600},{\dy*0.9214}) + -- ({\dx*1.7800},{\dy*0.9262}) + -- ({\dx*1.8000},{\dy*0.9314}) + -- ({\dx*1.8200},{\dy*0.9368}) + -- ({\dx*1.8400},{\dy*0.9426}) + -- ({\dx*1.8600},{\dy*0.9487}) + -- ({\dx*1.8800},{\dy*0.9551}) + -- ({\dx*1.9000},{\dy*0.9618}) + -- ({\dx*1.9200},{\dy*0.9688}) + -- ({\dx*1.9400},{\dy*0.9761}) + -- ({\dx*1.9600},{\dy*0.9837}) + -- ({\dx*1.9800},{\dy*0.9917}) + -- ({\dx*2.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*2.0200},{\dy*1.0086}) + -- ({\dx*2.0400},{\dy*1.0176}) + -- ({\dx*2.0600},{\dy*1.0269}) + -- ({\dx*2.0800},{\dy*1.0365}) + -- ({\dx*2.1000},{\dy*1.0465}) + -- ({\dx*2.1200},{\dy*1.0568}) + -- ({\dx*2.1400},{\dy*1.0675}) + -- ({\dx*2.1600},{\dy*1.0786}) + -- ({\dx*2.1800},{\dy*1.0900}) + -- ({\dx*2.2000},{\dy*1.1018}) + -- ({\dx*2.2200},{\dy*1.1140}) + -- ({\dx*2.2400},{\dy*1.1266}) + -- ({\dx*2.2600},{\dy*1.1395}) + -- ({\dx*2.2800},{\dy*1.1529}) + -- ({\dx*2.3000},{\dy*1.1667}) + -- ({\dx*2.3200},{\dy*1.1809}) + -- ({\dx*2.3400},{\dy*1.1956}) + -- ({\dx*2.3600},{\dy*1.2107}) + -- ({\dx*2.3800},{\dy*1.2262}) + -- ({\dx*2.4000},{\dy*1.2422}) + -- ({\dx*2.4200},{\dy*1.2586}) + -- ({\dx*2.4400},{\dy*1.2756}) + -- ({\dx*2.4600},{\dy*1.2930}) + -- ({\dx*2.4800},{\dy*1.3109}) + -- ({\dx*2.5000},{\dy*1.3293}) + -- ({\dx*2.5200},{\dy*1.3483}) + -- ({\dx*2.5400},{\dy*1.3678}) + -- ({\dx*2.5600},{\dy*1.3878}) + -- ({\dx*2.5800},{\dy*1.4084}) + -- ({\dx*2.6000},{\dy*1.4296}) + -- ({\dx*2.6200},{\dy*1.4514}) + -- ({\dx*2.6400},{\dy*1.4738}) + -- ({\dx*2.6600},{\dy*1.4968}) + -- ({\dx*2.6800},{\dy*1.5204}) + -- ({\dx*2.7000},{\dy*1.5447}) + -- ({\dx*2.7200},{\dy*1.5696}) + -- ({\dx*2.7400},{\dy*1.5953}) + -- ({\dx*2.7600},{\dy*1.6216}) + -- ({\dx*2.7800},{\dy*1.6487}) + -- ({\dx*2.8000},{\dy*1.6765}) + -- ({\dx*2.8200},{\dy*1.7051}) + -- ({\dx*2.8400},{\dy*1.7344}) + -- ({\dx*2.8600},{\dy*1.7646}) + -- ({\dx*2.8800},{\dy*1.7955}) + -- ({\dx*2.9000},{\dy*1.8274}) + -- ({\dx*2.9200},{\dy*1.8600}) + -- ({\dx*2.9400},{\dy*1.8936}) + -- ({\dx*2.9600},{\dy*1.9281}) + -- ({\dx*2.9800},{\dy*1.9636}) + -- ({\dx*3.0000},{\dy*2.0000}) + -- ({\dx*3.0200},{\dy*2.0374}) + -- ({\dx*3.0400},{\dy*2.0759}) + -- ({\dx*3.0600},{\dy*2.1153}) + -- ({\dx*3.0800},{\dy*2.1559}) + -- ({\dx*3.1000},{\dy*2.1976}) + -- ({\dx*3.1200},{\dy*2.2405}) + -- ({\dx*3.1400},{\dy*2.2845}) + -- ({\dx*3.1600},{\dy*2.3297}) + -- ({\dx*3.1800},{\dy*2.3762}) + -- ({\dx*3.2000},{\dy*2.4240}) + -- ({\dx*3.2200},{\dy*2.4731}) + -- ({\dx*3.2400},{\dy*2.5235}) + -- ({\dx*3.2600},{\dy*2.5754}) + -- ({\dx*3.2800},{\dy*2.6287}) + -- ({\dx*3.3000},{\dy*2.6834}) + -- ({\dx*3.3200},{\dy*2.7397}) + -- ({\dx*3.3400},{\dy*2.7976}) + -- ({\dx*3.3600},{\dy*2.8571}) + -- ({\dx*3.3800},{\dy*2.9183}) + -- ({\dx*3.4000},{\dy*2.9812}) + -- ({\dx*3.4200},{\dy*3.0459}) + -- ({\dx*3.4400},{\dy*3.1124}) + -- ({\dx*3.4600},{\dy*3.1807}) + -- ({\dx*3.4800},{\dy*3.2510}) + -- ({\dx*3.5000},{\dy*3.3234}) + -- ({\dx*3.5200},{\dy*3.3977}) + -- ({\dx*3.5400},{\dy*3.4742}) + -- ({\dx*3.5600},{\dy*3.5529}) + -- ({\dx*3.5800},{\dy*3.6338}) + -- ({\dx*3.6000},{\dy*3.7170}) + -- ({\dx*3.6200},{\dy*3.8027}) + -- ({\dx*3.6400},{\dy*3.8908}) + -- ({\dx*3.6600},{\dy*3.9814}) + -- ({\dx*3.6800},{\dy*4.0747}) + -- ({\dx*3.7000},{\dy*4.1707}) + -- ({\dx*3.7200},{\dy*4.2694}) + -- ({\dx*3.7400},{\dy*4.3711}) + -- ({\dx*3.7600},{\dy*4.4757}) + -- ({\dx*3.7800},{\dy*4.5833}) + -- ({\dx*3.8000},{\dy*4.6942}) + -- ({\dx*3.8200},{\dy*4.8083}) + -- ({\dx*3.8400},{\dy*4.9257}) + -- ({\dx*3.8600},{\dy*5.0466}) + -- ({\dx*3.8800},{\dy*5.1711}) + -- ({\dx*3.9000},{\dy*5.2993}) + -- ({\dx*3.9200},{\dy*5.4313}) + -- ({\dx*3.9400},{\dy*5.5673}) + -- ({\dx*3.9600},{\dy*5.7073}) + -- ({\dx*3.9800},{\dy*5.8515}) + -- ({\dx*4.0000},{\dy*6.0000}) + -- ({\dx*4.0200},{\dy*6.1530}) + -- ({\dx*4.0400},{\dy*6.3106}) + -- ({\dx*4.0600},{\dy*6.4730}) + -- ({\dx*4.0800},{\dy*6.6403}) + -- ({\dx*4.0810},{\dy*6.6488})} +\def\gammaone{({\dx*-0.9810},{\dy*-53.0814}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9800},{\dy*-50.4512}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9600},{\dy*-25.4802}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9400},{\dy*-17.1763}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9200},{\dy*-13.0397}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9000},{\dy*-10.5706}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8800},{\dy*-8.9355}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8600},{\dy*-7.7775}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8400},{\dy*-6.9182}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8200},{\dy*-6.2583}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8000},{\dy*-5.7386}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7800},{\dy*-5.3211}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7600},{\dy*-4.9809}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7400},{\dy*-4.7006}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7200},{\dy*-4.4678}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7000},{\dy*-4.2737}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6800},{\dy*-4.1114}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6600},{\dy*-3.9760}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6400},{\dy*-3.8636}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6200},{\dy*-3.7714}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6000},{\dy*-3.6969}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5800},{\dy*-3.6386}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5600},{\dy*-3.5950}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5400},{\dy*-3.5652}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5200},{\dy*-3.5487}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5000},{\dy*-3.5449}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4800},{\dy*-3.5538}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4600},{\dy*-3.5756}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4400},{\dy*-3.6105}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4200},{\dy*-3.6594}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4000},{\dy*-3.7230}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3800},{\dy*-3.8027}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3600},{\dy*-3.9004}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3400},{\dy*-4.0181}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3200},{\dy*-4.1590}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3000},{\dy*-4.3269}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2800},{\dy*-4.5267}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2600},{\dy*-4.7652}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2400},{\dy*-5.0514}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2200},{\dy*-5.3976}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2000},{\dy*-5.8211}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1800},{\dy*-6.3472}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1600},{\dy*-7.0135}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1400},{\dy*-7.8795}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1200},{\dy*-9.0442}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1000},{\dy*-10.6863}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0800},{\dy*-13.1627}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0600},{\dy*-17.3067}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0400},{\dy*-25.6183}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0200},{\dy*-50.5974}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0190},{\dy*-53.2279})} +\def\gammatwo{({\dx*-1.9810},{\dy*26.7952}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9800},{\dy*25.4804}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9600},{\dy*13.0001}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9400},{\dy*8.8538}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9200},{\dy*6.7915}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9000},{\dy*5.5635}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8800},{\dy*4.7529}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8600},{\dy*4.1815}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8400},{\dy*3.7599}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8200},{\dy*3.4386}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8000},{\dy*3.1881}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7800},{\dy*2.9894}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7600},{\dy*2.8301}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7400},{\dy*2.7015}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7200},{\dy*2.5976}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7000},{\dy*2.5139}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6800},{\dy*2.4473}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6600},{\dy*2.3952}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6400},{\dy*2.3559}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6200},{\dy*2.3280}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6000},{\dy*2.3106}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5800},{\dy*2.3029}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5600},{\dy*2.3045}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5400},{\dy*2.3151}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5200},{\dy*2.3346}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5000},{\dy*2.3633}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4800},{\dy*2.4012}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4600},{\dy*2.4490}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4400},{\dy*2.5073}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4200},{\dy*2.5770}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4000},{\dy*2.6593}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3800},{\dy*2.7556}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3600},{\dy*2.8679}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3400},{\dy*2.9986}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3200},{\dy*3.1508}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3000},{\dy*3.3283}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2800},{\dy*3.5365}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2600},{\dy*3.7819}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2400},{\dy*4.0737}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2200},{\dy*4.4243}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2000},{\dy*4.8510}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1800},{\dy*5.3790}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1600},{\dy*6.0461}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1400},{\dy*6.9118}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1200},{\dy*8.0752}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1000},{\dy*9.7148}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0800},{\dy*12.1877}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0600},{\dy*16.3271}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0400},{\dy*24.6330}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0200},{\dy*49.6053}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0190},{\dy*52.2354})} +\def\gammathree{({\dx*-2.9810},{\dy*-8.9887}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9800},{\dy*-8.5505}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9600},{\dy*-4.3919}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9400},{\dy*-3.0115}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9200},{\dy*-2.3259}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9000},{\dy*-1.9184}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8800},{\dy*-1.6503}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8600},{\dy*-1.4621}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8400},{\dy*-1.3239}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8200},{\dy*-1.2194}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8000},{\dy*-1.1386}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7800},{\dy*-1.0753}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7600},{\dy*-1.0254}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7400},{\dy*-0.9859}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7200},{\dy*-0.9550}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7000},{\dy*-0.9311}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6800},{\dy*-0.9132}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6600},{\dy*-0.9004}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6400},{\dy*-0.8924}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6200},{\dy*-0.8886}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6000},{\dy*-0.8887}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5800},{\dy*-0.8926}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5600},{\dy*-0.9002}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5400},{\dy*-0.9115}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5200},{\dy*-0.9264}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5000},{\dy*-0.9453}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4800},{\dy*-0.9682}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4600},{\dy*-0.9955}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4400},{\dy*-1.0276}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4200},{\dy*-1.0649}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4000},{\dy*-1.1080}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3800},{\dy*-1.1578}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3600},{\dy*-1.2152}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3400},{\dy*-1.2815}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3200},{\dy*-1.3581}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3000},{\dy*-1.4471}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2800},{\dy*-1.5511}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2600},{\dy*-1.6734}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2400},{\dy*-1.8186}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2200},{\dy*-1.9929}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2000},{\dy*-2.2050}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1800},{\dy*-2.4674}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1600},{\dy*-2.7991}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1400},{\dy*-3.2298}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1200},{\dy*-3.8091}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1000},{\dy*-4.6261}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0800},{\dy*-5.8595}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0600},{\dy*-7.9258}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0400},{\dy*-12.0750}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0200},{\dy*-24.5571}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0190},{\dy*-25.8719})} +\def\gammafour{({\dx*-3.9950},{\dy*8.3966}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9800},{\dy*2.1484}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9600},{\dy*1.1091}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9400},{\dy*0.7643}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9200},{\dy*0.5933}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9000},{\dy*0.4919}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8800},{\dy*0.4253}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8600},{\dy*0.3788}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8400},{\dy*0.3448}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8200},{\dy*0.3192}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8000},{\dy*0.2996}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7800},{\dy*0.2845}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7600},{\dy*0.2727}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7400},{\dy*0.2636}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7200},{\dy*0.2567}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7000},{\dy*0.2516}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6800},{\dy*0.2481}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6600},{\dy*0.2460}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6400},{\dy*0.2452}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6200},{\dy*0.2455}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6000},{\dy*0.2469}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5800},{\dy*0.2493}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5600},{\dy*0.2529}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5400},{\dy*0.2575}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5200},{\dy*0.2632}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5000},{\dy*0.2701}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4800},{\dy*0.2782}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4600},{\dy*0.2877}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4400},{\dy*0.2987}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4200},{\dy*0.3114}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4000},{\dy*0.3259}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3800},{\dy*0.3425}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3600},{\dy*0.3617}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3400},{\dy*0.3837}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3200},{\dy*0.4091}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3000},{\dy*0.4385}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2800},{\dy*0.4729}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2600},{\dy*0.5133}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2400},{\dy*0.5613}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2200},{\dy*0.6189}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2000},{\dy*0.6891}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1800},{\dy*0.7759}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1600},{\dy*0.8858}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1400},{\dy*1.0286}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1200},{\dy*1.2209}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1000},{\dy*1.4923}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0800},{\dy*1.9024}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0600},{\dy*2.5901}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0400},{\dy*3.9720}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0200},{\dy*8.1315}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0050},{\dy*33.1259})} +\def\gammafive{({\dx*-4.9990},{\dy*-8.3476}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9800},{\dy*-0.4314}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9600},{\dy*-0.2236}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9400},{\dy*-0.1547}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9200},{\dy*-0.1206}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9000},{\dy*-0.1004}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8800},{\dy*-0.0872}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8600},{\dy*-0.0779}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8400},{\dy*-0.0712}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8200},{\dy*-0.0662}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8000},{\dy*-0.0624}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7800},{\dy*-0.0595}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7600},{\dy*-0.0573}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7400},{\dy*-0.0556}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7200},{\dy*-0.0544}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7000},{\dy*-0.0535}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6800},{\dy*-0.0530}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6600},{\dy*-0.0528}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6400},{\dy*-0.0528}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6200},{\dy*-0.0531}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6000},{\dy*-0.0537}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5800},{\dy*-0.0544}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5600},{\dy*-0.0555}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5400},{\dy*-0.0567}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5200},{\dy*-0.0582}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5000},{\dy*-0.0600}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4800},{\dy*-0.0621}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4600},{\dy*-0.0645}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4400},{\dy*-0.0673}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4200},{\dy*-0.0704}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4000},{\dy*-0.0741}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3800},{\dy*-0.0782}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3600},{\dy*-0.0830}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3400},{\dy*-0.0884}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3200},{\dy*-0.0947}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3000},{\dy*-0.1020}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2800},{\dy*-0.1105}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2600},{\dy*-0.1205}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2400},{\dy*-0.1324}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2200},{\dy*-0.1467}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2000},{\dy*-0.1641}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1800},{\dy*-0.1856}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1600},{\dy*-0.2129}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1400},{\dy*-0.2485}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1200},{\dy*-0.2963}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1000},{\dy*-0.3640}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0800},{\dy*-0.4663}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0600},{\dy*-0.6380}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0400},{\dy*-0.9832}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0200},{\dy*-2.0228}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0010},{\dy*-41.6040})} +\def\gammasix{({\dx*-5.9998},{\dy*6.9470}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9800},{\dy*0.0721}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9600},{\dy*0.0375}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9400},{\dy*0.0260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9200},{\dy*0.0204}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9000},{\dy*0.0170}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8800},{\dy*0.0148}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8600},{\dy*0.0133}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8400},{\dy*0.0122}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8200},{\dy*0.0114}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8000},{\dy*0.0108}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7800},{\dy*0.0103}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7600},{\dy*0.0099}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7400},{\dy*0.0097}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7200},{\dy*0.0095}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7000},{\dy*0.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6800},{\dy*0.0093}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6600},{\dy*0.0093}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6400},{\dy*0.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6200},{\dy*0.0095}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6000},{\dy*0.0096}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5800},{\dy*0.0098}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5600},{\dy*0.0100}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5400},{\dy*0.0102}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5200},{\dy*0.0105}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5000},{\dy*0.0109}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4800},{\dy*0.0113}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4600},{\dy*0.0118}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4400},{\dy*0.0124}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4200},{\dy*0.0130}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4000},{\dy*0.0137}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3800},{\dy*0.0145}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3600},{\dy*0.0155}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3400},{\dy*0.0166}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3200},{\dy*0.0178}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3000},{\dy*0.0192}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2800},{\dy*0.0209}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2600},{\dy*0.0229}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2400},{\dy*0.0253}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2200},{\dy*0.0281}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2000},{\dy*0.0316}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1800},{\dy*0.0358}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1600},{\dy*0.0413}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1400},{\dy*0.0483}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1200},{\dy*0.0579}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1000},{\dy*0.0714}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0800},{\dy*0.0918}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0600},{\dy*0.1261}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0400},{\dy*0.1951}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0200},{\dy*0.4029}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0002},{\dy*41.6525})} +\def\gammasinplus{({\dx*0.0190},{\dy*52.1325}) + -- ({\dx*0.0200},{\dy*49.5050}) + -- ({\dx*0.0400},{\dy*24.5863}) + -- ({\dx*0.0600},{\dy*16.3331}) + -- ({\dx*0.0800},{\dy*12.2453}) + -- ({\dx*0.1000},{\dy*9.8225}) + -- ({\dx*0.1200},{\dy*8.2314}) + -- ({\dx*0.1400},{\dy*7.1145}) + -- ({\dx*0.1600},{\dy*6.2930}) + -- ({\dx*0.1800},{\dy*5.6676}) + -- ({\dx*0.2000},{\dy*5.1786}) + -- ({\dx*0.2200},{\dy*4.7879}) + -- ({\dx*0.2400},{\dy*4.4701}) + -- ({\dx*0.2600},{\dy*4.2074}) + -- ({\dx*0.2800},{\dy*3.9874}) + -- ({\dx*0.3000},{\dy*3.8006}) + -- ({\dx*0.3200},{\dy*3.6401}) + -- ({\dx*0.3400},{\dy*3.5005}) + -- ({\dx*0.3600},{\dy*3.3776}) + -- ({\dx*0.3800},{\dy*3.2680}) + -- ({\dx*0.4000},{\dy*3.1692}) + -- ({\dx*0.4200},{\dy*3.0790}) + -- ({\dx*0.4400},{\dy*2.9955}) + -- ({\dx*0.4600},{\dy*2.9173}) + -- ({\dx*0.4800},{\dy*2.8433}) + -- ({\dx*0.5000},{\dy*2.7725}) + -- ({\dx*0.5200},{\dy*2.7039}) + -- ({\dx*0.5400},{\dy*2.6369}) + -- ({\dx*0.5600},{\dy*2.5709}) + -- ({\dx*0.5800},{\dy*2.5055}) + -- ({\dx*0.6000},{\dy*2.4402}) + -- ({\dx*0.6200},{\dy*2.3748}) + -- ({\dx*0.6400},{\dy*2.3090}) + -- ({\dx*0.6600},{\dy*2.2425}) + -- ({\dx*0.6800},{\dy*2.1752}) + -- ({\dx*0.7000},{\dy*2.1071}) + -- ({\dx*0.7200},{\dy*2.0380}) + -- ({\dx*0.7400},{\dy*1.9679}) + -- ({\dx*0.7600},{\dy*1.8969}) + -- ({\dx*0.7800},{\dy*1.8249}) + -- ({\dx*0.8000},{\dy*1.7520}) + -- ({\dx*0.8200},{\dy*1.6783}) + -- ({\dx*0.8400},{\dy*1.6039}) + -- ({\dx*0.8600},{\dy*1.5289}) + -- ({\dx*0.8800},{\dy*1.4534}) + -- ({\dx*0.9000},{\dy*1.3776}) + -- ({\dx*0.9200},{\dy*1.3017}) + -- ({\dx*0.9400},{\dy*1.2258}) + -- ({\dx*0.9600},{\dy*1.1501}) + -- ({\dx*0.9800},{\dy*1.0747}) + -- ({\dx*1.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*1.0200},{\dy*0.9261}) + -- ({\dx*1.0400},{\dy*0.8531}) + -- ({\dx*1.0600},{\dy*0.7814}) + -- ({\dx*1.0800},{\dy*0.7110}) + -- ({\dx*1.1000},{\dy*0.6423}) + -- ({\dx*1.1200},{\dy*0.5755}) + -- ({\dx*1.1400},{\dy*0.5106}) + -- ({\dx*1.1600},{\dy*0.4480}) + -- ({\dx*1.1800},{\dy*0.3879}) + -- ({\dx*1.2000},{\dy*0.3304}) + -- ({\dx*1.2200},{\dy*0.2757}) + -- ({\dx*1.2400},{\dy*0.2240}) + -- ({\dx*1.2600},{\dy*0.1754}) + -- ({\dx*1.2800},{\dy*0.1302}) + -- ({\dx*1.3000},{\dy*0.0885}) + -- ({\dx*1.3200},{\dy*0.0503}) + -- ({\dx*1.3400},{\dy*0.0159}) + -- ({\dx*1.3600},{\dy*-0.0146}) + -- ({\dx*1.3800},{\dy*-0.0412}) + -- ({\dx*1.4000},{\dy*-0.0638}) + -- ({\dx*1.4200},{\dy*-0.0822}) + -- ({\dx*1.4400},{\dy*-0.0965}) + -- ({\dx*1.4600},{\dy*-0.1065}) + -- ({\dx*1.4800},{\dy*-0.1123}) + -- ({\dx*1.5000},{\dy*-0.1138}) + -- ({\dx*1.5200},{\dy*-0.1110}) + -- ({\dx*1.5400},{\dy*-0.1039}) + -- ({\dx*1.5600},{\dy*-0.0926}) + -- ({\dx*1.5800},{\dy*-0.0772}) + -- ({\dx*1.6000},{\dy*-0.0575}) + -- ({\dx*1.6200},{\dy*-0.0339}) + -- ({\dx*1.6400},{\dy*-0.0062}) + -- ({\dx*1.6600},{\dy*0.0254}) + -- ({\dx*1.6800},{\dy*0.0607}) + -- ({\dx*1.7000},{\dy*0.0996}) + -- ({\dx*1.7200},{\dy*0.1421}) + -- ({\dx*1.7400},{\dy*0.1879}) + -- ({\dx*1.7600},{\dy*0.2368}) + -- ({\dx*1.7800},{\dy*0.2888}) + -- ({\dx*1.8000},{\dy*0.3436}) + -- ({\dx*1.8200},{\dy*0.4010}) + -- ({\dx*1.8400},{\dy*0.4609}) + -- ({\dx*1.8600},{\dy*0.5229}) + -- ({\dx*1.8800},{\dy*0.5869}) + -- ({\dx*1.9000},{\dy*0.6527}) + -- ({\dx*1.9200},{\dy*0.7201}) + -- ({\dx*1.9400},{\dy*0.7887}) + -- ({\dx*1.9600},{\dy*0.8584}) + -- ({\dx*1.9800},{\dy*0.9289}) + -- ({\dx*2.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*2.0200},{\dy*1.0714}) + -- ({\dx*2.0400},{\dy*1.1429}) + -- ({\dx*2.0600},{\dy*1.2142}) + -- ({\dx*2.0800},{\dy*1.2852}) + -- ({\dx*2.1000},{\dy*1.3555}) + -- ({\dx*2.1200},{\dy*1.4249}) + -- ({\dx*2.1400},{\dy*1.4933}) + -- ({\dx*2.1600},{\dy*1.5603}) + -- ({\dx*2.1800},{\dy*1.6258}) + -- ({\dx*2.2000},{\dy*1.6896}) + -- ({\dx*2.2200},{\dy*1.7514}) + -- ({\dx*2.2400},{\dy*1.8111}) + -- ({\dx*2.2600},{\dy*1.8685}) + -- ({\dx*2.2800},{\dy*1.9234}) + -- ({\dx*2.3000},{\dy*1.9757}) + -- ({\dx*2.3200},{\dy*2.0253}) + -- ({\dx*2.3400},{\dy*2.0719}) + -- ({\dx*2.3600},{\dy*2.1155}) + -- ({\dx*2.3800},{\dy*2.1560}) + -- ({\dx*2.4000},{\dy*2.1932}) + -- ({\dx*2.4200},{\dy*2.2272}) + -- ({\dx*2.4400},{\dy*2.2578}) + -- ({\dx*2.4600},{\dy*2.2851}) + -- ({\dx*2.4800},{\dy*2.3089}) + -- ({\dx*2.5000},{\dy*2.3293}) + -- ({\dx*2.5200},{\dy*2.3463}) + -- ({\dx*2.5400},{\dy*2.3599}) + -- ({\dx*2.5600},{\dy*2.3701}) + -- ({\dx*2.5800},{\dy*2.3770}) + -- ({\dx*2.6000},{\dy*2.3807}) + -- ({\dx*2.6200},{\dy*2.3812}) + -- ({\dx*2.6400},{\dy*2.3786}) + -- ({\dx*2.6600},{\dy*2.3731}) + -- ({\dx*2.6800},{\dy*2.3647}) + -- ({\dx*2.7000},{\dy*2.3537}) + -- ({\dx*2.7200},{\dy*2.3402}) + -- ({\dx*2.7400},{\dy*2.3242}) + -- ({\dx*2.7600},{\dy*2.3062}) + -- ({\dx*2.7800},{\dy*2.2861}) + -- ({\dx*2.8000},{\dy*2.2643}) + -- ({\dx*2.8200},{\dy*2.2409}) + -- ({\dx*2.8400},{\dy*2.2162}) + -- ({\dx*2.8600},{\dy*2.1903}) + -- ({\dx*2.8800},{\dy*2.1637}) + -- ({\dx*2.9000},{\dy*2.1364}) + -- ({\dx*2.9200},{\dy*2.1087}) + -- ({\dx*2.9400},{\dy*2.0810}) + -- ({\dx*2.9600},{\dy*2.0535}) + -- ({\dx*2.9800},{\dy*2.0264}) + -- ({\dx*3.0000},{\dy*2.0000}) + -- ({\dx*3.0200},{\dy*1.9746}) + -- ({\dx*3.0400},{\dy*1.9505}) + -- ({\dx*3.0600},{\dy*1.9280}) + -- ({\dx*3.0800},{\dy*1.9072}) + -- ({\dx*3.1000},{\dy*1.8886}) + -- ({\dx*3.1200},{\dy*1.8723}) + -- ({\dx*3.1400},{\dy*1.8587}) + -- ({\dx*3.1600},{\dy*1.8480}) + -- ({\dx*3.1800},{\dy*1.8404}) + -- ({\dx*3.2000},{\dy*1.8362}) + -- ({\dx*3.2200},{\dy*1.8356}) + -- ({\dx*3.2400},{\dy*1.8390}) + -- ({\dx*3.2600},{\dy*1.8464}) + -- ({\dx*3.2800},{\dy*1.8581}) + -- ({\dx*3.3000},{\dy*1.8744}) + -- ({\dx*3.3200},{\dy*1.8954}) + -- ({\dx*3.3400},{\dy*1.9213}) + -- ({\dx*3.3600},{\dy*1.9523}) + -- ({\dx*3.3800},{\dy*1.9885}) + -- ({\dx*3.4000},{\dy*2.0301}) + -- ({\dx*3.4200},{\dy*2.0773}) + -- ({\dx*3.4400},{\dy*2.1301}) + -- ({\dx*3.4600},{\dy*2.1886}) + -- ({\dx*3.4800},{\dy*2.2530}) + -- ({\dx*3.5000},{\dy*2.3234}) + -- ({\dx*3.5200},{\dy*2.3997}) + -- ({\dx*3.5400},{\dy*2.4821}) + -- ({\dx*3.5600},{\dy*2.5706}) + -- ({\dx*3.5800},{\dy*2.6652}) + -- ({\dx*3.6000},{\dy*2.7660}) + -- ({\dx*3.6200},{\dy*2.8729}) + -- ({\dx*3.6400},{\dy*2.9859}) + -- ({\dx*3.6600},{\dy*3.1051}) + -- ({\dx*3.6800},{\dy*3.2303}) + -- ({\dx*3.7000},{\dy*3.3616}) + -- ({\dx*3.7200},{\dy*3.4989}) + -- ({\dx*3.7400},{\dy*3.6421}) + -- ({\dx*3.7600},{\dy*3.7911}) + -- ({\dx*3.7800},{\dy*3.9459}) + -- ({\dx*3.8000},{\dy*4.1064}) + -- ({\dx*3.8200},{\dy*4.2724}) + -- ({\dx*3.8400},{\dy*4.4440}) + -- ({\dx*3.8600},{\dy*4.6209}) + -- ({\dx*3.8800},{\dy*4.8030}) + -- ({\dx*3.9000},{\dy*4.9903}) + -- ({\dx*3.9200},{\dy*5.1826}) + -- ({\dx*3.9400},{\dy*5.3799}) + -- ({\dx*3.9600},{\dy*5.5819}) + -- ({\dx*3.9800},{\dy*5.7887}) + -- ({\dx*4.0000},{\dy*6.0000}) + -- ({\dx*4.0200},{\dy*6.2158}) + -- ({\dx*4.0400},{\dy*6.4359}) + -- ({\dx*4.0600},{\dy*6.6603}) + -- ({\dx*4.0800},{\dy*6.8889}) + -- ({\dx*4.0810},{\dy*6.9005})} +\def\gammasinone{({\dx*-0.9810},{\dy*-53.1410}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9800},{\dy*-50.5140}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9600},{\dy*-25.6055}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9400},{\dy*-17.3637}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9200},{\dy*-13.2884}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9000},{\dy*-10.8796}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8800},{\dy*-9.3036}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8600},{\dy*-8.2033}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8400},{\dy*-7.3999}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8200},{\dy*-6.7941}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8000},{\dy*-6.3263}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7800},{\dy*-5.9586}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7600},{\dy*-5.6655}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7400},{\dy*-5.4296}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7200},{\dy*-5.2384}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7000},{\dy*-5.0827}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6800},{\dy*-4.9557}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6600},{\dy*-4.8523}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6400},{\dy*-4.7685}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6200},{\dy*-4.7012}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6000},{\dy*-4.6480}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5800},{\dy*-4.6072}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5600},{\dy*-4.5773}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5400},{\dy*-4.5573}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5200},{\dy*-4.5467}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5000},{\dy*-4.5449}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4800},{\dy*-4.5519}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4600},{\dy*-4.5677}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4400},{\dy*-4.5928}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4200},{\dy*-4.6279}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4000},{\dy*-4.6740}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3800},{\dy*-4.7325}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3600},{\dy*-4.8052}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3400},{\dy*-4.8944}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3200},{\dy*-5.0033}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3000},{\dy*-5.1359}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2800},{\dy*-5.2972}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2600},{\dy*-5.4942}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2400},{\dy*-5.7359}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2200},{\dy*-6.0350}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2000},{\dy*-6.4089}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1800},{\dy*-6.8830}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1600},{\dy*-7.4952}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1400},{\dy*-8.3052}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1200},{\dy*-9.4124}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1000},{\dy*-10.9953}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0800},{\dy*-13.4114}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0600},{\dy*-17.4941}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0400},{\dy*-25.7436}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0200},{\dy*-50.6602}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0190},{\dy*-53.2876})} +\def\gammasintwo{({\dx*-1.9810},{\dy*26.8549}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9800},{\dy*25.5432}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9600},{\dy*13.1254}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9400},{\dy*9.0411}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9200},{\dy*7.0402}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9000},{\dy*5.8725}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8800},{\dy*5.1211}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8600},{\dy*4.6073}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8400},{\dy*4.2416}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8200},{\dy*3.9745}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8000},{\dy*3.7759}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7800},{\dy*3.6268}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7600},{\dy*3.5146}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7400},{\dy*3.4305}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7200},{\dy*3.3681}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7000},{\dy*3.3229}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6800},{\dy*3.2916}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6600},{\dy*3.2715}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6400},{\dy*3.2607}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6200},{\dy*3.2578}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6000},{\dy*3.2616}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5800},{\dy*3.2715}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5600},{\dy*3.2868}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5400},{\dy*3.3072}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5200},{\dy*3.3327}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5000},{\dy*3.3633}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4800},{\dy*3.3993}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4600},{\dy*3.4412}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4400},{\dy*3.4896}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4200},{\dy*3.5456}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4000},{\dy*3.6103}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3800},{\dy*3.6854}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3600},{\dy*3.7727}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3400},{\dy*3.8749}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3200},{\dy*3.9951}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3000},{\dy*4.1374}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2800},{\dy*4.3070}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2600},{\dy*4.5109}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2400},{\dy*4.7583}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2200},{\dy*5.0617}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2000},{\dy*5.4387}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1800},{\dy*5.9148}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1600},{\dy*6.5279}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1400},{\dy*7.3376}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1200},{\dy*8.4433}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1000},{\dy*10.0238}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0800},{\dy*12.4364}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0600},{\dy*16.5145}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0400},{\dy*24.7583}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0200},{\dy*49.6681}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0190},{\dy*52.2951})} +\def\gammasinthree{({\dx*-2.9810},{\dy*-9.0483}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9800},{\dy*-8.6133}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9600},{\dy*-4.5173}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9400},{\dy*-3.1989}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9200},{\dy*-2.5746}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9000},{\dy*-2.2274}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8800},{\dy*-2.0184}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8600},{\dy*-1.8878}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8400},{\dy*-1.8057}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8200},{\dy*-1.7552}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8000},{\dy*-1.7264}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7800},{\dy*-1.7127}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7600},{\dy*-1.7099}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7400},{\dy*-1.7149}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7200},{\dy*-1.7255}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7000},{\dy*-1.7401}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6800},{\dy*-1.7575}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6600},{\dy*-1.7768}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6400},{\dy*-1.7972}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6200},{\dy*-1.8183}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6000},{\dy*-1.8397}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5800},{\dy*-1.8612}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5600},{\dy*-1.8825}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5400},{\dy*-1.9036}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5200},{\dy*-1.9245}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5000},{\dy*-1.9453}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4800},{\dy*-1.9663}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4600},{\dy*-1.9877}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4400},{\dy*-2.0099}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4200},{\dy*-2.0335}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4000},{\dy*-2.0591}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3800},{\dy*-2.0876}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3600},{\dy*-2.1200}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3400},{\dy*-2.1578}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3200},{\dy*-2.2024}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3000},{\dy*-2.2561}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2800},{\dy*-2.3216}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2600},{\dy*-2.4024}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2400},{\dy*-2.5032}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2200},{\dy*-2.6303}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2000},{\dy*-2.7928}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1800},{\dy*-3.0032}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1600},{\dy*-3.2809}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1400},{\dy*-3.6556}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1200},{\dy*-4.1772}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1000},{\dy*-4.9351}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0800},{\dy*-6.1082}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0600},{\dy*-8.1132}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0400},{\dy*-12.2003}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0200},{\dy*-24.6199}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0190},{\dy*-25.9316})} +\def\gammasinfour{({\dx*-3.9950},{\dy*8.4124}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9800},{\dy*2.2112}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9600},{\dy*1.2344}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9400},{\dy*0.9517}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9200},{\dy*0.8420}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9000},{\dy*0.8009}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8800},{\dy*0.7935}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8600},{\dy*0.8045}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8400},{\dy*0.8265}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8200},{\dy*0.8550}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8000},{\dy*0.8874}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7800},{\dy*0.9219}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7600},{\dy*0.9573}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7400},{\dy*0.9926}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7200},{\dy*1.0272}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7000},{\dy*1.0607}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6800},{\dy*1.0925}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6600},{\dy*1.1223}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6400},{\dy*1.1500}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6200},{\dy*1.1752}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6000},{\dy*1.1979}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5800},{\dy*1.2179}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5600},{\dy*1.2351}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5400},{\dy*1.2496}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5200},{\dy*1.2612}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5000},{\dy*1.2701}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4800},{\dy*1.2763}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4600},{\dy*1.2798}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4400},{\dy*1.2810}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4200},{\dy*1.2800}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4000},{\dy*1.2769}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3800},{\dy*1.2723}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3600},{\dy*1.2665}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3400},{\dy*1.2600}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3200},{\dy*1.2534}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3000},{\dy*1.2475}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2800},{\dy*1.2434}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2600},{\dy*1.2423}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2400},{\dy*1.2458}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2200},{\dy*1.2563}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2000},{\dy*1.2768}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1800},{\dy*1.3117}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1600},{\dy*1.3676}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1400},{\dy*1.4544}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1200},{\dy*1.5890}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1000},{\dy*1.8013}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0800},{\dy*2.1511}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0600},{\dy*2.7775}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0400},{\dy*4.0974}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0200},{\dy*8.1943}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0050},{\dy*33.1416})} +\def\gammasinfive{({\dx*-4.9990},{\dy*-8.3507}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9800},{\dy*-0.4942}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9600},{\dy*-0.3489}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9400},{\dy*-0.3421}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9200},{\dy*-0.3693}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9000},{\dy*-0.4094}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8800},{\dy*-0.4553}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8600},{\dy*-0.5037}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8400},{\dy*-0.5530}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8200},{\dy*-0.6021}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8000},{\dy*-0.6502}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7800},{\dy*-0.6969}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7600},{\dy*-0.7418}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7400},{\dy*-0.7846}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7200},{\dy*-0.8249}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7000},{\dy*-0.8626}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6800},{\dy*-0.8973}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6600},{\dy*-0.9291}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6400},{\dy*-0.9577}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6200},{\dy*-0.9829}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6000},{\dy*-1.0047}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5800},{\dy*-1.0230}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5600},{\dy*-1.0377}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5400},{\dy*-1.0488}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5200},{\dy*-1.0563}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5000},{\dy*-1.0600}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4800},{\dy*-1.0601}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4600},{\dy*-1.0566}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4400},{\dy*-1.0496}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4200},{\dy*-1.0390}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4000},{\dy*-1.0251}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3800},{\dy*-1.0080}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3600},{\dy*-0.9878}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3400},{\dy*-0.9647}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3200},{\dy*-0.9390}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3000},{\dy*-0.9110}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2800},{\dy*-0.8810}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2600},{\dy*-0.8495}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2400},{\dy*-0.8169}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2200},{\dy*-0.7841}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2000},{\dy*-0.7518}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1800},{\dy*-0.7215}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1600},{\dy*-0.6947}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1400},{\dy*-0.6742}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1200},{\dy*-0.6644}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1000},{\dy*-0.6730}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0800},{\dy*-0.7150}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0600},{\dy*-0.8253}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0400},{\dy*-1.1085}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0200},{\dy*-2.0855}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0010},{\dy*-41.6072})} +\def\gammasinsix{({\dx*-5.9998},{\dy*6.9477}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9800},{\dy*0.1349}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9600},{\dy*0.1629}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9400},{\dy*0.2134}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9200},{\dy*0.2691}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9000},{\dy*0.3260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8800},{\dy*0.3829}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8600},{\dy*0.4391}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8400},{\dy*0.4940}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8200},{\dy*0.5472}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8000},{\dy*0.5985}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7800},{\dy*0.6477}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7600},{\dy*0.6945}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7400},{\dy*0.7387}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7200},{\dy*0.7800}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7000},{\dy*0.8184}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6800},{\dy*0.8537}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6600},{\dy*0.8856}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6400},{\dy*0.9142}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6200},{\dy*0.9392}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6000},{\dy*0.9606}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5800},{\dy*0.9783}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5600},{\dy*0.9923}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5400},{\dy*1.0024}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5200},{\dy*1.0086}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5000},{\dy*1.0109}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4800},{\dy*1.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4600},{\dy*1.0039}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4400},{\dy*0.9947}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4200},{\dy*0.9816}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4000},{\dy*0.9648}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3800},{\dy*0.9443}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3600},{\dy*0.9203}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3400},{\dy*0.8929}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3200},{\dy*0.8621}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3000},{\dy*0.8283}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2800},{\dy*0.7914}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2600},{\dy*0.7519}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2400},{\dy*0.7098}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2200},{\dy*0.6655}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2000},{\dy*0.6193}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1800},{\dy*0.5717}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1600},{\dy*0.5230}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1400},{\dy*0.4741}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1200},{\dy*0.4260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1000},{\dy*0.3804}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0800},{\dy*0.3405}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0600},{\dy*0.3135}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0400},{\dy*0.3204}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0200},{\dy*0.4657}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0002},{\dy*41.6531})} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c195f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a68f0a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +% +% gammaplot.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\input{gammapaths.tex} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink + +\draw[->] (-6.1,0) -- (5.3,0) coordinate[label={$z$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-5.1) -- (0,6.4) coordinate[label={right:$\Gamma(z)$}]; + +\foreach \x in {-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6}{ + \draw (\x,-0.1) -- (\x,0.1); + \draw[line width=0.1pt] (\x,-5) -- (\x,6.2); +} +\foreach \x in {1,2,3,4,5}{ + \draw (\x,-0.1) -- (\x,0.1); + \node at (\x,0) [below] {$\x$}; +} +\foreach \y in {-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4,5,6}{ + \draw (-0.1,\y) -- (0.1,\y); +} +\foreach \y in {1,2,3,4,5,6}{ + \node at (0,\y) [left] {$\y$}; +} +\foreach \y in {-1,-2,-3,-4,-5}{ + \node at (0,\y) [right] {$\y$}; +} +\foreach \x in {-1,-3,-5}{ + \node at (\x,0) [below left] {$\x$}; +} +\foreach \x in {-2,-4,-6}{ + \node at (\x,0) [above left] {$\x$}; +} + +\def\dx{1} +\def\dy{1} + +\begin{scope} +\clip (-6.1,-5) rectangle (4.3,6.2); + +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinplus; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinone; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasintwo; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinthree; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinfour; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinfive; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinsix; + +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammaplus; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammaone; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammatwo; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammathree; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammafour; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammafive; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammasix; + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..76be412 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fe7a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf 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b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb8a2d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7e72dc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0072d28 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc61c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex index 00e3b43..133d686 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex @@ -8,7 +8,28 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Patrik Müller} -{\large \color{red} TODO: Einleitung} +{\parindent0pt Die} Laguerre\--Polynome, +benannt nach Edmond Laguerre (1834 -- 1886), +sind Lösungen der ebenfalls nach %Laguerre +ihm +benannten Differentialgleichung. +Laguerre entdeckte diese Polynome, als er Approximations\-methoden +für das Integral +% $\int_0^\infty \exp(-x) / x \, dx $ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty \frac{e^{-x}}{x} \, dx +\end{align*} +suchte. +Darum möchten wir uns in diesem Kapitel, +ganz im Sinne des Entdeckers, +den Laguerre-Polynomen für Approximationen von Integralen mit +exponentiell abfallenden Funktionen widmen. +Namentlich werden wir versuchen, mittels Laguerre-Polynomen und +der Gauss-Quadratur eine geeignete Approximation für die Gamma-Funktion zu +finden. + +Laguerre-Polynome tauchen zudem auch in der Quantenmechanik im radialen Anteil +der Lösung für die Schrödinger-Gleichung eines Wasserstoffatoms auf. \input{papers/laguerre/definition} \input{papers/laguerre/eigenschaften} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex index 4ebc172..a80d091 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex @@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ % if your paper needs special packages, add package commands as in the % following example -\usepackage{derivative} +\DeclareMathOperator{\real}{Re}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3db69f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169, xcolor={rgb}]{beamer} + +% style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{booktabs} %toprule midrule bottomrue in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} +\usepackage{textgreek} +\usepackage[rgb]{xcolor} + +\usepackage{ marvosym } % \Lightning + +\usepackage{multimedia} % embedded videos + +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{pgf} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + +%math font +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{Laguerre-Polynome} +\subtitle{Anwendung: Approximation der Gamma-Funktion} +\author{Patrik Müller} +% \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} +% \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} +\date{\today} + +\input{../packages.tex} + +\newcommand*{\QED}{\hfill\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}% + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc,shapes.geometric, fadings} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{frame} + \titlepage +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Inhaltsverzeichnis} + \tableofcontents +\end{frame} + +\input{sections/laguerre} + +\input{sections/gaussquad} + +\input{sections/gamma} + +\input{sections/gamma_approx} + +\appendix +\begin{frame} + % \centering + % \Large + % \textbf{Vielen Dank für die Aufmerksamkeit} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7dca39b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +\section{Gamma-Funktion} + +\begin{frame}{Gamma-Funktion} +\begin{columns} + +\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] +\vspace{-16pt} +\centering +% \scalebox{0.51}{\input{../images/gammaplot.pdf}} +\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{../images/gammaplot.pdf} +% \caption{Gamma-Funktion} +\end{figure} +\end{column} + +\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth} +Verallgemeinerung der Fakultät +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(n) = (n-1)! +\end{align*} + +Integralformel +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) += +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +,\quad +\operatorname{Re} z > 0 +\end{align*} + +Funktionalgleichung +\begin{align*} +z \Gamma(z) += +\Gamma(z + 1) +\end{align*} + +Reflektionsformel +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) \Gamma(1 - z) += +\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi z} +, \quad +\text{für } +z \notin \mathbb{Z} +\end{align*} + +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5e1131 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +\section{Approximieren der Gamma-Funktion} + +\begin{frame}{Anwenden der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur auf $\Gamma(z)$} + +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) + & = +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +\uncover<2->{ +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i) A_i +} +\uncover<3->{ += +\sum_{i=1}^{n} x^{z-1} A_i +} +\\\\ +\uncover<4->{ + & \text{wobei } +A_i = \frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} +\text{ und $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$} +} +\end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Fehlerabschätzung} +\begin{align*} +R_n(\xi) + & = +\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) +\\ + & = +(z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z - 2n - 1} +,\quad +0 < \xi < \infty +\end{align*} + +% \textbf{Probleme:} +\begin{itemize} +\item Funktion ist unbeschränkt +\item Maximum von $R_n$ gibt oberes Limit des Fehlers an +\uncover<2->{\item[$\Rightarrow$] Schwierig ein Maximum von $R_n(\xi)$ zu finden} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Einfacher Ansatz} + +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/rel_error_simple.pgf}} +% \resizebox{!}{0.72\textheight}{\input{../images/rel_error_simple.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.77\textwidth]{../images/rel_error_simple.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des einfachen Ansatzes für verschiedene reelle Werte +von $z$ und Grade $n$ der Laguerre-Polynome} +\end{figure} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Wieso sind die Resultate so schlecht?} + +\textbf{Beobachtungen} +\begin{itemize} +\item Wenn $z \in \mathbb{Z}$ relativer Fehler $\rightarrow 0$ +\item Gewisse Periodizität zu erkennen +\item Für grosse und kleine $z$ ergibt sich ein schlechter relativer Fehler +\item Es gibt Intervalle $[a,a+1]$ mit minimalem relativem Fehler +\item $a$ ist abhängig von $n$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<2->{ +\textbf{Ursache?} +\begin{itemize} +\item Vermutung: Integrand ist problematisch +} +\uncover<3->{ +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Analysieren von $f(x)$ und dem Integranden +} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{$f(x) = x^z$} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/integrand.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{../images/integrand.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Integrand $x^z e^{-x}$} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/integrand_exp.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{../images/integrand_exp.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Neuer Ansatz?} + +\textbf{Vermutung} +\begin{itemize} +\item Es gibt Intervalle $[a(n), a(n)+1]$ in denen der relative Fehler minimal +ist +\item $a(n) > 0$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<2->{ +\textbf{Idee} +\begin{itemize} +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Berechnen von $\Gamma(z)$ im geeigneten Intervall und dann +mit Funktionalgleichung zurückverschieben +\end{itemize} +} + +\uncover<3->{ +\textbf{Wie finden wir $\boldsymbol{a(n)}$?} +\begin{itemize} +\item Minimieren des Fehlerterms mit zusätzlichem Verschiebungsterm +} +\uncover<4->{$\Rightarrow$ Schwierig das Maximum des Fehlerterms zu bestimmen} +\uncover<5->{\item Empirisch $a(n)$ bestimmen} +\uncover<6->{$\Rightarrow$ Sinnvoll, +da Gauss-Quadratur nur für kleine $n$ praktischen Nutzen hat} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Verschiebungsterm} +\begin{columns} +\begin{column}{0.625\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{../images/targets.pdf} +\caption{Optimaler Verschiebungsterm $m^*$ in Abhängigkeit von $z$ und $n$} +\end{figure} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.375\textwidth} +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +\frac{1}{(z-m)_{m}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i^{z + m - 1} A_i +\end{align*} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Schätzen von $m^*$} +\begin{columns} +\begin{column}{0.65\textwidth} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\vspace{-12pt} +% \scalebox{0.7}{\input{../images/estimates.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{../images/estimates.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.34\textwidth} +\begin{align*} +\hat{m} +&= +\alpha n + \beta +\\ +&\approx +1.34154 n + 0.848786 +\\ +m^* +&= +\lceil \hat{m} - \operatorname{Re}z \rceil +\end{align*} +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/rel_error_shifted.pgf}} +\includegraphics{../images/rel_error_shifted.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler mit $n=8$, unterschiedlichen Verschiebungstermen $m$ und $z\in(0, 1)$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/rel_error_range.pgf}} +\includegraphics{../images/rel_error_range.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler mit $n=8$, Verschiebungsterm $m^*$ und $z\in(-5, 5)$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Vergleich mit Lanczos-Methode} +Maximaler relativer Fehler für $n=6$ +\begin{itemize} + \item Lanczos-Methode $< 10^{-12}$ + \item Unsere Methode $\approx 10^{-6}$ +\end{itemize} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d973b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +\section{Gauss-Quadratur} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Quadratur} +\textbf{Idee} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Polynome können viele Funktionen approximieren +\item Wenn Verfahren gut für Polynome funktioniert, +sollte es auch für andere Funktionen funktionieren +\item Integrieren eines Interpolationspolynom +\item Interpolationspolynom ist durch Funktionswerte $f(x_i)$ bestimmt +$\Rightarrow$ Integral kann durch Funktionswerte berechnet werden +\item Evaluation der Funktionswerte an geeigneten Stellen +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Quadratur} +\begin{align*} +\int_{-1}^{1} f(x) \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\end{align*} + +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Exakt für Polynome mit Grad $2n-1$ +\item Interpolationspolynome müssen orthogonal sein +\item Stützstellen $x_i$ sind Nullstellen des Polynoms +\item Fehler: +\begin{align*} +E += +\frac{f^{(2n)}(\xi)}{(2n)!} \int_{-1}^{1} l(x)^2 \, dx +,\quad +\text{wobei } +l(x) = \prod_{i=1}^n (x-x_i) +\end{align*} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Erweiterung des Integrationsintervall von $[-1, 1]$ auf $(a, b)$ +\item Hinzufügen einer Gewichtsfunktion +\item Bei uneigentlichen Integralen muss Gewichtsfunktion schneller als jedes +Integrationspolynom gegen $0$ gehen +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Für Laguerre-Polynome haben wir den Definitionsbereich +$(0, \infty)$ und die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty & f(x) e^{-x} \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\\ + & \text{wobei } +A_i = \frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} +\text{ und $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$} +\end{align*} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Fehler der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\begin{align*} +R_n += +\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) +,\quad +0 < \xi < \infty +\end{align*} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f99214e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +\section{Laguerre-Polynome} + +\begin{frame}{Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Benannt nach Edmond Nicolas Laguerre (1834-1886) +\item Aus Artikel von 1879, +in dem er $\int_0^\infty \exp(-x)/x \, dx$ analysierte +\end{itemize} + +\begin{align*} +x y''(x) + (1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) + & = +0 +, \quad +n \in \mathbb{N}_0 +, \quad +x \in \mathbb{R} +\end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Lösen der Differentialgleichung} + +\begin{align*} +x y''(x) + (1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) + & = +0 +\\ +\end{align*} + +\uncover<2->{ +\centering +\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay] +%% use here too +\path[draw=mainColor, very thick,->](0, 1.1) to +node[anchor=west]{Potenzreihenansatz} (0, -0.8); +\end{tikzpicture} +} + +\begin{align*} +\uncover<3->{ +L_n(x) + & = +\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k +} +\end{align*} +\uncover<4->{ +\begin{itemize} + \item Die Lösungen der DGL sind die Laguerre-Polynome +\end{itemize} +} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \resizebox{0.74\textwidth}{!}{\input{../images/laguerre_poly.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{../images/laguerre_poly.pdf} +\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Orthogonalität} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Beweis: Umformen in Sturm-Liouville-Problem (siehe Paper) +\begin{alignat*}{5} +((p(x) &y'(x)))' + q(x) &y(x) +&= +\lambda &w(x) &y(x) +\\ +((x e^{-x} &y'(x)))' + 0 &y(x) +&= +n &e^{-x} &y(x) +\end{alignat*} +\item Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ +\item Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<4->{ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty e^{-x} L_n(x) L_m(x) \, dx += +0 +,\quad +n \neq m +,\quad +n, m \in \mathbb{N} +\end{align*} +} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex index 60fad7f..0e32012 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex @@ -3,37 +3,96 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Gauss-Quadratur +\section{Gauss-Quadratur% \label{laguerre:section:quadratur}} - {\large \color{red} TODO: Einleitung und kurze Beschreibung Gauss-Quadratur} +\rhead{Gauss-Quadratur}% +Die Gauss-Quadratur ist ein numerisches Integrationsverfahren, +welches die Eigenschaften von orthogonalen Polynomen verwendet. +Herleitungen und Analysen der Gauss-Quadratur können im +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:orthogonal:section:gauss-quadratur} gefunden werden. +Als grundlegende Idee wird die Beobachtung, +dass viele Funktionen sich gut mit Polynomen approximieren lassen, +verwendet. +Stellt man also sicher, +dass ein Verfahren gut für Polynome funktioniert, +sollte es auch für andere Funktionen angemessene Resultate liefern. +Es wird ein Interpolationspolynom verwendet, +welches an den Punkten $x_0 < x_1 < \ldots < x_n$ +die Funktionwerte~$f(x_i)$ annimmt. +Als Resultat kann das Integral via einer gewichteten Summe der Form \begin{align} -\int_a^b f(x) w(x) +\int_a^b f(x) w(x) \, dx \approx -\sum_{i=1}^N f(x_i) A_i +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i \label{laguerre:gaussquadratur} \end{align} +berechnet werden. +Die Gauss-Quadratur ist exakt für Polynome mit Grad $2n -1$, +wenn ein Interpolationspolynom von Grad $n$ gewählt wurde. -\subsection{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +\subsection{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur% \label{laguerre:subsection:gausslag-quadratur}} -Die Gauss-Quadratur kann auch auf Skalarprodukte mit Gewichtsfunktionen -ausgeweitet werden. -In unserem Falle möchten wir die Gauss Quadratur auf die Laguerre-Polynome -$L_n$ ausweiten. -Diese sind orthogonal im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ bezüglich -der Gewichtsfunktion $e^{-x}$. -Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} lässt sich wiefolgt umformulieren: +Wir möchten nun die Gauss-Quadratur auf die Berechnung +von uneigentlichen Integralen erweitern, +spezifisch auf das Intervall~$(0, \infty)$. +Mit dem vorher beschriebenen Verfahren ist dies nicht direkt möglich. +% Mit einer Transformation +% \begin{align*} +% x +% = +% % a + +% \frac{1 - t}{t} +% \end{align*} +% die das unendliche Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ +% auf das Intervall~$[0, 1]$ transformiert, +% kann dies behoben werden. +% % Für unseren Fall gilt $a = 0$. +Das Integral eines Polynomes in diesem Intervall ist immer divergent. +Es ist also nötig, +den Integranden durch Funktionen zu approximieren, +die genügend schnell gegen $0$ gehen. +Man kann Polynome beliebigen Grades verwenden, +wenn sie mit einer Funktion multipliziert werden, +die schneller gegen $0$ geht als jedes Polynom. +Damit stellen wir sicher, +dass das Integral immer noch konvergiert. +% Darum müssen wir das Polynom mit einer Funktion multiplizieren, +% die schneller als jedes Polynom gegen $0$ geht, +% damit das Integral immer noch konvergiert. +Die Laguerre-Polynome $L_n$ schaffen hier Abhilfe, +da ihre Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ schneller +gegen $0$ konvergiert als jedes Polynom. +% In unserem Falle möchten wir die Gauss Quadratur auf die Laguerre-Polynome +% $L_n$ ausweiten. +% Diese sind orthogonal im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ bezüglich +% der Gewichtsfunktion $e^{-x}$. +Um also das Integral einer Funktion $g(x)$ im Intervall~$(0,\infty)$ zu +berechen, +formt man das Integral wie folgt um: +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty g(x) \, dx += +\int_0^\infty f(x) e^{-x} \, dx +\end{align*} +Wir approximieren dann $f(x)$ durch ein Interpolationspolynom +wie bei der Gauss-Quadratur. +% Die Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:gaussquadratur} lässt sich daher wie folgt +% umformulieren: +Die Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:gaussquadratur} wird also +für die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur zu \begin{align} \int_{0}^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} dx \approx -\sum_{i=1}^{N} f(x_i) A_i +\sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i) A_i \label{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} +. \end{align} \subsubsection{Stützstellen und Gewichte} Nach der Definition der Gauss-Quadratur müssen als Stützstellen die Nullstellen -des verwendeten Polynoms genommen werden. -Das heisst für das Laguerre-Polynom $L_n$ müssen dessen Nullstellen $x_i$ und -als Gewichte $A_i$ werden die Integrale $l_i(x)e^{-x}$ verwendet werden. +des Approximationspolynoms genommen werden. +Für das Laguerre-Polynom $L_n(x)$ müssen demnach dessen Nullstellen $x_i$ und +als Gewichte $A_i$ die Integrale von $l_i(x) e^{-x}$ verwendet werden. Dabei sind \begin{align*} l_i(x_j) @@ -41,39 +100,117 @@ l_i(x_j) \delta_{ij} = \begin{cases} -1 & i=j \\ -0 & \text{sonst.} +1 & i=j \\ +0 & \text{sonst} \end{cases} +% . \end{align*} -Laut \cite{abramowitz+stegun} sind die Gewichte also -\begin{align} +die Lagrangeschen Interpolationspolynome. +Laut \cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction} können die Gewichte mit +\begin{align*} +A_i + & = +-\frac{C_{n+1} \gamma_n}{C_n \phi'_n(x_i) \phi_{n+1} (x_i)} +\end{align*} +berechnet werden. +$C_i$ entspricht dabei dem Koeffizienten von $x^i$ +des orthogonalen Polynoms $\phi_n(x)$, $\forall i =0,\ldots,n$ und +\begin{align*} +\gamma_n += +\int_0^\infty w(x) \phi_n^2(x)\,dx +\end{align*} +dem Normalisierungsfaktor. + +Wir setzen nun $\phi_n(x) = L_n(x)$ und +nutzen den Vorzeichenwechsel der Laguerre-Koeffizienten +(ersichtlich am Term $(-1)^k$ in \eqref{laguerre:polynom}) +aus, +damit erhalten wir +\begin{align*} A_i + & = +-\frac{C_{n+1} \gamma_n}{C_n L'_n(x_i) L_{n+1} (x_i)} +\\ + & = \frac{C_n}{C_{n-1}} \frac{\gamma_{n-1}}{L_{n-1}(x_i) L'_n(x_i)} +. +\end{align*} +Für Laguerre-Polynome gilt +\begin{align*} +\frac{C_n}{C_{n-1}} = -\frac{x_i}{(n + 1)^2 \left[ L_{n + 1}(x_i)\right]^2} +-\frac{1}{n} +\quad \text{und} \quad +\gamma_n += +1 +. +\end{align*} +Daraus folgt +\begin{align} +A_i + & = +- \frac{1}{n L_{n-1}(x_i) L'_n(x_i)} +\label{laguerre:gewichte_lag_temp} +. +\end{align} +Nun kann die Rekursionseigenschaft der Laguerre-Polynome +\cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction} +% (siehe \cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction}) +\begin{align*} +x L'_n(x) + & = +n L_n(x) - n L_{n-1}(x) +\\ + & = (x - n - 1) L_n(x) + (n + 1) L_{n+1}(x) +\end{align*} +umgeformt werden und da $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$ sind, +vereinfacht sich die Gleichung zu +\begin{align*} +x_i L'_n(x_i) + & = +- n L_{n-1}(x_i) +\\ + & = +(n + 1) L_{n+1}(x_i) +. +\end{align*} +Setzen wir diese Beziehung nun in \eqref{laguerre:gewichte_lag_temp} ein, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\nonumber +A_i + & = +\frac{1}{x_i \left[ L'_n(x_i) \right]^2} +\\ + & = +\frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} . \label{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} \end{align} \subsubsection{Fehlerterm} +Die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur mit $n$ Stützstellen berechnet Integrale +von Polynomen bis zum Grad $2n - 1$ exakt. +Für beliebige Funktionen kann eine Fehlerabschätzung angegeben werden. Der Fehlerterm $R_n$ folgt direkt aus der Approximation \begin{align*} -\int_0^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} dx +\int_0^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} \, dx = \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i + R_n \end{align*} -un \cite{abramowitz+stegun} gibt in als +und \cite{laguerre:abramowitz+stegun} gibt ihn als \begin{align} R_n -= + & = +\frac{f^{(2n)}(\xi)}{(2n)!} \int_0^\infty l(x)^2 e^{-x}\,dx +\\ + & = \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) ,\quad 0 < \xi < \infty -\label{lagurre:lag_error} +\label{laguerre:lag_error} \end{align} an. - -{ -\large \color{red} -TODO: -Noch mehr Text / bessere Beschreibungen in allen Abschnitten -} +Der Fehler ist also abhängig von der $2n$-ten Ableitung +der zu integrierenden Funktion. diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib b/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib index 6956ade..1a4a903 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib @@ -3,13 +3,20 @@ % % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % +@book{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction, + title={Introduction to Numerical Analysis: Second Edition}, + author={Hildebrand, F.B.}, + isbn={9780486318554}, + series={Dover Books on Mathematics}, + year={2013}, + publisher={Dover Publications}, + pages = {389-392} +} -@book{abramowitz+stegun, +@book{laguerre:abramowitz+stegun, added-at = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, address = {New York}, author = {Abramowitz, Milton and Stegun, Irene A.}, - biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/223ec744709b3a776a1af0a3fd65cd09f/a_olympia}, - description = {BibTeX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia}, edition = {ninth Dover printing, tenth GPO printing}, interhash = {d4914a420f489f7c5129ed01ec3cf80c}, intrahash = {23ec744709b3a776a1af0a3fd65cd09f}, @@ -19,4 +26,23 @@ timestamp = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, title = {Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables}, year = 1972 +} + +@article{laguerre:Cassity1965AbcissasCA, + title={Abcissas, coefficients, and error term for the generalized Gauss-Laguerre quadrature formula using the zero ordinate}, + author={C. Ronald Cassity}, + journal={Mathematics of Computation}, + year={1965}, + volume={19}, + pages={287-296} +} + +@online{laguerre:lanczos, + title = {Lanczos Approximation}, + author={Eric W. Weisstein}, + url = {https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LanczosApproximation.html}, + date = {2022-07-18}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {18} }
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1acd7f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + import gamma_approx as ga + import targets + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 200 + ns = np.arange(1, 13) + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + + bests = targets.find_best_loc(N, ns=ns) + mean_m = np.mean(bests, -1) + + intercept, bias = np.polyfit(ns, mean_m, 1) + fig, axs = plt.subplots( + 2, num=1, sharex=True, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4.5, 3.6) + ) + xl = np.array([ns[0] - 0.5, ns[-1] + 0.5]) + axs[0].plot(xl, intercept * xl + bias, label=r"$\hat{m}$") + axs[0].plot(ns, mean_m, "x", label=r"$\overline{m}$") + axs[1].plot( + ns, ((intercept * ns + bias) - mean_m), "-x", label=r"$\hat{m} - \overline{m}$" + ) + axs[0].set_xlim(*xl) + axs[0].set_xticks(ns) + axs[0].set_yticks(np.arange(np.floor(mean_m[0]), np.ceil(mean_m[-1]) + 0.1, 2)) + # axs[0].set_title("Schätzung von Mittelwert") + # axs[1].set_title("Fehler") + axs[-1].set_xlabel(r"$n$") + for ax in axs: + ax.grid(1) + ax.legend() + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/estimates.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/estimates.pdf") + + print(f"Intercept={intercept:.6g}, Bias={bias:.6g}") + predicts = np.ceil(intercept * ns[:, None] + bias - np.real(x)) + print(f"Error: {np.mean(np.abs(bests - predicts))}") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.ipynb b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 44f3abd..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,395 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Gauss-Laguerre Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion\n", - "\n", - "$$\n", - " \\Gamma(z)\n", - " = \n", - " \\int_0^\\infty t^{z-1}e^{-t}dt\n", - "$$\n", - "\n", - "$$\n", - " \\int_0^\\infty f(x) e^{-x} dx \n", - " \\approx \n", - " \\sum_{i=1}^{N} f(x_i) w_i\n", - " \\qquad\\text{ wobei }\n", - " w_i = \\frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 [L_{n+1}(x_i)]^2}\n", - "$$\n", - "und $x_i$ sind Nullstellen des Laguerre Polynoms $L_n(x)$\n", - "\n", - "Der Fehler ist gegeben als\n", - "\n", - "$$\n", - " E \n", - " =\n", - " \\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\\xi) \n", - " = \n", - " \\frac{(-2n + z)_{2n}}{(z-m)_m} \\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \\xi^{z + m - 2n - 1}\n", - "$$" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "import numpy as np\n", - "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", - "from cmath import exp, pi, sin, sqrt\n", - "import scipy.special\n", - "\n", - "EPSILON = 1e-07\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "lanczos_p = [\n", - " 676.5203681218851,\n", - " -1259.1392167224028,\n", - " 771.32342877765313,\n", - " -176.61502916214059,\n", - " 12.507343278686905,\n", - " -0.13857109526572012,\n", - " 9.9843695780195716e-6,\n", - " 1.5056327351493116e-7,\n", - "]\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def drop_imag(z):\n", - " if abs(z.imag) <= EPSILON:\n", - " z = z.real\n", - " return z\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def lanczos_gamma(z):\n", - " z = complex(z)\n", - " if z.real < 0.5:\n", - " y = pi / (sin(pi * z) * lanczos_gamma(1 - z)) # Reflection formula\n", - " else:\n", - " z -= 1\n", - " x = 0.99999999999980993\n", - " for (i, pval) in enumerate(lanczos_p):\n", - " x += pval / (z + i + 1)\n", - " t = z + len(lanczos_p) - 0.5\n", - " y = sqrt(2 * pi) * t ** (z + 0.5) * exp(-t) * x\n", - " return drop_imag(y)\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(8)\n", - "# zeros = np.array(\n", - "# [\n", - "# 1.70279632305101000e-1,\n", - "# 9.03701776799379912e-1,\n", - "# 2.25108662986613069e0,\n", - "# 4.26670017028765879e0,\n", - "# 7.04590540239346570e0,\n", - "# 1.07585160101809952e1,\n", - "# 1.57406786412780046e1,\n", - "# 2.28631317368892641e1,\n", - "# ]\n", - "# )\n", - "\n", - "# weights = np.array(\n", - "# [\n", - "# 3.69188589341637530e-1,\n", - "# 4.18786780814342956e-1,\n", - "# 1.75794986637171806e-1,\n", - "# 3.33434922612156515e-2,\n", - "# 2.79453623522567252e-3,\n", - "# 9.07650877335821310e-5,\n", - "# 8.48574671627253154e-7,\n", - "# 1.04800117487151038e-9,\n", - "# ]\n", - "# )\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def pochhammer(z, n):\n", - " return np.prod(z + np.arange(n))\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def find_shift(z, target):\n", - " factor = 1.0\n", - " steps = int(np.floor(target - np.real(z)))\n", - " zs = z + steps\n", - " if steps > 0:\n", - " factor = 1 / pochhammer(z, steps)\n", - " elif steps < 0:\n", - " factor = pochhammer(zs, -steps)\n", - " return zs, factor\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def laguerre_gamma(z, x, w, target=11):\n", - " # res = 0.0\n", - " z = complex(z)\n", - " if z.real < 1e-3:\n", - " res = pi / (\n", - " sin(pi * z) * laguerre_gamma(1 - z, x, w, target)\n", - " ) # Reflection formula\n", - " else:\n", - " z_shifted, correction_factor = find_shift(z, target)\n", - " res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w)\n", - " res *= correction_factor\n", - " res = drop_imag(res)\n", - " return res\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "def eval_laguerre(x, target=12):\n", - " return np.array([laguerre_gamma(xi, zeros, weights, target) for xi in x])\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def eval_lanczos(x):\n", - " return np.array([lanczos_gamma(xi) for xi in x])\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def eval_mean_laguerre(x, targets):\n", - " return np.mean([eval_laguerre(x, target) for target in targets], 0)\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def calc_rel_error(x, y):\n", - " return (y - x) / x\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def evaluate(x, target=12):\n", - " lanczos_gammas = eval_lanczos(x)\n", - " laguerre_gammas = eval_laguerre(x, target)\n", - " rel_error = calc_rel_error(lanczos_gammas, laguerre_gammas)\n", - " return rel_error\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Test with real values" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Empirische Tests zeigen:\n", - "- $n=4 \\Rightarrow m=6$\n", - "- $n=5 \\Rightarrow m=7$ oder $m=8$\n", - "- $n=6 \\Rightarrow m=9$\n", - "- $n=7 \\Rightarrow m=10$\n", - "- $n=8 \\Rightarrow m=11$ oder $m=12$\n", - "- $n=9 \\Rightarrow m=13$\n", - "- $n=10 \\Rightarrow m=14$\n", - "- $n=11 \\Rightarrow m=15$ oder $m=16$\n", - "- $n=12 \\Rightarrow m=17$\n", - "- $n=13 \\Rightarrow m=18 \\Rightarrow $ Beginnt numerisch instabil zu werden \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(12)\n", - "targets = np.arange(16, 21)\n", - "mean_targets = ((16, 17),)\n", - "x = np.linspace(EPSILON, 1 - EPSILON, 101)\n", - "_, axs = plt.subplots(\n", - " 2, sharex=True, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(12, 12)\n", - ")\n", - "\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos(x)\n", - "for mean_target in mean_targets:\n", - " vals = eval_mean_laguerre(x, mean_target)\n", - " rel_error_mean = calc_rel_error(lanczos, vals)\n", - " axs[0].plot(x, rel_error_mean, label=mean_target)\n", - " axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error_mean), label=mean_target)\n", - "\n", - "mins = []\n", - "maxs = []\n", - "for target in targets:\n", - " rel_error = evaluate(x, target)\n", - " mins.append(np.min(np.abs(rel_error[(0.1 <= x) & (x <= 0.9)])))\n", - " maxs.append(np.max(np.abs(rel_error)))\n", - " axs[0].plot(x, rel_error, label=target)\n", - " axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error), label=target)\n", - "# axs[0].set_ylim(*(np.array([-1, 1]) * 3.5e-8))\n", - "\n", - "axs[0].set_xlim(x[0], x[-1])\n", - "axs[1].set_ylim(np.min(mins), 1.04*np.max(maxs))\n", - "for ax in axs:\n", - " ax.legend()\n", - " ax.grid(which=\"both\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "targets = (16, 17)\n", - "xmax = 15\n", - "x = np.linspace(-xmax + EPSILON, xmax - EPSILON, 1000)\n", - "\n", - "mean_lag = eval_mean_laguerre(x, targets)\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos(x)\n", - "rel_error = calc_rel_error(lanczos, mean_lag)\n", - "rel_error_simple = evaluate(x, targets[-1])\n", - "# rel_error = evaluate(x, target)\n", - "\n", - "_, axs = plt.subplots(\n", - " 2, sharex=True, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(12, 12)\n", - ")\n", - "axs[0].plot(x, rel_error, label=targets)\n", - "axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error), label=targets)\n", - "axs[0].plot(x, rel_error_simple, label=targets[-1])\n", - "axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error_simple), label=targets[-1])\n", - "axs[0].set_xlim(x[0], x[-1])\n", - "# axs[0].set_ylim(*(np.array([-1, 1]) * 4.2e-8))\n", - "# axs[1].set_ylim(1e-10, 5e-8)\n", - "for ax in axs:\n", - " ax.legend()\n", - "\n", - "x2 = np.linspace(-5 + EPSILON, 5, 4001)\n", - "_, ax = plt.subplots(constrained_layout=True, figsize=(8, 6))\n", - "ax.plot(x2, eval_mean_laguerre(x2, targets))\n", - "ax.set_xlim(x2[0], x2[-1])\n", - "ax.set_ylim(-7.5, 25)\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Test with complex values" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "targets = (16, 17)\n", - "vals = np.linspace(-5 + EPSILON, 5, 100)\n", - "x, y = np.meshgrid(vals, vals)\n", - "mesh = x + 1j * y\n", - "input = mesh.flatten()\n", - "\n", - "mean_lag = eval_mean_laguerre(input, targets).reshape(mesh.shape)\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos(input).reshape(mesh.shape)\n", - "rel_error = np.abs(calc_rel_error(lanczos, mean_lag))\n", - "\n", - "lag = eval_laguerre(input, targets[-1]).reshape(mesh.shape)\n", - "rel_error_simple = np.abs(calc_rel_error(lanczos, lag))\n", - "# rel_error = evaluate(x, target)\n", - "\n", - "fig, axs = plt.subplots(\n", - " 2,\n", - " 2,\n", - " sharex=True,\n", - " sharey=True,\n", - " clear=True,\n", - " constrained_layout=True,\n", - " figsize=(12, 10),\n", - ")\n", - "_c = axs[0, 1].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(np.abs(lanczos - mean_lag)), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "_c = axs[0, 0].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(np.abs(lanczos - lag)), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "fig.colorbar(_c, ax=axs[0, :])\n", - "_c = axs[1, 1].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(rel_error), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "_c = axs[1, 0].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(rel_error_simple), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "fig.colorbar(_c, ax=axs[1, :])\n", - "_ = axs[0, 0].set_title(\"Absolute Error\")\n", - "_ = axs[1, 0].set_title(\"Relative Error\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "z = 0.5\n", - "ns = [4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12] # np.arange(4, 13)\n", - "ms = np.arange(6, 18)\n", - "xi = np.logspace(0, 2, 201)[:, None]\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos([z])[0]\n", - "\n", - "_, ax = plt.subplots(clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(12, 8))\n", - "ax.grid(1)\n", - "for n, m in zip(ns, ms):\n", - " zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n)\n", - " c = scipy.special.factorial(n) ** 2 / scipy.special.factorial(2 * n)\n", - " e = np.abs(\n", - " scipy.special.poch(z - 2 * n, 2 * n)\n", - " / scipy.special.poch(z - m, m)\n", - " * c\n", - " * xi ** (z - 2 * n + m - 1)\n", - " )\n", - " ez = np.sum(\n", - " scipy.special.poch(z - 2 * n, 2 * n)\n", - " / scipy.special.poch(z - m, m)\n", - " * c\n", - " * zeros[:, None] ** (z - 2 * n + m - 1),\n", - " 0,\n", - " )\n", - " lag = eval_laguerre([z], m)[0]\n", - " err = np.abs(lanczos - lag)\n", - " # print(m+z,ez)\n", - " # for zi,ezi in zip(z[0], ez):\n", - " # print(f\"{m+zi}: {ezi}\")\n", - " # ax.semilogy(xi, e, color=color)\n", - " lines = ax.loglog(xi, e, label=str(n))\n", - " ax.axhline(err, color=lines[0].get_color())\n", - " # ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xi[-1] + 1))\n", - " # ax.set_ylim(1e-8, 1e5)\n", - "_ = ax.legend()\n", - "# _ = ax.legend([f\"z={zi}\" for zi in z[0]])\n", - "# _ = [ax.axvline(x) for x in zeros]\n" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "interpreter": { - "hash": "767d51c1340bd893661ea55ea3124f6de3c7a262a8b4abca0554b478b1e2ff90" - }, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3.8.10 64-bit", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.8.10" - }, - "orig_nbformat": 4 - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 2 -} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b09e59 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +from pathlib import Path + +import numpy as np +import scipy.special + +EPSILON = 1e-7 +root = str(Path(__file__).parent) +img_path = f"{root}/../images" +fontsize = "medium" +cmap = "plasma" + + +def _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n): + if x is None or w is None: + return np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n) + return x, w + + +def drop_imag(z): + if abs(z.imag) <= EPSILON: + z = z.real + return z + + +def pochhammer(z, n): + return np.prod(z + np.arange(n)) + + +def find_optimal_shift(z, n): + mhat = 1.34093 * n + 0.854093 + steps = int(np.floor(mhat - np.real(z))) + return steps + + +def get_shifting_factor(z, steps): + factor = 1.0 + if steps > 0: + factor = 1 / pochhammer(z, steps) + elif steps < 0: + factor = pochhammer(z + steps, -steps) + return factor + + +def laguerre_gamma_shifted(z, x=None, w=None, n=8, target=11): + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + n = len(x) + + z += 0j + steps = int(np.floor(target - np.real(z))) + z_shifted = z + steps + correction_factor = get_shifting_factor(z, steps) + + res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w) + res *= correction_factor + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_opt_shifted(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + n = len(x) + + z += 0j + opt_shift = find_optimal_shift(z, n) + correction_factor = get_shifting_factor(z, opt_shift) + z_shifted = z + opt_shift + + res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w) + res *= correction_factor + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_simple(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + z += 0j + res = np.sum(x ** (z - 1) * w) + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_mirror(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + z += 0j + if z.real < 1e-3: + return np.pi / ( + np.sin(np.pi * z) * laguerre_gamma_simple(1 - z, x, w) + ) # Reflection formula + return laguerre_gamma_simple(z, x, w) + + +def eval_laguerre_gamma(z, x=None, w=None, n=8, func="simple", **kwargs): + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + if func == "simple": + f = laguerre_gamma_simple + elif func == "mirror": + f = laguerre_gamma_mirror + elif func == "optimal_shifted": + f = laguerre_gamma_opt_shifted + else: + f = laguerre_gamma_shifted + return np.array([f(zi, x, w, n, **kwargs) for zi in z]) + + +def calc_rel_error(x, y): + mask = np.abs(x) != np.infty + rel_error = np.zeros_like(y) + rel_error[mask] = (y[mask] - x[mask]) / x[mask] + rel_error[~mask] = 0.0 + return rel_error diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e970721 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +"""Plot for integrand of gamma function with shifting terms.""" + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + EPSILON = 1e-12 + xlims = np.array([-3, 3]) + + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + t = np.logspace(*xlims, 1001)[:, None] + + z = np.array([-4.5, -2, -1, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4.5]) + r = t ** z + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4, 2.4)) + ax.semilogx(t, r) + ax.set_xlim(*(10.0 ** xlims)) + ax.set_ylim(1e-3, 40) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$") + # ax.set_ylabel(r"$x^z$") + ax.grid(1, "both") + labels = [f"$z={zi: 3.1f}$" for zi in np.squeeze(z)] + ax.legend(labels, ncol=2, loc="upper left", fontsize="small") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e649b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +"""Plot for integrand of gamma function with shifting terms.""" + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + EPSILON = 1e-12 + xlims = np.array([-3, 3]) + + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + t = np.logspace(*xlims, 1001)[:, None] + + z = np.array([-1, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5]) + e = np.exp(-t) + r = t ** z * e + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=2, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4, 2.4)) + ax.semilogx(t, r) + # ax.plot(t,np.exp(-t)) + ax.set_xlim(10 ** (-2), 20) + ax.set_ylim(1e-3, 10) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$") + # ax.set_ylabel(r"$x^z e^{-x}$") + ax.grid(1, "both") + labels = [f"$z={zi: 3.1f}$" for zi in np.squeeze(z)] + ax.legend(labels, ncol=2, loc="upper left", fontsize="small") + # fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand_exp.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand_exp.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_plot.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_plot.py deleted file mode 100644 index b9088d0..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_plot.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python3 -# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- -"""Some plots for Laguerre Polynomials.""" - -import os -from pathlib import Path - -import matplotlib.pyplot as plt -import numpy as np -import scipy.special as ss - - -def get_ticks(start, end, step=1): - ticks = np.arange(start, end, step) - return ticks[ticks != 0] - - -N = 1000 -step = 5 -t = np.linspace(-1.05, 10.5, N)[:, None] -root = str(Path(__file__).parent) -img_path = f"{root}/../images" -os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) - - -# fig = plt.figure(num=1, clear=True, tight_layout=True, figsize=(5.5, 3.7)) -# ax = fig.add_subplot(axes_class=AxesZero) -fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(6, 4)) -for n in np.arange(0, 8): - k = np.arange(0, n + 1)[None] - L = np.sum((-1) ** k * ss.binom(n, k) / ss.factorial(k) * t ** k, -1) - ax.plot(t, L, label=f"n={n}") - -ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(int(t[0]), t[-1]), minor=True) -ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(0, t[-1], step)) -ax.set_xlim(t[0], t[-1] + 0.1 * (t[1] - t[0])) -ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$", x=1.0, labelpad=-10, rotation=0, fontsize="large") - -ylim = 13 -ax.set_yticks(np.arange(-ylim, ylim), minor=True) -ax.set_yticks(np.arange(-step * (ylim // step), ylim, step)) -ax.set_ylim(-ylim, ylim) -ax.set_ylabel(r"$y$", y=0.95, labelpad=-18, rotation=0, fontsize="large") - -ax.legend(ncol=2, loc=(0.125, 0.01), fontsize="large") - -# set the x-spine -ax.spines[["left", "bottom"]].set_position("zero") -ax.spines[["right", "top"]].set_visible(False) -ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom") -hlx = 0.4 -dx = t[-1, 0] - t[0, 0] -dy = 2 * ylim -hly = dy / dx * hlx -dps = fig.dpi_scale_trans.inverted() -bbox = ax.get_window_extent().transformed(dps) -width, height = bbox.width, bbox.height - -# manual arrowhead width and length -hw = 1.0 / 60.0 * dy -hl = 1.0 / 30.0 * dx -lw = 0.5 # axis line width -ohg = 0.0 # arrow overhang - -# compute matching arrowhead length and width -yhw = hw / dy * dx * height / width -yhl = hl / dx * dy * width / height - -# draw x and y axis -ax.arrow( - t[-1, 0] - hl, - 0, - hl, - 0.0, - fc="k", - ec="k", - lw=lw, - head_width=hw, - head_length=hl, - overhang=ohg, - length_includes_head=True, - clip_on=False, -) - -ax.arrow( - 0, - ylim - yhl, - 0.0, - yhl, - fc="k", - ec="k", - lw=lw, - head_width=yhw, - head_length=yhl, - overhang=ohg, - length_includes_head=True, - clip_on=False, -) - -fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_polynomes.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05db5d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +import numpy as np + + +def get_ticks(start, end, step=1): + ticks = np.arange(start, end, step) + return ticks[ticks != 0] + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import scipy.special as ss + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 1000 + step = 5 + t = np.linspace(-1.05, 10.5, N)[:, None] + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + # fig = plt.figure(num=1, clear=True, tight_layout=True, figsize=(5.5, 3.7)) + # ax = fig.add_subplot(axes_class=AxesZero) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(6, 4)) + for n in np.arange(0, 8): + k = np.arange(0, n + 1)[None] + L = np.sum((-1) ** k * ss.binom(n, k) / ss.factorial(k) * t ** k, -1) + ax.plot(t, L, label=f"$n={n}$") + + ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(int(t[0]), t[-1]), minor=True) + ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(0, t[-1], step)) + ax.set_xlim(t[0], t[-1] + 0.1 * (t[1] - t[0])) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$", x=1.0, labelpad=-10, rotation=0, fontsize="large") + + ylim = 13 + ax.set_yticks(get_ticks(-ylim, ylim), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(get_ticks(-step * (ylim // step), ylim, step)) + ax.set_ylim(-ylim, ylim) + ax.set_ylabel(r"$y$", y=0.95, labelpad=-14, rotation=0, fontsize="large") + + ax.legend(ncol=2, loc=(0.125, 0.01), fontsize="large") + + # set the x-spine + ax.spines[["left", "bottom"]].set_position("zero") + ax.spines[["right", "top"]].set_visible(False) + ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom") + hlx = 0.4 + dx = t[-1, 0] - t[0, 0] + dy = 2 * ylim + hly = dy / dx * hlx + dps = fig.dpi_scale_trans.inverted() + bbox = ax.get_window_extent().transformed(dps) + width, height = bbox.width, bbox.height + + # manual arrowhead width and length + hw = 1.0 / 60.0 * dy + hl = 1.0 / 30.0 * dx + lw = 0.5 # axis line width + ohg = 0.0 # arrow overhang + + # compute matching arrowhead length and width + yhw = hw / dy * dx * height / width + yhl = hl / dx * dy * width / height + + # draw x and y axis + ax.arrow( + t[-1, 0] - hl, + 0, + hl, + 0.0, + fc="k", + ec="k", + lw=lw, + head_width=hw, + head_length=hl, + overhang=ohg, + length_includes_head=True, + clip_on=False, + ) + + ax.arrow( + 0, + ylim - yhl, + 0.0, + yhl, + fc="k", + ec="k", + lw=lw, + head_width=yhw, + head_length=yhl, + overhang=ohg, + length_includes_head=True, + clip_on=False, + ) + + # fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_poly.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_poly.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a714fa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + xmax = 4 + vals = np.linspace(-xmax + ga.EPSILON, xmax, 100) + x, y = np.meshgrid(vals, vals) + mesh = x + 1j * y + input = mesh.flatten() + + lanczos = scipy.special.gamma(mesh) + lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(input, n=8, func="optimal_shifted").reshape(mesh.shape) + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(lanczos, lag)) + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(3.5, 2.1)) + _c = ax.pcolormesh( + x, y, rel_error, shading="gouraud", cmap=ga.cmap, norm=mpl.colors.LogNorm() + ) + cbr = fig.colorbar(_c, ax=ax) + cbr.minorticks_off() + # ax.set_title("Relative Error") + ax.set_xlabel("Re($z$)") + ax.set_ylabel("Im($z$)") + minor_ticks = np.arange(-xmax, xmax + ga.EPSILON) + ticks = np.arange(-xmax, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 2) + ax.set_xticks(ticks) + ax.set_xticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(ticks) + ax.set_yticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_complex.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7348d5e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + xmin = -15 + xmax = 15 + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, 1]) + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, 400) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.5)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="mirror") + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 5)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=1, loc="upper left", fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_mirror.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_mirror.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ece3b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + N = 1201 + xmax = 6 + xmin = -xmax + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, -1.2]) + + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, N) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="optimal_shifted") + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 2)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 1), "", minor=True) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=1, loc="upper left", fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_range.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_range.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f53c89b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + n = 8 # order of Laguerre polynomial + N = 200 # number of points in interval + + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + targets = np.arange(10, 14) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.1)) + for target in targets: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, target=target, n=n, func="shifted") + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag)) + ax.semilogy(x, rel_error, label=f"$m={target}$", linewidth=3) + gamma_lgo = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="optimal_shifted") + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lgo)) + ax.semilogy(x, rel_error, "m", linestyle=":", label="$m^*$", linewidth=3) + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(5e-9, 5e-8) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 1, 6)) + ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 1, 11), minor=True) + ax.grid(1, "both") + ax.legend(ncol=1, fontsize=ga.fontsize) + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_shifted.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_shifted.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1ea36a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + # mpl.rc("text", usetex=True) + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + # mpl.rcParams.update({"font.family": "serif", "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes"}) + + # Simple / naive + xmin = -5 + xmax = 25 + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, 6]) + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, 400) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.5)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n) + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 5)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=3, fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_simple.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_simple.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69f94ba --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +import numpy as np +import scipy.special + +import gamma_approx as ga + + +def find_best_loc(N=200, a=1.375, b=0.5, ns=None): + if ns is None: + ns = np.arange(2, 13) + bests = [] + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + for n in ns: + zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n) + est = np.ceil(b + a * n) + targets = np.arange(max(est - 2, 0), est + 3) + rel_error = [] + for target in targets: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, target=target, x=zeros, w=weights, func="shifted") + rel_error.append(np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag))) + rel_error = np.stack(rel_error, -1) + best = np.argmin(rel_error, -1) + targets[0] + bests.append(best) + return np.stack(bests, 0) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 200 + ns = np.arange(1, 13) + + bests = find_best_loc(N, ns=ns) + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(3.5, 2.1)) + v = ax.imshow(bests, cmap=ga.cmap, aspect="auto", interpolation="nearest") + plt.colorbar(v, ax=ax, label=r"$m^*$") + ticks = np.arange(0, N + 1, N // 5) + ax.set_xlim(0, 1) + ax.set_xticks(ticks) + ax.set_xticklabels([f"{v:.2f}" for v in ticks / N]) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(0, N + 1, N // 20), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(np.arange(len(ns))) + ax.set_yticklabels(ns) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + ax.set_ylabel(r"$n$") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/targets.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/targets.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Abstand.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Abstand.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d787c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Abstand.py @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Sat Jul 30 23:09:33 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +phi = np.pi/2 +t = np.linspace(0, 10, 10**5) +x0 = 1 + +def D(t): + return np.sqrt(x0**2+2*x0*t*np.cos(phi)+2*t**2-2*t**2*np.sin(phi)) + +plt.plot(t, D(t)) diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..739b02b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5428f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e78abd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..975e248 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Fri Jul 29 09:40:11 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" +import pylatex + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +N = np.array([0, 0]) +V = np.array([1, 4]) +Z = np.array([5, 5]) +VZ = Z-V +vzScale = 0.4 + + +a = [N, N, V] +b = [V, Z, vzScale*VZ] + +X = np.array([i[0] for i in a]) +Y = np.array([i[1] for i in a]) +U = np.array([i[0] for i in b]) +W = np.array([i[1] for i in b]) + +xlim = 6 +ylim = 6 +fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1) +ax.set_xlim([0, xlim]) #<-- set the x axis limits +ax.set_ylim([0, ylim]) #<-- set the y axis limits +#plt.figure(figsize=(xlim, ylim)) +ax.quiver(X, Y, U, W, angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=1, headwidth=5, headlength=7, headaxislength=5.5) + +ax.plot([V[0], (VZ+V)[0]], [V[1], (VZ+V)[1]], 'k--') +ax.plot(np.vstack([V, Z])[:, 0], np.vstack([V, Z])[:,1], 'bo', markersize=10) +ax.set_xlabel("x", size=20) +ax.set_ylabel("y", size=20) + +ax.text(2.5, 4.5, "Visierlinie", size=20, rotation=10) + 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b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6e7c1e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/konvergenz.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/konvergenz.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dac99a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/konvergenz.py @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Sun Jul 31 14:34:13 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +t = 0 +phi = np.linspace(np.pi/2, 3*np.pi/2, 10**5) +x0 = 1 +y0 = -2 + +def D(t): + return (x0+t*np.cos(phi))*np.cos(phi)+(y0+t*(np.sin(phi)-1))*(np.sin(phi)-1)/(np.sqrt((x0+t*np.cos(phi))**2+(y0+t*(np.sin(phi)-1))**2)) + + +plt.plot(phi, D(t))
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/lambertAbstandBauchgefühl.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/lambertAbstandBauchgefühl.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a90afa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/lambertAbstandBauchgefühl.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Sun Jul 31 13:32:53 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import scipy.special as sci + +W = sci.lambertw + + +t = np.linspace(0, 1.2, 1000) +x0 = 1 +y0 = 1 + +r0 = np.sqrt(x0**2+y0**2) +chi = (r0+y0)/(r0-y0) + +x = x0*np.sqrt(1/chi*W(chi*np.exp(chi-4*t/(r0-y0)))) +eta = (x/x0)**2 +y = 1/4*((y0+r0)*eta+(y0-r0)*np.log(eta)-r0+3*y0) + +ymin= (min(y)).real +xmin = (x[np.where(y == ymin)][0]).real + + +#Verfolger +plt.plot(x, y, 'r--') +plt.plot(xmin, ymin, 'bo', markersize=10) + +#Ziel +plt.plot(np.zeros_like(t), t, 'g--') +plt.plot(0, ymin, 'bo', markersize=10) + + +plt.plot([0, xmin], [ymin, ymin], 'k--') +#plt.xlim(-0.1, 1) +#plt.ylim(1, 2) +plt.ylabel("y") +plt.xlabel("x") +plt.grid(True) +plt.quiver(xmin, ymin, -0.2, 0, scale=1) + +plt.text(xmin+0.1, ymin-0.1, "Verfolgungskurve", size=20, rotation=20, color='r') +plt.text(0.01, 0.02, "Fluchtkurve", size=20, rotation=90, color='g') + +plt.rcParams.update({ + "text.usetex": True, + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": ["New Century Schoolbook"], +}) + +plt.text(xmin-0.11, ymin-0.08, r"$\dot{v}$", size=20) +plt.text(xmin-0.02, ymin+0.05, r"$V$", size=20, c='b') +plt.text(0.02, ymin+0.05, r"$Z$", size=20, c='b')
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dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="773" y="1288">0.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="825" y="1288">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="825" y="1288">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="825" y="1288">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="876" y="1288">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="876" y="1288">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="876" y="1288">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="934" y="1288">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="934" y="1288">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="934" y="1288">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="980" y="1288">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="980" y="1288">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="980" y="1288">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1032" y="1288">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1032" y="1288">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1032" y="1288">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1083" y="1288">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1083" y="1288">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1083" y="1288">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1135" y="1288">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1135" y="1288">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1135" y="1288">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1187" y="1288">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1187" y="1288">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1187" y="1288">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1238" y="1288">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1238" y="1288">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1238" y="1288">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1290" y="1288">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1290" y="1288">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1290" y="1288">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1342" y="1288">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1342" y="1288">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1342" y="1288">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1393" y="1288">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1393" y="1288">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1393" y="1288">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1451" y="1288">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1451" y="1288">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1451" y="1288">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1497" y="1288">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1497" y="1288">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1497" y="1288">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1549" y="1288">2.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1549" y="1288">2.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1549" y="1288">2.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1600" y="1288">2.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1600" y="1288">2.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1600" y="1288">2.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1652" y="1288">2.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1652" y="1288">2.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1652" y="1288">2.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1704" y="1288">2.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1704" y="1288">2.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1704" y="1288">2.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1755" y="1288">2.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1755" y="1288">2.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1755" y="1288">2.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1807" y="1288">2.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1807" y="1288">2.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1807" y="1288">2.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1859" y="1288">2.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1859" y="1288">2.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1859" y="1288">2.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1910" y="1288">2.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1910" y="1288">2.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1910" y="1288">2.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1968" y="1288">3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1968" y="1288">3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1968" y="1288">3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2014" y="1288">3.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="2014" y="1288">3.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2014" y="1288">3.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2066" y="1288">3.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="2066" y="1288">3.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2066" y="1288">3.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2117" y="1288">3.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="2117" y="1288">3.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2117" y="1288">3.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1226">0.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1226">0.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1226">0.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1174">0.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1174">0.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1174">0.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1122">0.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1122">0.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1122">0.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1071">0.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1071">0.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1071">0.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1019">0.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1019">0.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1019">0.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="967">0.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="967">0.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="967">0.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="916">0.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="916">0.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="916">0.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="864">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="864">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="864">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="812">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="812">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="812">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="760">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="760">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="760">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="709">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="709">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="709">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="657">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="657">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="657">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="605">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="605">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="605">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="554">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="554">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="554">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="502">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="502">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="502">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="450">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="450">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="450">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="399">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="399">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="399">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="347">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="347">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="347">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="295">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="295">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="295">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="244">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="244">2</text><text 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..754563d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 20 JUL 2022 18:38 +entering extended mode +**./main.tex +(main.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \chapter + {Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.6 \chapter{V + erfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.7 \lhead + {Thema} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Environment refsection undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.8 \begin{refsection} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.9 \chapterauthor + {David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no H in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--10 +[][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: File `papers/lambertw/teil0.tex' not found. + +Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, +or enter new name. (Default extension: tex) + +Enter file name: +! Emergency stop. +<read *> + +l.30 \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} + +*** (cannot \read from terminal in nonstop modes) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 22 strings out of 478927 + 609 string characters out of 2852535 + 290175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17980 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 16i,0n,26p,94b,28s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index c125c33..394963f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,35 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:lambertw}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +\lhead{Verfolgungskurven} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - +\chapterauthor{David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} +% +%Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes +%\begin{itemize} +%\item +%Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. +%Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. +%\item +%Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende +%Optionen werden gelöscht. +%Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. +%\item +%Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. +%Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen +%in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt +%anzuwenden. +%\item +%Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren +%Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. +%\end{itemize} +% \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/lambertw/teil4.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} - +% \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex index 6581a5a..366de78 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{float}
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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.6 \section{W + as sind Verfolgungskurven? +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.8 \rhead + {Teil 0} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 0 in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--9 +[] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.10 V + erfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei fragen wie, welchen Pfad begeht e... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no H in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for +cmr on input line 10. +LaTeX Font Info: No file cmr.fd. on input line 10. + +LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `/cmr/m/n' undefined +(Font) using `/cmr/m/n' instead on input line 10. + +! Corrupted NFSS tables. +wrong@fontshape ...message {Corrupted NFSS tables} + error@fontshape else let f... +l.10 ...agen wie, welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund wä + hrend er einer Katze nachr... +This error message was generated by an \errmessage +command, so I can't give any explicit help. +Pretend that you're Hercule Poirot: Examine all clues, +and deduce the truth by order and method. + + +LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `/cmr/m/n' undefined +(Font) using `OT1/cmr/m/n' instead on input line 10. + +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.13 \subsection + {Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.13 \subsection{V + erfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +You're in trouble here. 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+Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no M in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Environment table undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.17 \begin{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 \begin{tabular} + {|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 18. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 18. + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +! Undefined control sequence. +<recently read> \text + +l.20 \text + {}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text + {Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text + {Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 ...text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text + {Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +<recently read> \text + +l.22 \text + {Strategie 1} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 \text + {Strategie 2} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text + {-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text + {konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.28 \text + {Strategie 3} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 3 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{table}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.33 \end{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.00006pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 18--34 +[][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.42 I + n der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.42 In der Tabelle \eqref + {lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.45 In der Grafik \eqref + {lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.51 \quad|A\in\mathbb + {R}>0 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +Overfull \hbox (122.89459pt too wide) detected at line 52 +\OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 konst \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML +/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j\OML/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 2 \OML/cmm +/m/it/10 R > \/cmr/m/n/10 0 + [] + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (81.8452pt too wide) detected at line 58 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = [] + [] + +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Environment align undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.65 \begin{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +\frac #1#2->{\begingroup #1\endgroup \over #2} + +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.69 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.73 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{align}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.75 \end{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the <inserted text> above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +! Missing } inserted. +<inserted text> + } +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the <inserted text> above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 + $[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (152.45233pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +[][]$[]$ + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.79 \subsection + {Ziel +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 \subsection{Z + iel +You're in trouble here. 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil0.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 34 strings out of 478927 + 671 string characters out of 2852535 + 298175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17993 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 23i,13n,32p,801b,95s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 2b83d59..6632eca 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,130 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{lambertw:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{lambertw:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. +\section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? +\label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} +\rhead{Was sind Verfolgungskurven?} +% +Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie ``Welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt?''. +Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. +Der Verfolger verfolgt sein Ziel, das versucht zu entkommen. +Der Pfad, den der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. +Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als Differentialgleichung formuliert werden. +Diese Differentialgleichung entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. +% +\subsection{Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +\label{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger}} +Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. +Wir nehmen an, dass sich der Verfolger stur an eine Verfolgungsstrategie hält. +Dabei gibt es viele mögliche Strategien, die der Verfolger wählen könnte. +Die möglichen Strategien entstehen durch Festlegung einzelner Parameter, die der Verfolger kontrollieren kann. +Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. +Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. +Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. +Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. +% +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|>{$}l<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + \hline + \text{Strategie}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ + \hline + \text{Jagd} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel zu}\\ + + \text{Beschattung} + & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel zu}\\ + + \text{Vorhalt} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{mögliche Verfolgungsstrategien} + \label{lambertw:table:Strategien} +\end{table} +% +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf} + \caption{Vektordarstellung Jagdstrategie} + \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} +\end{figure} +% +In der Tabelle \ref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. +Im Folgenden wird nur noch auf die Jagdstrategie eingegangen. +Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel zu. +Der Verfolger und sein Ziel werden als Punkte $V$ und $Z$ modelliert. +In der Abbildung \ref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, +wobei $v$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $z$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{v}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. +Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor entspricht dem Richtungsvektors des Verfolgers. +Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit +% +\begin{equation} + |\dot{v}| + = \operatorname{const} = A + \text{,}\quad A\in\mathbb{R}^+ +\end{equation} +% +darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor muss auf das Ziel zeigen, woraus folgt +\begin{equation} + \dot{v} + \quad||\quad + z-v + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Um den Richtungsvektor zu konstruieren kann der Einheitsvektor parallel zu $z-v$ um $|\dot{v}|$ gestreckt werden, was zu +\begin{equation} + \dot{v} + = + |\dot{v}|\cdot e_{z-v} +\end{equation} +führt. Dies kann noch ausgeschrieben werden zu +\begin{equation} + \dot{v} + = + |\dot{v}|\cdot\frac{z-v}{|z-v|} + \text{.} + \label{lambertw:richtungsvektor} +\end{equation} +% +Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. +Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. + +Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{v}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergibt sich +\begin{align} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}|\cdot\dot{v} + &= + |\dot{v}|^2 +\end{align} +was algebraisch zu +\begin{align} + \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot \frac{\dot{v}}{|\dot{v}|} + &= + 1 +\end{align} +umgeformt werden kann. +Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, sofern der Verfolger die Jagdstrategie verwendet. +% +\subsection{Ziel +\label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} +Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. +Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. +Als Strategie eignet sich eine definierte Fluchtkurve oder ähnlich wie beim Verfolger ein Verhalten, das vom Verfolger abhängig ist. +Ein vom Verfolger abhängiges Verhalten führt zu einem gekoppeltem DGL-System, das schwierig zu lösen sein wird. +Eine definierte Fluchtkurve kann mit einer Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. +Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung +% +\begin{equation} + z(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +beschrieben werden könnte. +Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. +Für die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form gewählt werden, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung für die Verfolgungskurve komplexer. + -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. 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Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 ... wird der Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref + {pursuer_grafik1} aufgezeigt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.25 ... Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_ + grafik1} aufgezeigt. +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 25. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 25. +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +l.25 ...halt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_grafik1} + aufgezeigt. +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.27 + +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (332.97824pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[]\OML/cmm/m/it/10 rafik\/cmr/m/n/10 1\OML/cmm/m/it/10 aufgezeigt:DerPunktPistd +erVerfolgerundderPunktAistseinZiel:$ + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.28 U + m dies mathematisch beschreiben zu können, wird der Richtungsvektor +You're in trouble here. 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+ +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (15.71458pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (15.40556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.39 N + un wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um... + +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.49 \subsection + {Beispiel} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.49 \subsection{B + eispiel} +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.50 ...ieses Problem wurde bereits die DGL \eqref + {eq:PursuerDGL} hergeleitet. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.53 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 53--53 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (135.67946pt too wide) detected at line 57 +[]\/cmr/m/n/10 (\OML/cmm/m/it/10 t\/cmr/m/n/10 )[][] = [][][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.59 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 59--59 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (61.57726pt too wide) detected at line 65 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 [] \/cmr/m/n/10 = 1 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 v[] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 S + ed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +You're in trouble here. 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+Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.98 U + t enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.110 animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref + {000tempmlate:equation1}. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.112 E + t harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +You're in trouble here. 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil1.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 35 strings out of 478927 + 720 string characters out of 2852535 + 294175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17993 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403738 words of font info for 28 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 23i,12n,32p,307b,98s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 7b545c3..e8eca2c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -3,53 +3,347 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 -\label{lambertw:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{lambertw:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. +\section{Wird das Ziel erreicht? +\label{lambertw:section:Wird_das_Ziel_erreicht}} +\rhead{Wird das Ziel erreicht?} +% +Sehr oft kommt es vor, dass bei Verfolgungsproblemen die Frage auftaucht, ob das Ziel überhaupt erreicht wird. +Wenn zum Beispiel die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers kleiner ist als diejenige des Ziels, gibt es Anfangsbedingungen bei denen das Ziel nie erreicht wird. +Im Anschluss dieser Frage stellt sich meist die nächste Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. +Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und am Beispiel aus \ref{lambertw:section:teil4} betrachtet. +Das Beispiel wird bei dieser Betrachtung noch etwas erweitert indem alle Punkte auf der gesamtem $xy$-Ebene als Startwerte zugelassen werden. -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{lambertw:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{lambertw:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +Nun gilt es zu definieren, wann das Ziel erreicht wird. +Da sowohl Ziel und Verfolger als Punkte modelliert wurden, gilt das Ziel als erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. +Somit gilt es +% +\begin{equation} + z(t_1)=v(t_1) + \label{bedingung_treffer} +\end{equation} +% +zu lösen. +Die Parametrisierung von $z(t)$ ist im Beispiel definiert als +\begin{equation} + z(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right)\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Die Parametrisierung von $v(t)$ ist von den Startbedingungen abhängig. Deshalb wird die Bedingung \eqref{bedingung_treffer} jeweils für die unterschiedlichen Startbedingungen separat analysiert. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung im ersten Quadranten} +% +Wenn der Verfolger im ersten Quadranten startet, dann kann $v(t)$ mit den Gleichungen aus \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}, welche +\begin{align} + x\left(t\right) + &= + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) \right)} \\ + y(t) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\\ + \chi + &= + \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}, \quad + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2,\quad + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} + \text{.} +\end{align} +% +Der Verfolger ist durch +\begin{equation} + v(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ y(t) \end{array} \right) + \text{.} +\end{equation} +% +parametrisiert, wobei $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$. +Daher wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt, wodurch die Bedingung der $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden müssen. Es entstehen daher die Bedingungen +% +\begin{align} + 0 + &= + x(t) + = + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} + \\ + t + &= + y(t) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\text{,} +\end{align} +% +welche beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. +Zuerst wird die Bedingung der $x$-Koordinate betrachtet. +Da $x_0 \neq 0$ und $\chi \neq 0$ kann +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} +\end{equation} +algebraisch zu +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) +\end{equation} +umgeformt werden. +Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Mit der einzigen Nullstelle der Lambert W-Funktion bei +\begin{equation*} + W(0)=0 + \text{,} +\end{equation*} +kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + \chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste, damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +Somit kann nach den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% +% +% +%Diese kann durch dividieren durch $x_0$, anschliessendes quadrieren und multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Daraus folgt +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) +% \text{.} +%5\end{equation} +% +%Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +%Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +% +%\begin{equation*} +% W(0)=0 +%\end{equation*} +% +%besitzt, kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu +% +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% \chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) +% \text{.} +%\end{equation} +% +%Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +%Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +%Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +%Somit kann nach den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung $y_0<0$} +Da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und des Ziels übereinstimmen, kann der Verfolger niemals das Ziel einholen. +Dies kann veranschaulicht werden anhand +% +\begin{equation} + v(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + \leq + z(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + = + 1\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Da der $y$-Anteil der Geschwindigkeit des Ziels grösser-gleich der des Verfolgers ist, können die $y$-Koordinaten nie übereinstimmen. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung auf positiven $y$-Achse} +Wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet, befindet er sich direkt auf der Fluchtgeraden des Ziels. +Dies führt dazu, dass der Verfolger und das Ziel sich direkt aufeinander zu bewegen, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt. +Die Folge ist, dass das Ziel zwingend erreicht wird. +Um $t_1$ zu bestimmen, kann die Verfolgungskurve in diesem Fall mit +% +\begin{equation} + v(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ y_0-t \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +parametrisiert werden. +Nun kann der Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel leicht bestimmt und nach 0 aufgelöst werden. +Woraus folgt +% +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + |v(t_1)-z(t_1)| + = + y_0-2t_1\text{,} +\end{equation} +% +was aufgelöst zu +% +\begin{equation} + t_1 + = + \frac{y_0}{2} +\end{equation} +% +führt. +Somit wird das Ziel immer erreicht bei $t_1$, wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet. +\subsection{Fazit} +Durch die Symmetrie der Fluchtkurve an der $y$-Achse führen die Anfangsbedingungen im ersten und zweiten Quadranten zu den gleichen Ergebnissen. Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven $y$-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. +Bei allen anderen Anfangspunkten wird der Verfolger das Ziel nie erreichen. +Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. +Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. +Somit wird in einer nächsten Betrachtung untersucht, ob der Verfolger dem Ziel näher kommt als ein definierter Trefferradius. +Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. +Mathematisch kann dies mit +% +\begin{equation} + |v-z|<a_{\text{min}} \text{,}\quad a_{\text{min}}\in\mathbb{R}^+ +\end{equation} +% +beschrieben werden, wobei $a_{\text{min}}$ dem Trefferradius entspricht. +Durch quadrieren verschwindet die Wurzel des Betrages, womit +% +\begin{equation} + |v-z|^2<a_{\text{min}}^2 \text{,}\quad a_{\text{min}}\in \mathbb{R}^+ + \label{lambertw:minimumAbstand} +\end{equation} +% +die neue Bedingung ist. +Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_{\text{min}}$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage unverändert. +% +\subsection{trügerische Intuition}%verleitende/trügerische/verführerisch +In der Grafik \ref{lambertw:grafic:intuition} ist eine Mögliche Verfolgungskurve dargestellt, wobei für die Startbedingung der erste-Quadrant verwendet wurde. +Als erste Intuition für den Punkt bei dem $|v-z|$ minimal ist bietet sich der tiefste Punkt der Verfolgungskurve an, bei dem der y-Anteil des Richtungsvektors null entspricht. +Es kann argumentiert werden, dass weil die Geschwindigkeiten gleich gross sind und $\dot{v}$ sich aus einem $y$- als auch einem $x$-Anteil zusammensetzt und $\dot{z}$ nur ein $y$-Anteil besitzt, der Abstand nur grösser werden kann, wenn $e_y\cdot z>e_y\cdot v$. +Aus diesem Argument würde folgen, dass beim tiefsten Punkt der Verfolgungskurve im Beispiel den minimalen Abstand befindet. +% +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf} + \caption{Intuition} + \label{lambertw:grafic:intuition} +\end{figure} +% +Dieses Argument kann leicht überprüft werden, indem lokal alle relevanten benachbarten Punkte betrachtet und das Vorzeichen der Änderung des Abstandes überprüft wird. +Dafür wird ein Ausdruck benötigt, der den Abstand und die benachbarten Punkte beschreibt. +Der Richtungsvektor wird allgemein mit dem Winkel $\alpha \in[ 0, 2\pi)$ +Die Ortsvektoren der Punkte können wiederum mit +\begin{align} + v + &= + t\cdot\left(\begin{array}{c} \cos (\alpha) \\ \sin (\alpha) \end{array}\right) +\left(\begin{array}{c} x_0 \\ y_0 \end{array}\right) + \\ + z + &= + \left(\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array}\right) +\end{align} +beschrieben werden. Der Verfolger wurde allgemein für jede Richtung $\alpha$ definiert, um alle unmittelbar benachbarten Punkte beschreiben zu können. +Da der Abstand +\begin{equation} + a + = + |v-z| + \geq + 0 +\end{equation} +ist, kann durch quadrieren ohne Informationsverlust die Rechnung vereinfacht werden zu +\begin{equation} + a^2 + = + |v-z|^2 + = + (t\cdot\cos(\alpha)+x_0)^2+t^2(\sin(\alpha)-1)^2 + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Der Abstand im Quadrat abgeleitet nach der Zeit ist +\begin{equation} + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + = + 2(t\cdot\cos (\alpha)+x_0)\cdot\cos(\alpha)(\alpha)+2t(\sin(\alpha)-1)^2 + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Da nur die unmittelbar benachbarten Punkten von Interesse sind, wird die Ableitung für $t=0$ untersucht. Dabei kann die Ableitung in +\begin{align} + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &= + 2x_0\cos(\alpha) + \\ + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &< + 0\Leftrightarrow\alpha\in\left( \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right) + \\ + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &> + 0\Leftrightarrow\alpha\in\left[0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\cup\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}, 2\pi\right) + \\ + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &= + 0\Leftrightarrow\alpha\in\left\{ \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right\} +\end{align} +unterteilt werden. +Von Interesse ist lediglich das Intervall $\alpha\in\left( \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right)$, da der Verfolger sich stets in die negative $y$-Richtung bewegt. +In diesem Intervall ist die Ableitung negativ, woraus folgt, dass jeglicher unmittelbar benachbarte Punkt, den der Verfolger als nächstes begehen könnte, stets näher am Ziel ist als zuvor. +Dies bedeutet, dass der Scheitelpunkt der Verfolgungskurve nie ein lokales Minimum bezüglich des Abstandes sein kann. +% +\subsection{Wo ist der Abstand minimal?} +Damit der Verfolger das Ziel erreicht muss die Bedingung \eqref{lambertw:minimumAbstand} erfüllt sein. +Somit ist es ausreichend zu zeigen, dass +\begin{equation} + \operatorname{min}(|z-v|)<a_\text{min} + \label{lambertw:Bedingung:abstandMinimal} +\end{equation} +erfüllt ist. +Für folgende Betrachtung wurde für den Verfolger die Jagdstrategie mit $|\dot{v}|=|\dot{z}|$ gewählt. +Das Minimum des Abstandes kann mit +\begin{equation} + 0=\frac{d|z-v|}{dt} +\end{equation} +gefunden werden. +Mithilfe $(z-v)(z-v)=|z-v|^2$ kann die Gleichung umgeformt werden zu +\begin{equation} + 0=\frac{d(\sqrt{(z-v)(z-v)})}{dt} + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Jetzt kann die Ableitung leicht ausgeführt werden, womit +\begin{equation} + 0=(\dot{z}-\dot{v})\frac{z-v}{\sqrt{(z-v)(z-v)}} +\end{equation} +entsteht. +In dieser Gleichung kann $(z-v)(z-v)=|z-v|^2$ nochmals angewendet werden, wodurch die Gleichung zu +\begin{equation} + 0=(\dot{z}-\dot{v})\frac{z-v}{|z-v|} +\end{equation} +umgeformt werden kann. +Nun ist die Struktur der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:richtungsvektor} erkennbar. +Wird dies ausgenutzt folgt +\begin{equation} + 0=(\dot{z}-\dot{v})\frac{\dot{v}}{|\dot{v}|} + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Durch algebraische Umwandlung kann die Gleichung in die Form +\begin{equation} + \dot{z}\dot{v}=|\dot{v}|^2 +\end{equation} +gebracht werden. +Da $|\dot{v}|=|\dot{z}|$ folgt +\begin{equation} + \cos(\alpha)=1 + \text{,} +\end{equation} +wobei $\alpha$ der Winkel zwischen den Richtungsvektoren ist. +Mit $|\dot{z}|=|\dot{v}|=1$ entsteht +\begin{equation} + \cos(\alpha)=1 + \text{,} +\end{equation} +woraus folgt, dass nur bei $\alpha=0$, wenn $\alpha \in [0,2\pi)$, ein lokales als auch globales Minimum vorhanden sein kann. +$\alpha=0$ bedeutet, dass $\dot{v}=\dot{z}$ sein muss. +Da die Richtungsvektoren bei $t\rightarrow\infty$ immer in die gleiche Richtung zeigen ist dort die Bedingung immer erfüllt. +Dies entspricht gerade dem einen Rand von $t$, der andere Rand bei $t=0$ muss auch auf lokales bzw. globales Minimum untersucht werden. +Daraus folgt, dass die Bedingung \eqref{lambertw:Bedingung:abstandMinimal} lediglich für den Abstand bei $t=\{0, \infty\}$ überprüft werden muss.
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+Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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+Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! 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Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\subsection{Strategie 1 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie1}} + + +\subsection{Strategie 2 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie2}} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..018dcba --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log @@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 5 APR 2022 21:53 +entering extended mode +**./teil3.tex +(teil3.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Teil 3 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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+Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Beispiel Verfolgungskurve +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.6 \section{B + eispiel Verfolgungskurve +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Emergency stop. +<*> teil4.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 16 strings out of 478371 + 382 string characters out of 5852527 + 296836 words of memory out of 5000000 + 18226 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 13i,0n,12p,83b,18s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1053dd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,437 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve +\label{lambertw:section:teil4}} +\rhead{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve} +In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie ``Jagd'' beschreiben. Dafür werden zuerst Bewegungsraum, Anfangspositionen und Bewegungsverhalten definiert, in einem nächsten Schritt soll eine Differentialgleichung dafür aufgestellt und anschliessend gelöst werden. + +\subsection{Anfangsbedingungen definieren und einsetzen + \label{lambertw:subsection:Anfangsbedingungen}} +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(Z\) bewegt sich entlang der \(y\)-Achse mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{z}| = 1\), beginnend beim Ursprung des Kartesischen Koordinatensystems. Der Verfolger \(V\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadranten und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{v}| = 1\) in Richtung Ziel. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +\begin{equation} + Z + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ |\dot{z}| \cdot t \end{array} \right) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) + ,\: + V + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) + \:\text{und}\:\: + |\dot{v}| + = + 1. + \label{lambertw:Anfangsbed} +\end{equation} +Wir haben nun die Anfangsbedingungen definiert, jetzt fehlt nur noch eine DGL, welche die fortlaufende Änderung der Position und Bewegungsrichtung des Verfolgers beschreibt. +Diese DGL haben wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger} definiert, und zwar Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL}. Wenn man die Startpunkte einfügt, ergibt sich der Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + \frac{\left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right)}{\sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}} + \cdot + \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) + = + 1. + \label{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Differentialgleichung vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach}} +Nun haben wir eine Gleichung, es stellt sich aber die Frage, ob es überhaupt eine geschlossene Lösung dafür gibt. Eine Funktion welche die Beziehung \(y(x)\) beschreibt oder sogar \(x(t)\) und \(y(t)\) liefert. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt mag es nicht trivial scheinen, aber mit den gewählten Anfangsbedingungen \eqref{lambertw:Anfangsbed} ist es möglich eine geschlossene Lösung für die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} zu finden. + +Auf dem Weg dahin muss die definierte DGL zuerst wesentlich vereinfacht werden, sei es mittels algebraischer Umformungen oder mit den Tools aus der Analysis. Da die nächsten Schritte sehr algebralastig sind und sie das Lesen dieses Papers träge machen würden, werden wir uns hier nur auf die wesentlichsten Schritte konzentrieren, welche notwendig sind, um den Lösungsweg nachvollziehen zu können. + +\subsubsection{Skalarprodukt auflösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:SkalProdAufl}} +Zuerst müssen wir den Bruch und das Skalarprodukt in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} wegbringen, damit wir eine viel handlichere Differentialgleichung erhalten. Dies führt zu +\begin{equation} + -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}. + \label{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} +\end{equation} +Im letzten Schritt, fällt die Nützlichkeit des Skalarproduktes in der Verfolgungsgleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} markant auf. Anstatt zwei gekoppelte Differentialgleichungen zu erhalten, eine für die \(x\)- und die andere für die \(y\)-Komponente, erhält man einen einzigen Ausdruck, was in der Regel mit weniger Lösungsaufwand verbunden ist. + +\subsubsection{Quadrieren und Gruppieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:QuadUndGrup}} +Mit der Quadratwurzel in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} kann man nichts anfangen, sie steht nur im Weg, also muss man sie loswerden. Wenn man dies macht, kann \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} auf die Form +\begin{equation} + \left(\dot{x}^2-1\right) \cdot x^2 -2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \left(\dot{y}^2-1\right) \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0 + \label{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} +\end{equation} +gebracht werden. +Diese Form mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade nützlich sein, aber man kann sie mit einer Substitution weiter vereinfachen. + +\subsubsection{Wichtige Substitution + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:WichtSubst}} +Wenn man beachtet, dass die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers konstant und gleich 1 ist, dann ergibt sich die Beziehung +\begin{equation} + \dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 + = 1. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} +\end{equation} +Umformungen der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} können in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} erkannt werden. Wenn man sie ersetzt, erhält man +\begin{equation} + \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 +2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \dot{x}^2 \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} +\end{equation} +Diese unscheinbare Substitution führt dazu, dass weitere Vereinfachungen durchgeführt werden können. + +\subsubsection{Binom erkennen und vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:BinomVereinfach}} +Versteckt im Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} befindet sich die erste binomische Formel, wobei +\begin{equation} + (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 + = 0 + \label{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +die faktorisierte Darstellung davon ist. +Da der linke Term gleich Null ist, muss auch der Inhalt des Quadrates gleich Null sein. Es ergibt sich eine weitere Vereinfachung, welche zu der im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} wesentlich einfacheren DGL +\begin{equation} + x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} + = 0 + \label{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +führt. +Kompakt, ohne Wurzelterme und Quadrate, nur elementare Operationen und Ableitungen. + +Nun stellt sich die Frage wie es weiter gehen soll, bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} scheinen keine weiteren Vereinfachungen möglich zu sein. Wir brauchen einen neuen Ansatz, um unser Ziel einer möglichen Lösung zu verfolgen. + +\subsection{Zeitabhängigkeit loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}} +Der nächste logische Schritt scheint irgendwie die Zeitabhängigkeit in der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} loszuwerden, aber wieso? Nun, wie am Anfang von Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach} beschrieben, suchen wir eine Lösung der Art \(y(x)\), dies ist natürlich erst möglich wenn wir die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) eliminieren können. + +\subsubsection{Zeitliche Ableitungen loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitAbleit}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur Funktion \(y(x)\) ist, die zeitlichen Ableitungen los zu werden, dafür wird \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} beidseitig durch \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, was erlaubt ist, weil diese Änderung ungleich Null ist: +\begin{equation} + x \frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} + (t-y) \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{x}} + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +Der Grund dafür ist, dass +\begin{equation} + \frac{\displaystyle\dot{y}}{\displaystyle\dot{x}} + = \frac{\displaystyle\frac{dy}{dt}}{\displaystyle\frac{dx}{dt}} + = \frac{dy}{dx} + = y^{\prime}, + \label{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +und somit kann der Quotient dieser zeitlichen Ableitungen in eine Ableitung nach \(x\) umgewandelt werden. +Nach dem die Eigenschaft \eqref{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} in \eqref{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} eingesetzt wird und vereinfacht wurde, entsteht die neue Gleichung +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLmitT} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Variable \(t\) eliminieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitAbleit}} +Hier wäre es natürlich passend, wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte, aber wie? +Wir wissen, dass sich der Verfolger mit Geschwindigkeit 1 bewegt, also legt er in der Zeit \(t\) die Strecke \(1\cdot t = t\) zurück. Längen und Strecken können auch mit der Bogenlänge repräsentiert werden, somit kann Zeit und zurückgelegte Strecke in der Gleichung +\begin{equation} + s + = + |\dot{v}| \cdot t + = + 1 \cdot t + = + t + = + \int_{\displaystyle x_0}^{\displaystyle x_{\text{end}}}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx + \label{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} +\end{equation} +verbunden werden. + +Nicht gerade auffällig ist die Richtung, in welche hier integriert wird. Wenn der Verfolger sich wie vorgesehen am Anfang im ersten Quadranten befindet, dann muss sich dieser nach links bewegen, was nicht der üblichen Integrationsrichtung entspricht. Um eine Integration wie üblich von links nach rechts ausführen zu können, müssen die Integrationsgenerzen vertauscht werden, was in einem Vorzeichenwechsel resultiert. + +Wenn man nun \eqref{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT} einfügt, dann ergibt sich der neue Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} - \int\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLohneT} +\end{equation} +Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab und erhält die DGL zweiter Ordnung +\begin{align} + y^{\prime}+ xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} - y^{\prime} + &= 0, \\ + xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} + &= 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLohneInt} +\end{align} +Nun sind wir unserem Ziel einen weiteren Schritt näher. Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade einfach sein, aber im nächsten Abschnitt werden wir sehen, dass sie relativ einfach zu lösen ist. + +\subsection{Differentialgleichung lösen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLloes}} +Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} ist eine DGL zweiter Ordnung, in der \(y\) nicht vorkommt. Sie kann mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) in die DGL +\begin{equation} + xu^{\prime} - \sqrt{1+u^2} + = 0 + \label{lambertw:DGLmitU} +\end{equation} +erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden. +Diese Gleichung ist separierbar, was sie viel handlicher macht. In der separierten Form +\begin{equation} + \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}\:du} + = + \int{\frac{1}{x}\:dx}, +\end{equation} +lässt sich die Gleichung mittels einer Integrationstabelle sehr rasch lösen. +Das Ergebnis ist +\begin{align} + \operatorname{arsinh}(u) + &= + \operatorname{ln}(x) + C, \\ + u + &= + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} +\end{align} +Wenn man in \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man die DGL +\begin{equation} + y^{\prime} + = + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C) + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitY} +\end{equation} +erster Ordnung, die bereits separiert ist. +Ersetzt man den \(\operatorname{sinh}\) durch seine exponentiellen Definition \(\operatorname{sinh}(x)=\frac{1}{2}(e^x-e^{-x})\), so resultiert auf sehr einfache Art die Lösung +\begin{equation} + y + = + C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x)}{8 \cdot C_2} +\end{equation} +für \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitY}. + +Nun haben wir eine Lösung, aber wie es immer mit Lösungen ist, stellt sich die Frage, ob sie überhaupt plausibel ist. + +\subsection{Lösung analysieren + \label{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys}} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} + \caption[Graph der Verfolgungskurve]{Graph der Verfolgungskurve wobei, ({\color{red}rot}) die Funktion \ensuremath{y(x)} ist, ({\color{darkgreen}grün}) der quadratische Teil und ({\color{blue}blau}) dem \ensuremath{\operatorname{ln}(x)}-Teil entspricht. + \label{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} + } +\end{figure} + +Das Resultat, wie ersichtlich, ist die Funktion +\begin{equation} + {\color{red}{y(x)}} + = + C_1 + C_2 {\color{darkgreen}{x^2}} {\color{blue}{-}} \frac{\color{blue}{\operatorname{ln}(x)}}{8 \cdot C_2}, + \label{lambertw:funkLoes} +\end{equation} +für welche die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) aus den Anfangsbedingungen bestimmt werden können. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(y(x)\) geschaffen werden: +\begin{itemize} + \item + Für grosse \(x\)-Werte, welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} dominant. + \item + Für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse, wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. Irgendwann werden Verfolger und Ziel auf gleicher Höhe sein, also gleiche \(y\)- aber verschiedene \(x\)-Koordinate besitzen. + In diesem Punkt findet ein Monotoniewechsel in der Kurve \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} statt, was zu einem Minimum führt. + \item + Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn, da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger ihm nachgeht. +\end{itemize} +Alle diese Eigenschaften stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, welche durch die Grafik \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} repräsentiert wurde. + +\subsection{Anfangswertproblem + \label{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes}} +In diesem Abschnitt soll eine Parameterfunktion hergeleitet werden, bei der jeder beliebige Anfangspunkt im ersten Quadranten eingesetzt werden kann, ausser der Ursprung im Koordinatensystem. Diese Aufgabe ist ein Anfangswertproblem für \(y(x)\). + +Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Analysis, auf welches hier nicht explizit eingegangen wird. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit, wird aber das Gleichungssystem präsentiert, welches notwendig ist, um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen. + +\subsubsection{Anfangswerte bestimmen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:Anfangswerte}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur gesuchten Parameterfunktion ist, die Anfangswerte +\begin{equation} + y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} + = + y(x_0) + = + y_0 + \label{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} + \frac{dy}{dx}\bigg \vert_{t=0} + = + y^{\prime}(x_0) + = + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + \label{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} +\end{equation} +zu definieren. +Der zweite Anfangswert \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} mag nicht grade offensichtlich sein. Die Erklärung dafür ist aber simpel: Der Verfolger wird sich zum Zeitpunkt \(t=0\) in Richtung Koordinatenursprung bewegen wollen, wo sich das Ziel befindet. Somit entsteht das Steigungsdreieck mit \(\Delta x = x_0\) und \(\Delta y = y_0\). + +\subsubsection{Gleichungssystem aufstellen und lösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:GlSys}} +Wenn man die Anfangswerte \eqref{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} und \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}(x)\) einsetzt, dann ergibt sich das Gleichungssystem +\begin{subequations} + \label{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} + \begin{align} + y_0 + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2}, \\ + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + &= + 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{1}{8 \cdot C_2 \cdot x_0}. + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +Damit die gesuchte Funktion im ersten Quadranten bleibt, werden nur die positiven Lösungen +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff1} + C_1 + &= + \frac{2\cdot\operatorname{ln}(x_0)\left(\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} - y_0 \right) - \sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + 3 y_0}{4}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff2} + C_2 + &= + \frac{\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + y_0}{4x_0^2} + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +des Gleichungssystems gewählt. +\subsubsection{Gesuchte Parameterfunktion aufstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ParamFunk}} +Wenn man die Koeffizienten \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff1} und \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff2} in die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} einsetzt, dann ergibt sich beim Vereinfachen die gesuchte Parameterfunktion +\begin{equation} + y(x) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right). + \label{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} +\end{equation} +Damit die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} trotzdem übersichtlich bleibt, wurden Anfangssteigung \(\eta\) und Anfangsentfernung \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert: +\begin{equation} + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \:\:\text{und}\:\: + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2}. +\end{equation} +Diese neue allgemeine Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} weist immer noch die selbe Struktur wie die vorher hergeleitete Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} auf. Sie enthält einerseits einen quadratischen Teil, der in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, anderseits den \(\operatorname{ln}\)-Teil. Aus dieser Ähnlichkeit kann geschlossen werden, dass sich \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} auf eine ähnliche Art verhalten wird. + +Nun sind wir soweit, dass wir eine \(y(x)\)-Beziehung für beliebige Anfangswerte darstellen können, unser erstes Ziel wurde erreicht. Wir können aber einen Schritt weiter gehen und uns Fragen: Ist es analytisch möglich herauszufinden, wo sich Verfolger und Ziel zu jedem Zeitpunkt befinden? Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. + +\subsection{Funktion nach der Zeit + \label{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT}} +In diesem Abschnitt werden algebraischen Umformungen ein wenig detaillierter als zuvor beschrieben. Dies hat auch einen bestimmten Grund: Den Einsatz einer speziellen Funktion aufzeigen, sowie auch wann und wieso diese vorkommt. Welche spezielle Funktion? Fragst du dich wahrscheinlich in diesem Moment. Nun, um diese Frage kurz zu beantworten, es ist ``YouTube's favorite special function'' laut dem Mathematiker Michael Penn, die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) welche im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:lambertw} bereits beschrieben wurde. + +\subsubsection{Zeitabhängigkeit wiederherstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitabhWiederherst}} +Der erste Schritt ist es herauszufinden, wie die Zeitabhängigkeit wieder hineingebracht werden kann. Dafür greifen wir auf die letzte Gleichung zu, in welcher \(t\) noch enthalten war, und zwar DGL +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0 + \label{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} +\end{equation} +aus dem Abschnitt \eqref{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}, welche zur Übersichtlichkeit hier nochmals aufgeführt wurde. +Wie in \eqref{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} zu sehen ist, werden \(y\) und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}\) benötigt, diese sind: +\begin{subequations} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} + y + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right), \\ + y^\prime + &= + \frac{1}{2}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{x}{x_0^2}+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\frac{1}{x}\right). + \end{align} +\end{subequations} + +Wenn man diese Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} einfügt, vereinfacht und nach \(t\) auflöst, dann ergibt sich der Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + -4t + = + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Umformungen die zur Funktion nach der Zeit führen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:UmformBisZumZiel}} +Mit dem Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt}, welcher Terme mit \(x\) und \(t\) verbindet, kann nun nach der gesuchten Variable \(x\) aufgelöst werden. + +In einem nächsten Schritt wird alles mit \(x\) auf die eine Seite gebracht, der Rest auf die andere Seite und anschliessend beidseitig exponenziert, sodass man +\begin{equation} + -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right) + = + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right) +\end{equation} +und anschliessend +\begin{equation} + e^{\displaystyle -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right)} + = + e^{\displaystyle \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta}\cdot\eta^{\displaystyle \left(r_0-y_0\right)} + \label{lambertw:eqMitExp} +\end{equation} +erhält. +Auf dem rechten Term von \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} beginnen wir langsam eine ähnliche Struktur wie \(\eta e^\eta\) zu erkennen, dies schreit nach der Struktur die benötigt wird um \(\eta\) mittels der Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) zu erhalten. Dies macht durchaus Sinn, wenn wir die Funktion \(x(t)\) finden wollen und \(W(x)\) die Umkehrfunktion von \(x e^x\) ist. + +Die erste Sache die uns in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} stört ist, dass \(\eta\) als Potenz da steht. Dieses Problem können wir loswerden, indem wir beidseitig mit \(\:\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_0-y_0}\:\) potenzieren: +\begin{equation} + \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\right) + = + \eta\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} +\end{equation} +Das nächste Problem auf welches wir in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} treffen ist, dass \(\eta\) nicht alleine im Exponent steht. Dies kann elegant mit der Substitution +\begin{equation} + \chi + = + \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0} + \label{lambertw:eqChiSubst} +\end{equation} +gelöst werden. +Es gäbe natürlich andere Substitutionen wie z.B. +\[\displaystyle \chi=\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\cdot\eta,\] +die auf dasselbe Ergebnis führen würden, aber \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} liefert in einem Schritt die kompakteste Lösung. Also fahren wir mit der Substitution \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} weiter, setzen diese in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} ein und multiplizieren beidseitig mit \(\chi\). Daraus erhalten wir die Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) + = + \chi\eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi\eta}. + \label{lambertw:eqNachSubst} +\end{equation} +Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) einsetzen können. Wenn wir beidseitig \(W(x)\) anwenden, dann erhalten wir den Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) + = + \chi\eta. +\end{equation} +Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir die gesuchte \(x(t)\)-Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}. Dieses \(x(t)\) in Kombination mit \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} liefert die Position des Verfolgers zu jedem Zeitpunkt. Das Gleichungspaar besteht also aus den Gleichungen +\begin{subequations} + \label{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} + x(t) + &= + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)}{\chi}}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqFunkYNachT} + y(x(t)) + = + y(t) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right). + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +Nun haben wir unser letztes Ziel erreicht und sind in der Lage eine Verfolgung rechnerisch sowie graphisch zu repräsentieren. + +\subsubsection{Hinweise zur Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:HinwLambertW}} +Wir sind aber noch nicht ganz fertig, eine Frage muss noch beantwortet werden. Und zwar wieso, man schon bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} weiss, dass die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion zum Einsatz kommen wird. +Nun, der Grund dafür ist die Struktur +\begin{equation} + y + = + p(x) +\operatorname{ln}(x), + \label{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} +\end{equation} +bei welcher \(p(x)\) eine beliebige Potenz von \(x\) darstellt. + +Jedes Mal wenn \(x\) gesucht ist und in einer Struktur der Art \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} vorkommt, dann kann mit ein paar Umformungen die Struktur \(f(x)e^{f(x)}\) erzielt werden. Wie bereits in diesem Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT} gezeigt wurde, kann \(x\) nun mittels der \(W(x)\)-Funktion aufgelöst werden. Erstaunlicherweise ist \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} eine Struktur die oft vorkommt, was die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion so wichtig macht.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ee582d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex index ff21c9f..528a2e2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex @@ -8,29 +8,11 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Thierry Schwaller, Alain Keller} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} + \input{papers/parzyl/teil0.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/teil1.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/parzyl/teil3.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex index 09b4024..4b251db 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,239 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{parzyl:section:teil0}} +\section{Einleitung\label{parzyl:section:teil0}} \rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{parzyl:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. +Die Laplace-Gleichung ist eine wichtige Gleichung in der Physik. +Mit ihr lässt sich zum Beispiel das elektrische Feld in einem ladungsfreien Raum bestimmen. +In diesem Kapitel wird die Lösung der Laplace-Gleichung im +parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem genauer untersucht. +\subsection{Laplace Gleichung} +Die partielle Differentialgleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = 0 +\end{equation} +ist als Laplace-Gleichung bekannt. +Sie ist eine spezielle Form der Poisson-Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = g +\end{equation} +mit g als beliebige Funktion. +In der Physik hat die Laplace-Gleichung in verschieden Gebieten +verwendet, zum Beispiel im Elektromagnetismus. +Das Gaussche Gesetz in den Maxwellgleichungen +\begin{equation} + \nabla \cdot E = \frac{\varrho}{\epsilon_0} +\label{parzyl:eq:max1} +\end{equation} +besagt das die Divergenz eines Elektrischen Feldes an einem +Punkt gleich der Ladung an diesem Punkt ist. +Das elektrische Feld ist hierbei der Gradient des elektrischen +Potentials +\begin{equation} + \nabla \phi = E. +\end{equation} +Eingesetzt in \eqref{parzyl:eq:max1} resultiert +\begin{equation} + \nabla \cdot \nabla \phi = \Delta \phi = \frac{\varrho}{\epsilon_0}, +\end{equation} +was eine Possion-Gleichung ist. +An Ladungsfreien Stellen, ist der rechte Teil der Gleichung $0$. +\subsection{Parabolische Zylinderkoordinaten +\label{parzyl:subsection:finibus}} +Im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem bilden parabolische Zylinder die Koordinatenflächen. +Die Koordinate $(\sigma, \tau, z)$ sind in kartesischen Koordinaten ausgedrückt mit +\begin{align} + x & = \sigma \tau \\ + \label{parzyl:coordRelationsa} + y & = \frac{1}{2}\left(\tau^2 - \sigma^2\right) \\ + z & = z. + \label{parzyl:coordRelationse} +\end{align} +Wird $\tau$ oder $\sigma$ konstant gesetzt resultieren die Parabeln +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{x^2}{\sigma^2} - \sigma^2 \right) +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2} \left( -\frac{x^2}{\tau^2} + \tau^2 \right). +\end{equation} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png} + \caption{Das parabolische Koordinatensystem. Die roten Parabeln haben ein + konstantes $\sigma$ und die grünen ein konstantes $\tau$.} + \label{parzyl:fig:cordinates} +\end{figure} + +Abbildung \ref{parzyl:fig:cordinates} zeigt das Parabolische Koordinatensystem. +Das parabolische Zylinderkoordinatensystem entsteht wenn die Parabeln aus der +Ebene gezogen werden. + +Um in diesem Koordinatensystem integrieren und differenzieren zu +können braucht es die Skalierungsfaktoren $h_{\tau}$, $h_{\sigma}$ und $h_{z}$. + +\dots + +Wird eine infinitessimal kleine Distanz $ds$ zwischen zwei Punkten betrachtet +kann dies im kartesischen Koordinatensystem mit +\begin{equation} + \left(ds\right)^2 = \left(dx\right)^2 + \left(dy\right)^2 + + \left(dz\right)^2 + \label{parzyl:eq:ds} +\end{equation} +ausgedrückt werden. +Das Skalierungsfaktoren werden so bestimmt, dass +\begin{equation} + \left(ds\right)^2 = \left(h_{\sigma}d\sigma\right)^2 + + \left(h_{\tau}d\tau\right)^2 + \left(h_z dz\right)^2 +\label{parzyl:eq:dspara} +\end{equation} +gilt. +Dafür werden $dx$, $dy$, und $dz$ in \eqref{parzyl:eq:ds} mit den Beziehungen +von \eqref{parzyl:coordRelationsa} - \eqref{parzyl:coordRelationse} als +\begin{align} + dx &= \frac{\partial x }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial x }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial x }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = \tau d\sigma + \sigma d \tau \\ + dy &= \frac{\partial y }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial y }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial y }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = \tau d\tau - \sigma d \sigma \\ + dz &= \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = d \tilde{z} \\ +\end{align} +substituiert. +Wird diese Gleichung in der Form von \eqref{parzyl:eq:dspara} +geschrieben, resultiert +\begin{equation} + \left(d s\right)^2 = + \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right)\left(d\sigma\right)^2 + + \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right)\left(d\tau\right)^2 + + \left(d \tilde{z}\right)^2. +\end{equation} +Daraus ergeben sich die Skalierungsfaktoren +\begin{align} + h_{\sigma} &= \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}\\ + h_{\sigma} &= \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}\\ + h_{z} &= 1. +\end{align} +\subsection{Differentialgleichung} +Möchte man eine Differentialgleichung im parabolischen +Zylinderkoordinatensystem aufstellen müssen die Skalierungsfaktoren +mitgerechnet werden. +Der Laplace Operator ist dadurch gegeben als +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} + \left( + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \sigma ^2} + + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \tau ^2} + \right) + + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial z}. + \label{parzyl:eq:laplaceInParZylCor} +\end{equation} +\subsubsection{Lösung der Helmholtz-Gleichung im parabolischen Zylinderfunktion} +Die Differentialgleichungen, welche zu den parabolischen Zylinderfunktionen führen, tauchen +%, wie bereits erwähnt, +dann auf, wenn die Helmholtz-Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(x,y,z) = \lambda f(x,y,z) +\end{equation} +im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(\sigma,\tau,z) = \lambda f(\sigma,\tau,z) +\end{equation} +gelöst wird. +%Wobei der Laplace Operator $\Delta$ im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem gegeben ist als +%\begin{equation} +% \Delta +% = +% \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} +% \left ( +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \sigma^2} +% + +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \tau^2} +% \right ) +% + +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}. +%\end{equation} +Mit dem Laplace Operator aus \eqref{parzyl:eq:laplaceInParZylCor} lautet die Helmholtz Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(\sigma, \tau, z) + = + \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} + \left ( + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial \sigma^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial \tau^2} + \right ) + + + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial z^2} + = + \lambda f(\sigma,\tau,z). +\end{equation} +Diese partielle Differentialgleichung kann mit Hilfe von Separation gelöst werden, dazu wird +\begin{equation} + f(\sigma,\tau,z) = g(\sigma)h(\tau)i(z) +\end{equation} +gesetzt. +Was dann schlussendlich zu den Differentialgleichungen +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} + g''(\sigma) + - + \left ( + \lambda\sigma^2 + + + \mu + \right ) + g(\sigma) + = + 0, +\end{equation} +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} + h''(\tau) + - + \left ( + \lambda\tau^2 + - + \mu + \right ) + h(\tau) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_3} + i''(z) + + + \left ( + \lambda + + + \mu + \right ) + i(\tau) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +führt. +Wobei die Lösung von \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_3} +\begin{equation} + i(z) + = + A\cos{ + \left ( + \sqrt{\lambda + \mu}z + \right )} + + + B\sin{ + \left ( + \sqrt{\lambda + \mu}z + \right )} +\end{equation} +ist und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} die sogenannten Weberschen Differentialgleichungen sind, welche die parabolischen Zylinder Funktionen als Lösung haben. + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex index 9ea60e2..f297189 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex @@ -3,53 +3,26 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 +\section{Lösung \label{parzyl:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{parzyl:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +Die Differentialgleichungen \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} können mit einer Substitution +in die Whittaker Gleichung gelöst werden. +\begin{definition} + Die Funktion + \begin{equation*} + W_{k,m}(z) = + e^{-z/2} z^{m+1/2} \, + {}_{1} F_{1}(\frac{1}{2} + m - k, 1 + 2m; z) + \end{equation*} + heisst Whittaker Funktion und ist eine Lösung + von + \begin{equation} + \frac{d^2W}{d z^2} + + \left(-\frac{1}{4} + \frac{k}{z} + \frac{\frac{1}{4} - m^2}{z^2} \right) W = 0. + \end{equation} +\end{definition} -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{parzyl:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{parzyl:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{parzyl:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +Lösung Folgt\dots diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex index 75ba259..3f890d0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,89 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 +\section{Anwendung in der Physik \label{parzyl:section:teil2}} \rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum + +\subsection{Elektrisches Feld einer semi-infiniten Platte \label{parzyl:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +Die parabolischen Zylinderkoordinaten tauchen auf, wenn man das elektrische Feld einer semi-infiniten Platte finden will. +Das dies so ist kann im zwei Dimensionalen mit Hilfe von komplexen Funktionen gezeigt werden. Wobei die Platte dann nur eine Linie ist. +Jede komplexe Funktion $F(z)$ kann geschrieben werden als +\begin{equation} + F(z) = U(x,y) + iV(x,y) \qquad z \in \mathbb{C}; x,y \in \mathbb{R}. +\end{equation} +Dabei muss gelten, falls die Funktion differenzierbar ist, dass +\begin{equation} + \frac{\partial U(x,y)}{\partial x} + = + \frac{\partial V(x,y)}{\partial y} + \qquad + \frac{\partial V(x,y)}{\partial x} + = + -\frac{\partial U(x,y)}{\partial y}. +\end{equation} +Aus dieser Bedingung folgt +\begin{equation} + \label{parzyl_e_feld_zweite_ab} + \underbrace{ + \frac{\partial^2 U(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 U(x,y)}{\partial y^2} + = + 0 + }_{\nabla^2U(x,y)=0} + \qquad + \underbrace{ + \frac{\partial^2 V(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 V(x,y)}{\partial y^2} + = + 0 + }_{\nabla^2V(x,y) = 0}. +\end{equation} +Zusätzlich zeigen diese Bedingungen auch, dass die zwei Funktionen $U(x,y)$ und $V(x,y)$ orthogonal zueinander sind. +Der Zusammenhang zum elektrischen Feld ist jetzt, dass das Potential an einem quellenfreien Punkt gegeben ist als +\begin{equation} + \nabla^2\phi(x,y) = 0. +\end{equation} +Da dies bei komplexen differenzierbaren Funktionen gilt, wie Gleichung \ref{parzyl_e_feld_zweite_ab} zeigt, kann entweder $U(x,y)$ oder $V(x,y)$ von einer solchen Funktion als das Potential angesehen werden. Im weiteren wird für das Potential $U(x,y)$ verwendet. +Da die Funktion, welche nicht das Potential beschreibt, in weiteren angenommen als $V(x,y)$, orthogonal zum Potential ist, zeigt dies das Verhalten des elektrischen Feldes. +Um nun zu den parabolische Zylinderkoordinaten zu gelangen muss nur noch eine geeignete komplexe Funktion $F(z)$ gefunden werden, welche eine semi-infinite Platte beschreiben kann. Man könnte natürlich auch nach anderen Funktionen suchen, welche andere Bedingungen erfüllen und würde dann auf andere Koordinatensysteme stossen. Die gesuchte Funktion in diesem Fall ist +\begin{equation} + F(z) + = + \sqrt{z} + = + \sqrt{x + iy}. +\end{equation} +Dies kann umgeformt werden zu +\begin{equation} + F(z) + = + \underbrace{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} + x}{2}}}_{U(x,y)} + + + i\underbrace{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} - x}{2}}}_{V(x,y)} + . +\end{equation} +Die Äquipotentialflächen können nun betrachtet werden, indem man die Funktion welche das Potential beschreibt gleich eine Konstante setzt, +\begin{equation} + \sigma = U(x,y) = \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} + x}{2}}, +\end{equation} +und die Flächen mit der gleichen elektrischen Feldstärke können als +\begin{equation} + \tau = V(x,y) = \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} - x}{2}} +\end{equation} +beschrieben werden. Diese zwei Gleichungen zeigen nun wie man vom kartesischen Koordinatensystem ins parabolische Zylinderkoordinatensystem kommt. Werden diese Formeln nun nach x und y aufgelöst so beschreibe sie, wie man aus dem parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem zurück ins kartesische rechnen kann +\begin{equation} + x = \sigma \tau, +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2}\left ( \tau^2 - \sigma^2 \right ) +\end{equation} + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex index 72c23ca..4e44bd6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex @@ -6,35 +6,3 @@ \section{Teil 3 \label{parzyl:section:teil3}} \rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{parzyl:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex index 0ccc116..d45a6ae 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex @@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ Die analytische Fortsetzung der Riemannschen Zetafunktion ist äusserst interessant. Sie ermöglicht die Berechnung von $\zeta(-1)$ und weiterer spannender Werte. -So liegen zum Beispiel unendlich viele Nullstellen der Zetafunktion bei $\Re(s) = 0.5$. -Diese sind relevant für die Primzahlverteilung und sind Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung. +So liegen zum Beispiel unendlich viele Nullstellen der Zetafunktion bei $\Re(s) = \frac{1}{2}$. +Wie bereits erwähnt sind diese Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung. Es werden zwei verschiedene Fortsetzungen benötigt. Die erste erweitert die Zetafunktion auf $\Re(s) > 0$. -Die zweite verwendet eine Spiegelung an der $\Re(s) = 0.5$ Linie und erschliesst damit die ganze komplexe Ebene. +Die zweite verwendet eine Spiegelung an der $\Re(s) = \frac{1}{2}$ Geraden und erschliesst damit die ganze komplexe Ebene. Eine grafische Darstellung dieses Plans ist in Abbildung \ref{zeta:fig:continuation_overview} zu sehen. \begin{figure} \centering - \input{papers/zeta/continuation_overview.tikz.tex} + \input{papers/zeta/images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex} \caption{ Die verschiedenen Abschnitte der Riemannschen Zetafunktion. Die originale Definition von \eqref{zeta:equation1} ist im grünen Bereich gültig. @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Eine grafische Darstellung dieses Plans ist in Abbildung \ref{zeta:fig:continuat \end{figure} \subsection{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} \label{zeta:subsection:auf_bereich_ge_0} -Zuerst definieren die Dirichletsche Etafunktion als +Zuerst definieren wir die Dirichletsche Etafunktion als \begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:eta} \eta(s) = @@ -36,26 +36,40 @@ Diese Etafunktion konvergiert gemäss dem Leibnitz-Kriterium im Bereich $\Re(s) Wenn wir es nun schaffen, die sehr ähnliche Zetafunktion durch die Etafunktion auszudrücken, dann haben die gesuchte Fortsetzung. Zuerst wiederholen wir zweimal die Definition der Zetafunktion \eqref{zeta:equation1}, wobei wir sie einmal durch $2^{s-1}$ teilen \begin{align} - \zeta(s) + \color{red} + \zeta(s) &= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} - \frac{1}{n^s} \label{zeta:align1} + \color{red} + \frac{1}{n^s} \label{zeta:align1} \\ - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} - \zeta(s) + \color{blue} + \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} + \zeta(s) &= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} - \frac{2}{(2n)^s}. \label{zeta:align2} + \color{blue} + \frac{2}{(2n)^s}. \label{zeta:align2} \end{align} Durch Subtraktion der beiden Gleichungen \eqref{zeta:align1} minus \eqref{zeta:align2}, ergibt sich \begin{align} - \left(1 - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} \right) + \left({\color{red}1} - {\color{blue}\frac{1}{2^{s-1}}} \right) \zeta(s) &= - \frac{1}{1^s} - \underbrace{-\frac{2}{2^s} + \frac{1}{2^s}}_{-\frac{1}{2^s}} - + \frac{1}{3^s} - \underbrace{-\frac{2}{4^s} + \frac{1}{4^s}}_{-\frac{1}{4^s}} + {\color{red}\frac{1}{1^s}} + \underbrace{ + - + {\color{blue}\frac{2}{2^s}} + + + {\color{red}\frac{1}{2^s}} + }_{\displaystyle{-\frac{1}{2^s}}} + + + {\color{red}\frac{1}{3^s}} + \underbrace{- + {\color{blue}\frac{2}{4^s}} + + + {\color{red}\frac{1}{4^s}} + }_{\displaystyle{-\frac{1}{4^s}}} \ldots \\ &= \eta(s). @@ -75,7 +89,7 @@ Wir beginnen damit, die Gammafunktion für den halben Funktionswert zu berechnen = \int_0^{\infty} t^{\frac{s}{2}-1} e^{-t} dt. \end{equation} -Nun substituieren wir $t$ mit $t = \pi n^2 x$ und $dt=\pi n^2 dx$ und erhalten +Nun substituieren wir $t = \pi n^2 x$ und $dt=\pi n^2 dx$ und erhalten \begin{equation} \Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right) = @@ -87,86 +101,33 @@ Nun substituieren wir $t$ mit $t = \pi n^2 x$ und $dt=\pi n^2 dx$ und erhalten \end{equation} Analog zum Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:zusammenhang_mit_gammafunktion} teilen wir durch $(\pi n^2)^{\frac{s}{2}}$ \begin{equation} - \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}} n^s} + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} + \frac{1}{n^s} = \int_0^{\infty} x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} e^{-\pi n^2 x} \,dx, \end{equation} -und finden Zeta durch die Summenbildung $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}$ -\begin{equation} +und finden $\zeta(s)$ durch die Summenbildung über alle $n$ +\begin{align} \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} \zeta(s) - = + &= \int_0^{\infty} x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-\pi n^2 x} - \,dx. \label{zeta:equation:integral1} -\end{equation} -Die Summe kürzen wir ab als $\psi(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-\pi n^2 x}$. -Im Abschnitt \ref{zeta:subsec:poisson_summation} wird die poissonsche Summenformel $\sum f(n) = \sum F(n)$ bewiesen. -In unserem Problem ist $f(n) = e^{-\pi n^2 x}$ und die zugehörige Fouriertransformation $F(n)$ ist -\begin{equation} - F(n) - = - \mathcal{F} - ( - e^{-\pi n^2 x} - ) - = - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}}. -\end{equation} -Dadurch ergibt sich -\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:psi} - \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} - e^{-\pi n^2 x} - = - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} - e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}}, -\end{equation} -wobei wir die Summen so verändern müssen, dass sie bei $n=1$ beginnen und wir $\psi(x)$ erhalten als -\begin{align} - 2 - \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} - e^{-\pi n^2 x} - + - 1 - &= - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \left( - 2 - \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} - e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}} - + - 1 - \right) + \,dx\label{zeta:equation:integral1} \\ - 2 - \psi(x) - + - 1 &= - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \left( - 2 - \psi\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) - + - 1 - \right) - \\ + \int_0^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} \psi(x) - &= - - \frac{1}{2} - + \frac{\psi\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)}{\sqrt{x}} - + \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}}.\label{zeta:equation:psi} + \,dx, \end{align} -Diese Gleichung wird später wichtig werden. - -Zunächst teilen wir nun das Integral aus \eqref{zeta:equation:integral1} auf als +wobei die Summe $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-\pi n^2 x}$ als $\psi(x)$ abgekürzt wird. +Zunächst teilen wir nun das Integral auf in zwei Teile \begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:integral2} \int_0^{\infty} x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} @@ -178,109 +139,20 @@ Zunächst teilen wir nun das Integral aus \eqref{zeta:equation:integral1} auf al x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} \psi(x) \,dx - }_{I_1} + }_{\displaystyle{I_1}} + \underbrace{ \int_1^{\infty} x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} \psi(x) \,dx - }_{I_2} - = - I_1 + I_2, -\end{equation} -wobei wir uns nun auf den ersten Teil $I_1$ konzentrieren werden. -Dabei setzen wir die Definition von $\psi(x)$ aus \eqref{zeta:equation:psi} ein und erhalten -\begin{align} - I_1 - = - \int_0^{1} - x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} - \psi(x) - \,dx - &= - \int_0^{1} - x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} - \left( - - \frac{1}{2} - + \frac{\psi\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)}{\sqrt{x}} - + \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}} - \right) - \,dx - \\ - &= - \int_0^{1} - x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} - \psi \left( \frac{1}{x} \right) - + \frac{1}{2} - \biggl( - x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} - - - x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} - \biggl) - \,dx - \\ - &= - \underbrace{ - \int_0^{1} - x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} - \psi \left( \frac{1}{x} \right) - \,dx - }_{I_3} - + - \underbrace{ - \frac{1}{2} - \int_0^1 - x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} - - - x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} - \,dx - }_{I_4}. \label{zeta:equation:integral3} -\end{align} -Dabei kann das zweite Integral $I_4$ gelöst werden als -\begin{equation} - I_4 - = - \frac{1}{2} - \int_0^1 - x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} - - - x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} - \,dx + }_{\displaystyle{I_2}} = - \frac{1}{s(s-1)}. + I_1 + I_2. \end{equation} -Das erste Integral $I_3$ aus \eqref{zeta:equation:integral3} mit $\psi \left(\frac{1}{x} \right)$ ist nicht lösbar in dieser Form. -Deshalb substituieren wir $x = \frac{1}{u}$ und $dx = -\frac{1}{u^2}du$. -Die untere Integralgrenze wechselt ebenfalls zu $x_0 = 0 \rightarrow u_0 = \infty$. -Dies ergibt -\begin{align} - I_3 - = - \int_{\infty}^{1} - \left( - \frac{1}{u} - \right)^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} - \psi(u) - \frac{-du}{u^2} - &= - \int_{1}^{\infty} - \left( - \frac{1}{u} - \right)^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} - \psi(u) - \frac{du}{u^2} - \\ - &= - \int_{1}^{\infty} - x^{(-1) \left(\frac{s}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)} - \psi(x) - \,dx, -\end{align} -wobei wir durch Multiplikation mit $(-1)$ die Integralgrenzen tauschen dürfen. -Es ist zu beachten das diese Grenzen nun identisch mit den Grenzen des zweiten Integrals von \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2} sind. -Wir setzen beide Lösungen ein in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral3} und erhalten -\begin{equation} +Abschnitt \ref{zeta:subsubsec:intcal} beschreibt wie das Integral $I_1$ umgestellt werden kann um ebenfalls die Integrationsgrenzen $1$ und $\infty$ zu bekommen. +Die Lösung, beschrieben in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:intcal_res}, lautet +\begin{equation*} I_1 = \int_0^{1} @@ -294,8 +166,8 @@ Wir setzen beide Lösungen ein in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral3} und \,dx + \frac{1}{s(s-1)}. -\end{equation} -Dieses Resultat setzen wir wiederum ein in \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2}, um schlussendlich +\end{equation*} +Dieses Resultat setzen wir nun ein in \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2}, um schlussendlich \begin{align} \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} \zeta(s) @@ -356,17 +228,21 @@ Somit haben wir die analytische Fortsetzung gefunden als \zeta(s) = \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{1-s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{1-s}{2}}} - \zeta(1-s). + \zeta(1-s), \end{equation} -%TODO Definitionen und Gleichungen klarer unterscheiden +was einer Spiegelung an der $\Re(s) = \frac{1}{2}$ Geraden entspricht. +Eine ganz ähnliche Spiegelungseigenschaft wurde bereits in Abschnitt \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:gammareflektion} für die Gammafunktion gefunden. + +\subsection{Berechnung des Integrals $I_1 = \int_0^{1} x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} \psi(x) \,dx$} \label{zeta:subsubsec:intcal} -\subsection{Poissonsche Summenformel} \label{zeta:subsec:poisson_summation} +Ziel dieses Abschnittes ist, zu zeigen wie das Integral $I_1$ aus Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2} durch ein neues Integral mit den Integrationsgrenzen $1$ und $\infty$ ersetzt werden kann. +Da dieser Schritt ziemlich aufwendig ist, wird er hier in einem eigenen Abschnitt behandelt. +Zunächst wird die poissonsche Summenformel hergeleitet \cite{zeta:online:poisson}, da diese verwendet werden kann um $\psi(x)$ zu berechnen. -Der Beweis für Gleichung \ref{zeta:equation:psi} folgt direkt durch die poissonsche Summenformel. -Um diese zu beweisen, berechnen wir zunächst die Fourierreihe der Dirac Delta Funktion. +Um die poissonsche Summenformel zu beweisen, berechnen wir zunächst die Fourierreihe der Dirac Delta Funktion. \begin{lemma} - Die Fourierreihe der periodischen Dirac Delta Funktion $\sum \delta(x - 2\pi k)$ ist + Die Fourierreihe der periodischen Dirac $\delta$ Funktion $\sum \delta(x - 2\pi k)$ ist \begin{equation} \label{zeta:equation:fourier_dirac} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(x - 2\pi k) @@ -437,8 +313,8 @@ Um diese zu beweisen, berechnen wir zunächst die Fourierreihe der Dirac Delta F \underbrace{ \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-i 2\pi x k} - }_{\text{\eqref{zeta:equation:fourier_dirac}}} - \, dx, + }_{\displaystyle{\text{\eqref{zeta:equation:fourier_dirac}}}} + \, dx, \label{zeta:equation:1934} \end{align} und verwenden die Fouriertransformation der Dirac Funktion aus \eqref{zeta:equation:fourier_dirac} \begin{align} @@ -454,7 +330,7 @@ Um diese zu beweisen, berechnen wir zunächst die Fourierreihe der Dirac Delta F \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(x + k). \end{align} - Wenn wir dies einsetzen und erhalten wir den gesuchten Beweis für die poissonsche Summenformel + Wenn wir dies einsetzen in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:1934} erhalten wir \begin{equation} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} F(k) @@ -472,6 +348,190 @@ Um diese zu beweisen, berechnen wir zunächst die Fourierreihe der Dirac Delta F \, dx = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} - f(k). + f(k), \end{equation} + was der gesuchte Beweis für die poissonsche Summenformel ist. \end{proof} + +Erinnern wir uns nochmals an unser Integral aus Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2} +\begin{align*} + I_1 + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + \,dx + \\ + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + . +\end{align*} + +Wir wenden nun diese poissonsche Summenformel $\sum f(n) = \sum F(n)$ an auf $\psi(x)$. +In unserem Problem ist also $f(n) = e^{-\pi n^2 x}$ und die zugehörige Fouriertransformation $F(n)$ ist +\begin{equation} + F(n) + = + \mathcal{F} + ( + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + ) + = + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}}. +\end{equation} +Dadurch ergibt sich +\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:psi} + \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + = + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} + e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}}, +\end{equation} +wobei wir die Summen so verändern müssen, dass sie bei $n=1$ beginnen und wir $\psi(x)$ erhalten als +\begin{align} + 2 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + + + 1 + &= + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \Biggl( + 2 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}} + + + 1 + \Biggr) + \\ + 2 + \psi(x) + + + 1 + &= + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \left( + 2 + \psi\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) + + + 1 + \right) + \\ + \psi(x) + &= + - \frac{1}{2} + + \frac{\psi\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)}{\sqrt{x}} + + \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}}.\label{zeta:equation:psi} +\end{align} +Diese Form von $\psi(x)$ eingesetzt in $I_1$ ergibt +\begin{align} + I_1 + = + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \Biggl( + - \frac{1}{2} + + \frac{\psi\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)}{\sqrt{x}} + + \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}} + \Biggr) + \,dx + \\ + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi \left( \frac{1}{x} \right) + + \frac{1}{2} + \biggl( + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + - + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \biggl) + \,dx + \\ + &= + \underbrace{ + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi \left( \frac{1}{x} \right) + \,dx + }_{\displaystyle{I_3}} + + + \underbrace{ + \frac{1}{2} + \int_0^1 + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + - + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \,dx + }_{\displaystyle{I_4}}. \label{zeta:equation:integral3} +\end{align} +Darin kann für das zweite Integral $I_4$ eine Lösung gefunden werden als +\begin{equation} + I_4 + = + \frac{1}{2} + \int_0^1 + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + - + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \,dx + = + \frac{1}{s(s-1)}. +\end{equation} +Das erste Integral $I_3$ aus \eqref{zeta:equation:integral3} mit $\psi \left(\frac{1}{x} \right)$ ist hingegen nicht lösbar in dieser Form. +Deshalb substituieren wir $x = \frac{1}{u}$ und $dx = -\frac{1}{u^2}du$. +Die untere Integralgrenze wechselt ebenfalls zu $x_0 = 0 \rightarrow u_0 = \infty$. +Dies ergibt +\begin{align} + I_3 + = + \int_{\infty}^{1} + \left( + \frac{1}{u} + \right)^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi(u) + \frac{-du}{u^2} + &= + \int_{1}^{\infty} + \left( + \frac{1}{u} + \right)^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi(u) + \frac{du}{u^2} + \\ + &= + \int_{1}^{\infty} + x^{(-1) \left(\frac{s}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)} + \psi(x) + \,dx, +\end{align} +wobei wir durch Multiplikation mit $(-1)$ die Integralgrenzen tauschen dürfen. +Es ist zu beachten das diese Grenzen nun identisch mit den Grenzen des zweiten Integrals $I_2$ von \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2} sind. +Wir setzen beide Lösungen in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral3} ein und erhalten +\begin{equation} + I_1 + = + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + = + \int_{1}^{\infty} + x^{(-1) \left(\frac{s}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)} + \psi(x) + \,dx + + + \frac{1}{s(s-1)}. \label{zeta:equation:intcal_res} +\end{equation} +Diese Form des Integrals $I_1$ hat die gewünschten Integrationsgrenzen und ein essentieller Bestandteil des Beweises der Funktionalgleichung in Abschnitt \ref{zeta:subsection:auf_ganz}. diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/einleitung.tex index 3b70531..828678d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/einleitung.tex @@ -1,11 +1,41 @@ \section{Einleitung} \label{zeta:section:einleitung} \rhead{Einleitung} -Die Riemannsche Zetafunktion ist für alle komplexe $s$ mit $\Re(s) > 1$ definiert als +Die Riemannsche Zetafunktion $\zeta(s)$ ist für alle komplexe $s$ mit $\Re(s) > 1$ definiert als \begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation1} \zeta(s) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^s}. \end{equation} +Die Zetafunktion ist bekannt als Bestandteil der Riemannschen Vermutung, welche besagt das alle nichttrivialen Nullstellen der Zetafunktion einen Realteil von $\frac{1}{2}$ haben. +Mithilfe dieser Vermutung kann eine gute Annäherung an die Primzahlfunktion gefunden werden. +Die Primzahlfunktion steigt immer an, sobald eine Primzahl vorkommt. +Eine Darstellung davon ist in Abbildung \ref{fig:zeta:primzahlfunktion} zu finden. +Die Riemannsche Vermutung ist eines der ungelösten Millennium-Probleme der Mathematik, auf deren Lösung eine Belohnung von einer Million Dollar ausgesetzt ist \cite{zeta:online:millennium}. +Auf eine genauere Beschreibung der Riemannschen Vermutung wird im Rahmen dieses Papers nicht eingegangen. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex} + \caption{Die Primzahlfunktion von $0$ bis $30$.} + \label{fig:zeta:primzahlfunktion} +\end{figure} +Der grundlegende Zusammenhang der Primzahlen und der Zetafunktion wird im ersten Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:eulerprodukt} über das Eulerprodukt gezeigt. +Danach folgt die Verbindung zur bereits bekannten Gammafunktion in Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:zusammenhang_mit_gammafunktion}. +Schlussendlich folgt die Beschreibung der analytischen Fortsetzung die gesamte komplexe Ebene in Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:analytische_fortsetzung}. + +Diese analytische Fortsetzung wird für die Riemannsche Vermutung benötigt, ermöglicht aber auch andere interessante Aussagen. +So findet sich zum Beispiel immer wieder die aberwitzige Behauptung, das die Summe aller natürlichen Zahlen +\begin{equation*} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^{-1}} + = + -\frac{1}{12} +\end{equation*} +sei. +Obwohl diese Behauptung offensichtlich falsch ist, hat sie doch ihre Berechtigung, wie durch die analytische Fortsetzung gezeigt werden wird. + +Die folgenden mathematischen Herleitungen sind, sofern nicht anders gekennzeichnet, eigene Darstellungen basierend auf den überaus umfangreichen Wikipedia-Artikeln auf Deutsch \cite{zeta:online:wiki_de} und Englisch \cite{zeta:online:wiki_en} sowie einer Video-Playlist \cite{zeta:online:mryoumath}. diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/euler_product.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/euler_product.tex index a6ed512..9c08dd2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/euler_product.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/euler_product.tex @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ \section{Eulerprodukt} \label{zeta:section:eulerprodukt} \rhead{Eulerprodukt} -Das Eulerprodukt stellt die Verbindung der Zetafunktion und der Primzahlen her. -Diese Verbindung ist sehr wichtig, da durch sie eine Aussage zur Primzahlverteilung gemacht werden kann. -Die Verteilung der Primzahlen ist Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung, welche eines der grössten ungelösten Probleme der Mathematik ist. +Das Eulerprodukt stellt die gesuchte Verbindung der Zetafunktion und der Primzahlen her. +Wie der Name bereits sagt, wurde das Eulerprodukt bereits 1727 von Euler entdeckt. +Um daraus die Riemannsche Vermutung herzuleiten, wäre aber noch einiges mehr nötig. \begin{satz} Für alle Zahlen $s$ mit $\Re(s) > 1$ ist die Zetafunktion identisch mit dem unendlichen Eulerprodukt @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ Die Verteilung der Primzahlen ist Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung, welche = \prod_{p \in P} \sum_{k_i=0}^{\infty} - \left( + \biggl( \frac{1}{p_i^s} - \right)^{k_i} + \biggr)^{k_i} = \prod_{p \in P} \sum_{k_i=0}^{\infty} @@ -53,33 +53,34 @@ Die Verteilung der Primzahlen ist Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung, welche \sum_{k_1=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k_2=0}^{\infty} \ldots - \left( + \biggl( \frac{1}{p_1^{k_1}} \frac{1}{p_2^{k_2}} \ldots - \right)^s. + \biggr)^s. \label{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} \end{align} Der Fundamentalsatz der Arithmetik (Primfaktorzerlegung) besagt, dass jede beliebige Zahl $n \in \mathbb{N}$ durch eine eindeutige Primfaktorzerlegung beschrieben werden kann \begin{equation} n = \prod_i p_i^{k_i} \quad \forall \quad n \in \mathbb{N}. \end{equation} - Jeder Summand der Summen in \eqref{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} ist somit eine Zahl $n$. - Da die Summen alle möglichen Kombinationen von Exponenten und Primzahlen in \eqref{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} enthält haben wir + Jeder Summand der Summen in \eqref{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} ist somit der Kehrwert genau einer natürlichen Zahl $n \in \mathbb{N}$. + Da die Summen alle möglichen Kombinationen von Exponenten und Primzahlen in \eqref{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} enthält, haben wir \begin{equation} \sum_{k_1=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k_2=0}^{\infty} \ldots - \left( + \biggl( \frac{1}{p_1^{k_1}} \frac{1}{p_2^{k_2}} \ldots - \right)^s + \biggr)^s = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s} = - \zeta(s) + \zeta(s), \end{equation} + wodurch das Eulerprodukt bewiesen ist. \end{proof} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..027f324 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +\section{Der Wert $\zeta(-1)$} \label{zeta:section:fazit} +\rhead{Der Wert $\zeta(-1)$} + +Ganz zu Beginn dieses Papers wurde die Behauptung erwähnt, dass die Summe aller natürlichen Zahlen $-\frac{1}{12}$ sei. +Diese Summe ist nichts anderes als die Zetafunktion am Wert $s=-1$. +Da wir die analytische Fortsetzung mit der Funktionalgleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:functional} gefunden haben, können wir den Wert $s=-1$ einsetzen und erhalten +\begin{align*} + \zeta(s) + &= + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{1-s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{1-s}{2}}} + \zeta(1-s) + \frac{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)} + \\ + \zeta(-1) + &= + \frac{\Gamma(1)}{\pi} + \zeta(2) + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( -\frac{1}{2} \right)}. +\end{align*} +Also fehlen uns drei Werte, $\zeta(2)$, $\Gamma(1)$ und $\Gamma(-\frac{1}{2})$. + +Zunächst konzentrieren wir uns auf $\zeta(2)$, welches im konvergenten Bereich der Reihe liegt und auch bekannt ist als das Basler Problem. +Wir lösen das Basler Problem \cite{zeta:online:basel} mithilfe der parsevalschen Gleichung \cite{zeta:online:pars} +\begin{align} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} |f(x)|^2 dx + &= + 2\pi \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |c_n|^2 \\ + c_n + &= + \frac{1}{2\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(x)e^{-inx} dx, +\end{align} +welche besagt dass die Summe der quadrierten Fourierkoeffizienten einer Funktion identisch ist mit dem Integral der quadrierten Funktion. +Wenn wir dies für $f(x) = x$ auswerten erhalten wir +\begin{align} + c_n + &= + \begin{cases} + \frac{(-1)^n}{n} i, & \text{for } n\neq0, \\ + 0, & \text{for } n=0 + \end{cases} + \\ + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} x^2 dx + &= + 2\pi \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |c_n|^2 + = + 4\pi \underbrace{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2}}_{\displaystyle{\zeta(2)}}. +\end{align} +Durch einfaches Umstellen erhalten wir somit die Lösung des Basler Problems als +\begin{equation} + \zeta(2) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{1}{4\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} x^2 dx + = \frac{\pi^2}{6}. +\end{equation} + +Als nächstes berechnen wir $\Gamma(1)$ und $\Gamma(-\frac{1}{2})$ mithilfe der Integraldefinition der Gammafunktion (Definition \ref{buch:rekursion:def:gamma}). +Da das Integral für $\Gamma(-\frac{1}{2})$ nicht konvergiert, wird die Reflektionsformel aus \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:gammareflektion} verwendet, welche das konvergierende Integral von $\Gamma(\frac{3}{2})$ verwendet. +Es ergeben sich die Werte +\begin{align*} + \Gamma(1) + &= 1\\ + \Gamma\biggl(-\frac{1}{2}\biggr) + &= \frac{\pi}{\sin\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}\right) + \Gamma\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)} + = -\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}. +\end{align*} + +Wenn wir diese Werte in die Funktionalgleichung einsetzen, erhalten wir das gewünschte Ergebnis +\begin{align*} + \zeta(-1) + &= + \frac{\Gamma(1)}{\pi} + \zeta(2) + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( -\frac{1}{2} \right)} + \\ + &= + \frac{1}{\pi} + \frac{\pi^2}{6} + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{ + -\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}} + \\ + &= + -\frac{1}{12}. +\end{align*} + +Weiter wurde zu Beginn dieses Papers auf die Riemannsche Vermutung hingewiesen, wonach alle nichttrivialen Nullstellen der Zetafunktion auf der $\Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ Geraden liegen. +Abbildung \ref{zeta:fig:einzweitel} zeigt die Funktionswerte dieser Geraden. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex} + \caption{Die komplexen Werte der Zetafunktion für die kritische Gerade $\Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ im Bereich $\Im(s) = 0\dots40$. + Klar sichtbar sind die immer wiederkehrenden Nullstellen, wie sie Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung sind.} + \label{zeta:fig:einzweitel} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/zeta/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..611662d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# +# Makefile to build images +# +all: primzahlfunktion2.pdf zetaplot.pdf + +primzahlfunktion2.pdf: primzahlfunktion2.tex + pdflatex primzahlfunktion2.tex + +zetaplot.pdf: zetaplot.tex zetapath.tex + pdflatex zetaplot.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/continuation_overview.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex index 836ab1d..836ab1d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/continuation_overview.tikz.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d4f4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex 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a/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7425ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +% +% primzahlfunktion2.tex -- Primzahlfunktion, alternativer Vorschlag +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\def\dx{0.38} +\def\dy{0.5} + +\foreach \x in {1,...,30}{ + \draw[color=gray!20] ({\x*\dx},0) -- ({\x*\dx},{10.5*\dy}); +} +\foreach \y in {1,...,10}{ + \draw[color=gray!20] (0,{\y*\dy}) -- ({30.5*\dx},{\y*\dy}); +} + +\draw[->] (-0.1,0) -- ({30.8*\dx},0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-0.1) -- (0,{10.9*\dy}) coordinate[label={right:$\pi(x)$}]; + +\def\segment#1#2#3{ + %\draw[line width=0.1pt] ({#3*\dx},0) -- ({#3*\dx},{#2*\dy}); + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] + ({#1*\dx},{#2*\dy}) -- ({#3*\dx},{#2*\dy}); + \draw[color=blue,line width=0.3pt] + ({#3*\dx},{#2*\dy}) -- ({#3*\dx},{(#2+1)*\dy}); + \draw ({#3*\dx},-0.1) -- ({#3*\dx},0.1); + \node at ({(#3)*\dx},-0.1) [below] {$#3\mathstrut$}; +} + +\foreach \y in {2,4,...,10}{ + \draw (-0.1,{\y*\dy}) -- (0.1,{\y*\dy}); + \node at (-0.1,{\y*\dy}) [left] {$\y\mathstrut$}; +} + +\begin{scope} +\clip (0,-0.5) rectangle ({30*\dx},{10.1*\dy}); + +\segment{0}{0}{2} +\segment{2}{1}{3} +\segment{3}{2}{5} +\segment{5}{3}{7} +\segment{7}{4}{11} +\segment{11}{5}{13} +\segment{13}{6}{17} +\segment{17}{7}{19} +\segment{19}{8}{23} +\segment{23}{9}{29} +\segment{29}{10}{31} +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion_paper.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion_paper.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9d67d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion_paper.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{5.440000in}{3.480000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.440000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.440000in}{3.480000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{3.480000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd15ba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44fffce --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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+\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.901754in}{1.492532in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.814316in}{1.437766in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.721361in}{1.387736in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.623415in}{1.342711in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.521035in}{1.302936in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.414799in}{1.268621in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.305307in}{1.239949in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.193179in}{1.217069in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.079047in}{1.200096in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.963554in}{1.189114in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.847352in}{1.184170in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.731094in}{1.185279in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.731094in}{1.185279in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfpicture}% +\makeatother% +\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75e1522 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex @@ -0,0 +1,2003 @@ +\def\zetapath{ + ({-1.4604*\dx},{0.0000*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4572*\dx},{-0.0783*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4476*\dx},{-0.1559*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4319*\dx},{-0.2320*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4104*\dx},{-0.3058*\dy}) + -- ({-1.3834*\dx},{-0.3769*\dy}) + -- ({-1.3514*\dx},{-0.4446*\dy}) + -- ({-1.3149*\dx},{-0.5085*\dy}) + -- ({-1.2745*\dx},{-0.5682*\dy}) + -- ({-1.2308*\dx},{-0.6235*\dy}) + -- ({-1.1843*\dx},{-0.6742*\dy}) + -- ({-1.1358*\dx},{-0.7202*\dy}) + -- ({-1.0856*\dx},{-0.7617*\dy}) + -- ({-1.0344*\dx},{-0.7985*\dy}) + -- ({-0.9826*\dx},{-0.8309*\dy}) + -- ({-0.9306*\dx},{-0.8591*\dy}) + -- ({-0.8788*\dx},{-0.8833*\dy}) + -- ({-0.8275*\dx},{-0.9037*\dy}) + -- ({-0.7770*\dx},{-0.9205*\dy}) + -- ({-0.7275*\dx},{-0.9341*\dy}) + -- ({-0.6792*\dx},{-0.9446*\dy}) + -- ({-0.6322*\dx},{-0.9525*\dy}) + -- ({-0.5867*\dx},{-0.9578*\dy}) + -- ({-0.5427*\dx},{-0.9609*\dy}) + -- ({-0.5002*\dx},{-0.9620*\dy}) + -- ({-0.4593*\dx},{-0.9613*\dy}) + -- ({-0.4200*\dx},{-0.9589*\dy}) + -- ({-0.3823*\dx},{-0.9552*\dy}) + -- ({-0.3462*\dx},{-0.9502*\dy}) + -- ({-0.3116*\dx},{-0.9441*\dy}) + -- ({-0.2785*\dx},{-0.9371*\dy}) + -- ({-0.2469*\dx},{-0.9292*\dy}) + -- ({-0.2167*\dx},{-0.9206*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1878*\dx},{-0.9114*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1603*\dx},{-0.9017*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1340*\dx},{-0.8916*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1089*\dx},{-0.8811*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0849*\dx},{-0.8703*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0621*\dx},{-0.8593*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0402*\dx},{-0.8481*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0194*\dx},{-0.8367*\dy}) + -- ({0.0004*\dx},{-0.8253*\dy}) + -- ({0.0194*\dx},{-0.8137*\dy}) + -- ({0.0375*\dx},{-0.8022*\dy}) + -- ({0.0549*\dx},{-0.7906*\dy}) + -- ({0.0714*\dx},{-0.7790*\dy}) + -- ({0.0872*\dx},{-0.7675*\dy}) + -- ({0.1024*\dx},{-0.7560*\dy}) + -- ({0.1168*\dx},{-0.7446*\dy}) + -- ({0.1307*\dx},{-0.7333*\dy}) + -- ({0.1439*\dx},{-0.7221*\dy}) + -- ({0.1566*\dx},{-0.7110*\dy}) + -- ({0.1688*\dx},{-0.7000*\dy}) + -- ({0.1805*\dx},{-0.6890*\dy}) + -- ({0.1917*\dx},{-0.6783*\dy}) + -- ({0.2024*\dx},{-0.6676*\dy}) + -- ({0.2127*\dx},{-0.6571*\dy}) + -- ({0.2226*\dx},{-0.6467*\dy}) + -- ({0.2321*\dx},{-0.6364*\dy}) + -- ({0.2412*\dx},{-0.6263*\dy}) + -- ({0.2500*\dx},{-0.6163*\dy}) + -- ({0.2585*\dx},{-0.6064*\dy}) + -- ({0.2666*\dx},{-0.5967*\dy}) + -- ({0.2745*\dx},{-0.5871*\dy}) + -- ({0.2820*\dx},{-0.5777*\dy}) + -- ({0.2893*\dx},{-0.5684*\dy}) + -- ({0.2963*\dx},{-0.5592*\dy}) + -- ({0.3031*\dx},{-0.5501*\dy}) + -- ({0.3096*\dx},{-0.5412*\dy}) + -- ({0.3159*\dx},{-0.5324*\dy}) + -- ({0.3220*\dx},{-0.5237*\dy}) + -- ({0.3279*\dx},{-0.5152*\dy}) + -- ({0.3336*\dx},{-0.5067*\dy}) + -- ({0.3391*\dx},{-0.4984*\dy}) + -- ({0.3445*\dx},{-0.4902*\dy}) + -- ({0.3496*\dx},{-0.4821*\dy}) + -- ({0.3546*\dx},{-0.4742*\dy}) + -- ({0.3595*\dx},{-0.4663*\dy}) + -- ({0.3642*\dx},{-0.4586*\dy}) + -- ({0.3687*\dx},{-0.4510*\dy}) + -- ({0.3732*\dx},{-0.4434*\dy}) + -- ({0.3774*\dx},{-0.4360*\dy}) + -- ({0.3816*\dx},{-0.4287*\dy}) + -- ({0.3857*\dx},{-0.4214*\dy}) + -- ({0.3896*\dx},{-0.4143*\dy}) + -- ({0.3934*\dx},{-0.4073*\dy}) + -- ({0.3972*\dx},{-0.4003*\dy}) + -- ({0.4008*\dx},{-0.3935*\dy}) + -- ({0.4043*\dx},{-0.3867*\dy}) + -- ({0.4078*\dx},{-0.3800*\dy}) + -- ({0.4111*\dx},{-0.3734*\dy}) + -- ({0.4144*\dx},{-0.3669*\dy}) + -- ({0.4176*\dx},{-0.3605*\dy}) + -- ({0.4207*\dx},{-0.3541*\dy}) + -- ({0.4237*\dx},{-0.3478*\dy}) + -- ({0.4267*\dx},{-0.3416*\dy}) + -- ({0.4296*\dx},{-0.3355*\dy}) + -- ({0.4324*\dx},{-0.3294*\dy}) + -- ({0.4352*\dx},{-0.3234*\dy}) + -- ({0.4379*\dx},{-0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({0.4405*\dx},{-0.3116*\dy}) + -- ({0.4431*\dx},{-0.3059*\dy}) + -- ({0.4457*\dx},{-0.3001*\dy}) + -- ({0.4482*\dx},{-0.2945*\dy}) + -- ({0.4506*\dx},{-0.2889*\dy}) + -- ({0.4530*\dx},{-0.2833*\dy}) + -- ({0.4554*\dx},{-0.2778*\dy}) + -- ({0.4577*\dx},{-0.2724*\dy}) + -- ({0.4599*\dx},{-0.2670*\dy}) + -- ({0.4622*\dx},{-0.2617*\dy}) + -- ({0.4643*\dx},{-0.2565*\dy}) + -- ({0.4665*\dx},{-0.2513*\dy}) + -- ({0.4686*\dx},{-0.2461*\dy}) + -- ({0.4707*\dx},{-0.2410*\dy}) + -- ({0.4727*\dx},{-0.2359*\dy}) + -- ({0.4747*\dx},{-0.2309*\dy}) + -- ({0.4767*\dx},{-0.2259*\dy}) + -- ({0.4787*\dx},{-0.2210*\dy}) + -- ({0.4806*\dx},{-0.2161*\dy}) + -- ({0.4825*\dx},{-0.2113*\dy}) + -- ({0.4844*\dx},{-0.2065*\dy}) + -- ({0.4862*\dx},{-0.2018*\dy}) + -- ({0.4880*\dx},{-0.1971*\dy}) + -- ({0.4898*\dx},{-0.1924*\dy}) + -- ({0.4916*\dx},{-0.1878*\dy}) + -- ({0.4934*\dx},{-0.1832*\dy}) + -- ({0.4951*\dx},{-0.1786*\dy}) + -- ({0.4968*\dx},{-0.1741*\dy}) + -- ({0.4985*\dx},{-0.1696*\dy}) + -- ({0.5002*\dx},{-0.1652*\dy}) + -- ({0.5019*\dx},{-0.1608*\dy}) + -- ({0.5035*\dx},{-0.1564*\dy}) + -- ({0.5052*\dx},{-0.1521*\dy}) + -- ({0.5068*\dx},{-0.1478*\dy}) + -- ({0.5084*\dx},{-0.1435*\dy}) + -- ({0.5100*\dx},{-0.1392*\dy}) + -- ({0.5116*\dx},{-0.1350*\dy}) + -- ({0.5132*\dx},{-0.1308*\dy}) + -- ({0.5147*\dx},{-0.1267*\dy}) + -- ({0.5163*\dx},{-0.1226*\dy}) + -- ({0.5178*\dx},{-0.1185*\dy}) + -- ({0.5193*\dx},{-0.1144*\dy}) + -- ({0.5208*\dx},{-0.1103*\dy}) + -- ({0.5224*\dx},{-0.1063*\dy}) + -- ({0.5239*\dx},{-0.1023*\dy}) + -- ({0.5254*\dx},{-0.0984*\dy}) + -- ({0.5268*\dx},{-0.0944*\dy}) + -- ({0.5283*\dx},{-0.0905*\dy}) + -- ({0.5298*\dx},{-0.0866*\dy}) + -- ({0.5313*\dx},{-0.0827*\dy}) + -- ({0.5327*\dx},{-0.0789*\dy}) + -- ({0.5342*\dx},{-0.0751*\dy}) + -- ({0.5357*\dx},{-0.0713*\dy}) + -- ({0.5371*\dx},{-0.0675*\dy}) + -- ({0.5386*\dx},{-0.0637*\dy}) + -- ({0.5400*\dx},{-0.0600*\dy}) + -- ({0.5414*\dx},{-0.0563*\dy}) + -- ({0.5429*\dx},{-0.0526*\dy}) + -- ({0.5443*\dx},{-0.0489*\dy}) + -- ({0.5458*\dx},{-0.0453*\dy}) + -- ({0.5472*\dx},{-0.0416*\dy}) + -- ({0.5486*\dx},{-0.0380*\dy}) + -- ({0.5501*\dx},{-0.0344*\dy}) + -- ({0.5515*\dx},{-0.0308*\dy}) + -- ({0.5529*\dx},{-0.0272*\dy}) + -- ({0.5544*\dx},{-0.0237*\dy}) + -- ({0.5558*\dx},{-0.0202*\dy}) + -- ({0.5572*\dx},{-0.0167*\dy}) + -- ({0.5587*\dx},{-0.0132*\dy}) + -- ({0.5601*\dx},{-0.0097*\dy}) + -- ({0.5615*\dx},{-0.0062*\dy}) + -- ({0.5630*\dx},{-0.0028*\dy}) + -- ({0.5644*\dx},{0.0006*\dy}) + -- ({0.5659*\dx},{0.0041*\dy}) + -- ({0.5673*\dx},{0.0075*\dy}) + -- ({0.5688*\dx},{0.0108*\dy}) + -- ({0.5702*\dx},{0.0142*\dy}) + -- ({0.5717*\dx},{0.0176*\dy}) + -- ({0.5731*\dx},{0.0209*\dy}) + -- ({0.5746*\dx},{0.0242*\dy}) + -- ({0.5761*\dx},{0.0275*\dy}) + -- ({0.5776*\dx},{0.0308*\dy}) + -- ({0.5790*\dx},{0.0341*\dy}) + -- ({0.5805*\dx},{0.0374*\dy}) + -- ({0.5820*\dx},{0.0407*\dy}) + -- ({0.5835*\dx},{0.0439*\dy}) + -- ({0.5850*\dx},{0.0471*\dy}) + -- ({0.5865*\dx},{0.0504*\dy}) + -- ({0.5880*\dx},{0.0536*\dy}) + -- ({0.5896*\dx},{0.0568*\dy}) + -- ({0.5911*\dx},{0.0599*\dy}) + -- ({0.5926*\dx},{0.0631*\dy}) + -- ({0.5942*\dx},{0.0663*\dy}) + -- ({0.5957*\dx},{0.0694*\dy}) + -- ({0.5973*\dx},{0.0725*\dy}) + -- ({0.5988*\dx},{0.0757*\dy}) + -- ({0.6004*\dx},{0.0788*\dy}) + -- ({0.6020*\dx},{0.0819*\dy}) + -- ({0.6036*\dx},{0.0850*\dy}) + -- ({0.6052*\dx},{0.0880*\dy}) + -- ({0.6068*\dx},{0.0911*\dy}) + -- ({0.6084*\dx},{0.0942*\dy}) + -- ({0.6100*\dx},{0.0972*\dy}) + -- ({0.6117*\dx},{0.1002*\dy}) + -- ({0.6133*\dx},{0.1033*\dy}) + -- ({0.6149*\dx},{0.1063*\dy}) + -- ({0.6166*\dx},{0.1093*\dy}) + -- ({0.6183*\dx},{0.1123*\dy}) + -- ({0.6200*\dx},{0.1152*\dy}) + -- ({0.6217*\dx},{0.1182*\dy}) + -- ({0.6234*\dx},{0.1212*\dy}) + -- ({0.6251*\dx},{0.1241*\dy}) + -- ({0.6268*\dx},{0.1271*\dy}) + -- ({0.6285*\dx},{0.1300*\dy}) + -- ({0.6303*\dx},{0.1329*\dy}) + -- ({0.6320*\dx},{0.1358*\dy}) + -- ({0.6338*\dx},{0.1387*\dy}) + -- ({0.6356*\dx},{0.1416*\dy}) + -- ({0.6374*\dx},{0.1445*\dy}) + -- ({0.6392*\dx},{0.1473*\dy}) + -- ({0.6410*\dx},{0.1502*\dy}) + -- ({0.6428*\dx},{0.1530*\dy}) + -- ({0.6446*\dx},{0.1559*\dy}) + -- ({0.6465*\dx},{0.1587*\dy}) + -- ({0.6484*\dx},{0.1615*\dy}) + -- ({0.6502*\dx},{0.1643*\dy}) + -- ({0.6521*\dx},{0.1671*\dy}) + -- ({0.6540*\dx},{0.1699*\dy}) + -- ({0.6560*\dx},{0.1727*\dy}) + -- ({0.6579*\dx},{0.1754*\dy}) + -- ({0.6598*\dx},{0.1782*\dy}) + -- ({0.6618*\dx},{0.1809*\dy}) + -- ({0.6638*\dx},{0.1837*\dy}) + -- ({0.6658*\dx},{0.1864*\dy}) + -- ({0.6678*\dx},{0.1891*\dy}) + -- ({0.6698*\dx},{0.1918*\dy}) + -- ({0.6718*\dx},{0.1945*\dy}) + -- ({0.6738*\dx},{0.1972*\dy}) + -- ({0.6759*\dx},{0.1998*\dy}) + -- ({0.6780*\dx},{0.2025*\dy}) + -- ({0.6801*\dx},{0.2052*\dy}) + -- ({0.6822*\dx},{0.2078*\dy}) + -- ({0.6843*\dx},{0.2104*\dy}) + -- ({0.6864*\dx},{0.2130*\dy}) + -- ({0.6886*\dx},{0.2156*\dy}) + -- ({0.6907*\dx},{0.2182*\dy}) + -- ({0.6929*\dx},{0.2208*\dy}) + -- ({0.6951*\dx},{0.2234*\dy}) + -- ({0.6973*\dx},{0.2260*\dy}) + -- ({0.6996*\dx},{0.2285*\dy}) + -- ({0.7018*\dx},{0.2310*\dy}) + -- ({0.7041*\dx},{0.2336*\dy}) + -- ({0.7064*\dx},{0.2361*\dy}) + -- ({0.7087*\dx},{0.2386*\dy}) + -- ({0.7110*\dx},{0.2411*\dy}) + -- ({0.7133*\dx},{0.2436*\dy}) + -- ({0.7156*\dx},{0.2460*\dy}) + -- ({0.7180*\dx},{0.2485*\dy}) + -- ({0.7204*\dx},{0.2509*\dy}) + -- ({0.7228*\dx},{0.2533*\dy}) + -- ({0.7252*\dx},{0.2558*\dy}) + -- ({0.7276*\dx},{0.2582*\dy}) + -- ({0.7301*\dx},{0.2606*\dy}) + -- ({0.7326*\dx},{0.2629*\dy}) + -- ({0.7350*\dx},{0.2653*\dy}) + -- ({0.7376*\dx},{0.2677*\dy}) + -- ({0.7401*\dx},{0.2700*\dy}) + -- ({0.7426*\dx},{0.2723*\dy}) + -- ({0.7452*\dx},{0.2746*\dy}) + -- ({0.7478*\dx},{0.2769*\dy}) + -- ({0.7504*\dx},{0.2792*\dy}) + -- ({0.7530*\dx},{0.2815*\dy}) + -- ({0.7556*\dx},{0.2837*\dy}) + -- ({0.7583*\dx},{0.2860*\dy}) + -- ({0.7609*\dx},{0.2882*\dy}) + -- ({0.7636*\dx},{0.2904*\dy}) + -- ({0.7663*\dx},{0.2926*\dy}) + -- ({0.7691*\dx},{0.2948*\dy}) + -- ({0.7718*\dx},{0.2969*\dy}) + -- ({0.7746*\dx},{0.2991*\dy}) + -- ({0.7774*\dx},{0.3012*\dy}) + -- ({0.7802*\dx},{0.3033*\dy}) + -- ({0.7830*\dx},{0.3054*\dy}) + -- ({0.7858*\dx},{0.3075*\dy}) + -- ({0.7887*\dx},{0.3096*\dy}) + -- ({0.7916*\dx},{0.3116*\dy}) + -- ({0.7945*\dx},{0.3137*\dy}) + -- ({0.7974*\dx},{0.3157*\dy}) + -- ({0.8004*\dx},{0.3177*\dy}) + -- ({0.8033*\dx},{0.3197*\dy}) + -- ({0.8063*\dx},{0.3216*\dy}) + -- ({0.8093*\dx},{0.3236*\dy}) + -- ({0.8123*\dx},{0.3255*\dy}) + -- ({0.8154*\dx},{0.3274*\dy}) + -- ({0.8184*\dx},{0.3293*\dy}) + -- ({0.8215*\dx},{0.3312*\dy}) + -- ({0.8246*\dx},{0.3330*\dy}) + -- ({0.8277*\dx},{0.3348*\dy}) + -- ({0.8309*\dx},{0.3367*\dy}) + -- ({0.8340*\dx},{0.3384*\dy}) + -- ({0.8372*\dx},{0.3402*\dy}) + -- ({0.8404*\dx},{0.3420*\dy}) + -- ({0.8437*\dx},{0.3437*\dy}) + -- ({0.8469*\dx},{0.3454*\dy}) + -- ({0.8502*\dx},{0.3471*\dy}) + -- ({0.8534*\dx},{0.3487*\dy}) + -- ({0.8567*\dx},{0.3504*\dy}) + -- ({0.8601*\dx},{0.3520*\dy}) + -- ({0.8634*\dx},{0.3536*\dy}) + -- ({0.8668*\dx},{0.3552*\dy}) + -- ({0.8702*\dx},{0.3567*\dy}) + -- ({0.8736*\dx},{0.3583*\dy}) + -- ({0.8770*\dx},{0.3598*\dy}) + -- ({0.8804*\dx},{0.3612*\dy}) + -- ({0.8839*\dx},{0.3627*\dy}) + -- ({0.8874*\dx},{0.3641*\dy}) + -- ({0.8909*\dx},{0.3655*\dy}) + -- ({0.8944*\dx},{0.3669*\dy}) + -- ({0.8980*\dx},{0.3683*\dy}) + -- ({0.9015*\dx},{0.3696*\dy}) + -- ({0.9051*\dx},{0.3709*\dy}) + -- ({0.9087*\dx},{0.3722*\dy}) + -- ({0.9124*\dx},{0.3734*\dy}) + -- ({0.9160*\dx},{0.3746*\dy}) + -- ({0.9197*\dx},{0.3758*\dy}) + -- ({0.9233*\dx},{0.3770*\dy}) + -- ({0.9271*\dx},{0.3781*\dy}) + -- ({0.9308*\dx},{0.3793*\dy}) + -- ({0.9345*\dx},{0.3803*\dy}) + -- ({0.9383*\dx},{0.3814*\dy}) + -- ({0.9421*\dx},{0.3824*\dy}) + -- ({0.9459*\dx},{0.3834*\dy}) + -- ({0.9497*\dx},{0.3844*\dy}) + -- ({0.9535*\dx},{0.3853*\dy}) + -- ({0.9574*\dx},{0.3862*\dy}) + -- ({0.9612*\dx},{0.3871*\dy}) + -- ({0.9651*\dx},{0.3879*\dy}) + -- ({0.9690*\dx},{0.3887*\dy}) + -- ({0.9730*\dx},{0.3895*\dy}) + -- ({0.9769*\dx},{0.3902*\dy}) + -- ({0.9809*\dx},{0.3910*\dy}) + -- ({0.9848*\dx},{0.3916*\dy}) + -- ({0.9888*\dx},{0.3923*\dy}) + -- ({0.9929*\dx},{0.3929*\dy}) + -- ({0.9969*\dx},{0.3935*\dy}) + -- ({1.0009*\dx},{0.3940*\dy}) + -- ({1.0050*\dx},{0.3945*\dy}) + -- ({1.0091*\dx},{0.3950*\dy}) + -- ({1.0132*\dx},{0.3954*\dy}) + -- ({1.0173*\dx},{0.3958*\dy}) + -- ({1.0214*\dx},{0.3962*\dy}) + -- ({1.0256*\dx},{0.3965*\dy}) + -- ({1.0297*\dx},{0.3968*\dy}) + -- ({1.0339*\dx},{0.3971*\dy}) + -- ({1.0381*\dx},{0.3973*\dy}) + -- ({1.0423*\dx},{0.3975*\dy}) + -- ({1.0465*\dx},{0.3976*\dy}) + -- ({1.0508*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0550*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0593*\dx},{0.3978*\dy}) + -- ({1.0636*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0679*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0722*\dx},{0.3976*\dy}) + -- ({1.0765*\dx},{0.3974*\dy}) + -- ({1.0808*\dx},{0.3973*\dy}) + -- ({1.0851*\dx},{0.3970*\dy}) + -- ({1.0895*\dx},{0.3968*\dy}) + -- ({1.0938*\dx},{0.3965*\dy}) + -- ({1.0982*\dx},{0.3961*\dy}) + -- ({1.1026*\dx},{0.3957*\dy}) + -- ({1.1070*\dx},{0.3953*\dy}) + -- ({1.1114*\dx},{0.3948*\dy}) + -- ({1.1158*\dx},{0.3943*\dy}) + -- ({1.1202*\dx},{0.3937*\dy}) + -- ({1.1247*\dx},{0.3931*\dy}) + -- ({1.1291*\dx},{0.3924*\dy}) + -- ({1.1336*\dx},{0.3917*\dy}) + -- ({1.1380*\dx},{0.3909*\dy}) + -- ({1.1425*\dx},{0.3901*\dy}) + -- ({1.1469*\dx},{0.3893*\dy}) + -- ({1.1514*\dx},{0.3884*\dy}) + -- ({1.1559*\dx},{0.3875*\dy}) + -- ({1.1604*\dx},{0.3865*\dy}) + -- ({1.1649*\dx},{0.3854*\dy}) + -- ({1.1694*\dx},{0.3843*\dy}) + -- ({1.1739*\dx},{0.3832*\dy}) + -- ({1.1784*\dx},{0.3820*\dy}) + -- ({1.1829*\dx},{0.3808*\dy}) + -- ({1.1874*\dx},{0.3795*\dy}) + -- ({1.1919*\dx},{0.3782*\dy}) + -- ({1.1965*\dx},{0.3768*\dy}) + -- ({1.2010*\dx},{0.3753*\dy}) + -- ({1.2055*\dx},{0.3738*\dy}) + -- ({1.2100*\dx},{0.3723*\dy}) + -- ({1.2145*\dx},{0.3707*\dy}) + -- ({1.2190*\dx},{0.3691*\dy}) + -- ({1.2236*\dx},{0.3674*\dy}) + -- ({1.2281*\dx},{0.3656*\dy}) + -- ({1.2326*\dx},{0.3638*\dy}) + -- ({1.2371*\dx},{0.3620*\dy}) + -- ({1.2416*\dx},{0.3600*\dy}) + -- ({1.2461*\dx},{0.3581*\dy}) + -- ({1.2506*\dx},{0.3561*\dy}) + -- ({1.2551*\dx},{0.3540*\dy}) + -- ({1.2596*\dx},{0.3519*\dy}) + -- ({1.2641*\dx},{0.3497*\dy}) + -- ({1.2686*\dx},{0.3475*\dy}) + -- ({1.2730*\dx},{0.3452*\dy}) + -- ({1.2775*\dx},{0.3428*\dy}) + -- ({1.2819*\dx},{0.3404*\dy}) + -- ({1.2864*\dx},{0.3379*\dy}) + -- ({1.2908*\dx},{0.3354*\dy}) + -- ({1.2952*\dx},{0.3329*\dy}) + -- ({1.2996*\dx},{0.3302*\dy}) + -- ({1.3040*\dx},{0.3275*\dy}) + -- ({1.3084*\dx},{0.3248*\dy}) + -- ({1.3128*\dx},{0.3220*\dy}) + -- ({1.3171*\dx},{0.3191*\dy}) + -- ({1.3215*\dx},{0.3162*\dy}) + -- ({1.3258*\dx},{0.3132*\dy}) + -- ({1.3301*\dx},{0.3102*\dy}) + -- ({1.3344*\dx},{0.3071*\dy}) + -- ({1.3386*\dx},{0.3040*\dy}) + -- ({1.3429*\dx},{0.3008*\dy}) + -- ({1.3471*\dx},{0.2975*\dy}) + -- ({1.3513*\dx},{0.2942*\dy}) + -- ({1.3555*\dx},{0.2908*\dy}) + -- ({1.3597*\dx},{0.2874*\dy}) + -- ({1.3638*\dx},{0.2839*\dy}) + -- ({1.3680*\dx},{0.2803*\dy}) + -- ({1.3721*\dx},{0.2767*\dy}) + -- ({1.3761*\dx},{0.2730*\dy}) + -- ({1.3802*\dx},{0.2693*\dy}) + -- ({1.3842*\dx},{0.2655*\dy}) + -- ({1.3882*\dx},{0.2616*\dy}) + -- ({1.3922*\dx},{0.2577*\dy}) + -- ({1.3961*\dx},{0.2537*\dy}) + -- ({1.4000*\dx},{0.2497*\dy}) + -- ({1.4039*\dx},{0.2456*\dy}) + -- ({1.4077*\dx},{0.2414*\dy}) + -- ({1.4115*\dx},{0.2372*\dy}) + -- ({1.4153*\dx},{0.2329*\dy}) + -- ({1.4191*\dx},{0.2286*\dy}) + -- ({1.4228*\dx},{0.2242*\dy}) + -- ({1.4264*\dx},{0.2197*\dy}) + -- ({1.4301*\dx},{0.2152*\dy}) + -- ({1.4337*\dx},{0.2107*\dy}) + -- ({1.4372*\dx},{0.2060*\dy}) + -- ({1.4407*\dx},{0.2014*\dy}) + -- ({1.4442*\dx},{0.1966*\dy}) + -- ({1.4476*\dx},{0.1918*\dy}) + -- ({1.4510*\dx},{0.1869*\dy}) + -- ({1.4544*\dx},{0.1820*\dy}) + -- ({1.4577*\dx},{0.1770*\dy}) + -- ({1.4609*\dx},{0.1720*\dy}) + -- ({1.4642*\dx},{0.1669*\dy}) + -- ({1.4673*\dx},{0.1618*\dy}) + -- ({1.4704*\dx},{0.1566*\dy}) + -- ({1.4735*\dx},{0.1513*\dy}) + -- ({1.4765*\dx},{0.1460*\dy}) + -- ({1.4795*\dx},{0.1406*\dy}) + -- ({1.4824*\dx},{0.1352*\dy}) + -- ({1.4853*\dx},{0.1297*\dy}) + -- ({1.4881*\dx},{0.1241*\dy}) + -- ({1.4908*\dx},{0.1185*\dy}) + -- ({1.4935*\dx},{0.1129*\dy}) + -- ({1.4961*\dx},{0.1072*\dy}) + -- ({1.4987*\dx},{0.1014*\dy}) + -- ({1.5012*\dx},{0.0956*\dy}) + -- ({1.5037*\dx},{0.0897*\dy}) + -- ({1.5061*\dx},{0.0838*\dy}) + -- ({1.5084*\dx},{0.0778*\dy}) + -- ({1.5107*\dx},{0.0718*\dy}) + -- ({1.5129*\dx},{0.0657*\dy}) + -- ({1.5151*\dx},{0.0596*\dy}) + -- ({1.5172*\dx},{0.0534*\dy}) + -- ({1.5192*\dx},{0.0472*\dy}) + -- ({1.5211*\dx},{0.0409*\dy}) + -- ({1.5230*\dx},{0.0346*\dy}) + -- ({1.5248*\dx},{0.0282*\dy}) + -- ({1.5265*\dx},{0.0218*\dy}) + -- ({1.5282*\dx},{0.0153*\dy}) + -- ({1.5298*\dx},{0.0088*\dy}) + -- ({1.5313*\dx},{0.0023*\dy}) + -- ({1.5328*\dx},{-0.0043*\dy}) + -- ({1.5341*\dx},{-0.0110*\dy}) + -- ({1.5354*\dx},{-0.0177*\dy}) + -- ({1.5366*\dx},{-0.0244*\dy}) + -- ({1.5378*\dx},{-0.0312*\dy}) + -- ({1.5388*\dx},{-0.0380*\dy}) + -- ({1.5398*\dx},{-0.0448*\dy}) + -- ({1.5407*\dx},{-0.0517*\dy}) + -- ({1.5415*\dx},{-0.0586*\dy}) + -- ({1.5422*\dx},{-0.0656*\dy}) + -- ({1.5429*\dx},{-0.0726*\dy}) + -- ({1.5434*\dx},{-0.0796*\dy}) + -- ({1.5439*\dx},{-0.0867*\dy}) + -- ({1.5443*\dx},{-0.0938*\dy}) + -- ({1.5446*\dx},{-0.1010*\dy}) + -- ({1.5448*\dx},{-0.1081*\dy}) + -- ({1.5449*\dx},{-0.1153*\dy}) + -- ({1.5449*\dx},{-0.1226*\dy}) + -- ({1.5449*\dx},{-0.1298*\dy}) + -- ({1.5447*\dx},{-0.1371*\dy}) + -- ({1.5444*\dx},{-0.1444*\dy}) + -- ({1.5441*\dx},{-0.1518*\dy}) + -- ({1.5437*\dx},{-0.1591*\dy}) + -- ({1.5431*\dx},{-0.1665*\dy}) + -- ({1.5425*\dx},{-0.1740*\dy}) + -- ({1.5418*\dx},{-0.1814*\dy}) + -- ({1.5409*\dx},{-0.1888*\dy}) + -- ({1.5400*\dx},{-0.1963*\dy}) + -- ({1.5390*\dx},{-0.2038*\dy}) + -- ({1.5378*\dx},{-0.2113*\dy}) + -- ({1.5366*\dx},{-0.2188*\dy}) + -- ({1.5353*\dx},{-0.2264*\dy}) + -- ({1.5339*\dx},{-0.2339*\dy}) + -- ({1.5323*\dx},{-0.2415*\dy}) + -- ({1.5307*\dx},{-0.2491*\dy}) + -- ({1.5289*\dx},{-0.2566*\dy}) + -- ({1.5271*\dx},{-0.2642*\dy}) + -- ({1.5251*\dx},{-0.2718*\dy}) + -- ({1.5230*\dx},{-0.2794*\dy}) + -- ({1.5209*\dx},{-0.2870*\dy}) + -- ({1.5186*\dx},{-0.2946*\dy}) + -- ({1.5162*\dx},{-0.3022*\dy}) + -- ({1.5137*\dx},{-0.3098*\dy}) + -- ({1.5111*\dx},{-0.3174*\dy}) + -- ({1.5084*\dx},{-0.3250*\dy}) + -- ({1.5055*\dx},{-0.3326*\dy}) + -- ({1.5026*\dx},{-0.3402*\dy}) + -- ({1.4995*\dx},{-0.3477*\dy}) + -- ({1.4963*\dx},{-0.3553*\dy}) + -- ({1.4931*\dx},{-0.3628*\dy}) + -- ({1.4897*\dx},{-0.3704*\dy}) + -- ({1.4862*\dx},{-0.3779*\dy}) + -- ({1.4825*\dx},{-0.3854*\dy}) + -- ({1.4788*\dx},{-0.3929*\dy}) + -- ({1.4749*\dx},{-0.4003*\dy}) + -- ({1.4710*\dx},{-0.4078*\dy}) + -- ({1.4669*\dx},{-0.4152*\dy}) + -- ({1.4627*\dx},{-0.4226*\dy}) + -- ({1.4584*\dx},{-0.4300*\dy}) + -- ({1.4539*\dx},{-0.4373*\dy}) + -- ({1.4494*\dx},{-0.4446*\dy}) + -- ({1.4447*\dx},{-0.4519*\dy}) + -- ({1.4399*\dx},{-0.4591*\dy}) + -- ({1.4350*\dx},{-0.4663*\dy}) + -- ({1.4300*\dx},{-0.4735*\dy}) + -- ({1.4249*\dx},{-0.4806*\dy}) + -- ({1.4197*\dx},{-0.4877*\dy}) + -- ({1.4143*\dx},{-0.4947*\dy}) + -- ({1.4088*\dx},{-0.5017*\dy}) + -- ({1.4032*\dx},{-0.5086*\dy}) + -- ({1.3975*\dx},{-0.5155*\dy}) + -- ({1.3916*\dx},{-0.5224*\dy}) + -- ({1.3857*\dx},{-0.5292*\dy}) + -- ({1.3796*\dx},{-0.5359*\dy}) + -- ({1.3734*\dx},{-0.5426*\dy}) + -- ({1.3671*\dx},{-0.5492*\dy}) + -- ({1.3607*\dx},{-0.5558*\dy}) + -- ({1.3542*\dx},{-0.5623*\dy}) + -- ({1.3475*\dx},{-0.5687*\dy}) + -- ({1.3408*\dx},{-0.5751*\dy}) + -- ({1.3339*\dx},{-0.5814*\dy}) + -- ({1.3269*\dx},{-0.5876*\dy}) + -- ({1.3198*\dx},{-0.5937*\dy}) + -- ({1.3126*\dx},{-0.5998*\dy}) + -- ({1.3052*\dx},{-0.6058*\dy}) + -- ({1.2978*\dx},{-0.6117*\dy}) + -- ({1.2902*\dx},{-0.6176*\dy}) + -- ({1.2826*\dx},{-0.6233*\dy}) + -- ({1.2748*\dx},{-0.6290*\dy}) + -- ({1.2669*\dx},{-0.6346*\dy}) + -- ({1.2589*\dx},{-0.6401*\dy}) + -- ({1.2508*\dx},{-0.6455*\dy}) + -- ({1.2426*\dx},{-0.6508*\dy}) + -- ({1.2343*\dx},{-0.6560*\dy}) + -- ({1.2259*\dx},{-0.6611*\dy}) + -- ({1.2173*\dx},{-0.6662*\dy}) + -- ({1.2087*\dx},{-0.6711*\dy}) + -- ({1.2000*\dx},{-0.6759*\dy}) + -- ({1.1911*\dx},{-0.6806*\dy}) + -- ({1.1822*\dx},{-0.6852*\dy}) + -- ({1.1731*\dx},{-0.6897*\dy}) + -- ({1.1640*\dx},{-0.6941*\dy}) + -- ({1.1548*\dx},{-0.6984*\dy}) + -- ({1.1454*\dx},{-0.7025*\dy}) + -- ({1.1360*\dx},{-0.7065*\dy}) + -- ({1.1265*\dx},{-0.7105*\dy}) + -- ({1.1169*\dx},{-0.7143*\dy}) + -- ({1.1072*\dx},{-0.7179*\dy}) + -- ({1.0974*\dx},{-0.7215*\dy}) + -- ({1.0875*\dx},{-0.7249*\dy}) + -- ({1.0775*\dx},{-0.7282*\dy}) + -- ({1.0674*\dx},{-0.7313*\dy}) + -- ({1.0573*\dx},{-0.7344*\dy}) + -- ({1.0471*\dx},{-0.7373*\dy}) + -- ({1.0368*\dx},{-0.7400*\dy}) + -- ({1.0264*\dx},{-0.7426*\dy}) + -- ({1.0159*\dx},{-0.7451*\dy}) + -- ({1.0054*\dx},{-0.7474*\dy}) + -- ({0.9948*\dx},{-0.7496*\dy}) + -- ({0.9841*\dx},{-0.7517*\dy}) + -- ({0.9734*\dx},{-0.7536*\dy}) + -- ({0.9625*\dx},{-0.7553*\dy}) + -- ({0.9516*\dx},{-0.7569*\dy}) + -- ({0.9407*\dx},{-0.7584*\dy}) + -- ({0.9297*\dx},{-0.7596*\dy}) + -- ({0.9186*\dx},{-0.7608*\dy}) + -- ({0.9075*\dx},{-0.7617*\dy}) + -- ({0.8963*\dx},{-0.7626*\dy}) + -- ({0.8850*\dx},{-0.7632*\dy}) + -- ({0.8738*\dx},{-0.7637*\dy}) + -- ({0.8624*\dx},{-0.7640*\dy}) + -- ({0.8510*\dx},{-0.7642*\dy}) + -- ({0.8396*\dx},{-0.7642*\dy}) + -- ({0.8281*\dx},{-0.7640*\dy}) + -- ({0.8166*\dx},{-0.7636*\dy}) + -- ({0.8050*\dx},{-0.7631*\dy}) + -- ({0.7934*\dx},{-0.7624*\dy}) + -- ({0.7818*\dx},{-0.7615*\dy}) + -- ({0.7702*\dx},{-0.7605*\dy}) + -- ({0.7585*\dx},{-0.7593*\dy}) + -- ({0.7468*\dx},{-0.7579*\dy}) + -- ({0.7350*\dx},{-0.7563*\dy}) + -- ({0.7233*\dx},{-0.7545*\dy}) + -- ({0.7115*\dx},{-0.7526*\dy}) + -- ({0.6998*\dx},{-0.7504*\dy}) + -- ({0.6880*\dx},{-0.7481*\dy}) + -- ({0.6762*\dx},{-0.7456*\dy}) + -- ({0.6644*\dx},{-0.7429*\dy}) + -- ({0.6526*\dx},{-0.7401*\dy}) + -- ({0.6407*\dx},{-0.7370*\dy}) + -- ({0.6289*\dx},{-0.7337*\dy}) + -- ({0.6171*\dx},{-0.7303*\dy}) + -- ({0.6054*\dx},{-0.7267*\dy}) + -- ({0.5936*\dx},{-0.7229*\dy}) + -- ({0.5818*\dx},{-0.7188*\dy}) + -- ({0.5701*\dx},{-0.7146*\dy}) + -- ({0.5583*\dx},{-0.7102*\dy}) + -- ({0.5466*\dx},{-0.7056*\dy}) + -- ({0.5350*\dx},{-0.7008*\dy}) + -- ({0.5233*\dx},{-0.6959*\dy}) + -- ({0.5117*\dx},{-0.6907*\dy}) + -- ({0.5002*\dx},{-0.6853*\dy}) + -- ({0.4886*\dx},{-0.6797*\dy}) + -- ({0.4772*\dx},{-0.6740*\dy}) + -- ({0.4657*\dx},{-0.6680*\dy}) + -- ({0.4543*\dx},{-0.6618*\dy}) + -- ({0.4430*\dx},{-0.6555*\dy}) + -- ({0.4317*\dx},{-0.6489*\dy}) + -- ({0.4205*\dx},{-0.6422*\dy}) + -- ({0.4094*\dx},{-0.6352*\dy}) + -- ({0.3983*\dx},{-0.6281*\dy}) + -- ({0.3873*\dx},{-0.6208*\dy}) + -- ({0.3763*\dx},{-0.6132*\dy}) + -- ({0.3655*\dx},{-0.6055*\dy}) + -- ({0.3547*\dx},{-0.5976*\dy}) + -- ({0.3440*\dx},{-0.5894*\dy}) + -- ({0.3334*\dx},{-0.5811*\dy}) + -- ({0.3229*\dx},{-0.5726*\dy}) + -- ({0.3125*\dx},{-0.5639*\dy}) + -- ({0.3022*\dx},{-0.5550*\dy}) + -- ({0.2920*\dx},{-0.5459*\dy}) + -- ({0.2818*\dx},{-0.5367*\dy}) + -- ({0.2718*\dx},{-0.5272*\dy}) + -- ({0.2620*\dx},{-0.5175*\dy}) + -- ({0.2522*\dx},{-0.5077*\dy}) + -- ({0.2425*\dx},{-0.4977*\dy}) + -- ({0.2330*\dx},{-0.4875*\dy}) + -- ({0.2236*\dx},{-0.4771*\dy}) + -- ({0.2144*\dx},{-0.4665*\dy}) + -- ({0.2052*\dx},{-0.4557*\dy}) + -- ({0.1962*\dx},{-0.4448*\dy}) + -- ({0.1874*\dx},{-0.4337*\dy}) + -- ({0.1787*\dx},{-0.4224*\dy}) + -- ({0.1701*\dx},{-0.4109*\dy}) + -- ({0.1617*\dx},{-0.3992*\dy}) + -- ({0.1535*\dx},{-0.3874*\dy}) + -- ({0.1454*\dx},{-0.3754*\dy}) + -- ({0.1375*\dx},{-0.3633*\dy}) + -- ({0.1297*\dx},{-0.3509*\dy}) + -- ({0.1221*\dx},{-0.3384*\dy}) + -- ({0.1147*\dx},{-0.3258*\dy}) + -- ({0.1074*\dx},{-0.3130*\dy}) + -- ({0.1004*\dx},{-0.3000*\dy}) + -- ({0.0935*\dx},{-0.2869*\dy}) + -- ({0.0868*\dx},{-0.2736*\dy}) + -- ({0.0803*\dx},{-0.2602*\dy}) + -- ({0.0740*\dx},{-0.2466*\dy}) + -- ({0.0679*\dx},{-0.2329*\dy}) + -- ({0.0620*\dx},{-0.2190*\dy}) + -- ({0.0563*\dx},{-0.2050*\dy}) + -- ({0.0508*\dx},{-0.1908*\dy}) + -- ({0.0455*\dx},{-0.1766*\dy}) + -- ({0.0404*\dx},{-0.1622*\dy}) + -- ({0.0355*\dx},{-0.1476*\dy}) + -- ({0.0309*\dx},{-0.1330*\dy}) + -- ({0.0264*\dx},{-0.1182*\dy}) + -- ({0.0222*\dx},{-0.1033*\dy}) + -- ({0.0183*\dx},{-0.0882*\dy}) + -- ({0.0145*\dx},{-0.0731*\dy}) + -- ({0.0110*\dx},{-0.0579*\dy}) + -- ({0.0077*\dx},{-0.0425*\dy}) + -- ({0.0047*\dx},{-0.0271*\dy}) + -- ({0.0019*\dx},{-0.0115*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0006*\dx},{0.0041*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0030*\dx},{0.0199*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0050*\dx},{0.0357*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0068*\dx},{0.0516*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0084*\dx},{0.0676*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0097*\dx},{0.0836*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0107*\dx},{0.0998*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0115*\dx},{0.1160*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0120*\dx},{0.1322*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0122*\dx},{0.1486*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0122*\dx},{0.1649*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0119*\dx},{0.1813*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0114*\dx},{0.1978*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0105*\dx},{0.2143*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0094*\dx},{0.2309*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0080*\dx},{0.2475*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0064*\dx},{0.2641*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0044*\dx},{0.2807*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0022*\dx},{0.2973*\dy}) + -- ({0.0003*\dx},{0.3140*\dy}) + -- ({0.0031*\dx},{0.3307*\dy}) + -- ({0.0061*\dx},{0.3473*\dy}) + -- ({0.0095*\dx},{0.3640*\dy}) + -- ({0.0131*\dx},{0.3807*\dy}) + -- ({0.0171*\dx},{0.3973*\dy}) + -- ({0.0213*\dx},{0.4140*\dy}) + -- ({0.0258*\dx},{0.4306*\dy}) + -- ({0.0306*\dx},{0.4472*\dy}) + -- ({0.0357*\dx},{0.4637*\dy}) + -- ({0.0411*\dx},{0.4803*\dy}) + -- ({0.0467*\dx},{0.4967*\dy}) + -- ({0.0527*\dx},{0.5132*\dy}) + -- ({0.0590*\dx},{0.5296*\dy}) + -- ({0.0655*\dx},{0.5459*\dy}) + -- ({0.0724*\dx},{0.5621*\dy}) + -- ({0.0795*\dx},{0.5783*\dy}) + -- ({0.0869*\dx},{0.5945*\dy}) + -- ({0.0947*\dx},{0.6105*\dy}) + -- ({0.1027*\dx},{0.6264*\dy}) + -- ({0.1110*\dx},{0.6423*\dy}) + -- ({0.1196*\dx},{0.6581*\dy}) + -- ({0.1285*\dx},{0.6737*\dy}) + -- ({0.1376*\dx},{0.6893*\dy}) + -- ({0.1471*\dx},{0.7048*\dy}) + -- ({0.1569*\dx},{0.7201*\dy}) + -- ({0.1669*\dx},{0.7353*\dy}) + -- ({0.1772*\dx},{0.7504*\dy}) + -- ({0.1878*\dx},{0.7653*\dy}) + -- ({0.1987*\dx},{0.7801*\dy}) + -- ({0.2099*\dx},{0.7948*\dy}) + -- ({0.2214*\dx},{0.8093*\dy}) + -- ({0.2331*\dx},{0.8236*\dy}) + -- ({0.2451*\dx},{0.8378*\dy}) + -- ({0.2574*\dx},{0.8519*\dy}) + -- ({0.2700*\dx},{0.8657*\dy}) + -- ({0.2828*\dx},{0.8794*\dy}) + -- ({0.2959*\dx},{0.8929*\dy}) + -- ({0.3093*\dx},{0.9062*\dy}) + -- ({0.3229*\dx},{0.9193*\dy}) + -- ({0.3368*\dx},{0.9322*\dy}) + -- ({0.3509*\dx},{0.9449*\dy}) + -- ({0.3653*\dx},{0.9574*\dy}) + -- ({0.3800*\dx},{0.9697*\dy}) + -- ({0.3949*\dx},{0.9817*\dy}) + -- ({0.4100*\dx},{0.9936*\dy}) + -- ({0.4254*\dx},{1.0052*\dy}) + -- ({0.4411*\dx},{1.0165*\dy}) + -- ({0.4569*\dx},{1.0276*\dy}) + -- ({0.4730*\dx},{1.0385*\dy}) + -- ({0.4894*\dx},{1.0491*\dy}) + -- ({0.5059*\dx},{1.0595*\dy}) + -- ({0.5227*\dx},{1.0696*\dy}) + -- ({0.5397*\dx},{1.0795*\dy}) + -- ({0.5569*\dx},{1.0890*\dy}) + -- ({0.5743*\dx},{1.0983*\dy}) + -- ({0.5919*\dx},{1.1073*\dy}) + -- ({0.6098*\dx},{1.1160*\dy}) + -- ({0.6278*\dx},{1.1245*\dy}) + -- ({0.6460*\dx},{1.1326*\dy}) + -- ({0.6644*\dx},{1.1405*\dy}) + -- ({0.6830*\dx},{1.1480*\dy}) + -- ({0.7017*\dx},{1.1552*\dy}) + -- ({0.7206*\dx},{1.1622*\dy}) + -- ({0.7397*\dx},{1.1688*\dy}) + -- ({0.7590*\dx},{1.1750*\dy}) + -- ({0.7784*\dx},{1.1810*\dy}) + -- ({0.7979*\dx},{1.1866*\dy}) + -- ({0.8176*\dx},{1.1919*\dy}) + -- ({0.8375*\dx},{1.1969*\dy}) + -- ({0.8574*\dx},{1.2015*\dy}) + -- ({0.8775*\dx},{1.2058*\dy}) + -- ({0.8978*\dx},{1.2098*\dy}) + -- ({0.9181*\dx},{1.2133*\dy}) + -- ({0.9385*\dx},{1.2166*\dy}) + -- ({0.9591*\dx},{1.2195*\dy}) + -- ({0.9797*\dx},{1.2220*\dy}) + -- ({1.0005*\dx},{1.2242*\dy}) + -- ({1.0213*\dx},{1.2260*\dy}) + -- ({1.0422*\dx},{1.2274*\dy}) + -- ({1.0632*\dx},{1.2285*\dy}) + -- ({1.0842*\dx},{1.2292*\dy}) + -- ({1.1053*\dx},{1.2295*\dy}) + -- ({1.1264*\dx},{1.2294*\dy}) + -- ({1.1476*\dx},{1.2290*\dy}) + -- ({1.1688*\dx},{1.2282*\dy}) + -- ({1.1901*\dx},{1.2270*\dy}) + -- ({1.2114*\dx},{1.2254*\dy}) + -- ({1.2327*\dx},{1.2234*\dy}) + -- ({1.2540*\dx},{1.2211*\dy}) + -- ({1.2753*\dx},{1.2184*\dy}) + -- ({1.2965*\dx},{1.2152*\dy}) + -- ({1.3178*\dx},{1.2117*\dy}) + -- ({1.3391*\dx},{1.2078*\dy}) + -- ({1.3603*\dx},{1.2035*\dy}) + -- ({1.3815*\dx},{1.1988*\dy}) + -- ({1.4027*\dx},{1.1938*\dy}) + -- ({1.4238*\dx},{1.1883*\dy}) + -- ({1.4448*\dx},{1.1824*\dy}) + -- ({1.4658*\dx},{1.1762*\dy}) + -- ({1.4867*\dx},{1.1695*\dy}) + -- ({1.5076*\dx},{1.1625*\dy}) + -- ({1.5283*\dx},{1.1550*\dy}) + -- ({1.5489*\dx},{1.1472*\dy}) + -- ({1.5695*\dx},{1.1390*\dy}) + -- ({1.5899*\dx},{1.1304*\dy}) + -- ({1.6102*\dx},{1.1214*\dy}) + -- ({1.6304*\dx},{1.1120*\dy}) + -- ({1.6504*\dx},{1.1023*\dy}) + -- ({1.6703*\dx},{1.0921*\dy}) + -- ({1.6901*\dx},{1.0816*\dy}) + -- ({1.7097*\dx},{1.0707*\dy}) + -- ({1.7291*\dx},{1.0594*\dy}) + -- ({1.7484*\dx},{1.0477*\dy}) + -- ({1.7675*\dx},{1.0357*\dy}) + -- ({1.7864*\dx},{1.0233*\dy}) + -- ({1.8051*\dx},{1.0105*\dy}) + -- ({1.8235*\dx},{0.9974*\dy}) + -- ({1.8418*\dx},{0.9839*\dy}) + -- ({1.8599*\dx},{0.9700*\dy}) + -- ({1.8777*\dx},{0.9558*\dy}) + -- ({1.8953*\dx},{0.9412*\dy}) + -- ({1.9127*\dx},{0.9263*\dy}) + -- ({1.9298*\dx},{0.9110*\dy}) + -- ({1.9467*\dx},{0.8954*\dy}) + -- ({1.9632*\dx},{0.8795*\dy}) + -- ({1.9796*\dx},{0.8632*\dy}) + -- ({1.9956*\dx},{0.8466*\dy}) + -- ({2.0114*\dx},{0.8296*\dy}) + -- ({2.0269*\dx},{0.8124*\dy}) + -- ({2.0420*\dx},{0.7948*\dy}) + -- ({2.0569*\dx},{0.7770*\dy}) + -- ({2.0715*\dx},{0.7588*\dy}) + -- ({2.0857*\dx},{0.7403*\dy}) + -- ({2.0996*\dx},{0.7215*\dy}) + -- ({2.1132*\dx},{0.7025*\dy}) + -- ({2.1264*\dx},{0.6831*\dy}) + -- ({2.1393*\dx},{0.6635*\dy}) + -- ({2.1519*\dx},{0.6437*\dy}) + -- ({2.1641*\dx},{0.6235*\dy}) + -- ({2.1759*\dx},{0.6031*\dy}) + -- ({2.1874*\dx},{0.5825*\dy}) + -- ({2.1985*\dx},{0.5616*\dy}) + -- ({2.2092*\dx},{0.5404*\dy}) + -- ({2.2195*\dx},{0.5191*\dy}) + -- ({2.2295*\dx},{0.4975*\dy}) + -- ({2.2390*\dx},{0.4757*\dy}) + -- ({2.2481*\dx},{0.4537*\dy}) + -- ({2.2569*\dx},{0.4315*\dy}) + -- ({2.2652*\dx},{0.4091*\dy}) + -- ({2.2731*\dx},{0.3865*\dy}) + -- ({2.2806*\dx},{0.3638*\dy}) + -- ({2.2877*\dx},{0.3408*\dy}) + -- ({2.2943*\dx},{0.3177*\dy}) + -- ({2.3005*\dx},{0.2945*\dy}) + -- ({2.3063*\dx},{0.2711*\dy}) + -- ({2.3116*\dx},{0.2476*\dy}) + -- ({2.3165*\dx},{0.2239*\dy}) + -- ({2.3210*\dx},{0.2002*\dy}) + -- ({2.3249*\dx},{0.1763*\dy}) + -- ({2.3285*\dx},{0.1523*\dy}) + -- ({2.3316*\dx},{0.1283*\dy}) + -- ({2.3342*\dx},{0.1041*\dy}) + -- ({2.3364*\dx},{0.0799*\dy}) + -- ({2.3381*\dx},{0.0556*\dy}) + -- ({2.3393*\dx},{0.0312*\dy}) + -- ({2.3401*\dx},{0.0068*\dy}) + -- ({2.3403*\dx},{-0.0176*\dy}) + -- ({2.3402*\dx},{-0.0421*\dy}) + -- ({2.3395*\dx},{-0.0665*\dy}) + -- ({2.3384*\dx},{-0.0910*\dy}) + -- ({2.3368*\dx},{-0.1155*\dy}) + -- ({2.3347*\dx},{-0.1400*\dy}) + -- ({2.3322*\dx},{-0.1644*\dy}) + -- ({2.3292*\dx},{-0.1889*\dy}) + -- ({2.3257*\dx},{-0.2133*\dy}) + -- ({2.3217*\dx},{-0.2376*\dy}) + -- ({2.3172*\dx},{-0.2619*\dy}) + -- ({2.3123*\dx},{-0.2861*\dy}) + -- ({2.3069*\dx},{-0.3102*\dy}) + -- ({2.3010*\dx},{-0.3342*\dy}) + -- ({2.2946*\dx},{-0.3582*\dy}) + -- ({2.2878*\dx},{-0.3820*\dy}) + -- ({2.2805*\dx},{-0.4057*\dy}) + -- ({2.2727*\dx},{-0.4293*\dy}) + -- ({2.2645*\dx},{-0.4528*\dy}) + -- ({2.2558*\dx},{-0.4761*\dy}) + -- ({2.2466*\dx},{-0.4992*\dy}) + -- ({2.2370*\dx},{-0.5222*\dy}) + -- ({2.2269*\dx},{-0.5450*\dy}) + -- ({2.2164*\dx},{-0.5676*\dy}) + -- ({2.2054*\dx},{-0.5900*\dy}) + -- ({2.1939*\dx},{-0.6122*\dy}) + -- ({2.1820*\dx},{-0.6342*\dy}) + -- ({2.1697*\dx},{-0.6560*\dy}) + -- ({2.1569*\dx},{-0.6775*\dy}) + -- ({2.1437*\dx},{-0.6988*\dy}) + -- ({2.1301*\dx},{-0.7198*\dy}) + -- ({2.1161*\dx},{-0.7406*\dy}) + -- ({2.1016*\dx},{-0.7611*\dy}) + -- ({2.0867*\dx},{-0.7813*\dy}) + -- ({2.0714*\dx},{-0.8012*\dy}) + -- ({2.0558*\dx},{-0.8208*\dy}) + -- ({2.0397*\dx},{-0.8401*\dy}) + -- ({2.0232*\dx},{-0.8591*\dy}) + -- ({2.0063*\dx},{-0.8778*\dy}) + -- ({1.9891*\dx},{-0.8961*\dy}) + -- ({1.9715*\dx},{-0.9141*\dy}) + -- ({1.9535*\dx},{-0.9318*\dy}) + -- ({1.9352*\dx},{-0.9491*\dy}) + -- ({1.9165*\dx},{-0.9660*\dy}) + -- ({1.8974*\dx},{-0.9825*\dy}) + -- ({1.8781*\dx},{-0.9987*\dy}) + -- ({1.8584*\dx},{-1.0144*\dy}) + -- ({1.8384*\dx},{-1.0298*\dy}) + -- ({1.8181*\dx},{-1.0448*\dy}) + -- ({1.7974*\dx},{-1.0593*\dy}) + -- ({1.7765*\dx},{-1.0735*\dy}) + -- ({1.7553*\dx},{-1.0872*\dy}) + -- ({1.7338*\dx},{-1.1004*\dy}) + -- ({1.7120*\dx},{-1.1133*\dy}) + -- ({1.6900*\dx},{-1.1257*\dy}) + -- ({1.6677*\dx},{-1.1376*\dy}) + -- ({1.6452*\dx},{-1.1491*\dy}) + -- ({1.6225*\dx},{-1.1601*\dy}) + -- ({1.5995*\dx},{-1.1707*\dy}) + -- ({1.5764*\dx},{-1.1808*\dy}) + -- ({1.5530*\dx},{-1.1904*\dy}) + -- ({1.5294*\dx},{-1.1995*\dy}) + -- ({1.5057*\dx},{-1.2081*\dy}) + -- ({1.4817*\dx},{-1.2162*\dy}) + -- ({1.4576*\dx},{-1.2239*\dy}) + -- ({1.4334*\dx},{-1.2310*\dy}) + -- ({1.4090*\dx},{-1.2377*\dy}) + -- ({1.3845*\dx},{-1.2438*\dy}) + -- ({1.3599*\dx},{-1.2494*\dy}) + -- ({1.3352*\dx},{-1.2545*\dy}) + -- ({1.3103*\dx},{-1.2591*\dy}) + -- ({1.2854*\dx},{-1.2632*\dy}) + -- ({1.2605*\dx},{-1.2667*\dy}) + -- ({1.2354*\dx},{-1.2698*\dy}) + -- ({1.2103*\dx},{-1.2723*\dy}) + -- ({1.1852*\dx},{-1.2742*\dy}) + -- ({1.1600*\dx},{-1.2757*\dy}) + -- ({1.1348*\dx},{-1.2766*\dy}) + -- ({1.1097*\dx},{-1.2770*\dy}) + -- ({1.0845*\dx},{-1.2768*\dy}) + -- ({1.0593*\dx},{-1.2762*\dy}) + -- ({1.0342*\dx},{-1.2750*\dy}) + -- ({1.0091*\dx},{-1.2732*\dy}) + -- ({0.9841*\dx},{-1.2710*\dy}) + -- ({0.9591*\dx},{-1.2682*\dy}) + -- ({0.9342*\dx},{-1.2649*\dy}) + -- ({0.9094*\dx},{-1.2610*\dy}) + -- ({0.8848*\dx},{-1.2567*\dy}) + -- ({0.8602*\dx},{-1.2518*\dy}) + -- ({0.8357*\dx},{-1.2464*\dy}) + -- ({0.8114*\dx},{-1.2404*\dy}) + -- ({0.7872*\dx},{-1.2340*\dy}) + -- ({0.7632*\dx},{-1.2271*\dy}) + -- ({0.7394*\dx},{-1.2196*\dy}) + -- ({0.7157*\dx},{-1.2116*\dy}) + -- ({0.6923*\dx},{-1.2032*\dy}) + -- ({0.6690*\dx},{-1.1942*\dy}) + -- ({0.6460*\dx},{-1.1847*\dy}) + -- ({0.6231*\dx},{-1.1748*\dy}) + -- ({0.6006*\dx},{-1.1644*\dy}) + -- ({0.5783*\dx},{-1.1535*\dy}) + -- ({0.5562*\dx},{-1.1421*\dy}) + -- ({0.5344*\dx},{-1.1303*\dy}) + -- ({0.5129*\dx},{-1.1180*\dy}) + -- ({0.4917*\dx},{-1.1052*\dy}) + -- ({0.4708*\dx},{-1.0920*\dy}) + -- ({0.4502*\dx},{-1.0784*\dy}) + -- ({0.4299*\dx},{-1.0643*\dy}) + -- ({0.4100*\dx},{-1.0498*\dy}) + -- ({0.3904*\dx},{-1.0349*\dy}) + -- ({0.3711*\dx},{-1.0195*\dy}) + -- ({0.3523*\dx},{-1.0038*\dy}) + -- ({0.3338*\dx},{-0.9877*\dy}) + -- ({0.3157*\dx},{-0.9712*\dy}) + -- ({0.2979*\dx},{-0.9543*\dy}) + -- ({0.2806*\dx},{-0.9370*\dy}) + -- ({0.2637*\dx},{-0.9194*\dy}) + -- ({0.2472*\dx},{-0.9014*\dy}) + -- ({0.2311*\dx},{-0.8831*\dy}) + -- ({0.2154*\dx},{-0.8645*\dy}) + -- ({0.2002*\dx},{-0.8455*\dy}) + -- ({0.1855*\dx},{-0.8262*\dy}) + -- ({0.1712*\dx},{-0.8066*\dy}) + -- ({0.1573*\dx},{-0.7868*\dy}) + -- ({0.1440*\dx},{-0.7666*\dy}) + -- ({0.1311*\dx},{-0.7462*\dy}) + -- ({0.1187*\dx},{-0.7256*\dy}) + -- ({0.1068*\dx},{-0.7047*\dy}) + -- ({0.0953*\dx},{-0.6835*\dy}) + -- ({0.0844*\dx},{-0.6621*\dy}) + -- ({0.0740*\dx},{-0.6406*\dy}) + -- ({0.0641*\dx},{-0.6188*\dy}) + -- ({0.0547*\dx},{-0.5968*\dy}) + -- ({0.0458*\dx},{-0.5747*\dy}) + -- ({0.0375*\dx},{-0.5524*\dy}) + -- ({0.0296*\dx},{-0.5299*\dy}) + -- ({0.0223*\dx},{-0.5074*\dy}) + -- ({0.0156*\dx},{-0.4847*\dy}) + -- ({0.0093*\dx},{-0.4618*\dy}) + -- ({0.0037*\dx},{-0.4389*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0015*\dx},{-0.4159*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0061*\dx},{-0.3928*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0101*\dx},{-0.3697*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0136*\dx},{-0.3465*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0166*\dx},{-0.3233*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0190*\dx},{-0.3001*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0208*\dx},{-0.2768*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0221*\dx},{-0.2536*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0229*\dx},{-0.2304*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0231*\dx},{-0.2072*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0228*\dx},{-0.1841*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0219*\dx},{-0.1610*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0204*\dx},{-0.1380*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0185*\dx},{-0.1151*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0159*\dx},{-0.0923*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0129*\dx},{-0.0696*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0093*\dx},{-0.0470*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0052*\dx},{-0.0245*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0005*\dx},{-0.0023*\dy}) + -- ({0.0047*\dx},{0.0199*\dy}) + -- ({0.0104*\dx},{0.0418*\dy}) + -- ({0.0166*\dx},{0.0635*\dy}) + -- ({0.0233*\dx},{0.0851*\dy}) + -- ({0.0306*\dx},{0.1064*\dy}) + -- ({0.0383*\dx},{0.1275*\dy}) + -- ({0.0466*\dx},{0.1484*\dy}) + -- ({0.0553*\dx},{0.1690*\dy}) + -- ({0.0645*\dx},{0.1893*\dy}) + -- ({0.0742*\dx},{0.2094*\dy}) + -- ({0.0843*\dx},{0.2291*\dy}) + -- ({0.0950*\dx},{0.2486*\dy}) + -- ({0.1060*\dx},{0.2677*\dy}) + -- ({0.1176*\dx},{0.2866*\dy}) + -- ({0.1295*\dx},{0.3050*\dy}) + -- ({0.1419*\dx},{0.3232*\dy}) + -- ({0.1547*\dx},{0.3410*\dy}) + -- ({0.1679*\dx},{0.3584*\dy}) + -- ({0.1816*\dx},{0.3754*\dy}) + -- ({0.1956*\dx},{0.3921*\dy}) + -- ({0.2100*\dx},{0.4083*\dy}) + -- ({0.2248*\dx},{0.4242*\dy}) + -- ({0.2399*\dx},{0.4396*\dy}) + -- ({0.2554*\dx},{0.4546*\dy}) + -- ({0.2712*\dx},{0.4691*\dy}) + -- ({0.2874*\dx},{0.4832*\dy}) + -- ({0.3038*\dx},{0.4969*\dy}) + -- ({0.3206*\dx},{0.5101*\dy}) + -- ({0.3377*\dx},{0.5228*\dy}) + -- ({0.3550*\dx},{0.5351*\dy}) + -- ({0.3727*\dx},{0.5468*\dy}) + -- ({0.3906*\dx},{0.5581*\dy}) + -- ({0.4087*\dx},{0.5689*\dy}) + -- ({0.4270*\dx},{0.5792*\dy}) + -- ({0.4456*\dx},{0.5889*\dy}) + -- ({0.4644*\dx},{0.5982*\dy}) + -- ({0.4834*\dx},{0.6069*\dy}) + -- ({0.5025*\dx},{0.6151*\dy}) + -- ({0.5218*\dx},{0.6228*\dy}) + -- ({0.5413*\dx},{0.6299*\dy}) + -- ({0.5609*\dx},{0.6365*\dy}) + -- ({0.5806*\dx},{0.6426*\dy}) + -- ({0.6005*\dx},{0.6481*\dy}) + -- ({0.6204*\dx},{0.6531*\dy}) + -- ({0.6404*\dx},{0.6575*\dy}) + -- ({0.6605*\dx},{0.6614*\dy}) + -- ({0.6806*\dx},{0.6647*\dy}) + -- ({0.7007*\dx},{0.6674*\dy}) + -- ({0.7209*\dx},{0.6696*\dy}) + -- ({0.7411*\dx},{0.6713*\dy}) + -- ({0.7613*\dx},{0.6723*\dy}) + -- ({0.7814*\dx},{0.6729*\dy}) + -- ({0.8015*\dx},{0.6728*\dy}) + -- ({0.8216*\dx},{0.6722*\dy}) + -- ({0.8416*\dx},{0.6711*\dy}) + -- ({0.8615*\dx},{0.6694*\dy}) + -- ({0.8813*\dx},{0.6672*\dy}) + -- ({0.9010*\dx},{0.6644*\dy}) + -- ({0.9205*\dx},{0.6610*\dy}) + -- ({0.9400*\dx},{0.6571*\dy}) + -- ({0.9592*\dx},{0.6527*\dy}) + -- ({0.9783*\dx},{0.6478*\dy}) + -- ({0.9972*\dx},{0.6423*\dy}) + -- ({1.0159*\dx},{0.6363*\dy}) + -- ({1.0344*\dx},{0.6298*\dy}) + -- ({1.0527*\dx},{0.6227*\dy}) + -- ({1.0707*\dx},{0.6152*\dy}) + -- ({1.0885*\dx},{0.6071*\dy}) + -- ({1.1060*\dx},{0.5986*\dy}) + -- ({1.1232*\dx},{0.5896*\dy}) + -- ({1.1401*\dx},{0.5801*\dy}) + -- ({1.1567*\dx},{0.5701*\dy}) + -- ({1.1730*\dx},{0.5597*\dy}) + -- ({1.1889*\dx},{0.5488*\dy}) + -- ({1.2045*\dx},{0.5374*\dy}) + -- ({1.2197*\dx},{0.5257*\dy}) + -- ({1.2346*\dx},{0.5135*\dy}) + -- ({1.2491*\dx},{0.5008*\dy}) + -- ({1.2631*\dx},{0.4878*\dy}) + -- ({1.2768*\dx},{0.4744*\dy}) + -- ({1.2900*\dx},{0.4606*\dy}) + -- ({1.3029*\dx},{0.4464*\dy}) + -- ({1.3152*\dx},{0.4319*\dy}) + -- ({1.3271*\dx},{0.4170*\dy}) + -- ({1.3386*\dx},{0.4018*\dy}) + -- ({1.3496*\dx},{0.3862*\dy}) + -- ({1.3601*\dx},{0.3704*\dy}) + -- ({1.3701*\dx},{0.3542*\dy}) + -- ({1.3796*\dx},{0.3378*\dy}) + -- ({1.3886*\dx},{0.3211*\dy}) + -- ({1.3971*\dx},{0.3041*\dy}) + -- ({1.4051*\dx},{0.2869*\dy}) + -- ({1.4125*\dx},{0.2694*\dy}) + -- ({1.4195*\dx},{0.2518*\dy}) + -- ({1.4258*\dx},{0.2339*\dy}) + -- ({1.4316*\dx},{0.2159*\dy}) + -- ({1.4369*\dx},{0.1977*\dy}) + -- ({1.4416*\dx},{0.1793*\dy}) + -- ({1.4457*\dx},{0.1608*\dy}) + -- ({1.4493*\dx},{0.1422*\dy}) + -- ({1.4523*\dx},{0.1235*\dy}) + -- ({1.4547*\dx},{0.1047*\dy}) + -- ({1.4565*\dx},{0.0858*\dy}) + -- ({1.4577*\dx},{0.0668*\dy}) + -- ({1.4584*\dx},{0.0478*\dy}) + -- ({1.4584*\dx},{0.0288*\dy}) + -- ({1.4579*\dx},{0.0098*\dy}) + -- ({1.4568*\dx},{-0.0092*\dy}) + -- ({1.4551*\dx},{-0.0282*\dy}) + -- ({1.4528*\dx},{-0.0472*\dy}) + -- ({1.4499*\dx},{-0.0661*\dy}) + -- ({1.4464*\dx},{-0.0849*\dy}) + -- ({1.4424*\dx},{-0.1036*\dy}) + -- ({1.4377*\dx},{-0.1222*\dy}) + -- ({1.4325*\dx},{-0.1407*\dy}) + -- ({1.4267*\dx},{-0.1591*\dy}) + -- ({1.4202*\dx},{-0.1773*\dy}) + -- ({1.4133*\dx},{-0.1953*\dy}) + -- ({1.4057*\dx},{-0.2131*\dy}) + -- ({1.3976*\dx},{-0.2307*\dy}) + -- ({1.3889*\dx},{-0.2481*\dy}) + -- ({1.3797*\dx},{-0.2652*\dy}) + -- ({1.3699*\dx},{-0.2821*\dy}) + -- ({1.3595*\dx},{-0.2987*\dy}) + -- ({1.3487*\dx},{-0.3151*\dy}) + -- ({1.3373*\dx},{-0.3311*\dy}) + -- ({1.3253*\dx},{-0.3468*\dy}) + -- ({1.3129*\dx},{-0.3621*\dy}) + -- ({1.2999*\dx},{-0.3771*\dy}) + -- ({1.2865*\dx},{-0.3917*\dy}) + -- ({1.2725*\dx},{-0.4060*\dy}) + -- ({1.2581*\dx},{-0.4198*\dy}) + -- ({1.2432*\dx},{-0.4333*\dy}) + -- ({1.2279*\dx},{-0.4463*\dy}) + -- ({1.2121*\dx},{-0.4589*\dy}) + -- ({1.1959*\dx},{-0.4710*\dy}) + -- ({1.1792*\dx},{-0.4826*\dy}) + -- ({1.1622*\dx},{-0.4938*\dy}) + -- ({1.1447*\dx},{-0.5045*\dy}) + -- ({1.1269*\dx},{-0.5147*\dy}) + -- ({1.1087*\dx},{-0.5243*\dy}) + -- ({1.0901*\dx},{-0.5335*\dy}) + -- ({1.0712*\dx},{-0.5420*\dy}) + -- ({1.0520*\dx},{-0.5501*\dy}) + -- ({1.0324*\dx},{-0.5575*\dy}) + -- ({1.0126*\dx},{-0.5644*\dy}) + -- ({0.9924*\dx},{-0.5708*\dy}) + -- ({0.9721*\dx},{-0.5765*\dy}) + -- ({0.9514*\dx},{-0.5816*\dy}) + -- ({0.9305*\dx},{-0.5861*\dy}) + -- ({0.9094*\dx},{-0.5900*\dy}) + -- ({0.8881*\dx},{-0.5933*\dy}) + -- ({0.8666*\dx},{-0.5959*\dy}) + -- ({0.8450*\dx},{-0.5979*\dy}) + -- ({0.8232*\dx},{-0.5993*\dy}) + -- ({0.8013*\dx},{-0.6000*\dy}) + -- ({0.7792*\dx},{-0.6000*\dy}) + -- ({0.7571*\dx},{-0.5994*\dy}) + -- ({0.7349*\dx},{-0.5981*\dy}) + -- ({0.7126*\dx},{-0.5961*\dy}) + -- ({0.6903*\dx},{-0.5935*\dy}) + -- ({0.6680*\dx},{-0.5902*\dy}) + -- ({0.6457*\dx},{-0.5862*\dy}) + -- ({0.6234*\dx},{-0.5815*\dy}) + -- ({0.6012*\dx},{-0.5762*\dy}) + -- ({0.5790*\dx},{-0.5701*\dy}) + -- ({0.5568*\dx},{-0.5634*\dy}) + -- ({0.5348*\dx},{-0.5560*\dy}) + -- ({0.5129*\dx},{-0.5479*\dy}) + -- ({0.4911*\dx},{-0.5391*\dy}) + -- ({0.4695*\dx},{-0.5297*\dy}) + -- ({0.4481*\dx},{-0.5196*\dy}) + -- ({0.4269*\dx},{-0.5087*\dy}) + -- ({0.4058*\dx},{-0.4973*\dy}) + -- ({0.3850*\dx},{-0.4851*\dy}) + -- ({0.3645*\dx},{-0.4723*\dy}) + -- ({0.3442*\dx},{-0.4589*\dy}) + -- ({0.3243*\dx},{-0.4448*\dy}) + -- ({0.3046*\dx},{-0.4300*\dy}) + -- ({0.2853*\dx},{-0.4146*\dy}) + -- ({0.2663*\dx},{-0.3986*\dy}) + -- ({0.2477*\dx},{-0.3820*\dy}) + -- ({0.2295*\dx},{-0.3647*\dy}) + -- ({0.2117*\dx},{-0.3468*\dy}) + -- ({0.1943*\dx},{-0.3284*\dy}) + -- ({0.1774*\dx},{-0.3093*\dy}) + -- ({0.1609*\dx},{-0.2897*\dy}) + -- ({0.1449*\dx},{-0.2695*\dy}) + -- ({0.1294*\dx},{-0.2488*\dy}) + -- ({0.1144*\dx},{-0.2275*\dy}) + -- ({0.0999*\dx},{-0.2057*\dy}) + -- ({0.0860*\dx},{-0.1834*\dy}) + -- ({0.0726*\dx},{-0.1606*\dy}) + -- ({0.0598*\dx},{-0.1373*\dy}) + -- ({0.0476*\dx},{-0.1135*\dy}) + -- ({0.0360*\dx},{-0.0893*\dy}) + -- ({0.0250*\dx},{-0.0646*\dy}) + -- ({0.0147*\dx},{-0.0395*\dy}) + -- ({0.0050*\dx},{-0.0140*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0040*\dx},{0.0119*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0124*\dx},{0.0382*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0201*\dx},{0.0648*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0270*\dx},{0.0918*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0333*\dx},{0.1191*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0388*\dx},{0.1466*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0436*\dx},{0.1745*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0477*\dx},{0.2027*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0510*\dx},{0.2311*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0535*\dx},{0.2597*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0553*\dx},{0.2885*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0563*\dx},{0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0565*\dx},{0.3466*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0559*\dx},{0.3759*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0545*\dx},{0.4054*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0523*\dx},{0.4349*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0494*\dx},{0.4645*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0455*\dx},{0.4941*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0409*\dx},{0.5238*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0355*\dx},{0.5535*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0292*\dx},{0.5832*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0221*\dx},{0.6128*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0142*\dx},{0.6424*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0054*\dx},{0.6719*\dy}) + -- ({0.0042*\dx},{0.7013*\dy}) + -- ({0.0146*\dx},{0.7305*\dy}) + -- ({0.0258*\dx},{0.7597*\dy}) + -- ({0.0379*\dx},{0.7886*\dy}) + -- ({0.0508*\dx},{0.8174*\dy}) + -- ({0.0645*\dx},{0.8459*\dy}) + -- ({0.0790*\dx},{0.8742*\dy}) + -- ({0.0943*\dx},{0.9022*\dy}) + -- ({0.1105*\dx},{0.9299*\dy}) + -- ({0.1274*\dx},{0.9573*\dy}) + -- ({0.1452*\dx},{0.9844*\dy}) + -- ({0.1637*\dx},{1.0111*\dy}) + -- ({0.1830*\dx},{1.0375*\dy}) + -- ({0.2031*\dx},{1.0634*\dy}) + -- ({0.2239*\dx},{1.0889*\dy}) + -- ({0.2455*\dx},{1.1140*\dy}) + -- ({0.2679*\dx},{1.1386*\dy}) + -- ({0.2910*\dx},{1.1627*\dy}) + -- ({0.3148*\dx},{1.1863*\dy}) + -- ({0.3393*\dx},{1.2094*\dy}) + -- ({0.3645*\dx},{1.2319*\dy}) + -- ({0.3904*\dx},{1.2539*\dy}) + -- ({0.4169*\dx},{1.2752*\dy}) + -- ({0.4442*\dx},{1.2960*\dy}) + -- ({0.4720*\dx},{1.3161*\dy}) + -- ({0.5005*\dx},{1.3355*\dy}) + -- ({0.5296*\dx},{1.3543*\dy}) + -- ({0.5593*\dx},{1.3724*\dy}) + -- ({0.5896*\dx},{1.3898*\dy}) + -- ({0.6204*\dx},{1.4065*\dy}) + -- ({0.6518*\dx},{1.4224*\dy}) + -- ({0.6837*\dx},{1.4376*\dy}) + -- ({0.7161*\dx},{1.4520*\dy}) + -- ({0.7489*\dx},{1.4656*\dy}) + -- ({0.7823*\dx},{1.4784*\dy}) + -- ({0.8160*\dx},{1.4903*\dy}) + -- ({0.8503*\dx},{1.5015*\dy}) + -- ({0.8849*\dx},{1.5118*\dy}) + -- ({0.9198*\dx},{1.5213*\dy}) + -- ({0.9552*\dx},{1.5298*\dy}) + -- ({0.9908*\dx},{1.5375*\dy}) + -- ({1.0268*\dx},{1.5443*\dy}) + -- ({1.0631*\dx},{1.5502*\dy}) + -- ({1.0996*\dx},{1.5552*\dy}) + -- ({1.1364*\dx},{1.5593*\dy}) + -- ({1.1733*\dx},{1.5624*\dy}) + -- ({1.2105*\dx},{1.5646*\dy}) + -- ({1.2478*\dx},{1.5658*\dy}) + -- ({1.2853*\dx},{1.5661*\dy}) + -- ({1.3229*\dx},{1.5655*\dy}) + -- ({1.3606*\dx},{1.5638*\dy}) + -- ({1.3983*\dx},{1.5613*\dy}) + -- ({1.4361*\dx},{1.5577*\dy}) + -- ({1.4738*\dx},{1.5531*\dy}) + -- ({1.5116*\dx},{1.5476*\dy}) + -- ({1.5493*\dx},{1.5411*\dy}) + -- ({1.5870*\dx},{1.5337*\dy}) + -- ({1.6245*\dx},{1.5252*\dy}) + -- ({1.6620*\dx},{1.5158*\dy}) + -- ({1.6993*\dx},{1.5054*\dy}) + -- ({1.7364*\dx},{1.4940*\dy}) + -- ({1.7733*\dx},{1.4816*\dy}) + -- ({1.8100*\dx},{1.4683*\dy}) + -- ({1.8464*\dx},{1.4540*\dy}) + -- ({1.8826*\dx},{1.4388*\dy}) + -- ({1.9184*\dx},{1.4226*\dy}) + -- ({1.9539*\dx},{1.4055*\dy}) + -- ({1.9891*\dx},{1.3874*\dy}) + -- ({2.0238*\dx},{1.3684*\dy}) + -- ({2.0582*\dx},{1.3484*\dy}) + -- ({2.0921*\dx},{1.3276*\dy}) + -- ({2.1255*\dx},{1.3059*\dy}) + -- ({2.1585*\dx},{1.2832*\dy}) + -- ({2.1910*\dx},{1.2597*\dy}) + -- ({2.2229*\dx},{1.2353*\dy}) + -- ({2.2543*\dx},{1.2101*\dy}) + -- ({2.2850*\dx},{1.1840*\dy}) + -- ({2.3152*\dx},{1.1571*\dy}) + -- ({2.3448*\dx},{1.1294*\dy}) + -- ({2.3736*\dx},{1.1009*\dy}) + -- ({2.4019*\dx},{1.0716*\dy}) + -- ({2.4294*\dx},{1.0416*\dy}) + -- ({2.4562*\dx},{1.0108*\dy}) + -- ({2.4822*\dx},{0.9793*\dy}) + -- ({2.5075*\dx},{0.9471*\dy}) + -- ({2.5321*\dx},{0.9142*\dy}) + -- ({2.5558*\dx},{0.8807*\dy}) + -- ({2.5787*\dx},{0.8465*\dy}) + -- ({2.6008*\dx},{0.8117*\dy}) + -- ({2.6220*\dx},{0.7762*\dy}) + -- ({2.6423*\dx},{0.7402*\dy}) + -- ({2.6618*\dx},{0.7037*\dy}) + -- ({2.6803*\dx},{0.6666*\dy}) + -- ({2.6980*\dx},{0.6290*\dy}) + -- ({2.7147*\dx},{0.5909*\dy}) + -- ({2.7305*\dx},{0.5524*\dy}) + -- ({2.7453*\dx},{0.5134*\dy}) + -- ({2.7591*\dx},{0.4740*\dy}) + -- ({2.7719*\dx},{0.4342*\dy}) + -- ({2.7838*\dx},{0.3941*\dy}) + -- ({2.7946*\dx},{0.3537*\dy}) + -- ({2.8045*\dx},{0.3129*\dy}) + -- ({2.8133*\dx},{0.2719*\dy}) + -- ({2.8210*\dx},{0.2306*\dy}) + -- ({2.8278*\dx},{0.1891*\dy}) + -- ({2.8335*\dx},{0.1474*\dy}) + -- ({2.8381*\dx},{0.1055*\dy}) + -- ({2.8417*\dx},{0.0636*\dy}) + -- ({2.8442*\dx},{0.0215*\dy}) + -- ({2.8457*\dx},{-0.0207*\dy}) + -- ({2.8461*\dx},{-0.0629*\dy}) + -- ({2.8454*\dx},{-0.1052*\dy}) + -- ({2.8436*\dx},{-0.1474*\dy}) + -- ({2.8408*\dx},{-0.1896*\dy}) + -- ({2.8369*\dx},{-0.2317*\dy}) + -- ({2.8320*\dx},{-0.2738*\dy}) + -- ({2.8260*\dx},{-0.3157*\dy}) + -- ({2.8189*\dx},{-0.3574*\dy}) + -- ({2.8108*\dx},{-0.3990*\dy}) + -- ({2.8016*\dx},{-0.4404*\dy}) + -- ({2.7914*\dx},{-0.4815*\dy}) + -- ({2.7801*\dx},{-0.5224*\dy}) + -- ({2.7678*\dx},{-0.5629*\dy}) + -- ({2.7545*\dx},{-0.6032*\dy}) + -- ({2.7401*\dx},{-0.6430*\dy}) + -- ({2.7248*\dx},{-0.6825*\dy}) + -- ({2.7084*\dx},{-0.7216*\dy}) + -- ({2.6911*\dx},{-0.7603*\dy}) + -- ({2.6728*\dx},{-0.7985*\dy}) + -- ({2.6535*\dx},{-0.8362*\dy}) + -- ({2.6333*\dx},{-0.8734*\dy}) + -- ({2.6122*\dx},{-0.9100*\dy}) + -- ({2.5901*\dx},{-0.9461*\dy}) + -- ({2.5671*\dx},{-0.9816*\dy}) + -- ({2.5433*\dx},{-1.0165*\dy}) + -- ({2.5186*\dx},{-1.0507*\dy}) + -- ({2.4930*\dx},{-1.0843*\dy}) + -- ({2.4667*\dx},{-1.1172*\dy}) + -- ({2.4395*\dx},{-1.1494*\dy}) + -- ({2.4115*\dx},{-1.1808*\dy}) + -- ({2.3827*\dx},{-1.2115*\dy}) + -- ({2.3532*\dx},{-1.2414*\dy}) + -- ({2.3230*\dx},{-1.2706*\dy}) + -- ({2.2921*\dx},{-1.2989*\dy}) + -- ({2.2605*\dx},{-1.3264*\dy}) + -- ({2.2282*\dx},{-1.3530*\dy}) + -- ({2.1953*\dx},{-1.3788*\dy}) + -- ({2.1618*\dx},{-1.4037*\dy}) + -- ({2.1277*\dx},{-1.4277*\dy}) + -- ({2.0930*\dx},{-1.4508*\dy}) + -- ({2.0578*\dx},{-1.4729*\dy}) + -- ({2.0221*\dx},{-1.4941*\dy}) + -- ({1.9859*\dx},{-1.5144*\dy}) + -- ({1.9493*\dx},{-1.5337*\dy}) + -- ({1.9123*\dx},{-1.5520*\dy}) + -- ({1.8748*\dx},{-1.5693*\dy}) + -- ({1.8370*\dx},{-1.5856*\dy}) + -- ({1.7988*\dx},{-1.6009*\dy}) + -- ({1.7604*\dx},{-1.6152*\dy}) + -- ({1.7216*\dx},{-1.6285*\dy}) + -- ({1.6826*\dx},{-1.6407*\dy}) + -- ({1.6434*\dx},{-1.6519*\dy}) + -- ({1.6040*\dx},{-1.6620*\dy}) + -- ({1.5644*\dx},{-1.6711*\dy}) + -- ({1.5247*\dx},{-1.6792*\dy}) + -- ({1.4848*\dx},{-1.6862*\dy}) + -- ({1.4449*\dx},{-1.6921*\dy}) + -- ({1.4050*\dx},{-1.6970*\dy}) + -- ({1.3650*\dx},{-1.7009*\dy}) + -- ({1.3250*\dx},{-1.7037*\dy}) + -- ({1.2851*\dx},{-1.7054*\dy}) + -- ({1.2453*\dx},{-1.7061*\dy}) + -- ({1.2056*\dx},{-1.7058*\dy}) + -- ({1.1660*\dx},{-1.7044*\dy}) + -- ({1.1265*\dx},{-1.7020*\dy}) + -- ({1.0873*\dx},{-1.6986*\dy}) + -- ({1.0482*\dx},{-1.6941*\dy}) + -- ({1.0095*\dx},{-1.6887*\dy}) + -- ({0.9709*\dx},{-1.6822*\dy}) + -- ({0.9327*\dx},{-1.6747*\dy}) + -- ({0.8949*\dx},{-1.6663*\dy}) + -- ({0.8574*\dx},{-1.6569*\dy}) + -- ({0.8202*\dx},{-1.6466*\dy}) + -- ({0.7835*\dx},{-1.6353*\dy}) + -- ({0.7473*\dx},{-1.6231*\dy}) + -- ({0.7115*\dx},{-1.6099*\dy}) + -- ({0.6761*\dx},{-1.5959*\dy}) + -- ({0.6413*\dx},{-1.5810*\dy}) + -- ({0.6071*\dx},{-1.5652*\dy}) + -- ({0.5734*\dx},{-1.5486*\dy}) + -- ({0.5403*\dx},{-1.5312*\dy}) + -- ({0.5078*\dx},{-1.5129*\dy}) + -- ({0.4759*\dx},{-1.4939*\dy}) + -- ({0.4447*\dx},{-1.4741*\dy}) + -- ({0.4141*\dx},{-1.4535*\dy}) + -- ({0.3843*\dx},{-1.4322*\dy}) + -- ({0.3552*\dx},{-1.4103*\dy}) + -- ({0.3268*\dx},{-1.3876*\dy}) + -- ({0.2991*\dx},{-1.3643*\dy}) + -- ({0.2722*\dx},{-1.3403*\dy}) + -- ({0.2461*\dx},{-1.3158*\dy}) + -- ({0.2208*\dx},{-1.2907*\dy}) + -- ({0.1963*\dx},{-1.2650*\dy}) + -- ({0.1726*\dx},{-1.2387*\dy}) + -- ({0.1498*\dx},{-1.2120*\dy}) + -- ({0.1279*\dx},{-1.1848*\dy}) + -- ({0.1068*\dx},{-1.1572*\dy}) + -- ({0.0865*\dx},{-1.1291*\dy}) + -- ({0.0672*\dx},{-1.1006*\dy}) + -- ({0.0487*\dx},{-1.0718*\dy}) + -- ({0.0312*\dx},{-1.0426*\dy}) + -- ({0.0146*\dx},{-1.0131*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0011*\dx},{-0.9833*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0159*\dx},{-0.9533*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0298*\dx},{-0.9230*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0427*\dx},{-0.8926*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0547*\dx},{-0.8620*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0658*\dx},{-0.8312*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0759*\dx},{-0.8003*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0851*\dx},{-0.7694*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0933*\dx},{-0.7384*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1007*\dx},{-0.7074*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1070*\dx},{-0.6764*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1125*\dx},{-0.6454*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1170*\dx},{-0.6145*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1206*\dx},{-0.5837*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1233*\dx},{-0.5530*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1251*\dx},{-0.5225*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1260*\dx},{-0.4921*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1261*\dx},{-0.4619*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1252*\dx},{-0.4320*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1235*\dx},{-0.4024*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1209*\dx},{-0.3730*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1175*\dx},{-0.3439*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1132*\dx},{-0.3152*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1081*\dx},{-0.2868*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1022*\dx},{-0.2589*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0956*\dx},{-0.2313*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0882*\dx},{-0.2042*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0800*\dx},{-0.1775*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0711*\dx},{-0.1513*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0614*\dx},{-0.1256*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0511*\dx},{-0.1005*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0401*\dx},{-0.0759*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0284*\dx},{-0.0518*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0161*\dx},{-0.0283*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0032*\dx},{-0.0055*\dy}) + -- ({0.0103*\dx},{0.0168*\dy}) + -- ({0.0243*\dx},{0.0384*\dy}) + -- ({0.0389*\dx},{0.0593*\dy}) + -- ({0.0541*\dx},{0.0796*\dy}) + -- ({0.0697*\dx},{0.0992*\dy}) + -- ({0.0858*\dx},{0.1181*\dy}) + -- ({0.1023*\dx},{0.1363*\dy}) + -- ({0.1193*\dx},{0.1537*\dy}) + -- ({0.1367*\dx},{0.1705*\dy}) + -- ({0.1544*\dx},{0.1864*\dy}) + -- ({0.1725*\dx},{0.2017*\dy}) + -- ({0.1908*\dx},{0.2161*\dy}) + -- ({0.2095*\dx},{0.2298*\dy}) + -- ({0.2284*\dx},{0.2427*\dy}) + -- ({0.2476*\dx},{0.2549*\dy}) + -- ({0.2669*\dx},{0.2662*\dy}) + -- ({0.2865*\dx},{0.2768*\dy}) + -- ({0.3062*\dx},{0.2865*\dy}) + -- ({0.3260*\dx},{0.2955*\dy}) + -- ({0.3459*\dx},{0.3036*\dy}) + -- ({0.3658*\dx},{0.3110*\dy}) + -- ({0.3858*\dx},{0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({0.4058*\dx},{0.3233*\dy}) + -- ({0.4258*\dx},{0.3283*\dy}) + -- ({0.4457*\dx},{0.3324*\dy}) + -- ({0.4655*\dx},{0.3358*\dy}) + -- ({0.4853*\dx},{0.3384*\dy}) + -- ({0.5049*\dx},{0.3403*\dy}) + -- ({0.5243*\dx},{0.3413*\dy}) + -- ({0.5436*\dx},{0.3416*\dy}) + -- ({0.5626*\dx},{0.3412*\dy}) + -- ({0.5814*\dx},{0.3400*\dy}) + -- ({0.5999*\dx},{0.3381*\dy}) + -- ({0.6182*\dx},{0.3355*\dy}) + -- ({0.6361*\dx},{0.3321*\dy}) + -- ({0.6537*\dx},{0.3281*\dy}) + -- ({0.6709*\dx},{0.3234*\dy}) + -- ({0.6877*\dx},{0.3181*\dy}) + -- ({0.7041*\dx},{0.3120*\dy}) + -- ({0.7201*\dx},{0.3054*\dy}) + -- ({0.7356*\dx},{0.2982*\dy}) + -- ({0.7506*\dx},{0.2903*\dy}) + -- ({0.7651*\dx},{0.2819*\dy}) + -- ({0.7791*\dx},{0.2730*\dy}) + -- ({0.7926*\dx},{0.2635*\dy}) + -- ({0.8055*\dx},{0.2535*\dy}) + -- ({0.8178*\dx},{0.2430*\dy}) + -- ({0.8296*\dx},{0.2320*\dy}) + -- ({0.8407*\dx},{0.2206*\dy}) + -- ({0.8512*\dx},{0.2088*\dy}) + -- ({0.8610*\dx},{0.1965*\dy}) + -- ({0.8702*\dx},{0.1839*\dy}) + -- ({0.8788*\dx},{0.1710*\dy}) + -- ({0.8866*\dx},{0.1577*\dy}) + -- ({0.8937*\dx},{0.1442*\dy}) + -- ({0.9002*\dx},{0.1304*\dy}) + -- ({0.9059*\dx},{0.1163*\dy}) + -- ({0.9109*\dx},{0.1020*\dy}) + -- ({0.9152*\dx},{0.0876*\dy}) + -- ({0.9187*\dx},{0.0730*\dy}) + -- ({0.9215*\dx},{0.0582*\dy}) + -- ({0.9236*\dx},{0.0434*\dy}) + -- ({0.9249*\dx},{0.0284*\dy}) + -- ({0.9254*\dx},{0.0135*\dy}) + -- ({0.9252*\dx},{-0.0015*\dy}) + -- ({0.9242*\dx},{-0.0165*\dy}) + -- ({0.9225*\dx},{-0.0314*\dy}) + -- ({0.9200*\dx},{-0.0463*\dy}) + -- ({0.9168*\dx},{-0.0610*\dy}) + -- ({0.9128*\dx},{-0.0756*\dy}) + -- ({0.9081*\dx},{-0.0901*\dy}) + -- ({0.9026*\dx},{-0.1044*\dy}) + -- ({0.8964*\dx},{-0.1184*\dy}) + -- ({0.8895*\dx},{-0.1322*\dy}) + -- ({0.8818*\dx},{-0.1458*\dy}) + -- ({0.8734*\dx},{-0.1590*\dy}) + -- ({0.8644*\dx},{-0.1720*\dy}) + -- ({0.8546*\dx},{-0.1845*\dy}) + -- ({0.8442*\dx},{-0.1967*\dy}) + -- ({0.8331*\dx},{-0.2085*\dy}) + -- ({0.8214*\dx},{-0.2198*\dy}) + -- ({0.8090*\dx},{-0.2307*\dy}) + -- ({0.7960*\dx},{-0.2411*\dy}) + -- ({0.7824*\dx},{-0.2510*\dy}) + -- ({0.7682*\dx},{-0.2603*\dy}) + -- ({0.7535*\dx},{-0.2691*\dy}) + -- ({0.7382*\dx},{-0.2773*\dy}) + -- ({0.7224*\dx},{-0.2849*\dy}) + -- ({0.7061*\dx},{-0.2919*\dy}) + -- ({0.6893*\dx},{-0.2982*\dy}) + -- ({0.6721*\dx},{-0.3039*\dy}) + -- ({0.6544*\dx},{-0.3089*\dy}) + -- ({0.6363*\dx},{-0.3132*\dy}) + -- ({0.6178*\dx},{-0.3168*\dy}) + -- ({0.5989*\dx},{-0.3196*\dy}) + -- ({0.5798*\dx},{-0.3217*\dy}) + -- ({0.5603*\dx},{-0.3230*\dy}) + -- ({0.5405*\dx},{-0.3235*\dy}) + -- ({0.5205*\dx},{-0.3232*\dy}) + -- ({0.5003*\dx},{-0.3222*\dy}) + -- ({0.4798*\dx},{-0.3203*\dy}) + -- ({0.4592*\dx},{-0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({0.4385*\dx},{-0.3140*\dy}) + -- ({0.4176*\dx},{-0.3095*\dy}) + -- ({0.3967*\dx},{-0.3043*\dy}) + -- ({0.3758*\dx},{-0.2981*\dy}) + -- ({0.3548*\dx},{-0.2911*\dy}) + -- ({0.3338*\dx},{-0.2832*\dy}) + -- ({0.3129*\dx},{-0.2745*\dy}) + -- ({0.2921*\dx},{-0.2649*\dy}) + -- ({0.2714*\dx},{-0.2544*\dy}) + -- ({0.2508*\dx},{-0.2430*\dy}) + -- ({0.2305*\dx},{-0.2307*\dy}) + -- ({0.2103*\dx},{-0.2176*\dy}) + -- ({0.1904*\dx},{-0.2036*\dy}) + -- ({0.1707*\dx},{-0.1887*\dy}) + -- ({0.1514*\dx},{-0.1730*\dy}) + -- ({0.1324*\dx},{-0.1564*\dy}) + -- ({0.1137*\dx},{-0.1390*\dy}) + -- ({0.0955*\dx},{-0.1207*\dy}) + -- ({0.0777*\dx},{-0.1016*\dy}) + -- ({0.0604*\dx},{-0.0817*\dy}) + -- ({0.0435*\dx},{-0.0610*\dy}) + -- ({0.0272*\dx},{-0.0395*\dy}) + -- ({0.0115*\dx},{-0.0173*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0037*\dx},{0.0058*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0182*\dx},{0.0295*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0321*\dx},{0.0540*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0454*\dx},{0.0792*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0579*\dx},{0.1051*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0697*\dx},{0.1316*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0807*\dx},{0.1588*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0910*\dx},{0.1866*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1005*\dx},{0.2150*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1091*\dx},{0.2439*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1169*\dx},{0.2734*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1238*\dx},{0.3035*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1298*\dx},{0.3340*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1349*\dx},{0.3649*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1391*\dx},{0.3964*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1423*\dx},{0.4282*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1445*\dx},{0.4604*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1457*\dx},{0.4929*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1459*\dx},{0.5257*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1451*\dx},{0.5589*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1433*\dx},{0.5922*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1404*\dx},{0.6258*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1365*\dx},{0.6595*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1314*\dx},{0.6934*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1253*\dx},{0.7274*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1181*\dx},{0.7615*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1098*\dx},{0.7956*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1004*\dx},{0.8298*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0899*\dx},{0.8638*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0783*\dx},{0.8978*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0655*\dx},{0.9317*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0517*\dx},{0.9655*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0367*\dx},{0.9990*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0206*\dx},{1.0324*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0034*\dx},{1.0654*\dy}) + -- ({0.0149*\dx},{1.0982*\dy}) + -- ({0.0344*\dx},{1.1307*\dy}) + -- ({0.0549*\dx},{1.1627*\dy}) + -- ({0.0765*\dx},{1.1944*\dy}) + -- ({0.0992*\dx},{1.2256*\dy}) + -- ({0.1230*\dx},{1.2563*\dy}) + -- ({0.1478*\dx},{1.2865*\dy}) + -- ({0.1737*\dx},{1.3162*\dy}) + -- ({0.2006*\dx},{1.3452*\dy}) + -- ({0.2285*\dx},{1.3737*\dy}) + -- ({0.2574*\dx},{1.4014*\dy}) + -- ({0.2874*\dx},{1.4285*\dy}) + -- ({0.3182*\dx},{1.4548*\dy}) + -- ({0.3501*\dx},{1.4804*\dy}) + -- ({0.3828*\dx},{1.5051*\dy}) + -- ({0.4165*\dx},{1.5291*\dy}) + -- ({0.4510*\dx},{1.5521*\dy}) + -- ({0.4864*\dx},{1.5743*\dy}) + -- ({0.5226*\dx},{1.5955*\dy}) + -- ({0.5597*\dx},{1.6158*\dy}) + -- ({0.5975*\dx},{1.6350*\dy}) + -- ({0.6360*\dx},{1.6533*\dy}) + -- ({0.6753*\dx},{1.6705*\dy}) + -- ({0.7152*\dx},{1.6867*\dy}) + -- ({0.7558*\dx},{1.7017*\dy}) + -- ({0.7970*\dx},{1.7157*\dy}) + -- ({0.8388*\dx},{1.7285*\dy}) + -- ({0.8812*\dx},{1.7401*\dy}) + -- ({0.9241*\dx},{1.7505*\dy}) + -- ({0.9674*\dx},{1.7598*\dy}) + -- ({1.0112*\dx},{1.7678*\dy}) + -- ({1.0554*\dx},{1.7746*\dy}) + -- ({1.1000*\dx},{1.7801*\dy}) + -- ({1.1449*\dx},{1.7843*\dy}) + -- ({1.1901*\dx},{1.7872*\dy}) + -- ({1.2355*\dx},{1.7889*\dy}) + -- ({1.2812*\dx},{1.7892*\dy}) + -- ({1.3270*\dx},{1.7882*\dy}) + -- ({1.3730*\dx},{1.7859*\dy}) + -- ({1.4190*\dx},{1.7822*\dy}) + -- ({1.4651*\dx},{1.7772*\dy}) + -- ({1.5111*\dx},{1.7708*\dy}) + -- ({1.5572*\dx},{1.7631*\dy}) + -- ({1.6031*\dx},{1.7540*\dy}) + -- ({1.6490*\dx},{1.7435*\dy}) + -- ({1.6946*\dx},{1.7317*\dy}) + -- ({1.7400*\dx},{1.7185*\dy}) + -- ({1.7852*\dx},{1.7040*\dy}) + -- ({1.8301*\dx},{1.6882*\dy}) + -- ({1.8746*\dx},{1.6709*\dy}) + -- ({1.9188*\dx},{1.6524*\dy}) + -- ({1.9625*\dx},{1.6325*\dy}) + -- ({2.0058*\dx},{1.6114*\dy}) + -- ({2.0485*\dx},{1.5889*\dy}) + -- ({2.0907*\dx},{1.5651*\dy}) + -- ({2.1322*\dx},{1.5401*\dy}) + -- ({2.1732*\dx},{1.5138*\dy}) + -- ({2.2134*\dx},{1.4862*\dy}) + -- ({2.2530*\dx},{1.4574*\dy}) + -- ({2.2918*\dx},{1.4275*\dy}) + -- ({2.3297*\dx},{1.3963*\dy}) + -- ({2.3669*\dx},{1.3640*\dy}) + -- ({2.4031*\dx},{1.3306*\dy}) + -- ({2.4385*\dx},{1.2961*\dy}) + -- ({2.4729*\dx},{1.2605*\dy}) + -- ({2.5063*\dx},{1.2238*\dy}) + -- ({2.5387*\dx},{1.1861*\dy}) + -- ({2.5701*\dx},{1.1474*\dy}) + -- ({2.6003*\dx},{1.1078*\dy}) + -- ({2.6295*\dx},{1.0672*\dy}) + -- ({2.6575*\dx},{1.0258*\dy}) + -- ({2.6843*\dx},{0.9835*\dy}) + -- ({2.7099*\dx},{0.9403*\dy}) + -- ({2.7343*\dx},{0.8964*\dy}) + -- ({2.7574*\dx},{0.8517*\dy}) + -- ({2.7793*\dx},{0.8063*\dy}) + -- ({2.7998*\dx},{0.7603*\dy}) + -- ({2.8190*\dx},{0.7136*\dy}) + -- ({2.8369*\dx},{0.6663*\dy}) + -- ({2.8534*\dx},{0.6185*\dy}) + -- ({2.8684*\dx},{0.5702*\dy}) + -- ({2.8821*\dx},{0.5214*\dy}) + -- ({2.8944*\dx},{0.4722*\dy}) + -- ({2.9052*\dx},{0.4227*\dy}) + -- ({2.9146*\dx},{0.3728*\dy}) + -- ({2.9225*\dx},{0.3226*\dy}) + -- ({2.9289*\dx},{0.2722*\dy}) + -- ({2.9339*\dx},{0.2216*\dy}) + -- ({2.9374*\dx},{0.1709*\dy}) + -- ({2.9394*\dx},{0.1200*\dy}) + -- ({2.9399*\dx},{0.0692*\dy}) + -- ({2.9389*\dx},{0.0183*\dy}) + -- ({2.9363*\dx},{-0.0326*\dy}) + -- ({2.9323*\dx},{-0.0833*\dy}) + -- ({2.9268*\dx},{-0.1339*\dy}) + -- ({2.9198*\dx},{-0.1843*\dy}) + -- ({2.9114*\dx},{-0.2345*\dy}) + -- ({2.9014*\dx},{-0.2844*\dy}) + -- ({2.8900*\dx},{-0.3340*\dy}) + -- ({2.8771*\dx},{-0.3832*\dy}) + -- ({2.8627*\dx},{-0.4319*\dy}) + -- ({2.8470*\dx},{-0.4802*\dy}) + -- ({2.8298*\dx},{-0.5280*\dy}) + -- ({2.8112*\dx},{-0.5753*\dy}) + -- ({2.7912*\dx},{-0.6219*\dy}) + -- ({2.7698*\dx},{-0.6679*\dy}) + -- ({2.7471*\dx},{-0.7131*\dy}) + -- ({2.7231*\dx},{-0.7577*\dy}) + -- ({2.6978*\dx},{-0.8015*\dy}) + -- ({2.6712*\dx},{-0.8444*\dy}) + -- ({2.6433*\dx},{-0.8865*\dy}) + -- ({2.6143*\dx},{-0.9277*\dy}) + -- ({2.5840*\dx},{-0.9680*\dy}) + -- ({2.5526*\dx},{-1.0073*\dy}) + -- ({2.5200*\dx},{-1.0455*\dy}) + -- ({2.4863*\dx},{-1.0828*\dy}) + -- ({2.4516*\dx},{-1.1189*\dy}) + -- ({2.4159*\dx},{-1.1539*\dy}) + -- ({2.3791*\dx},{-1.1878*\dy}) + -- ({2.3414*\dx},{-1.2205*\dy}) + -- ({2.3028*\dx},{-1.2520*\dy}) + -- ({2.2633*\dx},{-1.2823*\dy}) + -- ({2.2230*\dx},{-1.3113*\dy}) + -- ({2.1819*\dx},{-1.3390*\dy}) + -- ({2.1400*\dx},{-1.3654*\dy}) + -- ({2.0974*\dx},{-1.3904*\dy}) + -- ({2.0542*\dx},{-1.4141*\dy}) + -- ({2.0103*\dx},{-1.4364*\dy}) + -- ({1.9659*\dx},{-1.4573*\dy}) + -- ({1.9209*\dx},{-1.4768*\dy}) + -- ({1.8755*\dx},{-1.4948*\dy}) + -- ({1.8296*\dx},{-1.5114*\dy}) + -- ({1.7833*\dx},{-1.5266*\dy}) + -- ({1.7367*\dx},{-1.5402*\dy}) + -- ({1.6897*\dx},{-1.5524*\dy}) + -- ({1.6426*\dx},{-1.5631*\dy}) + -- ({1.5952*\dx},{-1.5723*\dy}) + -- ({1.5477*\dx},{-1.5800*\dy}) + -- ({1.5001*\dx},{-1.5862*\dy}) + -- ({1.4524*\dx},{-1.5909*\dy}) + -- ({1.4048*\dx},{-1.5941*\dy}) + -- ({1.3572*\dx},{-1.5958*\dy}) + -- ({1.3097*\dx},{-1.5960*\dy}) + -- ({1.2623*\dx},{-1.5947*\dy}) + -- ({1.2152*\dx},{-1.5919*\dy}) + -- ({1.1683*\dx},{-1.5876*\dy}) + -- ({1.1217*\dx},{-1.5818*\dy}) + -- ({1.0754*\dx},{-1.5747*\dy}) + -- ({1.0295*\dx},{-1.5660*\dy}) + -- ({0.9841*\dx},{-1.5559*\dy}) + -- ({0.9391*\dx},{-1.5445*\dy}) + -- ({0.8947*\dx},{-1.5316*\dy}) + -- ({0.8508*\dx},{-1.5173*\dy}) + -- ({0.8076*\dx},{-1.5017*\dy}) + -- ({0.7650*\dx},{-1.4848*\dy}) + -- ({0.7231*\dx},{-1.4666*\dy}) + -- ({0.6820*\dx},{-1.4471*\dy}) + -- ({0.6417*\dx},{-1.4263*\dy}) + -- ({0.6022*\dx},{-1.4043*\dy}) + -- ({0.5635*\dx},{-1.3811*\dy}) + -- ({0.5258*\dx},{-1.3568*\dy}) + -- ({0.4890*\dx},{-1.3313*\dy}) + -- ({0.4532*\dx},{-1.3048*\dy}) + -- ({0.4185*\dx},{-1.2771*\dy}) + -- ({0.3847*\dx},{-1.2485*\dy}) + -- ({0.3521*\dx},{-1.2188*\dy}) + -- ({0.3205*\dx},{-1.1882*\dy}) + -- ({0.2902*\dx},{-1.1567*\dy}) + -- ({0.2609*\dx},{-1.1243*\dy}) + -- ({0.2329*\dx},{-1.0911*\dy}) + -- ({0.2061*\dx},{-1.0571*\dy}) + -- ({0.1806*\dx},{-1.0224*\dy}) + -- ({0.1563*\dx},{-0.9870*\dy}) + -- ({0.1333*\dx},{-0.9509*\dy}) + -- ({0.1117*\dx},{-0.9142*\dy}) + -- ({0.0914*\dx},{-0.8769*\dy}) + -- ({0.0724*\dx},{-0.8391*\dy}) + -- ({0.0547*\dx},{-0.8008*\dy}) + -- ({0.0385*\dx},{-0.7622*\dy}) + -- ({0.0236*\dx},{-0.7231*\dy}) + -- ({0.0102*\dx},{-0.6837*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0019*\dx},{-0.6441*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0125*\dx},{-0.6042*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0217*\dx},{-0.5641*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0295*\dx},{-0.5239*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0359*\dx},{-0.4836*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0409*\dx},{-0.4433*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0444*\dx},{-0.4030*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0466*\dx},{-0.3628*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0473*\dx},{-0.3226*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0466*\dx},{-0.2827*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0445*\dx},{-0.2429*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0410*\dx},{-0.2034*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0362*\dx},{-0.1642*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0300*\dx},{-0.1254*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0224*\dx},{-0.0870*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0136*\dx},{-0.0490*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0034*\dx},{-0.0115*\dy}) + -- ({0.0081*\dx},{0.0255*\dy}) + -- ({0.0208*\dx},{0.0619*\dy}) + -- ({0.0348*\dx},{0.0976*\dy}) + -- ({0.0500*\dx},{0.1327*\dy}) + -- ({0.0663*\dx},{0.1671*\dy}) + -- ({0.0839*\dx},{0.2008*\dy}) + -- ({0.1026*\dx},{0.2336*\dy}) + -- ({0.1224*\dx},{0.2656*\dy}) + -- ({0.1432*\dx},{0.2968*\dy}) + -- ({0.1651*\dx},{0.3271*\dy}) + -- ({0.1880*\dx},{0.3564*\dy}) + -- ({0.2119*\dx},{0.3848*\dy}) + -- ({0.2367*\dx},{0.4122*\dy}) + -- ({0.2625*\dx},{0.4385*\dy}) + -- ({0.2890*\dx},{0.4638*\dy}) + -- ({0.3164*\dx},{0.4880*\dy}) + -- ({0.3446*\dx},{0.5111*\dy}) + -- ({0.3735*\dx},{0.5331*\dy}) + -- ({0.4031*\dx},{0.5539*\dy}) + -- ({0.4334*\dx},{0.5735*\dy}) + -- ({0.4643*\dx},{0.5919*\dy}) + -- ({0.4957*\dx},{0.6090*\dy}) + -- ({0.5276*\dx},{0.6250*\dy}) + -- ({0.5601*\dx},{0.6396*\dy}) + -- ({0.5929*\dx},{0.6530*\dy}) + -- ({0.6262*\dx},{0.6652*\dy}) + -- ({0.6597*\dx},{0.6760*\dy}) + -- ({0.6936*\dx},{0.6855*\dy}) + -- ({0.7277*\dx},{0.6937*\dy}) + -- ({0.7620*\dx},{0.7006*\dy}) + -- ({0.7964*\dx},{0.7062*\dy}) + -- ({0.8309*\dx},{0.7104*\dy}) + -- ({0.8655*\dx},{0.7133*\dy}) + -- ({0.9001*\dx},{0.7149*\dy}) + -- ({0.9346*\dx},{0.7152*\dy}) + -- ({0.9690*\dx},{0.7141*\dy}) + -- ({1.0033*\dx},{0.7117*\dy}) + -- ({1.0374*\dx},{0.7081*\dy}) + -- ({1.0712*\dx},{0.7031*\dy}) + -- ({1.1048*\dx},{0.6969*\dy}) + -- ({1.1380*\dx},{0.6894*\dy}) + -- ({1.1709*\dx},{0.6806*\dy}) + -- ({1.2033*\dx},{0.6706*\dy}) + -- ({1.2353*\dx},{0.6594*\dy}) + -- ({1.2667*\dx},{0.6470*\dy}) + -- ({1.2976*\dx},{0.6334*\dy}) + -- ({1.3279*\dx},{0.6186*\dy}) + -- ({1.3576*\dx},{0.6027*\dy}) + -- ({1.3866*\dx},{0.5857*\dy}) + -- ({1.4149*\dx},{0.5676*\dy}) + -- ({1.4424*\dx},{0.5485*\dy}) + -- ({1.4692*\dx},{0.5284*\dy}) + -- ({1.4951*\dx},{0.5072*\dy}) + -- ({1.5201*\dx},{0.4851*\dy}) + -- ({1.5443*\dx},{0.4621*\dy}) + -- ({1.5675*\dx},{0.4381*\dy}) + -- ({1.5898*\dx},{0.4133*\dy}) + -- ({1.6111*\dx},{0.3877*\dy}) + -- ({1.6314*\dx},{0.3614*\dy}) + -- ({1.6506*\dx},{0.3342*\dy}) + -- ({1.6687*\dx},{0.3064*\dy}) + -- ({1.6858*\dx},{0.2779*\dy}) + -- ({1.7017*\dx},{0.2488*\dy}) + -- ({1.7165*\dx},{0.2191*\dy}) + -- ({1.7302*\dx},{0.1889*\dy}) + -- ({1.7427*\dx},{0.1581*\dy}) + -- ({1.7540*\dx},{0.1270*\dy}) + -- ({1.7640*\dx},{0.0954*\dy}) + -- ({1.7729*\dx},{0.0635*\dy}) + -- ({1.7806*\dx},{0.0312*\dy}) + -- ({1.7870*\dx},{-0.0013*\dy}) + -- ({1.7921*\dx},{-0.0340*\dy}) + -- ({1.7960*\dx},{-0.0669*\dy}) + -- ({1.7987*\dx},{-0.1000*\dy}) + -- ({1.8000*\dx},{-0.1331*\dy}) + -- ({1.8002*\dx},{-0.1662*\dy}) + -- ({1.7990*\dx},{-0.1993*\dy}) + -- ({1.7967*\dx},{-0.2324*\dy}) + -- ({1.7930*\dx},{-0.2654*\dy}) + -- ({1.7881*\dx},{-0.2982*\dy}) + -- ({1.7820*\dx},{-0.3308*\dy}) + -- ({1.7747*\dx},{-0.3632*\dy}) + -- ({1.7661*\dx},{-0.3952*\dy}) + -- ({1.7563*\dx},{-0.4270*\dy}) + -- ({1.7454*\dx},{-0.4584*\dy}) + -- ({1.7332*\dx},{-0.4893*\dy}) + -- ({1.7199*\dx},{-0.5198*\dy}) + -- ({1.7055*\dx},{-0.5497*\dy}) + -- ({1.6900*\dx},{-0.5792*\dy}) + -- ({1.6733*\dx},{-0.6080*\dy}) + -- ({1.6556*\dx},{-0.6362*\dy}) + -- ({1.6368*\dx},{-0.6637*\dy}) + -- ({1.6171*\dx},{-0.6906*\dy}) + -- ({1.5963*\dx},{-0.7166*\dy}) + -- ({1.5746*\dx},{-0.7419*\dy}) + -- ({1.5519*\dx},{-0.7664*\dy}) + -- ({1.5283*\dx},{-0.7901*\dy}) + -- ({1.5039*\dx},{-0.8128*\dy}) + -- ({1.4787*\dx},{-0.8347*\dy}) + -- ({1.4526*\dx},{-0.8556*\dy}) + -- ({1.4258*\dx},{-0.8756*\dy}) + -- ({1.3983*\dx},{-0.8945*\dy}) + -- ({1.3700*\dx},{-0.9124*\dy}) + -- ({1.3412*\dx},{-0.9293*\dy}) + -- ({1.3117*\dx},{-0.9452*\dy}) + -- ({1.2817*\dx},{-0.9599*\dy}) + -- ({1.2511*\dx},{-0.9735*\dy}) + -- ({1.2201*\dx},{-0.9860*\dy}) + -- ({1.1886*\dx},{-0.9974*\dy}) + -- ({1.1567*\dx},{-1.0076*\dy}) + -- ({1.1245*\dx},{-1.0166*\dy}) + -- ({1.0920*\dx},{-1.0245*\dy}) + -- ({1.0592*\dx},{-1.0312*\dy}) + -- ({1.0262*\dx},{-1.0367*\dy}) + -- ({0.9931*\dx},{-1.0409*\dy}) + -- ({0.9598*\dx},{-1.0440*\dy}) + -- ({0.9264*\dx},{-1.0459*\dy}) + -- ({0.8930*\dx},{-1.0465*\dy}) + -- ({0.8596*\dx},{-1.0460*\dy}) + -- ({0.8263*\dx},{-1.0442*\dy}) + -- ({0.7930*\dx},{-1.0413*\dy}) +} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.m b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..984b645 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.m @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +% +% zetaplot.m +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller +% +s = 1; +h = 0.02; +m = 40; + +fn = fopen("zetapath.tex", "w"); +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\zetapath{\n"); +counter = 0; +for y = (0:h:m) + if (counter > 0) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t--"); + end + z = zeta(0.5 + i*y); + fprintf(fn, " ({%.4f*\\dx},{%.4f*\\dy})", real(z), imag(z)); + counter = counter + 1; +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n"); +fclose(fn); + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.pdf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6d3693 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..521bb1a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +% +% zetaplot.tex -- Abbildung der kritischen Geraden +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\def\dx{2} +\def\dy{2} + +\draw[->] ({-1.6*\dx},0) -- ({3.4*\dx},0) + coordinate[label={$\Re\zeta(\frac12+it)$}]; +\draw[->] (0,{-2.1*\dx}) -- (0,{2.2*\dx}) + coordinate[label={left:$\Im\zeta(\frac12+it)$}]; + +\foreach \x in {-1,1,2,3}{ + \node at ({\x*\dx},-0.1) [below] {$\x$}; +} +\node at (-0.1,{1*\dy}) [above left] {$i$}; +\node at (-0.1,{2*\dy}) [left] {$2i$}; +\node at (-0.1,{-1*\dy}) [below left] {$-i$}; +\node at (-0.1,{-2*\dy}) [left] {$-2i$}; + +\foreach \x in {-1,1,2,3}{ + \draw ({\x*\dx},-0.1) -- ({\x*\dx},0.1); +} +\foreach \y in {1,2}{ + \draw (-0.1,{\y*\dy}) -- (0.1,{\y*\dy}); + \draw (-0.1,{-\y*\dy}) -- (0.1,{-\y*\dy}); +} + +\input{papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex} + +\draw[color=blue,line width=1pt] \zetapath; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex index caddace..de297a0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Raphael Unterer} -%TODO Einleitung \input{papers/zeta/einleitung.tex} \input{papers/zeta/euler_product.tex} \input{papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex} \input{papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex} +\input{papers/zeta/fazit} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53fd305 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,368 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169]{beamer} + +%style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} + +\usepackage{tikz} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%\usepackage{algorithm} % http://ctan.org/pkg/algorithm +%\usepackage{algpseudocode} % http://ctan.org/pkg/algorithmicx + +%\usepackage{algorithmicx} + + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + + +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{Riemannsche Zeta Funktion} +\author{Raphael Unterer} +\institute{Mathematisches Seminar 2022: Spezielle Funktionen} + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} +\newcommand*{\YE}{\textcolor{violet}} + + + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + + + + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc} + + +\begin{document} + + %Titelseite + \begin{frame} + \titlepage + \end{frame} + + %Inhaltsverzeichnis +% \begin{frame} +% \frametitle{Inhalt} +% \tableofcontents +% \end{frame} + + \section{Motivation} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Summe aller Natürlichen Zahlen} + \begin{equation*} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n + = + 1 + 2 + 3 + \ldots + \infty + = + - \frac{1}{12} + \end{equation*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Summe aller Natürlichen Zahlen} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{../images/youtube_screenshot.png} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Riemannsche Zeta Funktion} + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^s} + \end{equation*} + \pause + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(-1) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^{-1}} + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n + \end{equation*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Originaler Definitionsbereich} + Wir kennen die divergierende harmonische Reihe + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(1) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n} + \rightarrow + \infty, + \end{equation*} + und somit ist $\Re(s) > 1$. + \end{frame} + + \section{Analytische Fortsetzung} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Plan für die Analytische Fortsetzung von $\zeta(s)$} + \begin{center} + \input{../images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} + Dirichletsche Etafunktion ist + \begin{equation*}\label{zeta:equation:eta} + \eta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n^s}, + \end{equation*} + und konvergiert im Bereich $\Re(s) > 0$. + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} + \begin{align} + \zeta(s) + &= + \RD{ + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^s} \label{zeta:align1} + } + \\ + \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} + \zeta(s) + &= + \BL{ + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{2}{(2n)^s} \label{zeta:align2} + } + \end{align} + \pause + \eqref{zeta:align1} - \eqref{zeta:align2}: + \begin{align*} + \left(1 - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} \right) + \zeta(s) + &= + \RD{\frac{1}{1^s}} + \underbrace{-\BL{\frac{2}{2^s}} + \RD{\frac{1}{2^s}}}_{-\frac{1}{2^s}} + + \RD{\frac{1}{3^s}} + \underbrace{-\BL{\frac{2}{4^s}} + \RD{\frac{1}{4^s}}}_{-\frac{1}{4^s}} + \ldots + \\ + &= \eta(s) + \end{align*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} + Somit haben wir die Fortsetzung gefunden als + \begin{equation} \label{zeta:equation:fortsetzung1} + \zeta(s) + := + \left(1 - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} \right)^{-1} \eta(s). + \end{equation} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Spiegelungseigenschaft für $\Re(s) < 0$} + \begin{equation*}\label{zeta:equation:functional} + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} + \zeta(s) + = + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{1-s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{1-s}{2}}} + \zeta(1-s). + \end{equation*} + \end{frame} + %TODO maybe explain gamma-fct + + \section{Euler Produkt und Primzahlen} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Wieso ist die Zeta Funktion so bekannt?} + \begin{itemize} + \item Interessante Funktionswerte z.B. $\zeta(2) = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$ + \item Primzahlenverteilung (Riemannhypothese) + \item Forschungsgebiet der analytischen Zahlentheorie seit dem 18. Jahrhundert + \item ... + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Euler Produkt: Verbindung von Zeta und Primzahlen} + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^\infty + \frac{1}{n^s} + = + \prod_{p \in P} + \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} + \end{equation*} + \pause + Geometrische Reihe + \begin{equation*} + \prod_{p \in P} + \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} + = + \prod_{p \in P} + \left( + 1 + + + \frac{1}{p^s} + + + \frac{1}{p^{2s}} + + + \frac{1}{p^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \end{equation*} + \pause + Erste Terme ausmultiplizieren + \begin{align*} + \left( + 1 + + + \RD{\frac{1}{2^s}} + + + \GN{\frac{1}{2^{2s}}} + + + \frac{1}{2^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \left( + 1 + + + \BL{\frac{1}{3^s}} + + + \frac{1}{3^{2s}} + + + \frac{1}{3^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \left( + 1 + + + \YE{\frac{1}{5^s}} + + + \frac{1}{5^{2s}} + + + \frac{1}{5^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \ldots + \\ + = + 1 + + + \RD{\frac{1}{2^s}} + + + \BL{\frac{1}{3^s}} + + + \GN{\frac{1}{4^s}} + + + \YE{\frac{1}{5^s}} + + + \ldots + \end{align*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Primzahlfunktion} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.5}{\input{../images/primzahlfunktion.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + + + \section{Darstellungen} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Farbcodierung} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{zeta_color_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Konstanter Realteil $\Re(s)=-1$ und $\Im(s)=0\ldots40$} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Konstanter Realteil $\Re(s)=0$ und $\Im(s)=0\ldots40$} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/zeta_re_0_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Konstanter Realteil $\Re(s)=0.5$ und $\Im(s)=0\ldots40$} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/zeta_re_0.5_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot-img0.png b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot-img0.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8c7298 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot-img0.png diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fd7cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,402 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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+\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta.py b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53097c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta.py @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +import numpy as np +from mpmath import zeta +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib import colors +import matplotlib +matplotlib.use("pgf") +matplotlib.rcParams.update( + { + "pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.size": 8, + "text.usetex": True, + "pgf.rcfonts": False, + "axes.unicode_minus": False, + } +) + +print(zeta(-1)) +print(zeta(-1 + 2j)) + +re_values = np.arange(-10, 5, 0.04) +im_values = np.arange(-20, 20, 0.04) +plot_matrix = np.zeros((len(im_values), len(re_values), 3)) +for im_i, im in enumerate(im_values): + print(im_i) + for re_i, re in enumerate(re_values): + z = complex(zeta(re + 1j*im)) + h = (np.angle(z) + np.pi) / (2*np.pi) + v = np.abs(z) + s = 1.0 + plot_matrix[im_i, re_i] = [h, s, v] + +log10_v = np.log10(plot_matrix[:, :, 2]) +log10_v += np.abs(np.min(log10_v)) +plot_matrix[:, :, 2] = (log10_v) / np.max(log10_v) +plt.imshow(colors.hsv_to_rgb(plot_matrix), extent=[re_values.min(), re_values.max(), im_values.min(), im_values.max()]) +plt.xlabel("$\Re$") +plt.ylabel("$\Im$") +plt.savefig(f"zeta_color_plot.pgf") diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta2.py b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta2.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b730703 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta2.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +import numpy as np +from mpmath import zeta +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import matplotlib +matplotlib.use("pgf") +matplotlib.rcParams.update( + { + "pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.size": 8, + "text.usetex": True, + "pgf.rcfonts": False, + "axes.unicode_minus": False, + } +) +# const re plot +re_values = [-1, 0, 0.5] +im_values = np.arange(0, 40, 0.04) +buf = np.zeros((len(re_values), len(im_values), 2)) +for im_i, im in enumerate(im_values): + print(im_i) + for re_i, re in enumerate(re_values): + z = complex(zeta(re + 1j*im)) + buf[re_i, im_i] = [np.real(z), np.imag(z)] + +for i in range(len(re_values)): + plt.figure() + plt.plot(buf[i,:,0], buf[i,:,1], label=f"$\Re={re_values[i]}$") + plt.xlabel("$\Re$") + plt.ylabel("$\Im$") + plt.savefig(f"zeta_re_{re_values[i]}_plot.pgf") diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/python/primzahlfunktion.py b/buch/papers/zeta/python/primzahlfunktion.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9434de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/python/primzahlfunktion.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import numpy as np + +primzahlfunktion = [0, 0, 0, 0] +x = [0, 1-1e-12, 1, 2-1e-12] +x_last = 1 +value = 0 +for i in range(2, 30, 1): + new_value = value + 1 + for j in range(2, i, 1): + if i % j == 0: + new_value = value + value = new_value + primzahlfunktion.append(new_value) + x_last += 1 + x.append(x_last) + primzahlfunktion.append(new_value) + x.append(x_last + 1 - 1e-12) + + +plt.rcParams.update({"pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex"}) +plt.plot(x, primzahlfunktion) +plt.show() + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib b/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib index a4f2521..f2a2f31 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,58 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{zeta:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@online{zeta:online:millennium, + title = {The Millennium Prize Problems}, + url = {https://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems/millennium-prize-problems}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {4} } -@book{zeta:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} +@online{zeta:online:wiki_en, + title = {Riemann zeta function}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} +@online{zeta:online:wiki_de, + title = {Riemannsche Zeta-Funktion}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannsche_Zeta-Funktion}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{zeta:online:poisson, + title = {Deriving the Poisson Summation Formula}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Bex-4BFYWo}, + author = {Physics and Math Lectures}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} } -@article{zeta:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{zeta:online:mryoumath, + title = {Riemann Zeta Function Playlist}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL32446FDD4DA932C9}, + author = {MrYouMath}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} } +@online{zeta:online:basel, + title = {Basel Problem}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_problem}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} +@online{zeta:online:pars, + title = {Parseval's identity}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parseval%27s_identity}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot-img0.png b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot-img0.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8c7298 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot-img0.png diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fd7cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,402 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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+\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex index db41676..dd422e3 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Wir erinnern uns an die Definition der Gammafunktion in \eqref{buch:rekursion:ga \int_0^{\infty} t^{s-1} e^{-t} \,dt, \end{equation*} wobei die Notation an die Zetafunktion angepasst ist. -Durch die Substitution von $t$ mit $t = nu$ und $dt = n\,du$ wird daraus +Durch die Substitution $t = nu$ und $dt = n\,du$ wird daraus \begin{align*} \Gamma(s) &= @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Durch die Substitution von $t$ mit $t = nu$ und $dt = n\,du$ wird daraus &= \int_0^{\infty} n^s u^{s-1} e^{-nu} \,du. \end{align*} -Durch Division mit durch $n^s$ ergibt sich die Quotienten +Durch Division durch $n^s$ ergeben sich die Quotienten \begin{equation*} \frac{\Gamma(s)}{n^s} = @@ -57,5 +57,5 @@ Wenn wir dieses Resultat einsetzen in \eqref{zeta:equation:zeta_gamma1} und durc \frac{1}{\Gamma(s)} \int_0^{\infty} \frac{u^{s-1}}{e^u -1} - du \qed + du. \end{equation} |
