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Diffstat (limited to '')
465 files changed, 52161 insertions, 2422 deletions
diff --git a/buch/papers/000template/main.tex b/buch/papers/000template/main.tex index 87a5685..91b6d6e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/000template/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/000template/main.tex @@ -1,7 +1,10 @@ % % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <000template> % -% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil +% (c) 2020 Autor, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +% !TEX root = ../../buch.tex +% !TEX encoding = UTF-8 % \chapter{Thema\label{chapter:000template}} \lhead{Thema} diff --git a/buch/papers/000template/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/000template/teil0.tex index 7b9f088..65d7ae1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/000template/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/000template/teil0.tex @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % +% !TEX root = ../../buch.tex +% !TEX encoding = UTF-8 +% \section{Teil 0\label{000template:section:teil0}} \rhead{Teil 0} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam diff --git a/buch/papers/000template/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/000template/teil1.tex index 00d3058..0f8dfae 100644 --- a/buch/papers/000template/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/000template/teil1.tex @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % +% !TEX root = ../../buch.tex +% !TEX encoding = UTF-8 +% \section{Teil 1 \label{000template:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} diff --git a/buch/papers/000template/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/000template/teil2.tex index 471adae..496557f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/000template/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/000template/teil2.tex @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % +% !TEX root = ../../buch.tex +% !TEX encoding = UTF-8 +% \section{Teil 2 \label{000template:section:teil2}} \rhead{Teil 2} diff --git a/buch/papers/000template/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/000template/teil3.tex index 4697813..ef2aa75 100644 --- a/buch/papers/000template/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/000template/teil3.tex @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % +% !TEX root = ../../buch.tex +% !TEX encoding = UTF-8 +% \section{Teil 3 \label{000template:section:teil3}} \rhead{Teil 3} diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..206cd3a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..07d2a44 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e1e7e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..13dea39 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3caaf43 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param c in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param k number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fractionIter0f1(const double c, const double z, unsigned int k)
+{
+ //declaration
+ double a = 0.0;
+ double b = 0.0;
+ double abk = 0.0;
+ double temp = 0.0;
+
+ for (; k > 0; --k)
+ {
+ abk = z / (k * ((k - 1) + c)); //abk = ak, bk
+
+ a = k > 1 ? (1 + abk) : 1; //a0, a1
+ b = k > 1 ? -abk : abk; //b1
+
+ temp = b / (a + temp); //bk / (ak + last result)
+ }
+
+ return a + temp; //a0 + temp
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d897b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;b;z)
+ * @param b0 in 0F1(;b0;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;b0;z)
+ * @param n number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fractionRekursion0f1(const double c, const double z, unsigned int n)
+{
+ //declaration
+ double a = 0.0;
+ double b = 0.0;
+ double Ak = 0.0;
+ double Bk = 0.0;
+ double Ak_1 = 0.0;
+ double Bk_1 = 0.0;
+ double Ak_2 = 0.0;
+ double Bk_2 = 0.0;
+
+ for (unsigned int k = 0; k <= n; ++k)
+ {
+ if (k == 0)
+ {
+ a = 1.0; //a0
+ //recursion fomula for A0, B0
+ Ak = a;
+ Bk = 1.0;
+ }
+ else if (k == 1)
+ {
+ a = 1.0; //a1
+ b = z/c; //b1
+ //recursion fomula for A1, B1
+ Ak = a * Ak_1 + b * 1.0;
+ Bk = a * Bk_1;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ a = 1 + (z / (k * ((k - 1) + c)));//ak
+ b = -(z / (k * ((k - 1) + c))); //bk
+ //recursion fomula for Ak, Bk
+ Ak = a * Ak_1 + b * Ak_2;
+ Bk = a * Bk_1 + b * Bk_2;
+ }
+ //save old values
+ Ak_2 = Ak_1;
+ Bk_2 = Bk_1;
+ Ak_1 = Ak;
+ Bk_1 = Bk;
+ }
+ //approximation fraction
+ return Ak/Bk;
+}
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23fdfea --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +#include <math.h>
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates pochhammer
+ * @param (a+n-1)!
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double pochhammer(const double x, double n)
+{
+ double temp = x;
+
+ if (n > 0)
+ {
+ while (n > 1)
+ {
+ temp *= (x + n - 1);
+ --n;
+ }
+
+ return temp;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Factorial
+ * @param n!
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fac(int n)
+{
+ double temp = n;
+
+ if (n > 0)
+ {
+ while (n > 1)
+ {
+ --n;
+ temp *= n;
+ }
+ return temp;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;b;z)
+ * @param c in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param n number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double powerseries(const double c, const double z, unsigned int n)
+{
+ double temp = 0.0;
+
+ for (unsigned int k = 0; k < n; ++k)
+ {
+ temp += pow(z, k) / (factorial(k) * pochhammer(c, k));
+ }
+
+ return temp;
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex index 264ad56..0b1020f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,24 @@ -% -% main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <0f1> -% -% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:0f1}} -\lhead{Thema} -\begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/0f1/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil3.tex} - -\printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] -\end{refsection} +%
+% main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <0f1>
+%
+% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+%
+
+
+
+\chapter{Algorithmus zur Berechnung von $\mathstrut_0F_1$\label{chapter:0f1}}
+\lhead{Algorithmus zur Berechnung von $\mathstrut_0F_1$}
+\begin{refsection}
+\chapterauthor{Fabian Dünki}
+
+
+
+
+\input{papers/0f1/teil0.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil1.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil2.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil3.tex}
+
+\printbibliography[heading=subbibliography]
+\end{refsection}
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib b/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib index fb9cd8b..47555da 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,82 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{0f1:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{0f1:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{0f1:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{0f1:library-gsl, + title = {GNU Scientific Library}, + url ={https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} } +@online{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion, + title = {Airy-Funktion}, + url ={https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy-Funktion}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wiki-kettenbruch, + title = {Kettenbruch}, + url ={https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettenbruch}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {25} +} + +@online{0f1:double, + title = {C - Data Types}, + url ={https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_data_types.htm}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wolfram-0f1, + title = {Hypergeometric 0F1}, + url ={https://functions.wolfram.com/webMathematica/FunctionEvaluation.jsp?name=Hypergeometric0F1}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wiki-fraction, + title = {Gauss continued fraction}, + url ={https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_continued_fraction}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:code, + title = {Vollständiger C-Code}, + url ={https://github.com/AndreasFMueller/SeminarSpezielleFunktionen/tree/master/buch/papers/0f1/listings}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@book{0f1:SeminarNumerik, + title = {Mathematisches Seminar Numerik}, + author = {Andreas Müller et al}, + publisher = {Andreas Müller}, + year = {2022}, +} + +@article{0f1:kettenbrueche, + author = { Benjamin Bouhafs-Keller }, + title = { Kettenbrüche }, + journal = { Mathematisches Seminar Numerik }, + year = 2020, + volume = 13, + pages = {363--376}, + url = {https://github.com/AndreasFMueller/SeminarNumerik} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex index 9087808..335cf92 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex @@ -1,22 +1,15 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{0f1:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{0f1:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - +%
+% einleitung.tex -- Einleitung
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Ausgangslage\label{0f1:section:ausgangslage}}
+\rhead{Ausgangslage}
+Die hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ wird in vielen Funktionen als Basisfunktion benutzt,
+zum Beispiel um die Airy-Funktion zu berechnen.
+In der GNU Scientific Library \cite{0f1:library-gsl}
+ist die Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ vorhanden.
+Allerdings wirft die Funktion bei negativen Übergabewerten wie zum Beispiel \verb+gsl_sf_hyperg_0F1(1, -1)+ eine Exception.
+Bei genauerer Untersuchung hat sich gezeigt, dass die Funktion je nach Betriebssystem funktioniert oder eben nicht.
+So kann die Funktion unter Windows fehlerfrei aufgerufen werden, beim Mac OS und Linux sind negative Übergabeparameter im Moment nicht möglich.
+Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu evaluieren, ob es mit einfachen mathematischen Operationen möglich ist, die hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ zu implementieren.
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex index aca84d2..8d00f95 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex @@ -1,55 +1,100 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{0f1:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{0f1:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{0f1:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{0f1:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil1.tex -- Mathematischer Hintergrund
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Mathematischer Hintergrund
+\label{0f1:section:mathHintergrund}}
+\rhead{Mathematischer Hintergrund}
+Basierend auf den Herleitungen des Abschnittes \ref{buch:rekursion:section:hypergeometrische-funktion} werden im nachfolgenden Abschnitt nochmals die Resultate beschrieben.
+
+\subsection{Hypergeometrische Funktion
+\label{0f1:subsection:hypergeometrisch}}
+Als Grundlage der umgesetzten Algorithmen dient die hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$. Diese ist ein Speziallfall der allgemein definierten Funktion $\mathstrut_pF_q$.
+
+\begin{definition}
+ \label{0f1:math:qFp:def}
+ Die hypergeometrische Funktion
+ $\mathstrut_pF_q$ ist definiert durch die Reihe
+ \[
+ \mathstrut_pF_q
+ \biggl(
+ \begin{matrix}
+ a_1,\dots,a_p\\
+ b_1,\dots,b_q
+ \end{matrix}
+ ;
+ x
+ \biggr)
+ =
+ \mathstrut_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;b_1,\dots,b_q;x)
+ =
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{(a_1)_k\cdots(a_p)_k}{(b_1)_k\cdots(b_q)_k}\frac{x^k}{k!}.
+ \]
+\end{definition}
+
+Angewendet auf die Funktion $\mathstrut_pF_q$ ergibt sich für $\mathstrut_0F_1$:
+
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1
+ \biggl(
+ \begin{matrix}
+ \text{---}
+ \\\
+ b_1
+ \end{matrix}
+ ;
+ x
+ \biggr)
+ =
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;b_1;x)
+ =
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{x^k}{(b_1)_k \cdot k!}.
+\end{equation}
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Airy-Funktion
+\label{0f1:subsection:airy}}
+Die Funktion $\operatorname{Ai}(x)$ und die verwandte Funktion $\operatorname{Bi}(x)$ werden als Airy-Funktion bezeichnet. Sie werden zur Lösung verschiedener physikalischer Probleme benutzt, wie zum Beispiel zur Lösung der Schrödinger-Gleichung \cite{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion}.
+
+\begin{definition}
+ \label{0f1:airy:differentialgleichung:def}
+ Die Differentialgleichung
+ $y'' - xy = 0$
+ heisst die {\em Airy-Differentialgleichung}.
+\end{definition}
+
+Die Airy-Funktion lässt sich auf verschiedene Arten darstellen.
+Als hypergeometrische Funktion berechnet, ergeben sich wie in Abschnitt \ref{buch:differentialgleichungen:section:hypergeometrisch} hergeleitet, folgende Lösungen der Airy-Differentialgleichung zu den Anfangsbedingungen $\operatorname{Ai}(0)=1$ und $\operatorname{Ai}'(0)=0$, sowie $\operatorname{Bi}(0)=0$ und $\operatorname{Bi}'(0)=1$:
+
+\begin{align}
+\label{0f1:airy:hypergeometrisch:eq}
+\operatorname{Ai}(x)
+=&
+\sum_{k=0}^\infty
+\frac{1}{(\frac23)_k} \frac{1}{k!}\biggl(\frac{x^3}{9}\biggr)^k
+=
+\mathstrut_0F_1\biggl(
+\begin{matrix}\text{---}\\\frac23\end{matrix};\frac{x^3}{9}
+\biggr).
+\\
+\operatorname{Bi}(x)
+=&
+\sum_{k=0}^\infty
+\frac{1}{(\frac43)_k} \frac{1}{k!}\biggl(\frac{x^3}{9}\biggr)^k
+=
+x\cdot\mathstrut_0F_1\biggl(
+\begin{matrix}\text{---}\\\frac43\end{matrix};
+\frac{x^3}{9}
+\biggr).
+\qedhere
+\end{align}
+
+Um die Stabilität der Algorithmen zu $\mathstrut_0F_1$ zu überprüfen, wird in dieser Arbeit die Airy Funktion $\operatorname{Ai}(x)$ benutzt.
+
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex index 804d11b..fdcb0fc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex @@ -1,40 +1,216 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{0f1:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil2.tex -- Umsetzung in C Programmen
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Umsetzung
+\label{0f1:section:teil2}}
+\rhead{Umsetzung}
+Zur Umsetzung wurden drei verschiedene Ansätze gewählt, die in vollständiger Form auf Github \cite{0f1:code} zu finden sind. Dabei wurde der Schwerpunkt auf die Funktionalität und eine gute Lesbarkeit des Codes gelegt.
+Die Unterprogramme wurde jeweils, wie die GNU Scientific Library, in C geschrieben. Die Zwischenresultate wurden vom Hauptprogramm in einem CSV-File gespeichert. Anschliessen wurde mit der Matplot-Library in Python die Resultate geplottet.
+
+\subsection{Potenzreihe
+\label{0f1:subsection:potenzreihe}}
+Die naheliegendste Lösung ist die Programmierung der Potenzreihe
+
+\begin{align}
+ \label{0f1:umsetzung:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)
+ &=
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{z^k}{(c)_k \cdot k!}
+ &=
+ \frac{1}{c}
+ +\frac{z^1}{(c+1) \cdot 1}
+ + \cdots
+ + \frac{z^{20}}{c(c+1)(c+2)\cdots(c+19) \cdot 2.4 \cdot 10^{18}}.
+\end{align}
+
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Potenzreihe.},label={0f1:listing:potenzreihe}, firstline=59]{papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c}
+
+\subsection{Kettenbruch
+\label{0f1:subsection:kettenbruch}}
+Eine weitere Variante zur Berechnung von $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ ist die Umsetzung als Kettenbruch.
+Der Vorteil einer Umsetzung als Kettenbruch gegenüber der Potenzreihe ist die schnellere Konvergenz.
+
+\subsubsection{Grundlage}
+Ein endlicher Kettenbruch \cite{0f1:wiki-kettenbruch} ist ein Bruch der Form
+\begin{equation*}
+a_0 + \cfrac{b_1}{a_1+\cfrac{b_2}{a_2+\cfrac{b_3}{a_3+\cdots}}},
+\end{equation*}
+in welchem $a_0, a_1,\dots,a_n$ und $b_1,b_2,\dots,b_n$ ganze Zahlen sind.
+
+\subsubsection{Rekursionsbeziehungen und Kettenbrüche}
+Wenn es eine Relation analytischer Funktion $f_i(z)$ hat, dann gibt es einen Kettenbruch für das Verhältnis $\frac{f_i(z)}{f_{i-1}(z)}$ \cite{0f1:wiki-fraction}.
+Nimmt man die Gleichung
+\begin{equation*}
+ f_{i-1} - f_i = k_i z f_{i+1},
+\end{equation*}
+wo $f_i$ analytische Funktionen sind und $i > 0$ ist, sowie $k_i$ konstant.
+Ergibt sich der Zusammenhang
+\begin{equation*}
+ \cfrac{f_i}{f_{i-1}} = \cfrac{1}{1+k_iz\cfrac{f_{i+1}}{f_i}}.
+\end{equation*}
+Geht man einen Schritt weiter und nimmt für $g_i = \frac{f_i}{f_{i-1}}$ an, kommt man zur Formel
+\begin{equation*}
+ g_i = \cfrac{1}{1+k_izg_{i+1}}.
+\end{equation*}
+Setzt man dies nun für $g_1$ in den Bruch ein, ergibt sich
+\begin{equation*}
+ g_1 = \cfrac{f_1}{f_0} = \cfrac{1}{1+k_izg_2} = \cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{k_1z}{1+k_2zg_3}} = \cdots
+\end{equation*}
+Repetiert man dies unendlich, erhält man einen Kettenbruch in der Form:
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:rekursion:eq}
+ \cfrac{f_1}{f_0} = \cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{k_1z}{1+\cfrac{k_2z}{1+\cfrac{k_3z}{\cdots}}}}.
+\end{equation}
+
+\subsubsection{Rekursion für $\mathstrut_0F_1$}
+Angewendet auf die Potenzreihe
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:potenzreihe:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z) = 1 + \frac{z}{c\cdot1!} + \frac{z^2}{c(c+1)\cdot2!} + \frac{z^3}{c(c+1)(c+2)\cdot3!} + \cdots
+\end{equation}
+kann durch Substitution bewiesen werden, dass
+\begin{equation*}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c-1;z) - \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z) = \frac{z}{c(c-1)} \cdot \mathstrut_0F_1(;c+1;z)
+\end{equation*}
+eine Relation dazu ist.
+Wenn man für $f_i$ und $k_i$ die Annahme
+\begin{align*}
+ f_i =& \mathstrut_0F_1(;c+i;z)\\
+ k_i =& \frac{1}{(c+i)(c+i-1)}
+\end{align*}
+trifft und in die Formel \eqref{0f1:math:rekursion:eq} einsetzt, erhält man:
+\begin{equation*}
+ \cfrac{\mathstrut_0F_1(;c+1;z)}{\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)} = \cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{\cfrac{z}{c(c+1)}}{1+\cfrac{\cfrac{z}{(c+1)(c+2)}}{1+\cfrac{\cfrac{z}{(c+2)(c+3)}}{\cdots}}}}.
+\end{equation*}
+
+\subsubsection{Algorithmus}
+Da mit obigen Formeln nur ein Verhältnis zwischen $ \frac{\mathstrut_0F_1(;c+1;z)}{\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)}$ berechnet wurde, braucht es weitere Relationen um $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ zu erhalten.
+So ergeben ähnliche Relationen nach Wolfram Alpha \cite{0f1:wolfram-0f1} den Kettenbruch
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:kettenbruch:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z) = 1 + \cfrac{\cfrac{z}{c}}{1+\cfrac{-\cfrac{z}{2(c+1)}}{1+\cfrac{z}{2(c+1)}+\cfrac{-\cfrac{z}{3(c+2)}}{1+\cfrac{z}{5(c+4)} + \cdots}}},
+\end{equation}
+der als Code (Listing \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ}) umgesetzt wurde.
+
+
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Iterativ umgesetzter Kettenbruch.},label={0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ}, firstline=8]{papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c}
+
+\subsection{Rekursionsformel
+\label{0f1:subsection:rekursionsformel}}
+Wesentlich stabiler zur Berechnung eines Kettenbruches ist die Rekursionsformel. Nachfolgend wird die verkürzte Herleitung vom Kettenbruch zur Rekursionsformel aufgezeigt. Eine vollständige Schritt für Schritt Herleitung ist im Seminarbuch Numerik, im Kapitel Kettenbrüche \cite{0f1:kettenbrueche} zu finden.
+
+\subsubsection{Herleitung}
+Ein Näherungsbruch in der Form
+\begin{align*}
+ \cfrac{A_k}{B_k} = a_k + \cfrac{b_{k + 1}}{a_{k + 1} + \cfrac{p}{q}}
+\end{align*}
+lässt sich zu
+\begin{align*}
+ \cfrac{A_k}{B_k} = \cfrac{b_{k+1}}{a_{k+1} + \cfrac{p}{q}} = \frac{b_{k+1} \cdot q}{a_{k+1} \cdot q + p}
+\end{align*}
+umformen.
+Dies lässt sich auch durch die Matrizenschreibweise
+\begin{equation*}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_k\\
+ B_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ = \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_{k+1} \cdot q\\
+ a_{k+1} \cdot q + p
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ =\begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_{k+1}\\
+ 1& a_{k+1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ p \\
+ q
+ \end{pmatrix}.
+ %\label{0f1:math:rekursionsformel:herleitung}
+\end{equation*}
+ausdrücken.
+Wendet man dies nun auf den Kettenbruch in der Form
+\begin{equation*}
+ \frac{A_k}{B_k} = a_0 + \cfrac{b_1}{a_1+\cfrac{b_2}{a_2+\cfrac{\cdots}{\cdots+\cfrac{b_{k-1}}{a_{k-1} + \cfrac{b_k}{a_k}}}}}
+\end{equation*}
+an, ergibt sich die Matrixdarstellungen:
+
+\begin{align*}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_k\\
+ B_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ &=
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 1& a_0\\
+ 0& 1
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_1\\
+ 1& a_1
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \cdots
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_{k-1}\\
+ 1& a_{k-1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_k\\
+ a_k
+ \end{pmatrix}.
+\end{align*}
+Nach vollständiger Induktion ergibt sich für den Schritt $k$, die Matrix
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:matrix:ende:eq}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_{k}\\
+ B_{k}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ =
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_{k-2}& A_{k-1}\\
+ B_{k-2}& B_{k-1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_k\\
+ a_k
+ \end{pmatrix}.
+\end{equation}
+Und schlussendlich kann der Näherungsbruch
+\[
+\frac{A_k}{B_k}
+\]
+berechnet werden.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Algorithmus}
+Die Berechnung von $A_k, B_k$ gemäss \eqref{0f1:math:matrix:ende:eq} kann man auch ohne die Matrizenschreibweise \cite{0f1:kettenbrueche} aufschreiben:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Startbedingungen:
+\begin{align*}
+A_{-1} &= 0 & A_0 &= a_0 \\
+B_{-1} &= 1 & B_0 &= 1
+\end{align*}
+\item Schritt $k\to k+1$:
+\[
+\begin{aligned}
+\label{0f1:math:loesung:eq}
+k &\rightarrow k + 1:
+&
+A_{k+1} &= A_{k-1} \cdot b_k + A_k \cdot a_k \\
+&&
+B_{k+1} &= B_{k-1} \cdot b_k + B_k \cdot a_k
+\end{aligned}
+\]
+\item
+Näherungsbruch: \qquad$\displaystyle\frac{A_k}{B_k}$.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Ein grosser Vorteil dieser Umsetzung als Rekursionsformel \eqref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion} ist, dass im Vergleich zum Code (Listing \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ}) eine Division gespart werden kann und somit weniger Rundungsfehler entstehen können.
+
+%Code
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Rekursionsformel für Kettenbruch.},label={0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion}, firstline=8]{papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex index 25472cb..147668a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex @@ -1,40 +1,59 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{0f1:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil3.tex -- Resultate und Ausblick
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Auswertung
+\label{0f1:section:teil3}}
+\rhead{Resultate}
+Im Verlauf dieser Arbeit hat sich gezeigt,
+das einen einfachen mathematischen Algorithmus zu implementieren gar nicht so einfach ist.
+So haben alle drei umgesetzten Ansätze Probleme mit grossen negativen $z$ in der Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$.
+Ebenso kann festgestellt werden, dass je grösser der Wert $z$ in $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ wird, desto mehr weichen die berechneten Resultate von den Erwarteten \cite{0f1:wolfram-0f1} ab.
+
+\subsection{Konvergenz
+\label{0f1:subsection:konvergenz}}
+Es zeigt sich in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:konvergenz}, dass nach drei Iterationen ($k = 3$) die Funktionen genaue Resultate im Bereich von $-2$ bis $2$ liefert. Ebenso kann festgestellt werden, dass der Kettenbruch schneller konvergiert und im positiven Bereich mit der Referenzfunktion $\operatorname{Ai}(x)$ übereinstimmt. Da die Rekursionsformel eine Abwandlung des Kettenbruches ist, verhalten sich die Funktionen in diesem Fall gleich.
+
+Erst wenn mehrerer Iterationen gerechnet werden, ist wie in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv} dargestellt, der Kettenbruch den anderen zwei Algorithmen bezüglich Konvergenz überlegen. Bei der Rekursionsformel muss beachtet werden, dass sie zwar erst nach 35 Approximationen gänzlich konvergiert, allerdings nach 27 Iterationen sich nicht mehr gross verändert.
+
+Ist $z$ negativ, wie in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:negativ}, führt dies aufgrund des Vorzeichens zu alternierenden Termen. So steigt bei allen Algorithmen zuerst die Differenz zum erwarteten Endwert. Erst nach genügend Iterationen sind die Terme so klein, dass sie das Endresultat nicht mehr signifikant beeinflussen. Während die Potenzreihe zusammen mit dem Kettenbruch nach 34 Approximationen konvergiert, braucht die Rekursionsformel noch zwei Iterationen mehr.
+
+
+\subsection{Stabilität
+\label{0f1:subsection:Stabilitaet}}
+Verändert sich der Wert von $z$ in $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ gegen grössere positive Werte, wie zum Beispiel $c = 800$ liefert die Kettenbruch-Funktion (Listing \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ}) \verb+inf+ zurück. Dies könnte durch ein Abbruchkriterien abgefangen werden. Allerdings würde das bei grossen Werten zulasten der Genauigkeit gehen. Trotzdem könnte, je nach Anwendung, auf ein paar Nachkommastellen verzichtet werden.
+
+Wohingegen die Potenzreihe (Listing \ref{0f1:listing:potenzreihe}) das Problem hat, dass je mehr Terme berechnet werden, desto schneller wächst die Fakultät im Nenner. Dies führt zu einer Bereichsüberschreitung des \verb+double+ Bereiches \cite{0f1:double}, der spätesten ab $k=167$ eintritt. Schlussendlich gibt das Unterprogramm das Resultat \verb+-nan(ind)+ zurück.
+Die Rekursionformel \eqref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion} liefert für sehr grosse positive Werte die genausten Ergebnisse, verglichen mit der GNU Scientific Library. Wie schon vermutet ist die Rekursionsformel, im positivem Bereich, der stabilste Algorithmus. Um die Konvergenz zu gewährleisten, muss wie in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv} dargestellt, die Iterationstiefe $k$ genug gross gewählt werden.
+
+Im negativem Bereich sind alle gewählten und umgesetzten Ansätze instabil. Grund dafür ist die Potenz von $z$, was zum Phänomen der Auslöschung \cite{0f1:SeminarNumerik} führt. Schön zu beobachten ist dies in der Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:stabilitaet} mit der Airy-Funktion als Test. So sind nach Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:stabilitaet} die Potenzreihe, der Kettenbruch, als auch die Rekursionsformel, bis ungefähr $\frac{-15^3}{9}$ stabil. Dies macht auch Sinn, da alle Algorithmen auf der gleichen mathematischen Grundlage basieren. Danach verhält sich allerdings die Instabilität unterschiedlich. Diese programmiertechnischen Unterschiede sind auch in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv} und \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:negativ} festzustellen.
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz nach drei Iterationen, dargestellt anhand der Airy Funktion zu den Anfangsbedingungen $\operatorname{Ai}(0)=1$ und $\operatorname{Ai}'(0)=0$.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:konvergenz}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz mit positivem $z$; Logarithmisch dargestellter absoluter Fehler.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz mit negativem $z$; Logarithmisch dargestellter absoluter Fehler.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:negativ}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf}
+ \caption{Stabilität der drei Algorithmen verglichen mit der Referenz Funktion $\operatorname{Ai}(x)$.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:stabilitaet}}
+\end{figure}
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/common/addpapers.tex b/buch/papers/common/addpapers.tex index dd2b07a..eb353d7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/common/addpapers.tex +++ b/buch/papers/common/addpapers.tex @@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\input{papers/000template/main.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/main.tex} \input{papers/fm/main.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/main.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/common/paperlist b/buch/papers/common/paperlist index d4e5c20..f607279 100644 --- a/buch/papers/common/paperlist +++ b/buch/papers/common/paperlist @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -000template lambertw fm parzyl diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex index 75ba410..d7bc769 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex @@ -3,19 +3,21 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Dreieckstest und Beta-Funktion\label{chapter:dreieck}} -\lhead{Dreieckstest und Beta-Funktion} +\chapter{$\int P(t) e^{-t^2} \,dt$ in geschlossener Form? +\label{chapter:dreieck}} +\lhead{Integrierbarkeit in geschlossener Form} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Andreas Müller} \noindent -Mit dem Dreieckstest kann man feststellen, wie gut ein Geruchs- -oder Geschmackstester verschiedene Gerüche oder Geschmäcker -unterscheiden kann. -Seine wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische Erklärung benötigt die Beta-Funktion, -man kann die Beta-Funktion als durchaus als die mathematische Grundlage -der Weindegustation -bezeichnen. +Der Risch-Algorithmus erlaubt, eine definitive Antwort darauf zu geben, +\index{Risch-Algorithmus}% +\index{elementare Stammfunktion}% +ob eine elementare Funktion eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener Form hat. +Der Algorithmus ist jedoch ziemlich kompliziert. +In diesem Kapitel soll ein spezieller Fall mit Hilfe der Theorie der +orthogonale Polynome, speziell der Hermite-Polynome, behandelt werden, +wie er in der Arbeit \cite{dreieck:polint} untersucht wurde. \input{papers/dreieck/teil0.tex} \input{papers/dreieck/teil1.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib b/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib index d2bbe08..47bd865 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,12 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{dreieck:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@article{dreieck:polint, + author = { George Stoica }, + title = { Polynomials and Integration in Finite Terms }, + journal = { Amer. Math. Monthly }, + volume = 129, + year = 2022, + number = 1, + pages = {80--81} } - -@book{dreieck:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{dreieck:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} -} - diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex index bcf2cf8..f9affe7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex @@ -3,7 +3,48 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Testprinzip\label{dreieck:section:testprinzip}} -\rhead{Testprinzip} +\section{Problemstellung\label{dreieck:section:problemstellung}} +\rhead{Problemstellung} +Es ist bekannt, dass das Fehlerintegral +\[ +\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \int_{-\infty}^x e^{-\frac{t^2}{2\sigma}}\,dt +\] +nicht in geschlossener Form dargestellt werden kann. +Mit der in Kapitel~\ref{buch:chapter:integral} skizzierten Theorie von +Liouville und dem Risch-Algorithmus kann dies strengt gezeigt werden. +Andererseits gibt es durchaus Integranden, die $e^{-t^2}$ enthalten, +für die eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener Form gefunden werden kann. +Zum Beispiel folgt aus der Ableitung +\[ +\frac{d}{dt} e^{-t^2} += +-2te^{-t^2} +\] +die Stammfunktion +\[ +\int te^{-t^2}\,dt += +-\frac12 e^{-t^2}. +\] +Leitet man $e^{-t^2}$ zweimal ab, erhält man +\[ +\frac{d^2}{dt^2} e^{-t^2} += +(4t^2-2) e^{-t^2} +\qquad\Rightarrow\qquad +\int (t^2-{\textstyle\frac12}) e^{-t^2}\,dt += +{\textstyle\frac14} +e^{-t^2}. +\] +Es gibt also viele weitere Polynome $P(t)$, für die der Integrand +$P(t)e^{-t^2}$ eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener Form hat. +Damit stellt sich jetzt das folgende allgemeine Problem. + +\begin{problem} +\label{dreieck:problem} +Für welche Polynome $P(t)$ hat der Integrand $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ +eine elementare Stammfunktion? +\end{problem} diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex index 4abe2e1..45c1a23 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex @@ -3,9 +3,92 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Ordnungsstatistik und Beta-Funktion -\label{dreieck:section:ordnungsstatistik}} -\rhead{} +\section{Hermite-Polynome +\label{dreieck:section:hermite-polynome}} +\rhead{Hermite-Polyome} +In Abschnitt~\ref{dreieck:section:problemstellung} hat sich schon angedeutet, +dass die Polynome, die man durch Ableiten von $e^{-t^2}$ erhalten +kann, bezüglich des gestellten Problems besondere Eigenschaften +haben. +Zunächst halten wir fest, dass die Ableitung einer Funktion der Form +$P(t)e^{-t^2}$ mit einem Polynom $P(t)$ +\begin{equation} +\frac{d}{dt} P(t)e^{-t^2} += +P'(t)e^{-t^2} -2tP(t)e^{-t^2} += +(P'(t)-2tP(t)) e^{-t^2} +\label{dreieck:eqn:ableitung} +\end{equation} +ist. +Insbesondere hat die Ableitung wieder die Form $Q(t)e^{-t^2}$ +mit einem Polynome $Q(t)$, welches man auch als +\[ +Q(t) += +e^{t^2}\frac{d}{dt}P(t)e^{-t^2} +\] +erhalten kann. +Die Polynome, die man aus der Funktion $H_0(t)=e^{-t^2}$ durch +Ableiten erhalten kann, wurden bereits in +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:orthogonalitaet:section:rodrigues} +bis auf ein Vorzeichen hergeleitet, sie heissen die Hermite-Polynome +\index{Hermite-Polynome}% +und es gilt +\[ +H_n(t) += +(-1)^n +e^{t^2} \frac{d^n}{dt^n} e^{-t^2}. +\] +Das Vorzeichen dient dazu sicherzustellen, dass der Leitkoeffizient +immer $1$ ist. +Das Polynom $H_n(t)$ hat den Grad $n$. + +In Abschnitt wurde auch gezeigt, dass die Polynome $H_n(t)$ +bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +\[ +\langle f,g\rangle_{w} += +\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t)g(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt, +\qquad +w(t)=e^{-t^2}, +\] +orthogonal sind. +Ausserdem folgt aus \eqref{dreieck:eqn:ableitung} +die Rekursionsbeziehung +\begin{equation} +H_{n}(t) += +2tH_{n-1}(t) +- +H_{n-1}'(t) +\label{dreieck:eqn:rekursion} +\end{equation} +für $n>0$. + +Im Hinblick auf die Problemstellung ist jetzt die Frage interessant, +ob die Integranden $H_n(t)e^{-t^2}$ eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener +Form haben. +Mit Hilfe der Rekursionsbeziehung~\eqref{dreieck:eqn:rekursion} +kann man für $n>0$ unmittelbar verifizieren, dass +\begin{align*} +\int H_n(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt +&= +\int \bigl( 2tH_{n-1}(t) - H'_{n-1}(t)\bigr)e^{-t^2}\,dt +\\ +&= +-\int \bigl( \exp'(-t^2) H_{n-1}(t) + H'_{n-1}(t)\bigr)e^{-t^2}\,dt +\\ +&= +-\int \bigl( e^{-t^2}H_{n-1}(t)\bigr)' \,dt += +-e^{-t^2}H_{n-1}(t) +\end{align*} +ist. +Für $n>0$ hat also $H_n(t)e^{-t^2}$ eine elementare Stammfunktion. +Die Hermite-Polynome sind also Lösungen für das +Problem~\ref{dreieck:problem}. diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex index 83ea3cb..8e89f6a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex @@ -3,7 +3,113 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Wahrscheinlichkeiten im Dreieckstest -\label{dreieck:section:wahrscheinlichkeiten}} -\rhead{Wahrscheinlichkeiten} +\section{Beliebige Polynome +\label{dreieck:section:beliebig}} +\rhead{Beliebige Polynome} +Im Abschnitt~\ref{dreieck:section:hermite-polynome} wurden die +Hermite-Polynome $H_n(t)$ mit $n>0$ als Lösungen des gestellten +Problems erkannt. +Eine Linearkombination von solchen Polynomen hat natürlich +ebenfalls eine elementare Stammfunktion. +Das Problem kann daher neu formuliert werden: + +\begin{problem} +\label{dreieck:problem2} +Welche Polynome $P(t)$ lassen sich aus den Hermite-Polynomen +$H_n(t)$ mit $n>0$ linear kombinieren? +\end{problem} + +Sei also +\[ +P(t) = p_0 + p_1t + \ldots + p_{n-1}t^{n-1} + p_nt^n +\] +ein beliebiges Polynom vom Grad $n$. +Eine elementare Stammfunktion von $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ existiert sicher, +wenn sich $P(t)$ aus den Funktionen $H_n(t)$ mit $n>0$ linear +kombinieren lässt. +Gesucht ist also zunächst eine Darstellung von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination +von Hermite-Polynomen. + +\begin{lemma} +Jedes Polynome $P(t)$ vom Grad $n$ lässt sich auf eindeutige Art und +Weise als Linearkombination +\begin{equation} +P(t) = a_0H_0(t) + a_1H_1(t) + \ldots + a_nH_n(t) += +\sum_{k=0}^n a_nH_n(t) +\label{dreieck:lemma} +\end{equation} +von Hermite-Polynomen schreiben. +\end{lemma} + +\begin{proof}[Beweis] +Zunächst halten wir fest, dass aus der +Rekursionsformel~\eqref{dreieck:eqn:rekursion} +folgt, dass der Leitkoeffizient bei jedem Rekursionsschnitt +mit $2$ multipliziert wird. +Der Leitkoeffizient von $H_n(t)$ ist also $2^n$. + +Wir führen den Beweis mit vollständiger Induktion. +Für $n=0$ ist $P(t)=p_0 = p_0 H_0(t)$ als Linearkombination von +Hermite-Polynomen darstellbar, dies ist die Induktionsverankerung. + +Wir nehmen jetzt im Sinne der Induktionsannahme an, +dass sich ein Polynom vom Grad $n-1$ als +Linearkombination der Polynome $H_0(t),\dots,H_{n-1}(t)$ schreiben +lässt und untersuchen ein Polynom $P(t)$ vom Grad $n$. +Da der Leitkoeffizient des Polynoms $H_n(t)$ ist $2^n$, ist zerlegen +wir +\[ +P(t) += +\underbrace{\biggl(P(t) - \frac{p_n}{2^n} H_n(t)\biggr)}_{\displaystyle = Q(t)} ++ +\frac{p_n}{2^n} H_n(t). +\] +Das Polynom $Q(t)$ hat Grad $n-1$, besitzt also nach Induktionsannahme +eine Darstellung +\[ +Q(t) = a_0H_0(t)+a_1H_1(t)+\ldots+a_{n-1}H_{n-1}(t) +\] +als Linearkombination der Polynome $H_0(t),\dots,H_{n-1}(t)$. +Somit ist +\[ +P(t) += a_0H_0(t)+a_1H_1(t)+\ldots+a_{n-1}H_{n-1}(t) + +\frac{p_n}{2^n} H_n(t) +\] +eine Darstellung von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination der Polynome +$H_0(t),\dots,H_n(t)$. +Damit ist der Induktionsschritt vollzogen und das Lemma für alle +$n$ bewiesen. +\end{proof} + +\begin{satz} +\label{dreieck:satz1} +Die Funktion $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ hat genau dann eine elementare Stammfunktion, +wenn in der Darstellung~\eqref{dreieck:lemma} +von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination von Hermite-Polynomen $a_0=0$ gilt. +\end{satz} + +\begin{proof}[Beweis] +Es ist +\begin{align*} +\int P(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt +&= +a_0\int e^{-t^2}\,dt ++ +\int +\sum_{k=1} a_kH_k(t)\,dt +\\ +&= +a_0 +\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}2 +\operatorname{erf}(t) ++ +\sum_{k=1} a_k\int H_k(t)\,dt. +\end{align*} +Da die Integrale in der Summe alle elementar darstellbar sind, +ist das Integral genau dann elementar, wenn $a_0=0$ ist. +\end{proof} + diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex index e2dfd6b..c0c046a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex @@ -3,8 +3,75 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Erweiterungen -\label{dreieck:section:erweiterungen}} -\rhead{Erweiterungen} +\section{Integralbedingung +\label{dreieck:section:integralbedingung}} +\rhead{Lösung} +Die Tatsache, dass die Hermite-Polynome orthogonal sind, erlaubt, das +Kriterium von Satz~\ref{dreieck:satz1} in einer besonders attraktiven +Integralform zu formulieren. + +Aus den Polynomen $H_n(t)$ lassen sich durch Normierung die +\index{orthogonale Polynome}% +\index{Polynome, orthogonale}% +orthonormierten Polynome +\[ +\tilde{H}_n(t) += +\frac{1}{\| H_n\|_w} H_n(t) +\qquad\text{mit}\quad +\|H_n\|_w^2 += +\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_n(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt +\] +bilden. +Da diese Polynome eine orthonormierte Basis des Vektorraums der Polynome +bilden, kann die gesuchte Zerlegung eines Polynoms $P(t)$ auch mit +Hilfe des Skalarproduktes gefunden werden: +\begin{align*} +P(t) +&= +\sum_{k=1}^n +\langle \tilde{H}_k, P\rangle_w +\tilde{H}_k(t) += +\sum_{k=1}^n +\biggl\langle \frac{H_k}{\|H_k\|_w}, P\biggr\rangle_w +\frac{H_k(t)}{\|H_k\|_w} += +\sum_{k=1}^n +\underbrace{ +\frac{ \langle H_k, P\rangle_w }{\|H_k\|_w^2} +}_{\displaystyle =a_k} +H_k(t). +\end{align*} +Die Darstellung von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination von Hermite-Polynomen +hat somit die Koeffizienten +\[ +a_k = \frac{\langle H_k,P\rangle_w}{\|H_k\|_w^2}. +\] +Aus dem Kriterium $a_0=0$ dafür, dass eine elementare Stammfunktion +von $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ existiert, wird daher die Bedingung, dass +$\langle H_0,P\rangle_w=0$ ist. +Da $H_0(t)=1$ ist, folgt als Bedingung +\[ +a_0 += +\langle H_0,P\rangle_w += +\int_{-\infty}^\infty P(t) e^{-t^2}\,dt += +0. +\] + +\begin{satz} +Ein Integrand der Form $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ mit einem Polynom $P(t)$ +hat genau dann eine elementare Stammfunktion, wenn +\[ +\int_{-\infty}^\infty P(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt = 0 +\] +ist. +\end{satz} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc index 8f20278..97e4089 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/Makefile.inc @@ -3,12 +3,11 @@ # # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # -dependencies-ellfilter = \ - papers/ellfilter/packages.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/main.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/references.bib \ - papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex \ - papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex - +dependencies-ellfilter = \ + papers/ellfilter/packages.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/main.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/references.bib \ + papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex \ + papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae7127f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +\section{Einleitung} + +Filter sind womöglich eines der wichtigsten Elementen in der Signalverarbeitung und finden Anwendungen in der digitalen und analogen Elektrotechnik. +Besonders hilfreich ist die Untergruppe der linearen Filter. +Elektronische Schaltungen mit linearen Bauelementen wie Kondensatoren, Spulen und Widerständen führen immer zu linearen zeitinvarianten Systemen (LTI-System von englich \textit{time-invariant system}). +Durch die Linearität werden beim das Filtern keine neuen Frequenzanteile erzeugt, was es erlaubt, einen Frequenzanteil eines Signals verzerrungsfrei herauszufiltern. %TODO review sentence +Diese Eigenschaft macht es Sinnvoll, lineare Filter im Frequenzbereich zu beschreiben. +Die Übertragungsfunktion eines linearen Filters im Frequenzbereich $H(\Omega)$ ist dabei immer eine rationale Funktion, also ein Quotient von zwei Polynomen. +Dabei ist $\Omega = 2 \pi f$ die Frequenzeinheit. +Die Polynome haben dabei immer reelle oder komplex-konjugierte Nullstellen. + +Ein breit angewendeter Filtertyp ist das Tiefpassfilter, welches beabsichtigt alle Frequenzen eines Signals oberhalb der Grenzfrequenz $\Omega_p$ auszulöschen. +Der Rest soll dabei unverändert passieren. +Aus dem Tiefpassifilter können dann durch Transformationen auch Hochpassfilter, Bandpassfilter und Bandsperren realisiert werden. +Ein solches Filter hat idealerweise die Frequenzantwort +\begin{equation} + H(\Omega) = + \begin{cases} + 1 & \Omega < \Omega_p \\ + 0 & \Omega < \Omega_p + \end{cases}, +\end{equation} +wie dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:lp} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex} + \caption{Frequenzantwort eines Tiefpassfilters.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:lp} +\end{figure} +Leider ist eine solche Funktion nicht als rationale Funktion darstellbar. +Aus diesem Grund sind realisierbare Approximationen gesucht. +Jede Approximation wird einen kontinuierlichen Übergang zwischen Durchlassbereich und Sperrbereich aufweisen. +Oft wird dabei der Faktor $1/\sqrt{2}$ als Schwelle zwischen den beiden Bereichen gewählt. +Somit lassen sich lineare Tiefpassfilter mit folgender Funktion zusammenfassen: +\begin{equation} + | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 F_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p}, +\end{equation} +wobei $F_N(w)$ eine rationale Funktion ist, $|F_N(w)| \leq 1 ~\forall~ |w| \leq 1$ erfüllt und für $|w| \geq 1$ möglichst schnell divergiert. +Des weiteren müssen alle Nullstellen und Pole von $F_N$ auf der linken Halbebene liegen, damit das Filter implementierbar und stabil ist. +$w$ ist die normalisierte Frequenz, die es erlaubt ein Filter unabhängig von der Grenzfrequenz zu beschrieben. +Bei $w=1$ hat das Filter eine Dämpfung von $1/(1+\varepsilon^2)$. +$N \in \mathbb{N} $ gibt die Ordnung des Filters vor, also die maximale Anzahl Pole oder Nullstellen. +Je hoher $N$ gewählt wird, desto steiler ist der Übergang in denn Sperrbereich. +Grössere $N$ sind erfordern jedoch aufwendigere Implementierungen und haben mehr Phasenverschiebung. +Eine einfache Funktion, die für $F_N$ eingesetzt werden kann, ist das Polynom $w^N$. +Tatsächlich erhalten wir damit das Butterworth Filter, wie in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:butterworth} ersichtlich. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf} + \caption{$F_N$ für Butterworth filter. Der grüne und gelbe Bereich definiert die erlaubten Werte für alle $F_N$-Funktionen.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:butterworth} +\end{figure} +Eine Reihe von rationalen Funktionen können für $F_N$ eingesetzt werden, um Tiefpassfilter\-approximationen mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften zu erhalten: +\begin{align} + F_N(w) & = + \begin{cases} + w^N & \text{Butterworth} \\ + T_N(w) & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 1} \\ + [k_1 T_N (k^{-1} w^{-1})]^{-1} & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 2} \\ + R_N(w, \xi) & \text{Elliptisch} \\ + \end{cases} +\end{align} +Mit der Ausnahme vom Butterworth-Filter sind alle Filter nach speziellen Funktionen benannt. +Alle diese Filter sind optimal hinsichtlich einer Eigenschaft. +Das Butterworth-Filter, zum Beispiel, ist maximal flach im Durchlassbereich. +Das Tschebyscheff-1 Filter ist maximal steil für eine definierte Welligkeit im Durchlassbereich, währendem es im Sperrbereich monoton abfallend ist. +Es scheint so als sind gewisse Eigenschaften dieser speziellen Funktionen verantwortlich für die Optimalität dieser Filter. + +Dieses Paper betrachtet die Theorie hinter dem elliptischen Filter, dem wohl exotischsten dieser Auswahl. +Es weist sich aus durch den steilsten Übergangsbereich für eine gegebene Filterdesignspezifikation. +Des weiteren kann es als Verallgemeinerung des Tschebyscheff-Filters angesehen werden. + +% wenn $F_N(w)$ eine rationale Funktion ist, ist auch $H(\Omega)$ eine rationale Funktion und daher ein lineares Filter. %proof? diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67bcca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +\section{Elliptische rationale Funktionen} + +Kommen wir nun zum eigentlichen Teil dieses Papers, den elliptischen rationalen Funktionen \cite{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis} +\begin{align} + R_N(\xi, w) &= \cd \left(N~f_1(\xi)~\cd^{-1}(w, 1/\xi), f_2(\xi)\right) \label{ellfilter:eq:elliptic}\\ + &= \cd \left(N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k), k_1\right) , \quad k= 1/\xi, k_1 = 1/f(\xi) \\ + &= \cd \left(N~K_1~z , k_1 \right), \quad w= \cd(z K, k) +\end{align} +Beim Betrachten dieser Definition, fällt die Ähnlichkeit zur trigonometrische Darstellung der Tsche\-byschef-Polynome \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} auf. +Anstelle vom Kosinus kommt hier die $\cd$-Funktion zum Einsatz. +Die Ordnungszahl $N$ kommt auch als Faktor for. +Zusätzlich werden noch zwei verschiedene elliptische Moduli $k$ und $k_1$ gebraucht. +Bei $k = k_1 = 0$ wird der $\cd$ zum Kosinus und wir erhalten in diesem Spezialfall die Tschebyschef-Polynome. + +Durch das Konzept vom fundamentalen Rechteck, siehe Abbildung \ref{buch:elliptisch:fig:ellall} können für alle inversen Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen die Positionen der Null- und Polstellen anhand eines Diagramms ermittelt werden. +Die $\cd^{-1}(w, k)$-Funktion ist um $K$ verschoben zur $\sn^{-1}(w, k)$-Funktion, wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:cd}. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z$-Ebene der Funktion $z = \cd^{-1}(w, k)$. + Die Funktion ist in der realen Achse $4K$-periodisch und in der imaginären Achse $2jK^\prime$-periodisch. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:cd} +\end{figure} +Auffallend an der $w = \cd(z, k)$-Funktion ist, dass sich $w$ auf der reellen Achse wie der Kosinus immer zwischen $-1$ und $1$ bewegt, während bei $\mathrm{Im(z) = K^\prime}$ die Werte zwischen $\pm 1/k$ und $\pm \infty$ verlaufen. +Die Idee des elliptischen Filter ist es, diese zwei Equirippel-Zonen abzufahren, wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:cd2}, welche Analog zu Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2} gesehen werden kann. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z_1=N\frac{K_1}{K}\cd^{-1}(w, k)$-Ebene der elliptischen rationalen Funktionen. + Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen werden passiert. + Als Vereinfachung ist die Funktion nur für $w>0$ dargestellt. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:cd2} +\end{figure} +Das elliptische Filter hat im Gegensatz zum Tschebyscheff-Filter drei Zonen. +Im Durchlassbereich werden wie beim Tschebyscheff-Filter die Nullstellen durchlaufen. +Statt dass $z_1$ für alle $w>1$ in die imaginäre Richtung geht, bewegen wir uns im Sperrbereich wieder in reeller Richtung, wo Pole durchlaufen werden. +Aus dieser Sicht kann der Sperrbereich vom Tschebyscheff-Filter als unendlich langer Übergangsbereich angesehen werden. +% Falls es möglich ist diese Werte abzufahren im Stil der Tschebyscheff-Polynome, kann ein Filter gebaut werden, dass Equirippel-Verhalten im Durchlass- und Sperrbereich aufweist. +Da sich die Funktion im Übergangsbereich nur zur nächsten Reihe bewegt, ist der Übergangsbereich monoton steigend. +Theoretisch könnte eine gleiches Durchlass- und Sperrbereichverhalten erreicht werden, wenn die Funktion auf eine andere Reihe ansteigen würde. +Dies würde jedoch zu Oszillationen zwischen $1$ und $1/k$ im Übergangsbereich führen. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:elliptic_freq} zeigt eine elliptisch rationale Funktion und die Frequenzantwort des daraus resultierenden Filters. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf} + \caption{$F_N$ und die resultierende Frequenzantwort eines elliptischen Filters.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:elliptic_freq} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Gradgleichung} + +Damit die Pol- und Nullstellen genau in dieser Konstellation durchfahren werden, müssen die elliptischen Moduli des inneren und äusseren $\cd$ aufeinander abgestimmt werden. +In der reellen Richtung müssen sich die Periodizitäten $K$ und $K_1$ um den Faktor $N$ unterscheiden, während die imagiäre Periodizitäten $K^\prime$ und $K^\prime_1$ gleich bleiben müssen. +Zur Erinnerung, $K$ und $K^\prime$ sind durch elliptische Integrale definiert und vom Modul $k$ abhängig wie ersichtlich in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:kprime}. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf} + \caption{Die Periodizitäten in realer und imaginärer Richtung in Abhängigkeit vom elliptischen Modul $k$.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:kprime} +\end{figure} +$K$ und $K^\prime$ sind durch die Ortskurve $K + jK^\prime$ aneinander gebunden und benötigen den Zusatzfaktor $K_1/K$ in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:elliptic}, um die genanten Forderungen einzuhalten. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:degree_eq} zeigt das Problem geometrisch auf, wobei zwei Punkte $K+jK^\prime$ und $K_1+jK_1^\prime$ auf der Ortskurve gesucht sind. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz} + \caption{Die Gradgleichung als geometrisches Problem ($N=3$).} + \label{ellfilter:fig:degree_eq} +\end{figure} +Algebraisch kann so die Gradgleichung +\begin{equation} + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} +\end{equation} +aufgestellt werden, dessen Lösung ist gegeben durch +\begin{equation} %TODO check +k_1 = k^N \prod_{i=1}^L \sn^4 \Bigg( \frac{2i - 1}{N} K, k \Bigg), +\quad \text{wobei} \quad +N = 2L+r. +\end{equation} +Die Herleitung ist sehr umfassend und wird in \cite{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis} im Detail angeschaut. + +% \begin{figure} +% \centering +% \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz} +% \caption{Die Gradgleichung als geometrisches Problem.} +% \end{figure} + +\subsection{Schlussfolgerung} + +Die elliptischen Filter können als direkte Erweiterung der Tschebyscheff-Filter verstanden werden. +Bei den Tschebyscheff-Polynomen haben wir gesehen, dass die Trigonometrische Formel zu einfachen Polynomen umgewandelt werden kann. +Im elliptischen Fall entstehen so rationale Funktionen mit Nullstellen und auch Pole. +Somit entstehen bei den elliptischen rationalen Funktionen, wie es der name auch deutet, rationale Funktionen, also ein Bruch von zwei Polynomen. + +% Da Transformationen einer rationalen Funktionen mit Grundrechenarten, wie es in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:h_omega} der Fall ist, immer noch rationale Funktionen ergeben, stellt dies kein Problem für die Implementierung dar. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..567bbcc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +\section{Jacobische elliptische Funktionen} + +Für das elliptische Filter werden, wie es der Name bereits deutet, elliptische Funktionen gebraucht. +Wie die trigonometrischen Funktionen Zusammenhänge eines Kreises darlegen, beschreiben die elliptischen Funktionen Ellipsen. +Es ist daher naheliegend, dass Kosinus des Tschebyscheff-Filters mit einem elliptischen Pendant ausgetauscht werden könnte. +Der Begriff elliptische Funktion wird für sehr viele Funktionen gebraucht, daher ist es hier wichtig zu erwähnen, dass es ausschliesslich um die Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen geht. + +Die Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen werden ausführlich im Kapitel \ref{buch:elliptisch:section:jacobi} behandelt. +Im Wesentlichen erweitern die Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen die trigonometrische Funktionen für Ellipsen. +Zum Beispiel gibt es analog zum Sinus den elliptischen $\sn(z, k)$. +Im Gegensatz zum den trigonometrischen Funktionen haben die elliptischen Funktionen zwei parameter. +Den \textit{elliptische Modul} $k$, der die Exzentrizität der Ellipse parametrisiert und das Winkelargument $z$. +Im Kreis ist der Radius für alle Winkel konstant, bei Ellipsen ändert sich das. +Dies hat zur Folge, dass bei einer Ellipse die Kreisbogenlänge nicht linear zum Winkel verläuft. +Darum kann hier nicht der gewohnte Winkel verwendet werden. +Das Winkelargument $z$ kann durch das elliptische Integral erster Art +\begin{equation} + z + = + F(\phi, k) + = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } +\end{equation} +mit dem Winkel $\phi$ in Verbindung gebracht werden. + +Dabei wird das vollständige und unvollständige Elliptische integral unterschieden. +Beim vollständigen Integral +\begin{equation} + K(k) + = + \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } +\end{equation} +wird über ein viertel Ellipsenbogen integriert, also bis $\phi=\pi/2$ und liefert das Winkelargument für eine Vierteldrehung. +Die Zahl wird oft auch abgekürzt mit $K = K(k)$ und ist für das elliptische Filter sehr relevant. +Alle elliptischen Funktionen sind somit $4K$-periodisch. + +Neben dem $\sn$ gibt es zwei weitere basis-elliptische Funktionen $\cn$ und $\dn$. +Dazu kommen noch weitere abgeleitete Funktionen, die durch Quotienten und Kehrwerte dieser Funktionen zustande kommen. +Insgesamt sind es die zwölf Funktionen +\begin{equation*} + \sn \quad + \ns \quad + \scelliptic \quad + \sd \quad + \cn \quad + \nc \quad + \cs \quad + \cd \quad + \dn \quad + \nd \quad + \ds \quad + \dc. +\end{equation*} + +Die Jacobischen elliptischen Funktionen können mit der inversen Funktion des kompletten elliptischen Integrals erster Art +\begin{equation} + \phi = F^{-1}(z, k) +\end{equation} +definiert werden. Dabei ist zu beachten dass nur das $z$ Argument der Funktion invertiert wird, also +\begin{equation} + z = F(\phi, k) + \Leftrightarrow + \phi = F^{-1}(z, k). +\end{equation} +Mithilfe von $F^{-1}$ kann zum Beispiel $sn^{-1}$ mit dem Elliptischen integral dargestellt werden: +\begin{equation} + \sin(\phi) + = + \sin \left( F^{-1}(z, k) \right) + = + \sn(z, k) + = + w. +\end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} %TODO remove unnecessary equations +% \phi +% = +% F^{-1}(z, k) +% = +% \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) +% = +% \sin^{-1} ( w ) +% \end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} +% F(\phi, k) +% = +% z +% = +% F( \sin^{-1} \big( \sn (z, k ) \big) , k) +% = +% F( \sin^{-1} ( w ), k) +% \end{equation} + +% \begin{equation} +% \sn^{-1}(w, k) +% = +% F(\phi, k), +% \quad +% \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) +% \end{equation} + +Beim Tschebyscheff-Filter konnten wir mit Betrachten des Arcuscosinus die Funktionalität erklären. +Für das Elliptische Filter machen wir die gleiche Betrachtung mit der $\sn^{-1}$-Funktion. +Der $\sn^{-1}$ ist durch das elliptische Integral +\begin{align} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + & = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \\ + & = + \int_{0}^{w} + \frac{ + dt + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } +\end{align} +beschrieben. +Dazu betrachten wir wieder den Integranden +\begin{equation} + \frac{ + 1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + }. +\end{equation} +Beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ haben wir gesehen, dass die analytische Fortsetzung bei $x < -1$ und $x > 1$ rechtwinklig in die Komplexen zahlen wandert. +Wenn man das Gleiche mit $\sn^{-1}(w, k)$ macht, erkennt man zwei interessante Stellen. +Die erste ist die gleiche wie beim $\cos^{-1}(x)$ nämlich bei $t = \pm 1$. +Der erste Term unter der Wurzel wird dann negativ, während der zweite noch positiv ist, da $k \leq 1$. +Ab diesem Punkt knickt die Funktion in die imaginäre Richtung ab. +Bei $t = 1/k$ ist auch der zweite Term negativ und die Funktion verläuft in die negative reelle Richtung. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:sn} zeigt den Verlauf der Funktion in der komplexen Ebene. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z$-Ebene der Funktion $z = \sn^{-1}(w, k)$. + Die Funktion ist in der realen Achse $4K$-periodisch und in der imaginären Achse $2jK^\prime$-periodisch. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:sn} +\end{figure} +In der reellen Richtung ist sie $4K(k)$-periodisch und in der imaginären Richtung $4K^\prime(k)$-periodisch, wobei $K^\prime$ das komplementäre vollständige Elliptische Integral ist: +\begin{equation} + K^\prime(k) + = + \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-{k^\prime}^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + k^\prime = \sqrt{1-k^2}. +\end{equation} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex index 26aaec1..c58dfa7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/main.tex @@ -8,29 +8,10 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Nicolas Tobler} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/einleitung.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/jacobi.tex} +\input{papers/ellfilter/elliptic.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex index c94db34..9a550e2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,20 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +% \usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor} + +\usetikzlibrary{trees,shapes,decorations} + +\DeclareMathOperator{\sn}{\mathrm{sn}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\ns}{\mathrm{ns}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\scelliptic}{\mathrm{sc}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\sd}{\mathrm{sd}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\cn}{\mathrm{cn}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\nc}{\mathrm{nc}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\cs}{\mathrm{cs}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\cd}{\mathrm{cd}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\dn}{\mathrm{dn}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\nd}{\mathrm{nd}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\ds}{\mathrm{ds}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\dc}{\mathrm{dc}} + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96bdfd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,571 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169, xcolor={rgb}]{beamer} + +% style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{booktabs} %toprule midrule bottomrue in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} +\usepackage{textgreek} +\usepackage[rgb]{xcolor} + +\usepackage{ marvosym } % \Lightning + +\usepackage{multimedia} % embedded videos + +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{pgf} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + +%math font +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{Elliptische Filter} +\subtitle{Eine Anwendung der Jacobi elliptischen Funktionen} +\author{Nicolas Tobler} +\institute{Mathematisches Seminar 2022 | Spezielle Funktionen} +% \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} +\date{\today} + +\input{../packages.tex} + +\newcommand*{\QED}{\hfill\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}% + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc,shapes.geometric, fadings} + +\begin{document} + + \begin{frame} + \titlepage + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Inhalt} + \tableofcontents + \end{frame} + + \section{Lineare Filter} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Lineare Filter} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/filter.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + + \begin{equation*} + | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 F_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + |F_N(w)| &< 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| < 1 \\ + |F_N(w)| &= 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| = 1 \\ + |F_N(w)| &> 1 \quad \forall \quad |w| > 1 + \end{align*} + + + \begin{equation*} + F_N(w) = w^N + \end{equation*} + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Beispiel: Butterworth Filter} + + \begin{equation} + F_N(w) = w^N + \end{equation} + + \begin{center} + \input{../python/F_N_butterworth.pgf} + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Arten von linearen filtern} + + \begin{align*} + F_N(w) & = + \begin{cases} + w^N & \text{Butterworth} \\ + T_N(w) & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 1} \\ + [k_1 T_N (k^{-1} w^{-1})]^{-1} & \text{Tschebyscheff, Typ 2} \\ + R_N(w,\xi) & \text{Elliptisch (Cauer)} \\ + \end{cases} + \end{align*} + + \end{frame} + + \section{Tschebycheff Filter} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Polynome} + + + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}[T]{0.35\textwidth} + + \begin{align*} + T_{0}(x)&=1\\ + T_{1}(x)&=x\\ + T_{2}(x)&=2x^{2}-1\\ + T_{3}(x)&=4x^{3}-3x\\ + T_{n+1}(x)&=2x~T_{n}(x)-T_{n-1}(x) + \end{align*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}[T]{0.65\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ + \input{../python/F_N_chebychev2.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + \begin{equation*} + | H(\Omega)|^2 = \frac{1}{1 + \varepsilon_p^2 T_N^2(w)}, \quad w=\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_p} + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.9}{ + \input{../python/F_N_chebychev.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + Darstellung mit trigonometrischen Funktionen: + + \begin{align*} + T_N(w) &= \cos \left( N \cos^{-1}(w) \right) \\ + &= \cos \left(N~z \right), \quad w= \cos(z) + \end{align*} + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + \cos^{-1}(x) + &= + \int_{x}^{1} + \frac{ + dz + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + }\\ + &= + \int_{0}^{x} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + ~dz + + \frac{\pi}{2} + \end{align*} + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + \begin{columns} + + \begin{column}{0.2\textwidth} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \cos^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \vspace{0.5cm} + + Integrand: + \begin{equation*} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.8\textwidth} + + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.7}{ + \input{../tikz/arccos.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + + \begin{equation*} + T_N(w) = \cos \left(z_1 \right), \quad z_1 = N~\cos^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.85}{ + \input{../tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \section{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + Elliptisches Integral erster Art + + \begin{equation*} + F(\phi, k) + = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } + % = + % \int_{0}^{\phi} + % \frac{ + % dt + % }{ + % \sqrt{ + % (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + % } + % } + \end{equation*} + + \begin{equation*} + K(k) + = + \int_{0}^{\pi / 2} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + } + \end{equation*} + + + + \end{frame} + + + + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + \begin{equation*} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + = + F(\phi, k), + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \end{equation*} + + \begin{align*} + \sn^{-1}(w, k) + & = + \int_{0}^{\phi} + \frac{ + d\theta + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-k^2 \sin^2 \theta + } + }, + \quad + \phi = \sin^{-1}(w) + \\ + & = + \int_{0}^{w} + \frac{ + dt + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } + \end{align*} + + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + \begin{columns} + \begin{column}{0.2\textwidth} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \sn^{-1}(w, k) + \end{equation*} + + \vspace{0.5cm} + + Integrand: + \begin{equation*} + \frac{ + 1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + (1-t^2)(1-k^2 t^2) + } + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}{0.8\textwidth} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/sn.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fundamentales Rechteck} + + Nullstelle beim ersten Buchstabe, Polstelle beim zweiten Buchstabe + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.8}{ + \input{../tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Jacobi elliptische Funktionen} + + \begin{equation*} + z = \cd^{-1}(w, k) + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.7}{ + \input{../tikz/cd.tikz.tex} + + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + \section{Elliptisches Filter} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} + + % \begin{equation*} + % z_1 = N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k) + % \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/cd3.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Periodizität in realer und imaginärer Richtung} + + \begin{center} + \input{../python/k.pgf} + \end{center} + + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Gradgleichung} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.95}{ + \input{../tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz} + } + \end{center} + + \onslide<5->{ + \begin{equation*} + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} + \end{equation*} + } + + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} + + \begin{equation*} + R_N = \cd(z_1, k_1), + \quad + z_1 = N~\frac{K_1}{K}~\cd^{-1}(w, k), + \quad + N \frac{K^\prime}{K} = \frac{K^\prime_1}{K_1} + \end{equation*} + + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.75}{ + \input{../tikz/cd2.tikz.tex} + } + \end{center} + + \end{frame} + + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Elliptisches Filter} + + \begin{columns} + + \begin{column}[T]{0.5\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ + \input{../python/F_N_elliptic.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \begin{column}[T]{0.5\textwidth} + + \begin{center} + \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{ + \input{../python/elliptic.pgf} + } + \end{center} + + \end{column} + \end{columns} + + \end{frame} + + \end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..857e363 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_butterworth.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1083 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{4.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% 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in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/chebychef.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/chebychef.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..254ad4b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/chebychef.py @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +# %% + +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import scipy.signal +import numpy as np + + +order = 5 +passband_ripple_db = 1 +omega_c = 1000 + +a, b = scipy.signal.cheby1( + order, + passband_ripple_db, + omega_c, + btype='low', + analog=True, + output='ba', + fs=None, +) + +w, mag, phase = scipy.signal.bode((a, b), w=np.linspace(0,2000,256)) +f, axs = plt.subplots(2,1, sharex=True) +axs[0].plot(w, 10**(mag/20)) +axs[0].set_ylabel("$|H(\omega)| /$ db") +axs[0].grid(True, "both") +axs[1].plot(w, phase) +axs[1].set_ylabel(r"$arg H (\omega) / $ deg") +axs[1].grid(True, "both") +axs[1].set_xlim([0, 2000]) +axs[1].set_xlabel("$\omega$") +plt.show() + + +# %% Cheychev filter F_N plot + +w = np.linspace(-1.1,1.1, 1000) +plt.figure(figsize=(5.5,2.5)) +for N in [3,6,11]: + # F_N = np.cos(N * np.arccos(w)) + F_N = scipy.special.eval_chebyt(N, w) + plt.plot(w, F_N, label=f"$N={N}$") +plt.xlim([-1.2,1.2]) +plt.ylim([-2,2]) +plt.grid() +plt.xlabel("$w$") +plt.ylabel("$T_N(w)$") +plt.legend() +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("F_N_chebychev2.pgf") +plt.show() + +# %% Build Chebychev polynomials + +N = 11 + +zeros = (np.arange(N)+0.5) * np.pi +zeros = np.cos(zeros/N) + +x = np.linspace(-1.2,1.2,1000) +y = np.prod(x[:, None] - zeros[None, :], axis=-1)*2**(N-1) + +plt.plot(x, y) +plt.ylim([-1,1]) +plt.grid() +plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32485c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1524 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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define elliptic functions + +def ell_int(k): + """ Calculate K(k) """ + m = k**2 + return scipy.special.ellipk(m) + +def sn(z, k): + return spx.ellipj(z, k**2)[0] + +def cn(z, k): + return spx.ellipj(z, k**2)[1] + +def dn(z, k): + return spx.ellipj(z, k**2)[2] + +def cd(z, k): + sn, cn, dn, ph = spx.ellipj(z, k**2) + return cn / dn + +# https://mathworld.wolfram.com/JacobiEllipticFunctions.html eq 3-8 + +def sn_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arcsin(z), m) + +def cn_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arccos(z), m) + +def dn_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + x = np.sqrt((1-z**2) / k**2) + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arcsin(x), m) + +def cd_inv(z, k): + m = k**2 + x = np.sqrt(((m - 1) * z**2) / (m*z**2 - 1)) + return scipy.special.ellipkinc(np.arccos(x), m) + + +k = 0.8 +z = 0.5 + +assert np.allclose(sn_inv(sn(z ,k), k), z) +assert np.allclose(cn_inv(cn(z ,k), k), z) +assert np.allclose(dn_inv(dn(z ,k), k), z) +assert np.allclose(cd_inv(cd(z ,k), k), z) + + +# %% Buttwerworth filter F_N plot + +w = np.linspace(0,1.5, 100) +plt.figure(figsize=(4,2.5)) + +for N in range(1,5): + F_N = w**N + plt.plot(w, F_N**2, label=f"$N={N}$") +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, 0), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 1), + 0.5, 1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.xlim([0,1.5]) +plt.ylim([0,2]) +plt.grid() +plt.xlabel("$w$") +plt.ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") +plt.legend() +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("F_N_butterworth.pgf") +plt.show() + +# %% Cheychev filter F_N plot + +w = np.linspace(0,1.5, 100) + +plt.figure(figsize=(4,2.5)) +for N in range(1,5): + # F_N = np.cos(N * np.arccos(w)) + F_N = scipy.special.eval_chebyt(N, w) + plt.plot(w, F_N**2, label=f"$N={N}$") +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, 0), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.gca().add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 1), + 0.5, 1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +plt.xlim([0,1.5]) +plt.ylim([0,2]) +plt.grid() +plt.xlabel("$w$") +plt.ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") +plt.legend() +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("F_N_chebychev.pgf") +plt.show() + + +# %% plot arcsin + +def lattice(a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2): + r1 = np.logspace(a1, b1, c1) + x1 = np.concatenate((-np.flip(r1), [0], r1), axis=0) + x1 = x1.astype(np.complex128) + r2 = np.logspace(a2, b2, c2) + x2 = np.concatenate((-np.flip(r2), [0], r2), axis=0) + x2 = x2.astype(np.complex128) + x = (x1[:, None] + (x2[None, :] * 1j)) + return x + +plt.figure(figsize=(12,12)) +y = np.arcsin(lattice(-1,6,1000, -1,5,10)) +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), "-", color="red", lw=0.5) +y = np.arcsin(lattice(-1,6,10, -1,5,100)).T +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), "-", color="red", lw=0.5) +y = np.arcsin(lattice(-1,6,10, -1,5,10)) +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), ".", color="red", lw=0.5) +plt.show() + +# %% plot cd^-1 TODO complex cd^-1 missing + + +r = np.logspace(-1,8, 50) + + + +x = np.concatenate((-np.flip(r), [0], r), axis=0) +y = cd_inv(x, 0.99) + +plt.figure(figsize=(12,12)) +plt.plot(np.real(y), np.imag(y), "-") +plt.show() + +# %%plot cd +plt.figure(figsize=(10,6)) +z = np.linspace(-4,4, 500) +for k in [0, 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, 0.99999]: + w = cd(z*ell_int(k), k) + plt.plot(z, w, label=f"$k={k}$") +plt.grid() +plt.legend() +# plt.xlim([-4,4]) +plt.xlabel("$u$") +plt.ylabel("$cd(uK, k)$") +plt.show() + +# %% Test ???? + +N = 5 +k = 0.9 +k1 = k**N + +assert np.allclose(k**(-N), k1**(-1)) + +K = ell_int(k) +Kp = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) + +K1 = ell_int(k1) +Kp1 = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k1**2)) + +print(Kp * (K1 / K) * N, Kp1) + + +# %% + + +k = 0.9 +k_prim = np.sqrt(1 - k**2) +K = ell_int(k) +Kp = ell_int(k_prim) + +print(K, Kp) + +zs = [ + 0 + (K + 0j) * np.linspace(0,1,25), + K + (Kp*1j) * np.linspace(0,1,25), + (K + Kp*1j) + (-K) * np.linspace(0,1,25), +] + + +for z in zs: + plt.plot(np.real(z), np.imag(z)) +plt.show() + + + +for z in zs: + w = cd(z, k) + plt.plot(np.real(w), np.imag(w)) +plt.show() + + + + + +# %% + +for i in range(10): + x = np.linspace(i*1,i*1+1,10, dtype=np.complex64) + w = np.arccos(x) + + x2 = np.cos(w) + x4 = np.cos(w+ 2*np.pi) + x3 = np.cos(np.conj(w)) + + assert np.allclose(x2, x4, rtol=0.001, atol=1e-5) + + assert np.allclose(x2, x3) + assert np.allclose(x2, x, rtol=0.001, atol=1e-5) + + plt.plot(np.real(w), np.imag(w), ".-") + +for i in range(10): + x = -np.linspace(i*1,i*1+1,100, dtype=np.complex64) + w = np.arccos(x) + plt.plot(np.real(w), np.imag(w), ".-") + +plt.grid() +plt.show() + + + + +# %% + +plt.plot(omega, np.abs(G)) +plt.show() + + +def cd_inv(u, m): + return K(1/2) - F(np.arcsin()) + +def K(m): + return scipy.special.ellipk(m) + +def L(n, xi): + return 1 #TODO + +def R(n, xi, x): + cn(n*K(1/L(n, xi))/K(1/xi) * cd_inv(x, 1/xi, 1/L(n, xi))) + +epsilon = 0.1 +n = 3 +omega = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 1000) +omega_0 = 1 +xi = 1.1 + +G = 1 / np.sqrt(1 + epsilon**2 * R(n, xi, omega/omega_0)**2) + + +plt.plot(omega, np.abs(G)) +plt.show() + + + +# %% Chebychef + +epsilon = 0.5 +omega = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 1000) +omega_0 = 1 +n = 4 + +def chebychef_poly(n, x): + x = x.astype(np.complex64) + y = np.cos(n* np.arccos(x)) + return np.real(y) + +F_omega = chebychef_poly + +for n in (1,2,3,4): + plt.plot(omega, F_omega(n, omega/omega_0)**2) +plt.ylim([0,5]) +plt.xlim([0,1.5]) +plt.grid() +plt.show() + +for n in (1,2,3,4): + G = 1 / np.sqrt(1 + epsilon**2 * F_omega(n, omega/omega_0)**2) + plt.plot(omega, np.abs(G)) +plt.grid() +plt.show() + + + + +# %% + + +k = np.concatenate(([0.00001,0.0001,0.001], np.linspace(0,1,101)[1:-1], [0.999,0.9999, 0.99999]), axis=0) +K = ell_int(k) +K_prime = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) + + +f, axs = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(5,2.5)) +axs[0].plot(k, K, linewidth=1) +axs[0].text(k[30], K[30]+0.1, f"$K$") +axs[0].plot(k, K_prime, linewidth=1) +axs[0].text(k[30], K_prime[30]+0.1, f"$K^\prime$") +axs[0].set_xlim([0,1]) +axs[0].set_ylim([0,4]) +axs[0].set_xlabel("$k$") + +axs[1].axvline(x=np.pi/2, color="gray", linewidth=0.5) +axs[1].axhline(y=np.pi/2, color="gray", linewidth=0.5) +axs[1].text(0.1, np.pi/2 + 0.1, "$\pi/2$") +axs[1].text(np.pi/2+0.1, 0.1, "$\pi/2$") +axs[1].plot(K, K_prime, linewidth=1) + +k = np.array([0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.9,0.99]) +K = ell_int(k) +K_prime = ell_int(np.sqrt(1-k**2)) + +# axs[1].plot(K, K_prime, '.', color=last_color(), markersize=2) +# for x, y, n in zip(K, K_prime, k): +# axs[1].text(x+0.1, y+0.1, f"$k={n:.2f}$", rotation_mode="anchor") +axs[1].set_ylabel("$K^\prime$") +axs[1].set_xlabel("$K$") +axs[1].set_xlim([0,6]) +axs[1].set_ylim([0,5]) +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("k.pgf") +plt.show() + +print(K[0], K[-1]) diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20a7428 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/elliptic2.py @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +# %% + +import enum +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import scipy.signal +import numpy as np +import matplotlib +from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle + +import plot_params + +N=5 + +def ellip_filter(N, mode=-1): + + order = N + passband_ripple_db = 3 + stopband_attenuation_db = 20 + omega_c = 1 + + a, b = scipy.signal.ellip( + order, + passband_ripple_db, + stopband_attenuation_db, + omega_c, + btype='low', + analog=True, + output='ba', + fs=None + ) + + if mode == 0: + w = np.linspace(0*omega_c,omega_c, 2000) + elif mode == 1: + w = np.linspace(omega_c,1.00992*omega_c, 2000) + elif mode == 2: + w = np.linspace(1.00992*omega_c,2*omega_c, 2000) + else: + w = np.linspace(0*omega_c,2*omega_c, 4000) + + w, mag_db, phase = scipy.signal.bode((a, b), w=w) + + mag = 10**(mag_db/20) + + passband_ripple = 10**(-passband_ripple_db/20) + epsilon2 = (1/passband_ripple)**2 - 1 + + FN2 = ((1/mag**2) - 1) + + return w/omega_c, FN2 / epsilon2, mag, a, b + + +f, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(5,3), sharex=True) + +for mode, c in enumerate(["green", "orange", "red"]): + w, FN2, mag, a, b = ellip_filter(N, mode=mode) + axs[0].semilogy(w, FN2, label=f"$N={N}, k=0.1$", linewidth=1, color=c) + +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, 0), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 1), + 0.00992, 1e2-1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1.00992, 100), + 1, 1e6, + fc ='red', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +zeros = [0,0.87,0.995] +poles = [1.01,1.155] + +import matplotlib.transforms +axs[0].plot( # mark errors as vertical bars + zeros, + np.zeros_like(zeros), + "o", + mfc='none', + color='black', + transform=matplotlib.transforms.blended_transform_factory( + axs[0].transData, + axs[0].transAxes, + ), +) +axs[0].plot( # mark errors as vertical bars + poles, + np.ones_like(poles), + "x", + mfc='none', + color='black', + transform=matplotlib.transforms.blended_transform_factory( + axs[0].transData, + axs[0].transAxes, + ), +) + +for mode, c in enumerate(["green", "orange", "red"]): + w, FN2, mag, a, b = ellip_filter(N, mode=mode) + axs[1].plot(w, mag, linewidth=1, color=c) + +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( + (0, np.sqrt(2)/2), + 1, 1, + fc ='green', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1, 0.1), + 0.00992, np.sqrt(2)/2 - 0.1, + fc ='orange', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +axs[1].add_patch(Rectangle( + (1.00992, 0), + 1, 0.1, + fc ='red', + alpha=0.2, + lw = 10, +)) + +axs[0].set_xlim([0,2]) +axs[0].set_ylim([1e-4,1e6]) +axs[0].grid() +axs[0].set_ylabel("$F^2_N(w)$") +axs[1].grid() +axs[1].set_ylim([0,1]) +axs[1].set_ylabel("$|H(w)|$") +plt.tight_layout() +plt.savefig("elliptic.pgf") +plt.show() + +print("zeros", a) +print("poles", b) + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbb823a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/k.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{2.500000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetstrokeopacity{0.000000}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.316407in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.256930in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.256930in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.316407in}{2.301955in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.316407in}{0.548769in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.316407in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.316407in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.00}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfsys@defobject{currentmarker}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}{% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{-0.048611in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke,fill}% +}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsys@transformshift{0.801538in}{0.548769in}% +\pgfsys@useobject{currentmarker}{}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\definecolor{textcolor}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{textcolor}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{textcolor}% +\pgftext[x=0.801538in,y=0.451547in,,top]{\color{textcolor}\rmfamily\fontsize{10.000000}{12.000000}\selectfont \(\displaystyle {0.25}\)}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetroundjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% 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a/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/plot_params.py b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/plot_params.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ddd1d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/python/plot_params.py @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +import matplotlib + +matplotlib.rcParams.update({ + "pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex", + 'font.family': 'serif', + 'font.size': 9, + 'text.usetex': True, + 'pgf.rcfonts': False, +}) diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib b/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib index 81b3577..8f21971 100644 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,19 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{ellfilter:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{ellfilter:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{ellfilter:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{ellfilter:bib:orfanidis, + author = { Sophocles J. Orfanidis}, + title = { LECTURE NOTES ON ELLIPTIC FILTER DESIGN }, + year = 2006, + url = {https://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ece521/notes.pdf} } +% Schwalm +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_rational_functions +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_elliptic_functions +% https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptisches_Integral +% https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschebyschow-Polynom +% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_filter +% https://mathworld.wolfram.com/JacobiEllipticFunctions.html +% https://mathworld.wolfram.com/EllipticIntegraloftheFirstKind.html diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index fd04ba9..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{ellfilter:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{ellfilter:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 7e62a2f..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{ellfilter:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{ellfilter:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ellfilter:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{ellfilter:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{ellfilter:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 71fdc6d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{ellfilter:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ellfilter:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 79a5f3d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/ellfilter/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{ellfilter:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{ellfilter:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b11c25d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-2) -- (0,2) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.6] + + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-6,0) {$-3\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-4,0) {$-2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-2,0) {$-\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (2,0) {$\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (4,0) {$2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (6,0) {$3\pi$}; + + \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0,-1.5) {$-\infty$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=south east] at (0, 0) {$0$}; + \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0, 1.5) {$\infty$}; + + \clip(-7.5,-2) rectangle (7.5,2); + + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); + + % \pause + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm] + \begin{scope}[] + \draw[->, darkgreen] (-1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,1.5); + \draw[->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,-1.5); + \draw[->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[->, blue] (2,1.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, blue] (2,-1.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \end{scope} + \node[zero] at (1,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (3,0) {}; + \end{scope} + } + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (4,2) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-3.25cm] + + \draw[->, thick](0,0) -- node[anchor=center, fill=white]{$z = \cos^{-1}(w)$} (0,1); + + \end{scope} + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-4, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (4, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-4,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (4,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2cec75f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1) -- (0,2) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-2,0) -- (9,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z_1$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \draw[->, ultra thick, blue] (8, 1.5) -- node[align=center]{Sperrbereich} (8,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, cyan] (8, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich}(4,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, darkgreen] (4, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[->, ultra thick, orange] (0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Sperrbereich} (0,1.5); + + \node[anchor=north east] at (8, 1.5) {$-\infty$}; + \draw (8, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south east] {$1$}; + \draw (6, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$-1$}; + \draw (4, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$1$}; + \draw (2, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {$-1$}; + \draw (0, 0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {$1$}; + \node[anchor=north west] at (0, 1.5){$\infty$}; + + \node at(4,1) {$N = 4$}; + + % \node[zero] at (-7,0) {}; + % \node[zero] at (-5,0) {}; + % \node[zero] at (-3,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (-1,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (1,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (3,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (5,0) {}; + \node[zero] at (7,0) {}; + + \end{scope} + + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-8,0) {$-4\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-6,0) {$-3\pi$}; + % \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-4,0) {$-2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (-2,0) {$-\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (2,0) {$\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (4,0) {$2\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (6,0) {$3\pi$}; + \node[gray, anchor=north] at (8,0) {$4\pi$}; + + + % \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0,-1.5) {$-\infty$}; + \node[gray, anchor=east] at (0, 1.5) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (6.5,2) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[xshift=2.75cm, yshift=-2cm] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-4, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (4, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-4,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (4,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cf2417 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.9, yscale=1.8] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.1) -- +(0, -0.1) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + + \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + + \begin{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=0cm] + + \clip(-4.5,-1.25) rectangle (4.5,1.25); + + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \draw[->, orange!50] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[->, darkgreen!50] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[->, cyan!50] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[->, blue!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[->, purple!50] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[->, red!50] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[->, orange!50] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[->, blue!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); + \draw[->, purple!50] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[->, red!50] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); + \draw[->, cyan!50] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \draw[->, darkgreen!50] (3, 0) -- (4,0); + \end{scope} + } + } + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + + \end{scope} + } + } + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (4,3) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + \node[pole, below=0.25cm of n] (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Polstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm, xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-6,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-5,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-3,0) {$-1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (3,0) {$1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (5,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4187c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd2.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1.25, yscale=3.5] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.55) -- (0,1.05) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z_1$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.5,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z_1$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[gray] ( 5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $5K_1$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime_1$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \clip(-1.5,-0.75) rectangle (6.8,1.25); + + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, blue] (1, 0.45) -- (2, 0.45) -- (2, 0.05) -- ( 0.1, 0.05) -- ( 0.1,0.45) -- (1, 0.45); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, orange] (2, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0 ) -- ( 0 , 0 ) -- ( 0 ,0.5 ) -- (2, 0.5 ); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, red] (3, 0.55) -- (6, 0.55) -- (6,-0.05) -- (-0.1,-0.05) -- (-0.1,0.55) -- (3, 0.55); + % \node[blue] at (1, 0.25) {$N=1$}; + % \node[orange] at (3, 0.25) {$N=2$}; + % \node[red] at (5, 0.25) {$N=3$}; + + + + % \draw[line width=0.1cm, fill, red!50] (0,0) rectangle (3, 0.5); + % \draw[line width=0.05cm, fill, orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (2, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + % \node[] at (0.5, 0.25) {\small $N=1$}; + % \node[] at (1.5, 0.25) {\small $N=2$}; + % \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=3$}; + + \fill[orange!30] (0,0) rectangle (5, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.1); + \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=5$}; + + + \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, yshift=0.05cm] + (5,0.5) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[above, yshift=0.1cm]{$NK_1$} + (0,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, xshift=0.1cm] + (5,0) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[right, xshift=0.1cm]{$K^\prime \frac{K_1N}{K} = K^\prime_1$} + (5,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (5, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.5cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (-0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Übergangs-\\berech} (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0,0.5) -- node[align=center, yshift=0.7cm]{Sperrbereich} (5, 0.5); + + \draw (4,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $1$}; + \draw (2,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $-1$}; + \draw (0,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {\small $1$}; + \draw (0,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north west] {\small $1/k$}; + \draw (2,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $-1/k$}; + \draw (4,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $1/k$}; + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + + \end{scope} + } + } + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=1cm , yshift=-3cm, xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-1,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (3,0) {$1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (5,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae18519 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/cd3.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1.25, yscale=2.5] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.55) -- (0,1.05) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.5,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] ( 5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $5K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime_1$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \clip(-1.5,-0.75) rectangle (6.8,1.25); + + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, blue] (1, 0.45) -- (2, 0.45) -- (2, 0.05) -- ( 0.1, 0.05) -- ( 0.1,0.45) -- (1, 0.45); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, orange] (2, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0.5 ) -- (4, 0 ) -- ( 0 , 0 ) -- ( 0 ,0.5 ) -- (2, 0.5 ); + % \draw[>->, line width=0.05, thick, red] (3, 0.55) -- (6, 0.55) -- (6,-0.05) -- (-0.1,-0.05) -- (-0.1,0.55) -- (3, 0.55); + % \node[blue] at (1, 0.25) {$N=1$}; + % \node[orange] at (3, 0.25) {$N=2$}; + % \node[red] at (5, 0.25) {$N=3$}; + + + + % \draw[line width=0.1cm, fill, red!50] (0,0) rectangle (3, 0.5); + % \draw[line width=0.05cm, fill, orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (2, 0.5); + % \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + % \node[] at (0.5, 0.25) {\small $N=1$}; + % \node[] at (1.5, 0.25) {\small $N=2$}; + % \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=3$}; + + % \fill[orange!30] (0,0) rectangle (5, 0.5); + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + + + % \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, yshift=0.05cm] + % (5,0.5) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[above, yshift=0.1cm]{$NK_1$} + % (0,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + % \draw[decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=3pt,mirror}, xshift=0.1cm] + % (5,0) node(t_k_unten){} -- node[right, xshift=0.1cm]{$K^\prime \frac{K_1N}{K} = K^\prime_1$} + % (5,0.5) node(t_k_opt_unten){}; + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + + \end{scope} + } + } + + + + \onslide<2->{ + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (5, 0) -- node[yshift=-0.4cm]{Durchlassbereich} (0,0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (-0, 0) -- node[align=center]{Übergangs-\\berech} (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (0,0.5) -- node[align=center, yshift=0.4cm]{Sperrbereich} (5, 0.5); + \node[] at (2.5, 0.25) {\small $N=5$}; + } + \onslide<1->{ + \draw (4,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $1$}; + \draw (2,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south] {\small $-1$}; + \draw (0,0 ) node[dot]{} node[anchor=south west] {\small $1$}; + \draw (0,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north west] {\small $1/k$}; + \draw (2,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $-1/k$}; + \draw (4,0.5) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north] {\small $1/k$}; + + } + + + \end{scope} + + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a36ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform1.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=1, yscale=1.5] + + \begin{scope}[] + + \fill[orange!25] (0,0) rectangle (1.5, 0.75); + \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (0.5, 0.25); + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.75) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.75,0) -- (1.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.25) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 1.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.75) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \clip(-1.6,-0.6) rectangle (1.6,1.6); + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.5, yscale=0.25, blue] + \foreach \i in {-1,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-1,...,2} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*2cm, yshift=\j*2cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( -1, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,1) {}; + \node[pole] at ( -1,1) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + \end{scope} + + \node at (0,2) {$\cd \left(N~K_1~z , k_1 \right)$}; + \node at (0,2) {$w= \cd(z K, k)$}; + + \draw[scale=0.2, domain=0.02:5, variable=\x, red] plot ({\x1+3}, {1/\x+2}); + + \end{scope} + + \begin{scope}[xshift=5cm] + + \fill[orange!50] (0,0) rectangle (1.5, 0.75); + \fill[yellow!25] (0,0) rectangle (0.5, 0.25); + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.75) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-1.75,0) -- (1.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + % \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + % \draw[gray] (0, 0.25) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 0.5,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.75) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \clip(-1.6,-0.6) rectangle (1.6,1.6); + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.5, yscale=0.75, red] + \foreach \i in {-1,...,1} { + \foreach \j in {-1,...,0} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*2cm, yshift=\j*2cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( -1, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,1) {}; + \node[pole] at ( -1,1) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20c2d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/elliptic_transform2.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ + +\def\d{0.2} +\def\n{3} +\def\nn{2} +\def\a{2.5} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + \tikzstyle{dot} = [fill, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.1cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=3, yscale=3] + + \begin{scope}[] + % \onslide<4->{ + \fill[orange!30, scale=1.735] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + % } + % \onslide<2->{ + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + % } + + \begin{scope}[] + \clip(0,0) rectangle (2,1.25); + \draw[thick, scale=1, domain=0.1:10, variable=\x, smooth, samples=200] plot ({\d*\x1+0.5}, {\d/\x+0.5}); + \node at(1.25,0.7) {$K + jK^\prime$ Ortskurve}; + \end{scope} + + % \onslide<2->{ + \begin{scope}[blue] + \draw[] (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5); + + + \node[pole] at ( \d*\a+0.5, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[zero] at ( \d*\a+0.5, 0) {}; + + \draw[] ( \d*\a+0.5,0) node[anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[] (0, \d/\a+0.5) node[anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + % \onslide<3->{ + + \foreach \i in {1,...,\nn} { + \draw[gray, dotted] (\i*\d*\a/\n+\i*0.5/\n, 0) -- (\i*\d*\a/\n+\i*0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + } + + \node[dot, gray] at (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[above] at (0.5*\d*\a/\n+0.5*0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {\small $K/N$}; + % } + \end{scope} + % } + + % \onslide<4->{ + \begin{scope}[scale=1.735, red] + \draw (0,0) rectangle (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + \draw[gray] (0,0) -- (\d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5); + + \node[pole] at ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, \d/\a+0.5) {}; + \node[zero] at ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n, 0) {}; + + + \draw[] ( \d*\a/\n+0.5/\n,0) node[anchor=north] {\small $K_1$}; + \draw[] (0, \d/\a+0.5) node[anchor=east]{\small $jK_1^\prime$}; + + \end{scope} + % } + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.25) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-0.25,0) -- (2,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}$}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..769602a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/filter.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=3, yscale=2.5] + + \fill[darkgreen!15] (0,0) rectangle (1,1); + \node[darkgreen] at (0.5,0.5) {Durchlassbereich}; + \fill[orange!15] (1,0) rectangle (2.5,1); + \node[orange] at (1.75,0.5) {Sperrbereich}; + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,0) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$|H(\Omega)|$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (0,0) -- (2.75,0) node[anchor=west]{$\Omega$}; + + \draw[dashed] (0,0.707) node[left] {$\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon^2}}$} -| (1,0) node[below] {$\Omega_p$}; + \draw[dashed] (0,0.707) node[left] {$\sqrt{\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon^2}}$} -| (1,0) node[below] {$\Omega_p$}; + + \node[left] at(0,1) {$1$}; + + \draw[red, thick] (0,1) -- (1,1) -- (1,0) -- (2.5,0); + + \node[anchor=north, red] at (0.5,1) {Ideal}; + + \draw[thick, domain=0:2.5, variable=\x, smooth, samples=200] plot + ({\x}, {sqrt(abs(1/ (1 + \x^10)))}); + \node[anchor=south] at (0.5,1) {Butterworth ($N=5$)}; + + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..921dbfa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/fundamental_rectangle.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=2, yscale=2] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-0.25) -- (0,1.25) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-0.25,0) -- (1.5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.05) -- +(0, -0.05) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + + \draw[gray] (0, 1) +(0.05, 0) -- +(-0.05, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + \fill[yellow!50] (0,0) rectangle (1, 1); + + \node[anchor=south east] at ( 1,0) {$c$}; + \node[anchor=north east] at ( 1,1) {$d$}; + \node[anchor=north west] at ( 0,1) {$n$}; + \node[anchor=south west] at ( 0,0) {$s$}; + + \end{scope} + + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0546fda --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tikz/sn.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=2cm, scale=1.2] + + \tikzstyle{zero} = [draw, circle, inner sep =0, minimum height=0.15cm] + + \tikzset{pole/.style={cross out, draw=black, minimum size=(0.15cm-\pgflinewidth), inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt}} + + \begin{scope}[xscale=0.9, yscale=1.8] + + \draw[gray, ->] (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5) node[anchor=south]{$\mathrm{Im}~z$}; + \draw[gray, ->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[anchor=west]{$\mathrm{Re}~z$}; + + \begin{scope} + + \clip(-4.5,-1.25) rectangle (4.5,1.25); + + \fill[yellow!30] (0,0) rectangle (1, 0.5); + + \begin{scope}[xshift=-1cm] + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,2} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \draw[<-, blue!50] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[<-, cyan!50] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + \draw[<-, darkgreen!50] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + \draw[<-, orange!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + \draw[<-, red!50] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[<-, purple!50] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[<-, blue!50] (0,1) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[<-, orange!50] (2,0.5) -- (2, 1); + \draw[<-, red!50] (3, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + \draw[<-, purple!50] (4, 0.5) -- (3,0.5); + \draw[<-, darkgreen!50] (2, 0) -- (3,0); + \draw[<-, cyan!50] (3, 0) -- (4,0); + \end{scope} + } + } + + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, darkgreen] (2, 0) -- (1,0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, orange] (2,0.5) -- (2, 0); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, red] (1, 0.5) -- (2,0.5); + % \pause + \draw[ultra thick, <-, blue] (0, 0) -- (0,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, <-, purple] (0, 0.5) -- (1,0.5); + \draw[ultra thick, <-, cyan] (1, 0) -- (0,0); + % \pause + + + \foreach \i in {-2,...,2} { + \foreach \j in {-2,...,1} { + \begin{scope}[xshift=\i*4cm, yshift=\j*1cm] + \node[zero] at ( 1, 0) {}; + \node[zero] at ( 3, 0) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 1,0.5) {}; + \node[pole] at ( 3,0.5) {}; + \end{scope} + } + } + + \end{scope} + + \end{scope} + + \draw[gray] ( 1,0) +(0,0.1) -- +(0, -0.1) node[inner sep=0, anchor=north] {\small $K$}; + \draw[gray] (0, 0.5) +(0.1, 0) -- +(-0.1, 0) node[inner sep=0, anchor=east]{\small $jK^\prime$}; + + \end{scope} + + \node[zero] at (4,3) (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Nullstelle}; + \node[pole, below=0.25cm of n] (n) {}; + \node[anchor=west] at (n.east) {Polstelle}; + + \begin{scope}[yshift=-4cm, xscale=0.75] + + \draw[gray, ->] (-6,0) -- (6,0) node[anchor=west]{$w$}; + + \draw[ultra thick, ->, purple] (-5, 0) -- (-3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, blue] (-3, 0) -- (-2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, cyan] (-2, 0) -- (0, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, darkgreen] (0, 0) -- (2, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, orange] (2, 0) -- (3, 0); + \draw[ultra thick, ->, red] (3, 0) -- (5, 0); + + \node[anchor=south] at (-5,0) {$-\infty$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-3,0) {$-1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (-2,0) {$-1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (0,0) {$0$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (2,0) {$1$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (3,0) {$1/k$}; + \node[anchor=south] at (5,0) {$\infty$}; + + \end{scope} + + +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..639c87c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/ellfilter/tschebyscheff.tex @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +\section{Tschebyscheff-Filter} + +Als Einstieg betrachten wir das Tschebyscheff-Filter, welches sehr verwandt ist mit dem elliptischen Filter. +Genauer ausgedrückt erhält man die Tschebyscheff-1 und -2 Filter bei Grenzwerten von Parametern beim elliptischen Filter. +Der Name des Filters deutet schon an, dass die Tschebyscheff-Polynome $T_N$ (siehe auch Kapitel \label{buch:polynome:section:tschebyscheff}) für das Filter relevant sind: +\begin{align} + T_{0}(x)&=1\\ + T_{1}(x)&=x\\ + T_{2}(x)&=2x^{2}-1\\ + T_{3}(x)&=4x^{3}-3x\\ + T_{n+1}(x)&=2x~T_{n}(x)-T_{n-1}(x). +\end{align} +Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Polynome im Intervall $[-1, 1]$ mit der trigonometrischen Funktion +\begin{align} \label{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} + T_N(w) &= \cos \left( N \cos^{-1}(w) \right) \\ + &= \cos \left(N~z \right), \quad w= \cos(z) +\end{align} +übereinstimmen. +Der Zusammenhang lässt sich mit den Doppel- und Mehrfachwinkelfunktionen der trigonometrischen Funktionen erklären. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:chebychef_polynomials} zeigt einige Tschebyscheff-Polynome. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_chebychev2.pgf} + \caption{Die Tschebyscheff-Polynome $C_N$.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:chebychef_polynomials} +\end{figure} +Da der Kosinus begrenzt zwischen $-1$ und $1$ ist, sind auch die Tschebyscheff-Polynome begrenzt. +Geht man aber über das Intervall $[-1, 1]$ hinaus, divergieren die Funktionen mit zunehmender Ordnung immer steiler gegen $\pm \infty$. +Diese Eigenschaft ist sehr nützlich für ein Filter. +Wenn wir die Tschebyscheff-Polynome quadrieren, passen sie perfekt in die Forderungen für Filterfunktionen, wie es Abbildung \ref{ellfiter:fig:chebychef} demonstriert. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/python/F_N_chebychev.pgf} + \caption{Die Tschebyscheff-Polynome füllen den erlaubten Bereich besser, und erhalten dadurch eine steilere Flanke im Sperrbereich.} + \label{ellfiter:fig:chebychef} +\end{figure} + +Die analytische Fortsetzung von \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} über das Intervall $[-1,1]$ hinaus stimmt mit den Polynomen überein, wie es zu erwarten ist. +Die genauere Betrachtung wird uns helfen die elliptischen Filter besser zu verstehen. + +Starten wir mit der Funktion, die in \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} als erstes auf $w$ angewendet wird, dem Arcuscosinus. +Die invertierte Funktion des Kosinus kann als bestimmtes Integral dargestellt werden: +\begin{align} + \cos^{-1}(x) + &= + \int_{x}^{1} + \frac{ + dz + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + }\\ + &= + \int_{0}^{x} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } + ~dz + + \frac{\pi}{2}. +\end{align} +Der Integrand oder auch die Ableitung von $\cos^{-1}(x)$ +\begin{equation} + \frac{ + -1 + }{ + \sqrt{ + 1-z^2 + } + } +\end{equation} +bestimmt dabei die Richtung, in welche die Funktion verläuft. +Der reelle Arcuscosinus is bekanntlich nur für $|z| \leq 1$ definiert. +Hier bleibt der Wert unter der Wurzel positiv und das Integral liefert reelle Werte. +Doch wenn $|z|$ über 1 hinausgeht, wird der Term unter der Wurzel negativ. +Durch die Quadratwurzel entstehen für den Integranden zwei rein komplexe Lösungen. +Der Wert des Arcuscosinus verlässt also bei $z= \pm 1$ den reellen Zahlenstrahl und knickt in die komplexe Ebene ab. +Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos} zeigt den Arcuscosinus in der komplexen Ebene. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos.tikz.tex} + \caption{Die Funktion $z = \cos^{-1}(w)$ dargestellt in der komplexen ebene.} + \label{ellfilter:fig:arccos} +\end{figure} +Wegen der Periodizität des Kosinus ist auch der Arcuscosinus $2\pi$-periodisch. +Das Einzeichnen von Pol- und Nullstellen ist hilfreich für die Betrachtung der Funktion. + + +In \eqref{ellfilter:eq:chebychef_polynomials} wird $z$ mit dem Ordnungsfaktor $N$ multipliziert und durch die Kosinusfunktion zurück transformiert. +Die Skalierung hat zur folge, dass bei der Rücktransformation durch den Kosinus mehrere Nullstellen durchlaufen werden. +Somit passiert $\cos( N~\cos^{-1}(w))$ im Intervall $[-1, 1]$ $N$ Nullstellen, wie dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{ellfilter:fig:arccos2}. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/ellfilter/tikz/arccos2.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + $z_1=N \cos^{-1}(w)$-Ebene der Tschebyscheff-Funktion. + Die eingefärbten Pfade sind Verläufe von $w\in(-\infty, \infty)$ für $N = 4$. + Je grösser die Ordnung $N$ gewählt wird, desto mehr Nullstellen werden passiert die zu Equirippel-Verhalten führen. + Die vertikalen Segmente der Funktion sorgen für das Ansteigen der Funktion gegen $\infty$ nach der Grenzfrequenz. + Die eingezeichneten Nullstellen sind vom zurücktransformierenden Kosinus. + } + \label{ellfilter:fig:arccos2} +\end{figure} +Durch die spezielle Anordnung der Nullstellen hat die Funktion auf der reellen Achse Equirippel-Verhalten und ist dennoch ein Polynom, was sich perfekt für linear Filter eignet. +Equirippel bedeutet, dass alle lokalen Maxima der Betragsfunktion gleich gross sind. diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore b/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eae2913 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +standalone
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/.vscode/settings.json b/buch/papers/fm/.vscode/settings.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5125289 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/.vscode/settings.json @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +{ + "notebook.cellFocusIndicator": "border" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex b/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..982d63c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% + +Durch die Modulation wird ein Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) auf ein Trägersignal (z.B. ein Sinus- oder Rechtecksignal) abgebildet (kombiniert). +Durch dieses Auftragen vom Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) kann das modulierte Signal in einem gewünschten Frequenzbereich übertragen werden. +Der ursprünglich Frequenzbereich des Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) erstreckt sich typischerweise von 0 Hz bis zur Bandbreite \(B_m\). +Beim Empfänger wird dann durch Demodulation das ursprüngliche Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) so originalgetreu wie möglich zurückgewonnen. +Beim Trägersignal \(x_c(t)\) handelt es sich um ein informationsloses Hilfssignal. +Durch die Modulation mit dem Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) wird es zum modulierten zu übertragenden Signal. +Für alle Erklärungen wird ein sinusförmiges Trägersignal benutzt, jedoch kann auch ein Rechtecksignal, +welches Digital einfach umzusetzten ist, +genauso als Trägersignal genutzt werden kann.\cite{fm:NAT} + +\subsection{Modulationsarten\label{fm:section:modulation}} + +Das sinusförmige Trägersignal hat die übliche Form: +\(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_c(t)+\varphi)\). +Wobei die konstanten Amplitude \(A_c\) und Phase \(\varphi\) vom Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) verändert werden können. +Der Parameter \(\omega_c\), die Trägerkreisfrequenz bzw. die Trägerfrequenz \(f_c = \frac{\omega_c}{2\pi}\), +steht nicht für die modulation zur verfügung, statt dessen kann durch ihn die Frequenzachse frei gewählt werden. +\newblockpunct +Jedoch ist das für die Vielfalt der Modulationsarten keine Einschrenkung. +Ein Nachrichtensignal kann auch über die Momentanfrequenz (instantenous frequency) \(\omega_i\) eines trägers verändert werden. +Mathematisch wird dann daraus +\[ + \omega_i = \omega_c + \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt} +\] +mit der Ableitung der Phase\cite{fm:NAT}. +Mit diesen drei Parameter ergeben sich auch drei Modulationsarten, die Amplitudenmodulation, welche \(A_c\) benutzt, +die Phasenmodulation \(\varphi\) und dann noch die Momentankreisfrequenz \(\omega_i\): +\begin{itemize} + \item AM + \item PM + \item FM +\end{itemize} +Um modulation zu Verstehen ist es am Anschaulichst mit der AM Amplitudenmodulation, +da Phasenmodulation und Frequenzmodulation den gleichen Parameter verändert vernachlässige ich die Phasenmodulation ganz. + +To do: Bilder jeder Modulationsart + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex b/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..714b9a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Amplitudenmodulation\label{fm:section:teil0}} +\rhead{AM} + +Das Ziel ist FM zu verstehen doch dazu wird zuerst AM erklärt welches einwenig einfacher zu verstehen ist und erst dann übertragen wir die Ideen in FM. +Nun zur Amplitudenmodulation verwenden wir das bevorzugte Trägersignal +\[ + x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_ct). +\] +Dies bringt den grossen Vorteil das, dass modulierend Signal sämtliche Anteile im Frequenzspektrum in Anspruch nimmt +und das Trägersignal nur zwei komplexe Schwingungen besitzt. +Dies sieht man besonders in der Eulerischen Formel +\[ + x_c(t) = \frac{A_c}{2} \cdot e^{j\omega_ct}\;+\;\frac{A_c}{2} \cdot e^{-j\omega_ct}. + \label{fm:eq:AM:euler} +\] +Dabei ist die negative Frequenz der zweiten komplexen Schwingung zwingend erforderlich, damit in der Summe immer ein reellwertiges Trägersignal ergibt. +Nun wird der Parameter \(A_c\) durch das Modulierende Signal \(m(t)\) ersetzt, wobei so \(m(t) \leqslant |1|\) normiert wurde. + +Dabei entseht wine Umhüllende kurve die unserem ursprünglichen signal \(m(t)\) entspricht. +\[ + x_c(t) = m(t) \cdot \cos(\omega_ct). +\] + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/fm/Python animation/m_t.pgf} + \caption{modulierende Signal \(m(t)\)} + \label{fig:bessel} +\end{figure} +% +TODO: +Bilder +Hier beschrieib ich was AmplitudenModulation ist und mache dan den link zu Frequenzmodulation inkl Formel \[\cos( \cos x)\] +so wird beschrieben das daraus eigentlich \(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_i)\) wird und somit \(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_c + \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt})\). +Da \(\sin \) abgeleitet \(\cos \) ergibt, so wird aus dem \(m(t)\) ein \( \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt}\) in der momentan frequenz. \[ \Rightarrow \cos( \cos x) \] +\subsection{Frequenzspektrum} +Das Frequenzspektrum ist eine Darstellung von einem Signal im Frequenzbereich, das heisst man erkennt welche Frequenzen in einem Signal vorhanden sind. +Dafür muss man eine Fouriertransformation vornehmen. +Wird aus dieser Gleichung \eqref{fm:eq:AM:euler}die Fouriertransformation vorggenommen, so erhält man + +% +%Ein Ziel der Modulation besteht darin, mehrere Nachrichtensignale von verschiedenen Sendern gleichzeitig +%in verschiedenen Frequenzbereichen über den gleichen Kanal zu senden. Um dieses Frequenzmultiplexing +%störungsfrei und mit eine Vielzahl von Teilnehmern durchführen zu können, muss die spektrale Beschaffen- +%heit der modulierten Signale möglichst gut bekannt sein. +%Dank des Modulationssatzes der Fouriertransformation lässt sich das Spektrum eines gewöhnlichen AM Si- +%gnals sofort bestimmen: +%A c μ +%F +%·(M n (ω−ω c ) + M n (ω+ω c )) (5.5) +%A c ·(1+μm n (t))·cos(ω c t) ❝ s A c π (δ(ω−ω c ) + δ(ω+ω c )) + +%2 +%Das zweiseitige Spektrum des Nachrichtensignals M (ω) wird mit dem Faktor A 2 c μ gewichtet und einmal +%nach +ω c und einmal nach −ω c verschoben. Dies führt im Vergleich zum Basisbandsignal zu einer Verdop- +%pelung der Bandbreite mit je einem Seitenband links und rechts der Trägerfrequenz. Weiter beinhaltet das +%Amplitudendichtespektrum je eine Deltafunktion mit Gewicht A c π an den Stellen ±ω c , d.h. ein fester, nicht- +%modulierter Amplitudenanteil bei der eigentlichen Trägerfrequenz. +%Das Amplitudendichtespektrum ist im nachfolgenden Graphen für A c = 1 und μ = 100% dargestellt.5.3. Gewöhnliche Amplitudenmodulation +%47 +%Abbildung 5.12: Amplitudendichtespektrum von gewöhnlicher AM +%Für das Nachrichtensignal wurde in diesem Graph mit einem Keil symbolhaft ein Amplitudendichtespektrum +%|M (ω)| gewählt, bei welchem der Anteil auf der positiven und jener auf der negativen Frequenzachse visuell +%gut auseinandergehalten werden können. Ein solch geformtes Spektrum wird aber in der Praxis kaum je +%auftreten: bei periodischen Testsignalen besteht das Nachrichtensignal aus einem Linienspektrum, bei einem +%Energiesignal mit zufälligem Verlauf aus einem kontinuierlichen Spektrum, welches jedoch nicht auf diese +%einfache Art geformt sein wird
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex b/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a01fb69 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +% +% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{FM +\label{fm:section:teil1}} +\rhead{FM} +\subsection{Frequenzmodulation} +(skript Nat ab Seite 60) +Als weiterer Parameter, um ein sinusförmiges Trägersignal \(x_c = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_c t + \varphi)\) zu modulieren, +bietet sich neben der Amplitude \(A_c\) auch der Phasenwinkel \(\varphi\) oder die momentane Frequenzabweichung \(\frac{d\varphi}{dt}\) an. +Bei der Phasenmodulation (Englisch: phase modulation, PM) erzeugt das Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) eine Phasenabweichung \(\varphi(t)\) des modulierten Trägersignals im Vergleich zum nicht-modulierten Träger. Sie ist pro- +%portional zum Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) durch eine Skalierung mit der Phasenhubkonstanten (Englisch: phase deviation constant) +%k p [rad], +%welche die Amplitude des Nachrichtensignals auf die Phasenabweichung des +%modulierten Trägersignals abbildet: φ(t) = k p · m(t). Damit ergibt sich für das phasenmodulierte Trägersi- +%gnal: +%x PM (t) = A c · cos (ω c t + k p · m(t)) +%(5.16) +%Die modulierte Phase φ(t) verändert dabei auch die Momentanfrequenz (Englisch: instantaneous frequency) +%ω i +%, welche wie folgt berechnet wird: +%f i = 2π +%ω i (t) = ω c + +%d φ(t) +%dt +%(5.17) +%Bei der Frequenzmodulation (Englisch: frequency modulation, FM) ist die Abweichung der momentanen +%Kreisfrequenz ω i von der Trägerkreisfrequenz ω c proportional zum Nachrichtensignal m(t). Sie ergibt sich, +%indem m(t) mit der (Kreis-)Frequenzhubkonstanten (Englisch: frequency deviation constant) k f [rad/s] ska- +%liert wird: ω i (t) = ω c + k f · m(t). Diese sich zeitlich verändernde Abweichung von der Kreisfrequenz ω c +%verursacht gleichzeitig auch Schwankungen der Phase φ(t), welche wie folgt berechnet wird: +%φ(t) = +%Z t +%−∞ +%ω i (τ ) − ω c dτ = +%Somit ergibt sich für das frequenzmodulierte Trägersignal: +% +%Z t +%−∞ +%x FM (t) = A c · cos ω c t + k f +%k f · m(t) dτ +%Z t +%−∞ +% +%m(τ ) dτ +%(5.18) +%(5.19) +%Die Phase φ(t) hat dabei einen kontinuierlichen Verlauf, d.h. das FM-modulierte Signal x FM (t) weist keine +%Stellen auf, wo sich die Phase sprunghaft ändert. Aus diesem Grund spricht man bei frequenzmodulierten +%Signalen – speziell auch bei digitalen FM-Signalen – von einer Modulation mit kontinuierlicher Phase (Eng- +%lisch: continuous phase modulation). +%Wie aus diesen Ausführungen hervorgeht, sind Phasenmodulation und Frequenzmodulation äquivalente Mo- +%dulationsverfahren. Beide variieren sowohl die Phase φ wie auch die Momentanfrequenz ω i . Dadurch kann +%man leider nicht – wie vielleicht erhofft – je mit einem eigenen Nachrichtensignal ein gemeinsames Trägersi- +%gnal unabhängig PM- und FM-modulieren, ohne dass sich diese Modulationen für den Empfänger untrennbar +%vermischen würden. +% +%Um die mathematische Behandlung der nicht-linearen Winkelmodulation etwas zu verkürzen, ist es aufgrund +%dieser Äquivalenzen gerechtfertigt, dass PM und FM gemeinsam behandelt werden. Jeweils vor der Modu- +%lation bzw. nach der Demodulation kann dann noch eine Differentiation oder Integration durchgeführt wird, +%um von der einen Modulationsart zur anderen zu gelangen. +%\subsection{Frequenzbereich} +%Nun +%TODO +%Hier Beschreiben ich FM und FM im Frequenzspektrum. +%Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +%accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa +%quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae +%dicta sunt explicabo. +%Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit +%aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione +%voluptatem sequi nesciunt +%\begin{equation} +%\int_a^b x^2\, dx +%= +%\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b +%= +%\frac{b^3-a^3}3. +%\label{fm:equation1} +%\end{equation} +%Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, +%consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora +%incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +% +%Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +%suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? +%Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit +%esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum +%fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? +% +%\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +%\label{fm:subsection:finibus}} +%At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +%blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +%dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +%provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +%animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. +% +%Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +%\ref{fm:section:loesung}. +%Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil +%impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis +%voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus +%\ref{fm:section:folgerung}. +%Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum +%necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et +%molestiae non recusandae. +%Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis +%voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus +%asperiores repellat. diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex b/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c2cb71 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex @@ -0,0 +1,223 @@ +% +% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{FM und Bessel-Funktion +\label{fm:section:proof}} +\rhead{Herleitung} +Die momentane Trägerkreisfrequenz \(\omega_i\), wie schon in (ref) beschrieben ist, bringt die Ableitung \(\frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt}\) mit sich. +Diese wiederum kann durch \(\beta\sin(\omega_mt)\) ausgedrückt werden, wobei es das modulierende Signal \(m(t)\) ist. +Somit haben wir unser \(x_c\) welches +\[ +\cos(\omega_c t+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) +\] +ist. + +\subsection{Herleitung} +Das Ziel ist, unser moduliertes Signal mit der Bessel-Funktion so auszudrücken: +\begin{align} + x_c(t) + = + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + &= + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t) + \label{fm:eq:proof} +\end{align} + +\subsubsection{Hilfsmittel} +Doch dazu brauchen wir die Hilfe der Additionsthoerme +\begin{align} + \cos(A + B) + &= + \cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B) + \label{fm:eq:addth1} + \\ + 2\cos (A)\cos (B) + &= + \cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B) + \label{fm:eq:addth2} + \\ + 2\sin(A)\sin(B) + &= + \cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B) + \label{fm:eq:addth3} +\end{align} +und die drei Bessel-Funktionsindentitäten, +\begin{align} + \cos(\beta\sin\phi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \cos(2k\phi) + \label{fm:eq:besselid1} + \\ + \sin(\beta\sin\phi) + &= + 2\sum_{k=0}^\infty J_{2k+1}(\beta) \cos((2k+1)\phi) + \label{fm:eq:besselid2} + \\ + J_{-n}(\beta) &= (-1)^n J_n(\beta) + \label{fm:eq:besselid3} +\end{align} +welche man im Kapitel \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:expinphireal}, \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:expinphiimaginary}, \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:symetrie} findet. + +\subsubsection{Anwenden des Additionstheorem} +Mit dem \eqref{fm:eq:addth1} wird aus dem modulierten Signal +\[ + x_c(t) + = + \cos(\omega_c t + \beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + = + \cos(\omega_c t)\cos(\beta\sin(\omega_m t)) - \sin(\omega_ct)\sin(\beta\sin(\omega_m t)). + \label{fm:eq:start} +\] +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsubsection{Cos-Teil} +Zu beginn wird der Cos-Teil +\begin{align*} + c(t) + &= + \cos(\omega_c t)\cdot\cos(\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) +\end{align*} +mit hilfe der Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid1} zum +\begin{align*} + c(t) + &= + \cos(\omega_c t) \cdot \bigg[ J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \cos( 2k \omega_m t)\, \bigg] + \\ + &= + J_0(\beta) \cdot \cos(\omega_c t) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \underbrace{2\cos(\omega_c t)\cos(2k\omega_m t)}_{\text{Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth2}}} +\end{align*} +%intertext{} Funktioniert nicht. +wobei mit dem Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth2} \(A = \omega_c t\) und \(B = 2k\omega_m t \) ersetzt wurden. +Nun kann die Summe in zwei Summen +\begin{align*} + c(t) + &= + J_0(\beta) \cdot \cos(\omega_c t) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c - 2k \omega_m) t) \,+\, \cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t) \} + \\ + &= + \sum_{k=\infty}^{1} J_{2k}(\beta) \underbrace{\cos((\omega_c - 2k \omega_m) t)} + \,+\,J_0(\beta)\cdot \cos(\omega_c t) + \,+\, \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta)\cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +aufgeteilt werden. +Wenn bei der ersten Summe noch \(k\) von \(-\infty \to -1\) läuft, wird diese summe zu \(\sum_{k=-1}^{-\infty} J_{-2k}(\beta) {\cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t)} \) +Zudem kann die Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid3} gebraucht werden. \(n \) wird mit \(2k\) ersetzt, da dies immer gerade ist so gilt: \(J_{-n}(\beta) = J_n(\beta)\) +Somit bekommt man zwei gleiche Summen +\begin{align*} + c(t) + &= + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{-1} J_{2k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t) + \,+\,J_0(\beta)\cdot \cos(\omega_c t+ 2 \cdot 0 \omega_m) + \,+\, \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta)\cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +Diese können wir vereinfachter schreiben, +\begin{align*} + \sum_{n\, \text{gerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t), + \label{fm:eq:gerade} +\end{align*} +da \(2k\) für alle negativen, wie positiven geraden Zahlen zählt. +%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsubsection{Sin-Teil} +Nun zum zweiten Teil des Term \eqref{fm:eq:start}, den Sin-Teil +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + -\sin(\omega_c t)\cdot\sin(\beta\sin(\omega_m t)). +\end{align*} +Dieser wird mit der \eqref{fm:eq:besselid2} Besselindentität zu +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + -\sin(\omega_c t) \cdot \bigg[ 2 \sum_{k=0}^\infty J_{ 2k + 1}(\beta) \cos(( 2k + 1) \omega_m t) \bigg] + \\ + &= + \sum_{k=0}^\infty -1 \cdot J_{2k+1}(\beta) 2\sin(\omega_c t)\cos((2k+1)\omega_m t). +\end{align*} +Da \(2k + 1\) alle ungeraden positiven Ganzzahlen entspricht wird es durch \(n\) ersetzt. +Wird die Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid3} gebraucht, so ersetzten wird \(J_{-n}(\beta) = -1\cdot J_n(\beta)\) ersetzt: +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=0}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta) \underbrace{2\sin(\omega_c t)\cos(n \omega_m t)}_{\text{Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth3}}}. +\end{align*} +Auch hier wird ein Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth3} gebraucht, dabei ist \(A = \omega_c t\) und \(B = n \omega_m t \), +somit wird daraus: +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=0}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta) \{ \underbrace{\cos((\omega_c - n\omega_m) t)} \,-\, \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) \} + \\ + &= + \sum_{n=- \infty}^{0} J_{n}(\beta) \overbrace{\cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t)} + \,-\, \sum_{n=0}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +Auch hier wurde wieder eine zweite Summe \(\sum_{-\infty}^{-1}\) gebraucht um das Minus zu einem Plus zu wandeln. +Wenn \(n = 0 \) ist der Minuend gleich dem Subtrahend und somit dieser Teil \(=0\), das bedeutet \(n\) ended bei \(-1\) und started bei \(1\). +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=- \infty}^{-1} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t) + \underbrace{\,-\, \sum_{n=1}^\infty J_{-n}(\beta)} \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +Um aus diesem Subtrahend eine Addition zu kreiernen, wird die Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid3} gebraucht, +jedoch so \(-1 \cdot J_{-n}(\beta) = J_n(\beta)\) und daraus wird dann: +\begin{align*} + s(t) + &= + \sum_{n=- \infty}^{-1} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n \omega_m) t) + \,+\, \sum_{n=1}^\infty J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\end{align*} +Da \(n\) immer ungerade ist und \(0\) nicht zu den ungeraden Zahlen zählt, kann man dies so vereinfacht +\[ + s(t) + = + \sum_{n\, \text{ungerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t). + \label{fm:eq:ungerade} +\] +, mit allen positiven und negativen Ganzzahlen schreiben. +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\subsubsection{Summe Zusammenführen} +Beide Teile \eqref{fm:eq:gerade} Gerade +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{gerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\] +und \eqref{fm:eq:ungerade} Ungerade +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{ungerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\] +ergeben zusammen +\[ + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + = + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+ n\omega_m)t). +\] +Somit ist \eqref{fm:eq:proof} bewiesen. +\newpage +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsection{Bessel und Frequenzspektrum} +Um sich das ganze noch einwenig Bildlicher vorzustellenhier einmal die Bessel-Funktion \(J_{k}(\beta)\) in geplottet. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf} + \caption{Bessle Funktion \(J_{k}(\beta)\)} + \label{fig:bessel} +\end{figure} +TODO Grafik einfügen, +\newline +Nun einmal das Modulierte FM signal im Frequenzspektrum mit den einzelen Summen dargestellt + +TODO +Hier wird beschrieben wie die Bessel Funktion der FM im Frequenzspektrum hilft, wieso diese gebrauch wird und ihre Vorteile. +\begin{itemize} + \item Zuerest einmal die Herleitung von FM zu der Bessel-Funktion + \item Im Frequenzspektrum darstellen mit Farben, ersichtlich machen. + \item Parameter tuing der Trägerfrequenz, Modulierende frequenz und Beta. +\end{itemize} + + +%\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +%\label{fm:subsection:bonorum}} + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex b/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d5eca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Fazit +\label{fm:section:fazit}} +\rhead{Zusamenfassend} + +TODO Anwendungen erklären und Sinn des Ganzen. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..496e35e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2801e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +%% !TeX root = .tex + +\documentclass[11pt,aspectratio=169]{beamer} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{lmodern} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetheme{Hannover} + +\begin{document} + \author{Joshua Bär} + \title{FM - Bessel} + \subtitle{} + \logo{} + \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} + \date{16.5.2022} + \subject{Mathematisches Seminar - Spezielle Funktionen} + %\setbeamercovered{transparent} + \setbeamercovered{invisible} + \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} + \begin{frame}[plain] + \maketitle + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Einführung} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Frequenzmodulation} + + \visible<1->{ + \begin{equation} \cos(\omega_c t+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + \end{equation}} + + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/fm_in_time.png}} + \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/fm_frequenz.png}} + \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/bessel_frequenz.png}} + + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Proof} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Bessel} + + \visible<1->{\begin{align} + \cos(\beta\sin\varphi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{m=1}^\infty J_{2m}(\beta) \cos(2m\varphi) + \\ + \sin(\beta\sin\varphi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{m=1}^\infty J_{2m}(\beta) \cos(2m\varphi) + \\ + J_{-n}(\beta) &= (-1)^n J_n(\beta) + \end{align}} + \visible<2->{\begin{align} + \cos(A + B) + &= + \cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B) + \\ + 2\cos (A)\cos (B) + &= + \cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B) + \\ + 2\sin(A)\sin(B) + &= + \cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B) + \end{align}} +\end{frame} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Prof->Done} + \begin{align} + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + &= + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t) + \end{align} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \begin{figure} + \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale = 0.75]{images/fm_frequenz.png}} + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale = 0.75]{images/bessel_frequenz.png}} + \end{figure} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Input Parameter} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Träger-Frequenz Parameter} + \onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt))\end{equation}} + \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/100HZ.png}} + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/200HZ.png}} + \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/300HZ.png}} + \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/400HZ.png}} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Modulations-Frequenz Parameter} +\onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt))\end{equation}} +\only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_3Hz.png}} +\only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_5Hz.png}} +\only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_7Hz.png}} +\only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_10Hz.png}} +\only<5>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_20Hz.png}} +\only<6>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_30Hz.png}} +\end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Beta Parameter} + \onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t)\end{equation}} + \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.001.png}} + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.1.png}} + \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.5.png}} + \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_1.png}} + \only<5>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_2.png}} + \only<6>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_3.png}} + \only<7>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/bessel.png}} +\end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/beta_1.png} + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/bessel.png} +\end{frame} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65f390d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Dies ist die Presentation des FM - Bessel
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Dr Andreas Mueller # -images: - @echo "no images to be created in fm" +SOURCES := \ + 00_modulation.tex \ + 01_AM.tex \ + 02_FM.tex \ + 03_bessel.tex \ + 04_fazit.tex \ + main.tex +#TIKZFIGURES := \ + tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex \ + +#FIGURES := $(patsubst tikz/%.tex, figures/%.pdf, $(TIKZFIGURES)) + +all: images standalone + +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +#figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex +# mkdir -p figures +# pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< + +.PHONY: standalone +standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) $(FIGURES) + mkdir -p standalone + cd ../..; \ + pdflatex \ + --halt-on-error \ + --shell-escape \ + --output-directory=papers/fm/standalone \ + papers/fm/standalone.tex; + cd standalone; \ + bibtex standalone; \ + makeindex standalone;
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc index 0f144b6..40f23b1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc @@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ dependencies-fm = \ papers/fm/packages.tex \ papers/fm/main.tex \ - papers/fm/references.bib \ - papers/fm/teil0.tex \ - papers/fm/teil1.tex \ - papers/fm/teil2.tex \ - papers/fm/teil3.tex + papers/fm/00_modulation.tex \ + papers/fm/01_AM.tex \ + papers/fm/02_FM.tex \ + papers/fm/03_bessel.tex \ + papers/fm/04_fazit.tex \ + papers/fm/references.bib diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4074765 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "import numpy as np\n", + "from scipy import signal\n", + "from scipy.fft import fft, ifft, fftfreq\n", + "import scipy.special as sc\n", + "import scipy.fftpack\n", + "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", + "import matplotlib as mpl\n", + "# Use the pgf backend (must be set before pyplot imported)\n", + "# mpl.use('pgf')\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "def fm(beta):\n", + " # Number of samplepoints\n", + " N = 600\n", + " # sample spacing\n", + " T = 1.0 / 1000.0\n", + " fc = 100.0\n", + " fm = 30.0\n", + " x = np.linspace(0.01, N*T, N)\n", + " #beta = 1.0\n", + " y_old = np.sin(fc * 2.0*np.pi*x+beta*np.sin(fm * 2.0*np.pi*x))\n", + " y = 0*x;\n", + " xf = fftfreq(N, 1 / N)\n", + " for k in range (-4, 4):\n", + " y = sc.jv(k,beta)*np.sin((fc+k*fm) * 2.0*np.pi*x)\n", + " yf = fft(y)/(fc*np.pi)\n", + " plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf))\n", + " plt.xlim(-150, 150)\n", + " plt.show()\n", + " #yf_old = fft(y_old)\n", + " #plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf_old))\n", + " #plt.show()\n", + " \n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Number of samplepoints\n", + "N = 800\n", + "# sample spacing\n", + "T = 1.0 / N\n", + "x = np.linspace(0.01, N*T, N)\n", + "\n", + "y_old = np.sin(100* 2.0*np.pi*x+1*np.sin(15* 2.0*np.pi*x))\n", + "yf_old = fft(y_old)/(100*np.pi)\n", + "xf = fftfreq(N, 1 / N)\n", + "plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf_old))\n", + "#plt.xlim(-150, 150)\n", + "plt.show()\n", + "\n", + "fm(2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "0.7651976865579666\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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t28HBwUQi0cvLi0QiNTY2mpub5+fnOzo6YrOwlx2CKkj4FrJPg1r56AiCA48xMHI9WPR5SRxh7XPJuNK4cmG5I8sRACRJSbxtv7Tl5T2eNDGZpu+/b7bgYxy2Dv7q48WkwiUSib///ntERISDg0N9fT2WCvdlR14sxH4CaiUMWATek4BlBxIeFMTB3V2weyiM2QzBH6TWpZpSTF1NXF94ZzU0mlqX6kC3q//++5Zjf5McHKy++YbWvx+OzpAVFgpiYhp37RJeuGD3x+9kDw/s8WIUph06UuECwIQJE8aOHdvY2Iilwn3ZkboXLq4E+/7w9h4w+S+jGtsWbAKh/8cQsxjOLQNxfWpjaj+rfi9DPlpHlqMlzTKt6nbo79dF/14xmz/f4tP/Q4hEzVmitRVj6BBO2r3qFSvK33/fbscOWnAw9pBfXfRsCKJu8UY8Ho/x18uOrL/hwgroMw7mnH3MX+2gW8CMExAwq+rm5hpxzcswi3w0l7Ts570zQXTlquVXa7mrVrbz1+NZQkiw099/Eyy4lQsXyQoLseeMURiG1xHlyRC7DFyGwDsHoDPlCRweJv2e6hQCAP2UyEvS8dFJrf3uS0lR80zff7+za4jWVg779+GZjMqFC5WNjdjTxigMw+sFaQtEfwgcR3j3MOCJOl8i/D2HQDMUcb60DlqbX3zHMzO5R68meePuj+7CMUfgcu137lS18GtWrwEUxZ45RmEYXiOcWwaSRpi6DyjsLq+915gVZNUPkTTChU9fbK/VbW01q9cQraxOv2WW3pDR5fXkPn24a1ZLkpKaDx3Gnnm3oKCg4OjRo7Gxsd0T9oVRGAZj8OAC5MXCiK/Auutcto3SxipRVaDDMBi2GnJjoOjKC+x44/bt8ooKm00/eNoHpten61OE8957jOHDG375RVFdjT3550RqaupHH31UUlJy4cKFkJCQ1tZWjMIw9DbwajlcWgNcbwiN0uf6e/X3ACDIMgjCloK5B1xcCcq2F9JzRVVV88FD7MmTaf37B1sGV4gqeK08fQpaffMN4HB1GzZiT/9ZGCS2ExIScvPmza+//nrXrl0cDqcXhA+xnYkYOsKjPhZaKmB+XBcusP+QzkunEqiepp6A4GHsT3D4LUjdCwOX9H7PeVu2Ijgc9/+WA0AQNwgAMnmZkU6RXRYkWltZLF1Sv/knupvrq/vg0uLKagqN3GmkVCrZ5vSID7yePWWQ2A6CPFrSkUqlpaWlrq49Pp4YhWHo8MLWuPLiwf89cNBXPDqjPsPfwh+P4AEAXIeD63BI+hWC5wGJ3psdl2ZmCi9dsli6lGBpCQBeZl50Iv0e754+FAYAnNmzW46fMI+LhxUrAIfNTp6CoWI7arV67ty5UVFRDg4OGIVh6E60CNpuJFXxalsVCiWDTfbyNg/xs3xKoPDGzwiqhmFr9KxQrBAXtBQs8n+spAQR62D3cLizEwZ/3pu31vjndoKpqen8eY+mwwi+r3lfPd1hAIAQCBbLl8s/+0x48SJrwoT2420y5a2UmvIyQZtUQaESHV3ZgwfYkUgvI8eFjHWCsUaW5fP5OkI4DRLbQVH0ww8/dHJyWrNmTS/cNUZhbwruptcnnHlIb5C3f3wigLs36hMJuQxf05mzvNhMMrSUQcbhcvNhzhwnPavNashSo2rNrO0RbAKhzxhI/h/0XwBkZu/cXVtOjvjmTe7nn+Moj+PXgi2Dd2TtEMlFTJJe3WCNHVOydSvvt/8xx4xBCISiMv7Z4wW4cgnpv3ALKcCD2w33jxWhLoxpM70dbBlv7OvUmdgOiqILFy7kcDibN2/unZ5gFPb6Q9yq2PVHOqlEQsaBwpXhP8DKx9vMhEkurxSmptYKMhrVmc27sm+5j3OYotgGOEKh5SRnvSvPqM/AI/i+Fn2fOjp0NeweCvcOQNjSXjLBduzEs9mcmTOePBhkGaRG1VkNWeG24fpZYkhjZCR5//6Ws7HHG5wUWXwSgMSS5BRiFRxoxTWnNDS1pWXUFdytoxeLo7+7yw61mP9B3zfzpYqIiNB6/Pr163v37vX29vb19QWALVu2jBkzBqMwDMajpEJ4fNs9VhsqdaR9FBXAYT82Uvq4mfZxM4UZcON2za3jBTXnKm7SKQMj5rUpTPSvP52X7mXmRSPQnjpqEwDOg+HOTghdDLgef8dkRcWihASLJUtw9Ke8b/4W/kQc8V79PX0pDEDSxwO8/M//04wyTSSmxOmL+ro4PB4NexuGvY0bjHfLe9gcsyeblNLwY+mtZV8MoFFf5+/IysqqPRfRkiVLurTO1Gp1b3YPc1u+zsh72Bz9UxpVhjpMdly5JvRJ/noSQ0JtPv9pqIXFw/uSCb/eGKFQ6lu/Uq3Mbsx+ahbZjoFLQFAFeb0hH9hy5AhCJJpMf6/DcTKe7GXmpb87DACahLjLlh9I6A4WdqIvfxj8JH89CW930zU/DgU/E0ad7Nevb4kkcuxle1HAKOy1RVEZ//yvmTgUHbzIZ9LYLta2SWrxu7RvfR2SKHx8bhJdz28ytym3TdkWyA3Ucs59NJh7QPLvPX2bapFIEBvLnjCBYGb27Nlgy+CcphyZSq8w8YelfN4dugohBVT/3T/raBeTThx8EhVkPtKGKVb9b32KtE2JvXIYhWHoNghEslO/ZhBQdOgC3xB/PeRA7u0DmWjovLc4w61Npbg/vrutVHY9HdAYOAHcAG2fOAKhi6EmA6rTe/RO+f+cUbe2cjrZzh3EDZKr5LmNuV3WU1Mn+WdrOglFwj709pw9WpqdLdUjk+v0aZ7mETZskeq3zXewt+6FQNccPiUlJTo6ur6+nsFgSKVSS0vLyZMnh4WFYaP2kkOlVv+56Q6rDXV9x0Uv/lIr4c4ucBkG1n6z3oNvi8pNK+GXn+6s/LKL0LAMXoYjy9Gc2kneh77vwuWv4N4BsA3qqVtF0ZZjx6hBQRRvL+0UZhmEQ3D3ePeCLHX1QdyqOPDTXboKcP6S0BBrtfck3tZtzUeO2gYEdNmFGe94/lHfyszh79iZuXjRo+t56YUNNwqBp6QqqXiEpAaVHNoULCXNh+swth+BTMTe0p61wmQy2bZt2wQCwaZNmw4fPrxjx44DBw78+OOPKIoeOXKkrU3f7SOJiYnR0dEdcn88icLCwnv37mGPoXuxd28Wu1lJGWA+NkK/pcWCiyCsgQGPYrv8fGVydwatQrr/cI4u9gA0syEz2LJzvUAyA/pOg5zTIBP10J22pqXJy8tNn16IfBIsEsuF7dKlO+yPzXdYraj9OHsHazUA4Gg0k7eniC5d0lOE55OoIKEFSZXZfP1mZWlsSv7qWPnJemYtE0FxrWypmCuSmEkUZAVNwCDdVlV8nZC/+5JSKsNe1B6ksMbGxqVLl44ZM4b4hFYcgiCDBg2aMWNGQ0ODPlUvX758+/bt+fn5Q4YMEYm0vMRNTU3jx4///PPPscfQjbibXi9LbxGYET+a56dvmbR9wLYF98dR7Ms+DRGYEITJvNvpdZ0VKhWUtrS1aHeEPbaC5oJcAtmnemoWGR2NYzIZI0fquCbEMiSTl6lGO50X7z+UzayXI34mb090bz/ImTULVan4J07q0w0EB1Er+uHxIsY/d4jJSjxKEPdpM//cz3vTJN+1b/l8Psl31WTfjVOcfxiuHEqWktqYJbSi9VdqUnJeyzcwNTX10KFDp06d6pa8SkZSmK2tbVxc3GeffZaZmSkQCBITExv/+znC4/H29vZd1qtJhXv8+PGvvvpqyJAhR49qcY5++umnS5cuxUinG9EmUyYczJPjYf6nes/dmkugOBGC5gIO334Mj8PN+yxYhoMb+/OaW9p0OMK6oDDbILD2h3sHeuJm1WKx6NJl9vjxT4azPotAbqBmC4F29s6qF6Y0CNiERYuemjOSHBwYgwa1nDyJKvXy09fFJo1jsEyJJqnKarfvIj3njaJxO2aWRQh4p7H9fb6brBpGwQNOGdP0YP+/r5sTQ6X67bff6urqUlNT/f396+rqXgyFoShqamq6devW1NTU7du3V1dX//jjj1euGCCi0iEVbkZGR+Wmc+fOWVlZBQUFYbzTvVNIpgztM9HJylzv/Ylp+wGHh6DZHQ5bc+mhsz2pCtj9273OHGFmVDNNliBdCJgJtVnAy+v2mxXGxaulUvbbXaS8DbYKBoCM+gytLrArf+UqcDD3s2D8M/siObNmKuvrxdev665fKZVl/xBDzyWJCYJLprhqMfdqcheiPY5j+tmvGSwitzAKKDk/nQX1S622aJBSBR6PP3LkyKpVq3766acBAwZ0yIHdE9DuzkcQRCKRIAji6elJJpP79+8/a9asY8eO6V+v7lS4fD7/559/jo+PT0/v6KTAUuEa3XojH6fKpjXR1Xay7LNns/X6BVMrRufub2QFpibc1dp6oyWFWwebt130dFV0KHtTeNMWb9tlP8lK+mgEXxT9fZ7Nu9177/Z79+ItLS+XlkJpqe4rTXAm5zPO0ws70vq9uxSunCjzkabevqKldbXahcUq2L6jWizudADlKrtUlQXOsoRYwg9im6nFRZW01FMPBY2ZxK7CXZFgnOndUqdm5+S1Rxv6MwCHwPOlwlXKZSql8bEdDW1SIkVLVjoej7dkyZIlS5YMHDhw9erVdDo9JCRk8+bNHXziM2fOdHd/NBNPSEiorq4uKSnx9/fXOp3sxlS4nQ5z//79L168aGlp6ePjozni5ubW1tZG0Wm0t4PL5TY1NbX7vDT7P9uxfft2Mpm8cePGqqqqkpKS7du3R0VFtVPY+vXrNTQ6efLkF8ggr1zrP6y+QUUU8/9vgJM9S29rOQayRDYT1052Ha619bFj1VtXXScVU/q/P9Sa+5gCeK28llMtHwd/PNlbj362xbrzMt0nHQYE1133Li8rKy4vt/ziC389Lk6+mZxWl9ah2pu3qy2aCqT21JVLR3TWOq+0tPmvfeMHDSKYa1l1lTbwy7beYODM2gLQIdM/0ByMY5WWRJfW1dkt+USPxEiTIfeXcw71jqyHzb6rJhvx3FtaWmQymWaH9oXffnqQfMPot87Uxm7eLzu1PL22Ng6H88MPPwBAQUFBbm7uyJEjn90j6ejo2L5RPDMzs6ysjMvlmpmZad09LhQKBw8eTKfTe5DCOBzOuHHjamtrb9++jSAIj8draGjo37+/nvXqToX7zjvvaKaQubm59+/fx6aTz4/YuGI2X0kMNjOAvwAg6xiwbMB5SGfnSSTcqHneyTtyD/6ZuXrDoMeOMF46AOhajnwSfu9B9IdQngxO4d11v8LzFwCHY40fp9fbyA28WHKxWlxty7B9xD5tylvHCnEEWLhE17tn8vbbTXv2Cs6eNfvww4781SIs23qTjrJU4WS3iaHtx8eOct6UWEnJ4VfViu2su94H7vPpxJyfz5o0mT7Ycxm4zzUmnoOGWji5GFdWKpVyLLg62EDzhz5KFQCwceNGAFixYsXu3btXr179AiaSjx0i1tbW1taavysqKhITE8lk8sCBXStJ6U6F6+7urrE5GQzGuXPnQkNDMQ56HiiV6rz4CoQEn37gZ0AxSQMUJ0DY0icd+c8ixN8y2buSmSe8dK189PBHnq/0+nQagdbHtI9+39Z4oLDg/snupLD4OFq/fgSuXh+9ZgtUen16O4Xt3pXBkKOuU53ZbLKOgiQnJ1pQEP90tNn8+YA8zs8kF0tLf77GQNnocLrTmI6p5ybP9b26LfPvfdkr1+qluebz+aTc9THsYjOyuPZ5xsQ1ZIBryADjyuoW23kWnSlVyGQyEomkET7k8XjOzs49/fITOrNO23m3HQ4ODhoBM61nn4XuVLgahIeHJyYmYhz0nDh+6gFThnLH2BqmY3X/JKgU4D+jyws/+jjg95U3Mv4pHjLQlkohAEAGL8Of+5/MYZcgUsFzAuTFwLifgUB+/vuVFRTIioqtZs/W83o3Ezc2mZ3By5joOhEA8h42I/kisRVp7KiuPzD221Nq134lzcqi/hfmqpIrCn+8xFabKgbgXMZoSZ3p7W560YlKLZXyGqsSAAAgAElEQVRm5TX4e1t02QSCQzxWRhZ/n+BRayMoq2U7Wb/8r1xnShX5+fkzZsxwdHSsqalxdnaeP39+T/dE+xuPIMjBgwcrKys7HK+srDxw4ID+tetOhYuhWyBuVdQk1QloyLRJfQwrmXUM7ELA3KNrm5pK8J3szFTAX3vvA4BYIS5sKewinKIDfKdBmwBKrnWPCRYXj+DxrFGj9H3LEZy/hb9m8gsAMX/lqBCYtSBAn7KssWNxNBr/n3/aj+RtuWiiNG31Vri83alROWuenwIHF47k6/ulMOncD/wQBFe95w6qVL1UL1gHpQrdE8OAgICsrKw9e/akpKScPXuWSqW+GCvMxMRkzpw5J06cSE9Pb2hooFKpUqmUy+X27dv3gw8+QBAEI45umP01NgpiY8UJCfLSMlSpJNra0vr3M5k6lezublA9R4/k0FXg+ZYrYtCG17ocqMuB8Vv1vHz8KOdNN6poOS0PS/g8Sm5HmcMu4TwEqBzIiwWPblCPEl68SAsNxT+hdNwlArgBN6tu8mX8a1ca2XwlMdjU3kYvwUIcjcaMjBTFx1t99RVCIj346zJHaCqw5PvMmajLA8OlE33YxGzB7bTa0BC9rCozL8d0k2teAte8bcd9PJKg8i60NgKRBlZ9wXMC9H0HiNRX4sUmkUj6hI72uC8MQZDp06dPnz4d45puByqXN+7a1bxvv1oqpfbtyxw1ChBEXlHRcuzv5kOH2ZMm4gL0NXBapUphVrOCRYgYYqBIedYxIJDBd6r+JWYs8D/7Q9rp/dnMqVlaZA51A0+EPuOg4AKoFHpmFekMbbm58ooKs4ULDCoVxA1CAb1dmV4YB2oSfD7PAKche+IEQUyM+PqNZpRNKyTzKY0+y9/qstSs9332r0m+Fv1QTwoDAJxLW8u9HJNmL15GMdfHG5g20MaHqlSIXQqJm2DkevB7D/t89KWwZ6FWq/Py8jRijBiMhqK6umr5/7Xl5rLGjbVYtozk+Dg0VCUUNv+1r+mvv5wSE9v8/Drbuvwkjh3Po6kQj/FOhnVCrYTsU+AxGqgc/Qs52bNw3ixmrjAzs8zT3LOjzGGX8J4EmUeh9Aa4RTyfCRaHEIlMvWeRGvQ170vGkxNjSu2Uzn1muJIIBpis9NBQgplZ7bkrROpIGSL1+DwSwXU9EeGwKSRvE1IO/3Z6XWiQVdfNZJ8aVvC1nGNX07JJIltiPmUcrj20rCwJrqyHfxZA0RWY8BuQaNh31IUvrOOUR6lcv379F198cfjw4V6WZHzNICsqKps+Q1FRYffnH7Zbtz7JXwCAZ7EsPv0/pxPHUQRX/sEHralpXdgjMmXLvUYBAz9qqKNh/Si7BWKeET/pc+f7teLBLscvwCLQ4Jt3GQ4U1vOLIAovX6YPCsOzWAaVIuFJ3tRAy1JbkTnJ4OHC4xljxyuQQBRQ64+DSSx9o5lmzvKW49CE04VdX3pnJ0R/3EJ3pS6NRwYyGMB58NcTe4+cwuHDyzDia8iJhsNvQdvjQHEcDvcqfpIoinaXP4qg3xPER0ZGhoWFKZVKHJafymj+Ki4unz0HIZGcjv9Ncuk0fofi41O5eJHXyVOVixc7HjlM8fTs7MoTpx/QlOAUabjfIf8skOjgarA1xKST6AOBnmQnyWOBocv3BDJ4jIGCC6DeZrQataywUFFZab5ggRFl7XIHE1D82NluRpRtRF04VGuRWSnb1QDrz5RDIXqxSbnCjNyGQJ/OlyYzj0HcavCemEKcPJFh6TLFMiczhlnKEhTXsF1t/vPs4GDICuB6wun5cGgyfHAeyAwAoFKpPB5PKBQSicTnIQWFQqG/As1zoq2tTS6X6xkk3z0UplarDx48eOrUKU9PzwULFryx7nyhXNgkbVKhKnumPRlvWHCAsqmpcuEiBI93OnKY2JWzU8lmO+z7q+y99yoXLnI+fYpgYaHNNFbXpfBUNNz4SAOjGdUqyD8PHqONcw+zAmseZsmZaQ6CaXI2k2TgXHIy3D8J5ck6gml1Q3T1KuBwjBHDDS2YlddgU2ObY30jzMQUwMqgsuXxdzkSa15LhnljDsAHBpV9Z4bXia/vXI4u7JTCypLg3DJwHQZT96nPX9Qcs583oGXHg4pDd/pueHoHqOcEeO8IHJ8Jp+bAjBOAJ5JIJBsbGz6fr1AoULSLvZYKtUKhUiAIQsFTOnzFPB6Py+X2zndEIpHs7Oy6yxjqlMKeDHXD4/Fz584NDQ2tqKh4nfhLIWlTtsmpZqwumSu6MPpcyblifrFGswWH4Pws/Ca6TJziPoWI69o5jSoUVVGfqJqaHA8fIuq3WEPgcu137y57972alasc9v31bHLWsxeKGUqwHGVr8G1XpIC4HrzfMm7QMhszyt2bh6XPPrj//rJlIYYVdo0AEh3yzhpNYeKEa1R/f60a07px8XA+BQfptpfTeXb6birQkGZ1g/IaX4rIbDyBvzdF2dRkUOtW5nS5A41a3lpRLdaStE3SANEfgqkLvHv4yVUOtpN1lX06p8q8KjHTbtjTwR/ukTDhFzi7FK6sg9E/AACdTte9U6elreV4wfG40rhSwaPNpDgE18+q3yTXSeNdxmuC++7fvz9gwIBX8SvulAi/++67GzdutO/DHDhwIIIgjo6OrzxtSduKjl/P/SameNXl+m9Tm37OqvgiMX9NbO5v5wUlNR2pB9DThafH/TNu271tLBLrk4BPtg7dunnw5oV+C6VK6be3v50UM+lWza0uG+Vt+0V6/77NT5sphiyGkN3drdZ9I7l9u3H37mfPFtysERPgrfGGJ3zPjwUiFdxGGUlhvEx3LyuxBQnNE5RUGCgIRaSC6wgojAPUGG0GZX29NCeHGWHw/PfqjQpWi5Lsx7G1sMrgZRjgslGjFdtv4YFoPsuHM3ECqlIJ4+IMbX3SOx44gH9O5j/rEIIzi6BNANP2P5tw02NehFQtFsVXagkTC5wNoYsgZTs8uNCFwY2q/37w95joMTuzdlrTrT8L/mzr0K2bBm+a7zuf18pbm7T2rbNv3a27+0p/0Z1aYQQCITo6esWKFQwGY+jQoWPHjtV/g+RL6kFUqgqPXCPkqykIFUXJUpZEZqpECHiVSIZrQpk1TMGuh5Wsuy4fDqZZmQGARCFZm7T2asXV/lb9v+j/hQfnqRDQqIColJqUn1J/iroS9VHfj5YELkFAu30qvnmz+cABzsyZhi6iAQD7rbfEN5Mat+9gRUY+6T5LSatli1XEfqYEgoHWOKqG/HPgPsq4Va0qURWvlRfIDfT/wPvSlszTB/NWfW2gEHmfsZB/DupzwMrgDIyihARAUWbECEPv+E5MCZEAi2b7Nt4PjC+LV6NqnH5BdPk74tgqs9a+SvO+LgBA8fQUxcWbdqLT3+kdu5n+Y0EkPxQKRDI28wn/w/3jUHQFxm0BSx8tbE+n4Acwqalo4dHEPh88w9qjNkLlXTgbBda3gG2ntd1WZeuq66uuV10Ptw3/ot8XTmynJ88uD1p+rfLa1rStH1/++KO+H9mD/etGYfPnz/fw8ACAxsbG69ev7969+8KFC+0yOK+EuQUFcVB0BZqKQCYUKGyqq99l4WyF+GbSCDP3EeHw9Lq4oKy28tRdVqNJ3bYM3BCGBJXMjptdKihd3X/1TK+ZWulpoM3A4xOOb7qzaff93bxW3oawDc9+GCqhqPbLtZQ+fSxXrTTuPiy/XCNJSqpdt87x0KH2bXrXz5WQEZg5zdNwEkoFYQ14GSnCoTFhArmB7hzTC64MarE4LateL3n+J+dBCA4K4oyhsKsJJGdnkoHb7k7884DdqjYZbs2kkwK5gacKTxXxizr8IGlFTVI2o4LOpzX6vv/IIcUcM7rhf78reTyCgW6j8PEu9w8UnDxR8PFH/8WjtTbD5a/AfgD0+7CzUi5Tw/PunSXlkuViKYnxtOMST4Jp+2FnGJxbBu//82xZgUzw8eWPC1sKvxzw5QxP7XvIhtsPH2g98Me7P+6+v9uP5DdePV4fr4hKIBDGx7feTVVUVKBqNY7BoPTpw4wYQQsJATy+9z/0Tn+LNPwFAObm5lOnTt27d29ERES7fs5LDWUb3NgCv/jA6Xnw8BIQyFXyQU3Vi2hgLlX+5W26wp51D6Cjcc52svZdOZk+20GGkxKS5Kq04ipR1c6RO2d5zerMvAIAMp68Pmx9VEBUTFHM+pT1KHScH/G2bFE1N1tv2oSQjdwbSDAz465a2Zqa1r7HpaxSSK+XqZ1oneWF1IW8s0CgGB0in8HLYJKYriauADD7w74KHFw+9sCwKugWYBcChQZPx9RiceudO4aaYNI2ZcX1WiEFmf5OHwDQJAFp32mkq2CTUBJb1QYSt+WPbWfW6NGgVov+NVhqdXCorYCOa77f+Fj++t9voE0IE3/VLUDEHutMwdGLDidqOcdxhJEboOgqZHaURBYrxIuuLCoRlPwR8Udn/KUBhUBZH7b+s+DPsuXZq2+s1iHPrSGv+s2bHw4ZWrduvTQ9HW9mSrK3R+Vy/qlT5R/MLR4/QXjhgnEugh6hsA7YsmXLgwcPejmi4tdtd3fszDx7oaiWJ9G3TPU92DEIEr4D+wEw9wKseFjC+kJdO1GByFnz3d0XzQauF1xcCXtGQLMWnTwzXxfbteEPIG+4ctgfZZ8NsNRr7rzYf/Fi/8VnHp7ZkbnjKUv+3j3+qVOmc+dSvDyfZxxM3n6bGhjY8Nv/1FIpAJw59QAAJkz1MLgiFIX8WHAdoVmPN47CArgBGmPTwpTKCDRlC1QX/i01rBaPsVCTCSLDJInFN26iCoWhjrBDh7LpCjRworNGlNWWYWtJs9THHVb8+1UyQmVOcaKYPB4rkrMz2cNDGH/JiKFzGWjFkMPFq6UAAHU5kHkUQhcD11t3KdvBfnxSI6WMIG0RajkdMh8cB8GlL0HS+KT/a9WNVQXNBb8M+0XPNObzfOeNpY69XH5Z68+wBpLk5JIJE5sPHWZPmOB85ozbtQT7nTttf/3F6e9jHinJttu24SiU6s9XVC5YqKyv13NMCoqa/z714M/t6b1BYfPnz4+MjNRHoKIbQSwUqzObq85VRH9z54c1NxKSKrpyNR+D/eNArYA5Z2HG3+AUXhKTQryjFuMFDivCTT0dwS0C5sTCu4dBUAm7h0BJ4rPuz69S163y3FWAe2Ajss3ZGqtnV6MCoqa4T9mZtfN61fX/XG/KunXriLa25kuXPO9AIIjlqpVKHq/5wIFWqRItEovNCH3cTA2upyYd+JXgbeQsUigXlghKAiweL5DNmeMrJsD982X6JJ18gsJGA6qGh4YRgSghgWBmRvX3179IQ7NUktkiMCGMiXjsBgqyDNIqQv3Up3XwqkmbucRZah3akWJYo0e3pqcrDZ+OvDXRTYqDrIRKAIAr3wDVBAbrlfiG+5YPESGXHNSmZYjgYOJvIG+FhI3tx/7I+ONm1c0vB3w52G6w/t0LI4d9EvDJmYdn9ufsf/Zs84GDFR99jGeznaNPW3//XYefZIRCYY0b6/xPtNW6b1rv3SudOk2alaXLmlOrj57M3/Rp4pUtmc1Xa+A+vzcozNTU1MnJqZdNxE92jpizNdx3tofCg0EUKvKPFP3w5c3Kmk5UgG9sgZjF4BAKC66Dy1AAKL+cSritECEtbmtGUi2eEMzwngQLbwLbHo69C/nnnqxje9b2a5XXVoauEg/g8k1bTJpM83fp+6V9NeArTzPPr5K+qpPUAUDL8eOyomKrr77CdUcIHzUwkDlqZNNf+86duk9WQ+AIB2NqyYsFPAn6jDWuD1m8LDWqfjIhI4VMcBlpy5KhR08YIo1v6QMmDlBoCIWp1ZJbt+iDB4Mh84DD++6T1BA54ykBj0BuYK2ktlbSqTJXQ1YxJQ8nIDR5LdAy3WaOHg0qlejyZUNHj0ImEPswmS3K8luXoegqDP4cKGy9KCzIQ0BtotfQJDXaMsKZu8OAhZB+GGrvA8CNqht7s/dO85g2zWOaoT1c5L9onPO439J/S6lJecoZsu2X+h9/ZEVGOp8+pSPQGnA4zowZTqdO4mi08jkfSDpRzU9Jq/3ps+v8hFpEjRJDzAYs9vn4j2G9QWEvCkw6aeggu08/67/45yGIvwm9WX7yu7txV5+Zudz4GRK+Bf8Z8H60Zt9fY3YJekUoQUTOK4aTmM9EzbDtYO5FsPaH6A+h9NHvW1p92p77e6a4T9G4D3xWTGyhNDFKqWXnb+vTVRKetGXoFqVaufrmaoVA0PjndnrYQMawod01FNxPP1VLpc03iyVEGD3cqJ+T/LPgMkzPL0frLJKII/qaPRUXMm1SHwEd15DME4jkhhhiY6DkGiikel7elpenamlhhA/Sv4WiMj6+WCK2JndYbdBoBHVmiCEKdfOxfCUonKI6Lvg88n66uZLdXEWXLhsxgJPf7oMAFJ67AyYO0O9j/QvavBuIxxFK/07WfnrIKqCbQ/wX/LaW9cnrPUw9vhzwpXGPeEPYBneO+6obq3itPM2Rpt17mnbv5rz3nu22rYgeP8ZkV1enkyfIri6Vnyx5lsV2781K25tPUKIWo22/+GX4go/8Q/wtSQTcy0thOlLhFhQUHD16NDY2Vs8UAAwaMWpx0IjlAXIiUnSq9ODRJ3Lwpe2HhO/Afwa8tV2zc0XaJGw+8kCFqGyj+ncauUo1gVmnwcwNjs+EumyBTLD6xmoHlsOa/mv+M9IRzy/GSICP3hC3PKzSp5MOTIcv+n9xr/5eyo+fqwQC7qpV3TiYJBcX2Ygparwp042GGPHcau9Dc6nRs0gNhXmZelEIlA5TmUHT3CgqOLT/vgF19RkL8lYou6mvI+zWLcDh6IZkkj99MBcA3p3XMV7Bg+PBIDE6c4dZ3BPTEBZxpBndxrzTn9XRo1tTU1XNzYYOoJM9C+W0Vgj8ZAM+NUj60dTLSUBrpvPo0gZtcy4KC0Z8DeXJP1xZwpfxvx/0vT4Li9pNRQJl69CtMpVsXfI6FFBBTAzvl19YEyZYrftGf/sXb2LisH8/2dWlaslSafajNDRypfrnH1IUaU1ic9K8jQPfndIH6Sbu6UEK05EKNzU19aOPPiopKblw4UJISEhra6uedfb1MovaGCZiE8Q3eXv23gcAKEmEuJXgMRom/6lZ3EHVaMkvVylAo060YjnoXO+nsGHWaaCw4fjMb2993SJr+WnwT1TC49VrIpVi+WEQiqD1f6UrZQq9fmndJkeSA0zOJVMmjNFldRuFZIthCIqOaDMq/3lezCPFG6OgUCuyG7MDuFpkAocOtBNZEFX5wopqsb7VOQ4CMgMK4/W8XJJ0i+Lpqb9AWFpWPaNWpnZluDh0VNzEIbgAiwCti5Il0Un2qJPQUuAwSlf4Pmv0aFSlEl25asQwjrY414YyT5cGG1rQcnJfAkIsOdZJTrPA95Os+8Q13V/sv1BfNfDOngzL8bOQz5Kqk85f/K123Xr6wFCbHzeBget4eDbbYe9evIVF1eIoRW2tUqneujGZViFVeDBWbww3N+1O4TPtPfvhhx98tUH/enWnwg0JCbl58+bXX3+9a9cuDodz584d/Wtms8krvg8XmBFlaY0n9l2HUx+AuQdM3dcuAJ+/5xJbad7mpbAJ10MTimUD7x5KVPIvVV5b7LfIy6yjvg3H3Q4XzmQAp2CHXr4bBJDFd0zUCLp/UDdvmpXL1dJ6hCqrQqIPqcVig8vnx4LTYKCZGtd6flO+TCXrTKl1ygc+eIDj+/Q2xAhkcB4KRXplJlVLJNLMTLohs8jLxwrkOHh/vvbQswBuQBG/SCh/ao2PX1yF3G1rVjV4LenCV0j28CA5OwsvGb4uWZ3uITyOEIUVqQZbcBb+rgJyM62GonVpUoGqfjShu8gV81TdkBPovT7vRbD7m2zYjZia2G7dihCM2ZOPNzW137kDlcuqoj7Z9t0tFk+OBJj832f9ke62mrTX9+mnnyZpg/716k6F277RUiqVlpaWuroatkuGRMB99s1AkQmu6a6ypNUPZpxojxLgpRcySih8cpPHXH1D4SVcz+9t7Dzkirli7a4Zp4mhfEYjs5ZZd6drHWF5aani8jXe2OAY/k2D9rJ0iXNxxRQVWA51VgmFT+og6/eTkguND59zFgmd5+72dDNVODOo1W3p2Tx9a3QbCS3l0FTU5YWtd++iCgUjXN/UIZeulbMFSnoAx6KTX/sgbpAaVWfyMtuPqOSKmr33AKDcR44jdv3FsiIjW+/cUfENXEpL2gZUDjXAjiVFb6cbnObaYqInESGVHtXyGR7OO1ze1rgaMSdc3wwq+XO+aQggyxIoJhL4e449/jmCEMiurjY/b8mXOtPrFCpvVtSiHklUpv1pUalUjeh1RkbGyZMnw8PDIyMj4+PjJ06cqGe9ulPhPvp1Vavnzp0bFRWlySqigf6pcKfYnsiWDLvAW0aMzrI2TwcAUKo8bhOICKmkj6JY75Si56Xn6xWStTIL5Mq3VytJYor1s60j7irPtFbJ6Yd3KvOBqCsE2fr4CQYeL/EbyULLvrz85ULmQh2RsTrw7L1nJ9JoeJzMhC91dqrasTOJyUT1Nu896854ILhLZXhZ1VnjWr8ouWiON0+63OnPmJUjUltKj92fVTlUL7cATaYeBZB95pcSi0jdrXPPxrJJpCuVlWht1wl+UDVkJ9BJOMTVrOLsWe1ROApUgQf8yVsnWygtmiNmdwVOqHOeebGaw9EnGS2ZTHZUKm9u2Srop+9Gd5qsYeSDCw8tJ1KZtQKEfuFkVn3lHX1G/knYqaUmFWZnT0UD6fGXK1QL/xT+6U30RnF+UPXT/f2fl1qMfJ5XjpmZZX05IWukVzQuk3TqBx+Sj9H88qCYyHAab1V319RadvZsdY94rNDOkZqa2q9fv3Xr1n377bcoioaHh8vlclQ/JCUljRw5UvP3nj17li5d2uECDX+tWrWqsxp09w0tvISuY9f9vXZL1NVNSxOEYhmKotk/xVR+cb3s0l1UbxQ0F/gd9Nt0ZxMqqkM3O6F7IlCVEkXRmJiYDleWxd2t/OJGzv/O66hNVlKS5+1T//PPKIqeKz7ne8D3fPF51HA823phScvvC6/+9lsqiqLCS5fy+ngKr141oMY/B6AHxhvduhpVDzk+ZG3SWt0Fd+3J/GPh1Yv/lujbq9+D0SPTumy9aPSYioWL9Kzy71P5fyy8euR4nu7LZl6YOSdujubv0nMplV9cz/4xRmvrnaFoVGTFxwsMeASX1qIbzVBBNYqim9YlbVt0VfPS6r73DqhOyq784kbuzrgnD25I3hB0OKhKVIWiKLp/HLqlD6poM/qVUzQ0FAwILX33PaVCNi122shTIyUKCWoU0nN42xZd+f7/Eh6+O+tBSD95ba2RH7tO6PoZP3PmzLZt28aOfeQasLGx4fH0nSa0p8IFgPPnz2tSNt2+fVuTew5F0YULF3I4nM2bNxvDu20CiF0GVj6W0772m+bKkKM7fkmru5vPbuLw2c2Okf30r+mn1J/YJHZUQBQwLGHsz1CVCql7tbs5x/TjUxoZVTQdq5ONO3biSCSz+fMBYLzLeB8zn/9l/E+hVjz/L01cbBEKMG6SGwAwIiKINjYthw7rW7ixEHj5RqvrAECFsKK5rbnLlEVzZvtIiJB5vkylp46oawSU3QSlLqehorpaXlampyOsVfrUdiIdCOIG5TbmylVyQVmt+oZYBALPZYZtumJGjpKkpKiEIv1WQ6SQcRi8JgLLBgD6RdiTUDgbW2Tog7AZ5CvAN5NKQCV/9FJViarOFJ2Z5jHtUYrMoatBVPvsliMDXA4//KBua7P5cROeQPo69GteK2/3/d1G1CNtU8bvyVEhyMzPgh23/ggqVd26dT1hhOmiMDMzs/Lyco0/S6lUFhQUWFrqu6G3PRXuiBEjGAxGeypczS7L69ev79279/Lly5pVgvj4eMN6ffkrkDTApD+BQB413FHhwWBUSRtPFcrRNtcFBuyhS6hIuFN7JyowikViAQD0nQbuoyDhWxBr3yFhPzcURdGaw2mdecEEFy5wZs7ULJwhgCwNWlojrokpinnOh6RUqmUPhSITgpuTCQAgeDxn1kzJ7duywkK9yufGAIIDz/FGdyC9Ph3+SyirAxQywWmELasNPXpcv+RjbhGgkEJ5ii5P5a1bAMAYpBeF7fvrPl2BhkxxwXc1xQ7kBspUsry6nOpdd3GA4872JVDJBlJYJKpQiBMS9Lo66zhI+TBgkea/iMEOIhJSkcYz4lnQw60pCL0k+pHE0/as7XgE/6Hvf3vFnQeDQyjc+hXUSiMql9y+LbwYZ75ggWYvvZ+F33iX8UfyjtSIawytasfv6cw21GOio5M9i2hnx/38M/H1G4KYmF6lsPnz52/ZsuX777+/fPnywIED33//fYIhaxMzZ868d+/eP//8c+TIETweDwB8Pt/KygoAhg0bplarc/7DmDGG/ACWXIf0wxC2FGweLfB/siTEjlRrgjcV+xC71C98/LuoVmy7t82F7fKOxzuPj47eBEoZXP1WaxG2k7XUWcaWm5XFaZFYaty9B0cimc6f135kkM2gIG7Qnvt7ntMQu/hvKU0JnoMeJ8IxeecdhEJp+fu4fquJseAQCkzjE6xmNGRwyJwOai1a8c7kPgIarv5WvV6Rrk6DgUDRvS4pTrpFtLHRR52irFKozOUL9ZPGD7QMRADh78tkoaaq/kQzH4OTTlP79iVaW+sbpn93N1j7g/1jTUGOrwlbos7IbTC0XafR/SSoQJUlAjVaJii7WHJxltcsLu0J5YzwT6GlHLJPG+xTUirrv/ue5OBg9uHj/LX/F/R/CIL8lvGbQVVdulZOKhZLHWmTxj5aqePMmEHrF1L/wyZlQ0PvUZiJiUlKSsrs2bNnzpy5c+fOFStWGFp796fCVUjh3DIwd4Nhj/NxSqvq/Cg2NW01cQ8NiOg7ln+sXFi+qv+qp1JSm7vDwMpNzHoAACAASURBVCjIPMqRaDfy3eePlKBCWSKvgxCdsqFBeOGCydSpHSQ9F/ovrJXUPqchlnOzWoqDCaMfr9viWSzW6EjB+fPqLvXOm0ugLhu8Jj1PBzJ5mQHcAH3WJRAcDJrqRlXB4QPZXddLpIJjmA4KQ1Wq1tspes4ij/+VjaDotPl6hf5wyJx5dWPcJG58TrPrtMHGDAqCMCNHiW/dUku60iCovAO8POj/VDj+xMkeagQSzhcb/skiiB+dASbll9N2ZO2gEqjzfOc9/Y6OBqu+kLQNUMPSgrQcPiIrKrL8cs2TqipcGneO95y4krjsxmw96xG3KjKji8UkWLTsCbMdh7P+7jtULq///ofeo7DCwsKcnJypU6c6ODhs2bLlypUr8MJxcyu0lMPE3+CJGPGKg3cAINuWy2yQn7mgl39BLBfvvr97sN3gQTbPfB5DVgHD0rdGu4FDIBOJoWw6wn54/Kltt82Hj6AqlekHczpcH2YTFsAN2HN/j9Iowx4AKmvEzGYl3o1BIj31sEymvaMWiURdqibknQVAniecormtuUxQpjWoVSuGDrITWRCVeQK9Il3dRkLDAxBoX6tqu39fJRTR9ZhFXk+pYtTJwIvl7qLXT2Z9WsGU5jG1qirPT8caPTLMyEhUJhMnXu/KiD0CZAb4PJWy08aSLjYnIuWt0jaDXwyXaeFtaonwRuWlskvv9nnXhGzSgVth8OfQUAD55w0gAqm0cccOxtAhjGHDOs7GfOebUc22pG7Rs6o9OzPoSgie4sqkP5VageToaLZ4kTA+XpKc0ksUduTIEU1agaVLl7733ntr1qzROONfGFrKIPl38HsXHB+/07UpuRyZmcReOnv5UBEZeXixQiDoesfS0fyjIrloaeBSbaYjHYatMRUXQoF2TSuXKeFCpBl3Xyb/L45M3dbGP3mSNWqUVl38hX4LayW1caVxxt107JkCBGD0xI55d2j9Qsiurvzo011TmF2IxotsHNLq01BAQywNkMmfPMcHD3Bcny1HmpySnRhi4lu3AI+nh4bqrkOlVt86VSQlwNz5eulYSBv4wlPFSlT+tfPustYKo0eGFhhIsLDoQj5MLoGcaPCZ+qxMbsBQO7IaYi8Y7NQnkIkKZ5Sjtghpcn3fW5uErNckMHeHpK3612l2LVElkXBXahHmpBPpUQFR6bz0G1U3unabZvMIhWKJDXnUcC3TebP580nOznUbNqByeW9QWGtrq4mJyd27d8PCwt566y1PT896vZWAegTxawBPgFFPKce2nCuSqaXuc4eRSLhBMzxoKti3N6tLE+xQ3qHhDsO9TDvJNRv4vohiA/9+05lPlDXGkYKjFx26pvmXf+qUis83nTdX68XhtuF9TPvsz93fmRKT7o9TnC8QMvHe7lqi6tlTprSmpsmKO5+M8CugJvN5TDAAuFd/j0qgept561/E291U7kynVrWlZnb1wlh4AtsOirVTmCTpFrVvXzy7i33pBw/lslvVdkNt9MmopJIrSn69TgaabDy9mt70XOHHOBxz1EhxYqJGx60TL0A0yCUQNPvZM5EjHCVEpPiOMd8UZ5KPQi2b2zjRgqotMRIOD2FLoSYTyvQKR1fW15skJ7MnTSK7ac9QN8Vtij3T/o/MP3S/w6ga4g/kyfHoB1HabXaESLT6aq28vLz5yJHeoLDQ0NCvv/565cqVU6ZMAYDy8nIzwzPHdBuKr0HBRRiy6km3dMnZFJbaVOlL0GhRDA61ldiQ8Q/FeQ91beA4nH9YJBct8Os8FyEO/8B6GjQWwv2TWs/bDQ0QkJpo5WRpkwBUqpbDR2jBwTqkrGZ7zX7Y8rCDhok+uHytnKEElwHaF4LZU95CCATBP2c6N8FiAFDwmvg8A59WlxbADSAYmPnx/fl95Xj491B+11JibhFQfA1UHQ18lVDUlp3dpSOsrFIouNMgYOFnvKPHjlQ1mrf5PFvFkQeCz9DBFlSL59xBwYyMVLe1SZJu6ZpFmnuAnZZAHzwOR/NksYQq3a+rVpysj0nDpzmqnJ/NWfMIftOBYQnJv+tTW8P/fgcAi2VLO7X7cIRF/ovym/KvlOvyJh09kcuWqC3DrazMO93nRB80iDliROOf25XdZA/porBp06YtW7Zs9erVb7/9tlKpnDdvniZk/wVAJYe4lWDuDqGLH7+NCqUiuVmCCjxmPp69z/zIX4VAzP6czmoSyUWH8w6PcBjhY6Yr5riGHQy2wZD4Ayi1T0u5U3zwCLHkyE3hlSvyigrTuXN11DbOZRyXxj2Qe8DQ+85MrJLhYPIE7b+NBDMzxvDhgpgYVNmJPyUvFmwCgeNk9MAL5cIifpFBWcs0sDSn2UXYsFvVf+3L6todJhNBdcdQldbbKahKxehKneLvnZk4FH3rY72U+HP/d54jMRfYidymDwOAQMtATbyI8XPJfv3wHE6n65KNhVB5B4LmdFZ8wiR3ALh8zrC5pEQhOVFw4kE/PgBURqd2NtuEfh9C4SVo7CLyRl5Swo+J4Q8MJVrrWrOe4DLB1cT1z8w/OxOnFknktUn1Qipu1ntdRPNbfrkGVal427b1OIUVFhZaWFhMmjTp4sWLs2fPtrd/cTlO0vZB40MYvQnwj2cKhUeu0REWebA5Qni8pGhvwyD7m7CblXFXtKshH847LJaLF/sv7qJFBIGIb4BfCZnHtE+AAt0F5GZ6DbX+4DGSg4NuTXcijjjLa9btmtsFzQX633RNvYTRqEAdaVRKpxaQydS3lU1N2uXlhDVQlfacs8j0+nQ1qjbIEdaO9972FHAIbRktBUU6rQznYYAjQHHHACtx0i0ck0nRKdN65nwRq0lJ9OdonWh3QMGBK+w6kxZWs8+SRyFygdzAanF1uzaWEUDweGbECFFionbnTsYRwJPAf3pnxZ3sWUIOQVkslhsiextbHCuUCycPmSmgtTAaGNo1qQGg30dApEDKH7pra9yxE0cmNz/jxe/IFAguKiCqmF98sfSi1gsO7LtPVUHoNLcuN3IT7exM58wRnDvflpfXsxT2srjzZSK48TO4DAX3xzu3ZXwxKV8twDU5Tejo650/z09MgMzY0menMEK58HD+4QjHCL0ESVyGgf0ASNr27BznkSE22YeAEPk4J9N5c7tUI3nH4x0akXY477D+933ubCEOhRETdO2Bp4eH4zkcwTlta095ZwHQ53eEkfFkX3Nf44pPX+ynBojena1rfZ/CAruQZylMkpxMDw1FOk+KU8uTFMWVCynIRx92vVr68O9E2gMSn9jou2pC+0FNsK4+2UC6mEuKRFpW2VA1ZJ8C91FAt9BR3CvchqqCC5dK9GwOBfTvB3/7mfv5mftZjPMk4EhlJzqZxtLMwH8GZJ0ASaehWPKKCuHFi5yZM1T0riUuRjmO8jL12p65/dnl9YpqsSpPKDInDR9kp89dmC9cQOBw6n/c3LMU9rK485O2gaQJRm588ljRgUQSjmo2WQsTUcgE11H2LDkcP/XgWRNMIpd0bYK1Y+gq4FfA/RPaKSzIvamtxMJmMGlI11sCmCTmJNdJ8WXxLbIWvd5UNbTktAjouE4T2WusAAKBNXaM6OpVtUikhcKs/cDU5TkpzNfcl4w3Mv2Si4MJJ4zLFqp279XpcnIZDjUZIH08MvKyMkVVlW5H2P5f08kqZNQ87w7hJlr8qKdvkjMRIaGlz+qxT9rsfUz70In053SH0cPC8CyWlrlk2S34f/auM6CKc2nP7umcfui9V8ECiCgEURR7RaNGjSUmJrZUzU2iiSmmehPjNZYk1xhjr2DvioICUkSkN+n1cHov+/2AIODplNzk4/mlZ3dftrw7OzPvzPMI6yHkRcOHT5vkJcNBYYqp5e8P6h9UCipfCnwJAOzDAwS4NkIF0tlv1BOj14FGqa9nDgC4e/cBHs9ZtswklxOQdSPW1Yhqksp79qIf2/8YxWDWMlPXfFAq1WbNGmlGhvjOnX40Yf8T6XxRA6TtgaEvdtbiA4CwppnaQOVTuA6jdC8pJszwFVih9amNXYtuRErR4cLDE90nmqIh+CxN4xwK97brXJpU1dRoH53Go8SnpzNNckkCFio1yjMlJvHk3EqtpivBLdy4XiFzxgxMLhfd7M7AJ26CmnSL9SI7vmFqaQG3INwhvDeDLF8aLOAQFNm8jGz93z/v8aDVQEVylygyBQAMJMIOHslntqlIoWyjKpalR+8QMzERnuf3wSQCtRvlLA7BhdiEGFUDMfJi4/G0cbGiGzewHjFK3gkg0cFvkuHDiXgU70Nn8NRPa4Sm/LnDhYc5ZM5E946IhBblQEapFWf1cFJbe4P/FEjfB0od9CGqhgbB+fPsBQvwtrYmXmyMS8xQ26E/P/65a8NJdl4zpU6u9qaZEs4/y4EsXEDy8W769jtMo+kvE/Y/kc6/tQ20GhjXjQu8+uB9FBDnl/S2cyMojJjmTlXDH134qX/P/12sFK8ettq8E4jZCG2V8OS0ji/Yb79R2qr5hBarWpKCb7yM04vpFeEYcbz4uNaEsumHN2uUCMya6WN0T8qIEUR3d8G58z1dMEzby7XInOYcDaaxLBHWLbR/J1SBg1sHCvSW7DmHAYXdNZaUpKQS3d0JetKvmblNvHtNAgZu1SojhWCFey5TclEhrs33OfvVmQ4r5hWLleLeXCA9Pl4jFEofdsmsqxVQkASBM4Fg/JWJn+4NABfOlRrds0ZUk1KXssB/AfHPpLD75AgJJlDn6Dd/o9eBjKczkuDu+xkA9BUD6cOa4WvqxfVJZc8csasnitUILF5hXrYBweFs33pbWVHBP3Wqv0wYADg4ODx48ODixYsYhtnY2Ay0/WouhNwjEPFa1zW1ltxypogjtBGwfQ1F3VPiPAUMnDCrrf21ESlFR4qOxHvEm+GCtcNvCjiEwN3tPdo1NHy+4Gwic+YMm+lBBJRUftykApxFAYsaJA2dQm163R8ZQmmUq10pPeqb9YExfZokPV3dlUek8BzYBYJtrziIsxqzcAhuqO3QXj5GBxvq8Be9aUps97cZukksUBx4xkB5hyOJqVTSjAx9UWRLm+zWr/lKFJa+FWagnVurUj/5JoleReNbtfl/PK2nGnZnOsw+VItpc1tze3OBtOholErtpglSehXkAgiZb8rhQb4cIR0nKRQY/bQdLTqKImg3dSIUQYIpdGDV3NST0XMfA86hkPZTjwmsbmrinznDmjvX8ELk84hyigq1D/358c9KjbL9c0JvUaEBdHsbK7NN/4Q4q5Hhrf/Z1V8mLDMzc/Xq1SQSKScnh0AgfPvttwOdzr+xFYi0HnJ7Tafy1Fql93LjykBj5/mQtXDw9zwAOJB/QKKSvD7sdfPjBAReeA9aS6DoYtefeceOaeVyzvLlDqMCBTgusRxMIdePdY11pDoeLTpqJPYpI+ABeWGyqb3HzBkzQKMRXvxzqUjSAlX3e5nIb0+EDbEZYoW36v2TnDjWnTiSw+Cqdv1HD/G/dxwIaqGlGABkjx5ppVKdfUVqtfaXbx6SVTBqaYCrk15BX3F9S+HWiyweh2/DC948C0/S2zw7zHYYDsH1NpYkkWhjY0Q3bkBnTJR3EugO4BljatJwlD1NDRW1horvZGpZYllivEd8t6ZuAM95UUqtVJBcpd8RWw+tpT2UCri//QZarfVrr1pwvW8Me6NB0nC27CwAXD9ZqkLgpaUWLvjYbdqk5Av7y4T1hi+sb1ByBV54pyvde83NbJbKWu6l6qYLqe9zEeEsssarCwUltQ1HCo9MdJ/ow/Kx5DQCZwDbA+7v7PwBUyp5hw7TYl5or2amjXUmo9SKk8YdMRyCm+8/P60+7angqaHdmghCChIZ6mDiCRI9PChDhwrO/xlLFl0EraaXrd0KjeIJ90nvo8hOvPbKcIkzGVcoOnS0QHc6DKA9lpSkpCJ4PHXUqB67YFr495cPmAI1M9ouJlJvy1TNjazGHVk0NV02TBP83kydWmrPwnA8Jcg66GHTw15eHT0+Xs3lSrOzAQDkAii5BkPmduo5GMXMaT4KFPhVhpzuq0+vipSihf49SzQIFLLMVc1SWrfm6VnWDJoJLDd48NOzGEIo4p88xZg2leDsbMHFRjpGhtqH/vL4lwePaumtSjSAbmupogclJEQ5bml/mbDe8IX1DZjOENEldaXFxNdrZVqx7zJTScGmLg7EY8j+Q1elaqklLlhnmDN6HdRkQHWHoKTg/Hl1aytneQdDgHv8SBHwtXlSTGu8hSjBN4GAIxwvPq5vh5T0OpYKdRhhXtjOmD5NXlCgrKrqSITZ+IL9kN7c+8ctj5UapQVFrQawYVOEgInjJTeeOPtcfRzLFWx8202YODWVMmI4+twy/w/bM2j1Ck0QY9kS3d98OV+c92UickOiQTSUBa6+i2JNOauRDiPzWvLk6l7JtdDGjkXI5I5YsiAJ1HIY+qLph1tR8Jgb1UaMa2zVy3txquSUN8tbJ/Gk54ujNZi68byeplQUD6Neh6cpUN/hbPJPntBKJJ0T2AKsHb62Sdp05WR6b1wwAJDxhEyrYf1lwnrJF9YHGLe5aza09ORdOrCRUCvT2emGBdkK7VCHavsJttMsdME6sr5LwMq6wxHDsLbfDpD8/amRz9wEQhiThjAqLxhvIeKQOXFucecrzis0unPb969XqRGYPcvXPBM2ZQqgqPDyZZByofJuL10wAMhsykQR1ChTq1kgk/AbPh4toqFNV+sOHsnX4YhVpRBEAnlBQY8oUq3WfvvFfVKFWOZJ2bAhXGfmq+TA9fovU1lCjsCG77U1zi7U1Bs4ynGUSqvqZXUYSqHQXogWXr8OGAb5Z8HaG5zMu3Vjp3jgAM4l6U7ql/HLclty5/rO1W0B7TlCppAhYOlW/AaA0GVAZrSXuWJqNe/QIeqY0eRAy0UCIxwiIgjjbdtYqD/VtheiauW/JRMQUn+ZsN7zhRmQwjW6FQC6ljWrZQrIkoqB5/1ijFnnoI18jNcSbfPjevXyESgwchUUX4bWUvG9e4qyMutXVgLyLELxnhMlw0TyBybRuSX4JggUAp3tZgKRglAna6Wr2UyyWSeIt7W1GjFCdOUqFF4ArRqGzOmluXnY+NCf408n0vv2q0SnEtduGS1i4kR3m3Z8n9Gt/Nh7PCildvkpoNV2NWFNrdJvt6RQa+XqAPq7G0f3GFAlkRcfuFG2+ZpVEVmOlxPm2A55byaBYsbdC7ULJaCE9Ib03l5afLy6qUmWkQJP71nwCQkfZs8larm5ujsZzpSeIeKIM7z1LjE7zxmOIOjTU3qU50k0CFsB+YkgqBVevqxqaDTcEmcK3PMnqVAFNarE4hEETxvoTTS+VVt/mTAAIJPJCQkJCxYsCDBf1dWAFK7RrX+mSZ+dXsnB2xSURp3gjKBmCALxFfyL/CN1NjWkcjDgopv23XkV8CR4sKvtt9/wDg6Mqd00ZRE8TuNPYGCc2uRHxkdyjHBnuJ8u1VGokZhUSsQQG09Llk3okyfJi4qUKcfB2gccQnpzrXK1PLclN9Ixsl/SA0zSe9tekLhQCCXib9+/+4y51OMFwBFpRQU4FosypCMKTrpUfnBrGo2npoy2ffOtkZ0zQqtS1956lPdlYs1n96hFJA2qVo3BB305S1+poKFJjieH2IY8bOx1Oiw2FiEShSf2g0Zl2VoK4qhiKOFuWs8yV6VGeaH8QpxbHJukVxKNE+ghJLaRa4kqiZ6IOGI1IAik72377TeSjw/thRd6c7GZuU0cLrnSteBw5X6LY/CaQ2kIIK6Lw/vFhO3atSsyMvLTTz/98ccf3dzcbGxsDpnDj2FYCtfwVh0BM1dArsDx8VzXCealZn578ptMLYudPZyAIccO5vdqhlJtYdhCxZ0TkrR0zstLn9cH9V7wggKT8W9WGp+pgMzxmZPZmFkl7LmKVJ/VKiIhHk6W8CMyJk8GFBWm5vXeBctuzlZqlKMcR/VThoCIRzdtHm0T70SWaVP+k/f11tTk1FoNngKuEUh1GzVqjFiuOXOudNvG5NpzVRoUGbkq8OUX/XiltU/PpxX8dOnJx2erNifDNRGdz5BQJTCZHvjVTM+Zoy0+n1EOo/K5+SKlqFfvEp1OHTNalJoNTDdwHG7BCH7eKhUCadef9vj9RtUNnoKX4Jtg5NsQ50FCKZUn7+nNLAfNllw4KC8o5KxY3jWGsADXTpSoUJiXMLZV1nqi5IQFIzTnljLF1iIbIcvbpe9NWF1d3d69e3fu3FlaWnr58mUul1tUVPT111+bPq5hKVzDW59Hxf5kAkKym29efpqn4B0vPj7Fc8qk8OEiWyJWKuqtIzZ6PTefjJLw7Pk66n0IVLLcRWVoYagLZvvMxqG4M6XdKvXTshsZMq3NcAtbIPC2tla+zsJqcm/EitqR3pBOQAlG9T4sgFqhaskrr0h6ULT/WnBt2XhnwTBq81heDfF4SubbJ7Jyl0miP27UjCr5KMn3Tv5MDW8sTTiHIrE/kd/4aYbkv5X4VBWjhkZQECVskXIU4rRlVMjHs11ih/fyrCIcI7SYNrMps5fj0MfHqPhKOT3GMgNBJmFKJzKxXt6jBvh06WlnmvNIByPSXC5jh4uAhxUq9S4rjVnf9gSHZ1CY06f3KsnwqInBVeECGDG+I0c7jf718a9StdRsE3YqX61Vei2P6eU9152eLy0tnTBhQkRExJIlS27evEkkEt3d3c3K5RuWwjWw9XkpXJQnG9bqUIdWNz3lwVMzWtuvyq9KVVKfFp+kpCS2B07dYrX7x5SwcFOd3udFSfF8gXc1meEvuXTjigbVsf6NWCuH1VLKjtxPjTRONO6H8ztRcMKj1gP980OS9YDCQfAcylMwJomqDyNsuIpi/OULaUrb8t5MiyuFV5xR52sXr/WR3dJQnoqoPISpoDNQDoqgRAAiUDAgKzUyCkoEIqi1Gg1oEAwwVKsCtQbBtIgSRTENqpEBKPFtKoJWTQYlE6+2pmBkPAACwM271Tdk6BrQEBHisdRjUylTLbvz7XDlZlkhWP4Dbq2thYOQbHj4OsrO3beGBnVQX/C0vIfChxPIE873aMDQBQqHH9Tmde37g3JfHVVHxOZmjwYya5j4/OWLGIIzOuH1IeuuFRtFHezqk5KShmqGPlA8+Pj0xy+QzYhMiVXCEJVHGbXi8X1Jv5gwtVrdbrDweDwOh7NgXDs7u3a9NQDgcrl2dnYmbt26devWrVsBAEGQWbNmAcCTzxIx0AatiY90tTP9BNrkbdtOb5vmNW3VC6vaf/n6aQqnFUZGRjvZU02xX+1/vVv8+/XXPARn68ub7iKAkat0HvikOtGJ5zIkfAjd2UjfmXWd9Rs33qAOp8a7xwOAQKSouJKqcCQtWjhe5183DilXnV5ditqNVKlsZlle13os8VijtvH1Ya/PGtbb4tjaO494d5/SxUw8aqvB1GKiUGgjJDkx6J52NBcbqoNNj8xm9apVqrx73h+Mh9l7YGBx5fqVFlkLYDCrF7cOjp+sdkIItfwwiwZJSkp6841pX711G9dCnjWrox7zh6wf0Hz0g5kf6CZo7Q6tSl3+0XVXHjNI1wk0bNkiJBLsPBtn+mAQPMvohNedZMhrrrn8BAtiLFrYsUSWfyM/g5vx2bTPTK2C1mKFH56XacVRmxaYtfBiXi5sx44dZDJ56tSp27dvJ5PJZDL58ePHpo9rWApX51adaEwvZEk5Ykcpwxz7BQD7n+xXapRda8HiX/TDY3DyiIUURRqhiH/qNGPqVIJ/GDz4SZ88jNPsUARBq0+mGR1wjNMYR6pjZ9f32cRSIgaj4z0tf5iF5/FEpVWwv9CoJohBVKortZi2V4kwLVZxJqXwX+fhiogqoYqZIm2clfPWMUO2zQp+e4bvgrEOEYE0J9se9gtTKKSZWeDBhPJbgGEDbMJGOYwq45VJsF44BSoZlN2gjwlRVlUpSkstHsY6hM2UYpm5TQCg1qrPlZ+LcYkxxX4BAErAq31Qhsa6Mb2nlKeayxWcO8+ck4Bz9jGRzVW3rT9arEJh0ZJnWZ01w9fw5LyjhUdNHKH8TAod2DCM3Hv7pdeExcXFyeVysVgslUrb/yEWi5XmMPYblsLVuVUHMKwtqUSByX2Wx5p1Va2y1uPFx6d7T3dnPNMgCA2xE9kStCWiplapBXeKf+KEVizmrFwJo9dBW0WPfqNOcALcBKQ2SgNZKTLyMqAIOsd3zoOGB+06ow3ZLUISYqDo3IQE5Fmw8aXPnKsoLlZWVFg8TIW6wgpvNdTGwtbI2juPCj86T8zAUAyRBCldP34h+KPZbhPDjFbzSbOyMLlc5BcIokZoLhhgEzbScSQGWKW60vIhSq+DSkafuwxwuG79kmZi5ixfDUDy5acAcKfmTqustZvUqTF4vRilwhStV3oyTfGOHsVUKs7yZTB6LdTnQFWqBeeWkd3EaFPhAxk2XWrBQmxCYlxi2nv4TEmGah6KxMD3WRTbJw9OtwlDEASvC2YNbUAKV+fW51H041GGlqMOREksmll/+pe8X9Ra9etDe5bjT14YQMDg2CGzlyYxlart4MGOasCA6cDxNECGyYn3ISLkihPGp0h7peKZsjMZ2U0MGWY/oheN9FIuPE2BIXMY8fGAor1xxMrV5WEOYeaS5QOAjCfM+zIRrgjxGoJsmMbvq2n+L8fp5IfQCUlKKkIiNQXFACCdLd8DhmDrYDqRXqG23PRDQSJYWeOHTbIKDRVetfz+O9hQJbZEpFoilalPl562t7KPco4y/XASiya1lTKkHEH5s+IMTC7nHTlKj40lenjAsEVAs4P7ljRX3zxdokJg0eKeC2vrhq8TKASHCw8bHaHs0G0rhE6JtTerOsqSQLJPYFgK16hQLlJDlWAC38XmWesmadPpktOzfWa70Hsu1o4YYiuyJWiLzXbEhBcuqJubrV95BQAAxcGoN6A6DWp1VxI5RQUL0TZciaaHXO7zsLeyAi5OmgAAIABJREFUj3aOPlt69s6lcgsq8ru/P+dAq4ag2Xg7O6swy1+hZmlzi6ZllIPZUWTdvce1X91nCtgCG77HJ+N8F8WaO0fFqalWYaFyKxuwD3qexLW/gSJomH1YucrSZRC1HEqvQuB0QPGMyZMVpaW9iSVHxLqQtHA0Kft+/f05vnNQxLz31GXeSASBmjPP5qfg3DlNWxtnxQoAADwJwldCyRXgmsfZn5bdSOeq8EHdXLB2BFoHxrrGHiw4aJi2SM4XE4pBgOO6T4549qseFdH/CRPWS1AJHIzTiBLMcwd+fvwzBpg+gaJJL/oTMDh22BxHDMO4/91P8vendjLwjVgKFLaBhAI50paC0CoS7xsdO8E3gS8SEuolckcSh92L1EDeSbD1b++LpMfHK4qLlZWWxETtRermJcK0WOG+q9qLPAzRdhTHU82+EHVrq6KkpKMo33s8VD0AlWyg02GOo7habntcb77vehsU4naOScaUyQger5sN3DRMGuchJiC1mbUAMMfH7Co/pocjvyutPoa1/X6QHBxsNfLPItKRqwBH7Nr4bQpunSpRothiPQ2qa4avESqEhwoNVY+WH7hNQsk9yZbvfPWPNWFtsircuQNaqRkeU724/mzp2QTfBEeqbhak0BA7kQ1RWyRqaTP1DRHffa6jiGgF4Sug6ALwnuo8xHP6aAkmVGYa55ge6zp2SFsMUYuLmuRh+Z3i10D1g06OY/rEiYAgRiRa9X1pG9KoCNV0VjW1TPHk80R6pZWAxHP9V7RjZJBlVyBJSQUMe2bC1HLLkjW9QbRTNACk1KVYcnDhOaCw2tl1cBwONWqM8MIFixclEBRYw1k2YtZo3CQnmiXpUbsutPri5GRFebn1ii5N3VRbGLYQHh0BUaPpLhijTU0MZOn70AZwAuLc4w4WHNRXISysaaY20PgUrkNElw6KliLIPfKPNWGcWHt1Wxt3/37TD9n7eC+KoKtCVhn6xC3wI2Bw9A9THbHWffsITk49OoogYjUgOEjbrWcKIhBEpgO79paRfiMcgvOvi2mh1viFECy/U09OAYZ1EuwRHBwow4YJzc8oazFtan2qN8HbxMhFxhMWf3GFJbMWuouDP5lFYTMsvgJJairexobs7w8A4DYaCJSBjyU9mB5slJ1ab77p1Kig+BL4TwVcx0Nkzpihqq+XZlneOu4ZLVDi5A6lUZYd3kGrX4moZQru/t8ITk70yd0psKPeAq3aqL5RJ26fLFGhsHCxoU/UG8PekKgkBwsO6tzaTrbssqR7ge71T4BI+8eaMJc5ExmTJ7ft/03dYlL7dBm/LKksaYH/gh6ccDocMWu8pkhoiiMmSUuTZWdbv/Zqz44iugOEzIfsgyDV3aTqNS9Kgcn4t41Ec5dvVLJk9DzH5MSyRMvv1OMT4D4a2M+WXxmTJsnz85XV1WYNU9RWxJVx/fAmuWCiupaqb5LpaqZsBBb0xhToTXYWwyT371Ojozr8XAIF3EZD+e2Bn3K+BN/0hnS11swGr8pkkPG79kXS4uJQKyvhBctjyUv1iRV2jzmN9PpGC+s86LEuZIRa8vMFaUYG5+WXe2pBcTwhZB5k/hckrSZlwXhqQhDLxiAphR/bb4L7hEOFhwSKntwN7WTLPduJnqZAyRWIee8fa8IAwO7ddzCVqvWn3abs/H3W91QC9dWhxokoJ77oT8DgqAlLk6279+AdHFhzdZGcjFkHKjlkHdB5YEe/kcpIv9GjmzVyHLCG4M6UnjGFU18HGh5Dc0EPpRz65MkWxJL36u6hCOpLML6qIKlvrd+ZTtZSkYl03wVje/mU5YWFai6X2lXsw3s8NBf0MtFriQnD+0pUkkctj8w7rOAckGjgFfvsvaJQaOPHCy9fxiwiOubKuMm1yTYjrFCAxMRiy67FbWKYEGkj1JCByWYl6JrAL7wLKrm+SKJbFuxkiRKFxUuNZwneGPaGVCV9XmywnWzZa2WXqYJp4dpHwHLrxgn4zzNhBBcX9oIFvJMnFWVGlorSG9Lv1d57behrLJJxQtfwYfZCa4Km0IgjJsvJkWZkWK96BSHqotO0CwKf8ZC+B/R06nstjFJjmsZzekuCSyv4NJ6a4M+YFzC3TlxnId9L3gnAEXtQIxAcHSjBwXpVpvUgtS41yDqIihjpXpA2cmt+TCODFW4Sy9zGe72JMAShjh7dzYQBQMVAO2JeeC8CSjAvHabVQPEl8JsC+G5JIuaMGRqBQLdKsTEkliVqtJrlsbOEdJzkCV+t1lp2OeRwBgXPUMYuQum6SJNs/CBoFmT8DDK+gUEeZDYweGpSMMsUAigfls8kj0mHCg/xFc/GrLmdw1JZy701FGvms11zj0H9I5iwFfCkf7IJAwCbtWtQCqXlxx2Gkzj/zvq3E81pUcAiE4edvNDfaI1Yy3924W1s2PPm6d1j9HoQN8MT3bpqFFuWmC1gCFmiOt2B8LmTRQAwc45fnFsci8TSSb9jLATTwpPT4BvflZ67wxGLj5c9zlM1NJg4klApzG3JNVqCJOeLq3bcp4AVGs9yjeubPnBxaio5MKCbFJhdENAdB96EkRDScLvhqXXmpMOqUkHSAkE9CcKo0VF4a2uB+bEkBtjp0tPhDuHuDHf/aCcrNZy7ZGGpB7Usgy+ttcJ89ApNjn0flBLI2GcwC1aqQGHJYlNJFl4f9rpMLfv58c+dL6fkao1MK/Z9+ZmXCmo53N4GzmEwZG4vH9nfwITh2GzrVa+Irt+QZetNjl6suFjILXwz9E3TRVtDQ+yEHIK6SNjG0+1DyXJzJffvW7+yEiHr//h4xYL9EHiwS9/ak4F+I4FIgVZJJfZED1dGO5vdrepbPDnPvLtTeReE9To5jumT4gHDRNdMjSXv19/XYtoYZ0PMARqlqnz7TRowYBy9r+yXViaT5eRQe0hGIgh4j4fy24BpB3i+RTlFFbcVt8haTD2g8BwQKOAzscfPCA7HmDJFdPOWRmgeh09GQ0aNqGae7zwAmDHNW4qHonuW1HloxWL+yVMYWkZBaeXH7+rJ1ASC/xRI24PX6A5HklNrmQK11TA2k2nqm+XF9JrrO/dI4ZEyfhkAlJ68SwM2hHUnW36wGwS1EP95Lzl//h4mDAA4y5cTHB0av9gGuiS8pGrpzpydQ6yHTPGcYtawE+b5EbRw+NAT3S7YDzvw1tashQsNDYEgMGY9NOXr8xcM9BudOFlM1ELUlI6myATfBJVWda78nHm35tERIDN16q0S3dzIQYGmx5IpdSksEivYJtiAr1vwzQWmmi0P0bpPHtlXD1eano4pldSo6J4bvMeDlAsNuQM82aKdozHA7tffN2lvTAuFF8B3ok69SObcuZhcLrxoniN2quQUk8SMc48DACIeZQxlM0WaB5kN5l4I/+RJrVjs+1qCCHjIE6UhR0zG92m+rDu3kFQuQ2HJEvN4rjaM2GBFsNr+cLtKIodsqQh4vvO7fBrFTZDyPQRMB/eo3j+vv4cJQ8lku42b5AUFOlUz9zza0yxt/nDUhwiYZ9EjQu1F1gRVoeB5R4xaUiJJS7NZswY1qv4bPA8YTgbKXHX2GynV2rbsVgEVfSGyQ0KmXdnBvFhSLoDCczB0QY8sTNdYUpqTozZBdwoD7H7d/dFOow2UU+TvvMiW2AhdxL6Lx/XhwxXfS0EpFKuw53w673GAoANfWuHH8bOzsrtbe9ekvWvSQdSgj6CNHBRIDgrknzLjmfIUvFs1t2Z4zeiMJxYuCFKikJxkXiyJaTRtB/+gRkaSg4IoYx0oCK308B3duzoOgyGzvZsvg7in3PrNO9VMoYYRxjFRz7QTbDJ7zfA1qfWpGT+doiA0erxbtwXr6x+DRgkTP+0b4wB/EzCmTrEaNar5399r+N1Sj2X8skOFh+b6zrVMsTUuwY+oRf440J3eC8NsrlwluLiwXjShvRZHgIjXoPwWNOrmCHOKChYibbgSddd+o5NnimlqGBLXTa06wTehUlBphg5F7jFQyWCEXg0rxuTJoNWasi5ZxC1qkbVEO0fr26HiTAqzkcFncIPWTe3bJyu5d88qMlLHgomVNTiEDLwJQwAZ6zI2tS61XerVCArOAZ4EvvH6trMSEuT5+fLCIhP/+rmyc0qNMsHvGUErk0lCfGjUFmVRmRkc86LLl1UNDe0dRR5TIoRoG6EIUwr11GdM2IpiGri7vcfP6RcqpDhY8pIlAkWLAhZFYyNcuM48cqvL+C6clNVpkHscot4Ea5//XyYMABw++lArFrf85z9dfYfP0z6nE+hvhr5p2ZgRofZiexKUiJ7WPNPjFF66RKqrs3vrTYRgWrlp+EogUg0sTpMj7SgIvbPfCNNCTWqjiITMnOzddbdJHpNoRNrpEpM/2jl/gNMIcNRru4keHiRfX1NqXG/V3MIhuBgX3Ymw5uxSNF0lRHgB707r22eqrK5WVlfTovWYTp84qEkHhWiAZ9o413ESlSSjMcOYq4NB0XnwjgOSXpEUxowZCIkkOG3SM21P5A+3G95DbSthYZAWgfMnTRbawDDu/v0kb29aTAcNIXuGDwkhlx7Q44ixPaqsYyDrN2h7VsZ48XolU6y1HmlrRbFEtwyH4F4tm45hWFpEF3Z1rQYuvQdMJ4h6u89CtL+RCSP5+bFfeol37Li8oIML6Wzp2eym7LfD3jalkEIf5iwNRDA48XtHRgxTKlt+3KlwcuxZjm8AZCaMWAp5p0CkO2HhNSNS3KXf6PzVcroCc41y6BG0kfHkaZ7TrlVdk2MmUMvW50BjHoS+bMR7nTRJmpWl/pNgUq8Jq74Vah+q8zbKWvj846UaTOmyZrQBWWxLXbAUAKC+oMeEeceBRgVPUwZ4pkU4RljhrW7X3Db+CPg1EDjD0JvMYNAnTBCcP4+ZwFVVra6uFFS2J/K7wtWJpnAmE6ul9U0mlbmK796TFxRav7qqM1nuOHoIn8yl1lL0LY6XOMwGHAFufd7+X41W+/jiUzEeXloUaNk9rLmRZad2zGMU/NR6oKjtTyc087/QmAeTvwai1f9HEwYANuvX49nshs2bMY2mXlz/3cPvRjmOmu3bK6p4fx+OyotqVSvPLWgFgLYDB5TV1S1TpwFqzs2JXAOYBtL1LE6jCBpIpAO79s4jAHhys1aCh/mz/Z/fMcE3Qa6WP1KaUFqZ/TsQrSB4nuG96JPiQaMR3TBE0Fwrqi3hlYx30yEwjKk1FTvukMHKao6LuayTJr1sKSlENzeim5vuza4RQKQOfCxJwpGinKPu1NzBwGCTY+E5wBHA38injjVvnkYgEF03zpH9UPmQRqRN8tCxODN1nj+KwXHTeKJa9+4lODszutPwOS4IxaG4qj9014vICSwYswGenGlvTT16vJAhxzzjnMkkS1wwtUIlvd4gxUTR6xdyyJyP73+swTQgrIdbX4D3+N6LnP6NTRiOQXf45GN5QQH31/9uSd0CCHwe9bm5Wfzn8dLyYBUClw4XqhoaW/fspcfHS33NDNTZ7hA4AzL3g1yoc7vn/A59o8s3K5liDSfMhkjUcfMDrQODrIOylFnGAjAJ5J2CoDlANtKWSPL1JXp5GWbgu1VzCwDGu+owYQV7rjA11vIQzHH0kD5/mphSKU1P1+uCAQCOCB4vDDx3GADEusY2S5sLuAVGTJhnDFCMRADUURFENzfeESPNzEKl8InyyXTP6WRdizPBAdYSBxJaJjbabyTNyJDl5FiveqVHS5x1oLuAzWfw2M3ZegLSqLeA7QaXNorFsvqUJoEVMn+Wv2V3r/jna1SESRprzWbafBT5USG3cE/uHrjwNmhVMO37vn1S/WvCDIjdFhcXHz58+Ny5cwqFwqwx6RMnMiZNatq1s/5Jxr9G/ksfI4VZcLSjEoOZDK7q4cc/YRhm//4mS0aJfhfkQkjXTfre2W9UeS5XiofFi/T2aiT4JjRoGvK5Br+3j46AQgThJgnKMyZNkqana9r0JoNvVt8M4AQ8z4hQm/yYXkvjk1v9lozrj+khzcrWSqVGBA29xwO3HHhVA2zCYlxicAjudrX+WLIpH7jl7ew6xl4ylP3SS9KsLPmTJwb2Ol9+Xg3qron8Hpi+KACHgVEtwda9e/E2Nqw5Oih6fFbHqTB568lC0ClxRKDApK+gKf/qf45RNRA51xuxyDxw8yvptVS+Fdd96igAiHOLm+M755fcnx9W34bxHwPH829jwgyI3T58+HDVqlUVFRUXL14MDw+XSs0jIGx5Y7YUp3n/NmOW5/S+OtuXl4eoQFUm9eKsfo3g7GyRIRwKAdMgbbc+R8xrYZQaU4dopXaRdhSyXv98qtdUIkI8VXJKv/eCQcY+cAkHF5OKs+jx8ZhGI7qt+23kyXmPmh89H0XKuELZxTo5SHzemthPM0SSkoIQiVajRhkxYQADH0uySKxQ+9Cb1fodwIIkQHEQYFLClDl3LmplxTuil10eA+x48XFXnGsAR6/mdLC/tcSJhKvotvTU86k9fiy5/4CzcoXOemwyi6YdRmRgnJKjd3QfHzBN6DqdW20r42jHR7tZ4llrsabDj9WY2nPVM+f6gyGveKg1/3J04g1/sc+fVH+ZMMNit+Hh4ffu3duyZcu+ffvYbHZ6uhm9ga2y1nfzPj83y86+rK11776+OmErjWJodZKI7n6ZMsbyUca+DzIBpO/VuZFszaqUN7hZOc4cayipRCPQhhGHXai4IFTqmallN6C1FEa9YeJJkQMDiG5u+mLJWzW3tJj2+SiyfOctEkJhJHiSWbR+miTilBSrsFAjlXc2vsBy/UtiyXiP+DJ+WXuJue4o0n0MUE1S5cAx6MxZswQXL2p4ursv0urTKgWVo0hGmCZnvxSIAnLykN7wtnX3HhyLxdZfj+27KFaItuFyVTKuQOcO/61eoQXSEpeDlpGdFe+/ztByNCPwVCebTqtGOf/Ot1yBAMW9m7zRbBaQv8qEGRa7Rf5cKJHJZJWVld7e3qZ+t1WSNTfXiJXiZW//lzl7Vsvu3dKsrD454aYvv3SquicjqVozuJbpg/zpiE2FB7tArmN+HDlV+FRBQxFc/WkjJnsUcZRcLe8hlNtlvu8GuqNZkvf0SfGSBw90drpcrrzswfTw53TLepQcuM5SWIu95N3Y6foU6qYmRUkJNTra+K7e46HyLvT11DduwtzjUQS9UnlFl6koheZCCDKDT5W9eDGmVPJPntS59WjRUQ6ZE0wwUoHl78ORu1LI1dInxTqWmGWPHonv3LFeuRK10r/ehyK284OIKKlstw7H9lZKNaEJZTo3OzQnQdZv5t6xlrxySimBT+D6dpX2SP0Rym74j//806jPMhszP0v7rG8fE76fHr9hKdx2aLXa5cuXr1mzxq3LgtTzUrid0IDmoPhgpbpyKW1pfnI+GhbmnpJavnZd9Yb1aiq1N2fLyM11SExsi4ujhShVmYRd2++Fj7ZQjJaJRcbKLxX9/naxQzcTo1BBXTJNQaA2auus623OnzyjJeoV6HTAOXjgPPZn72eVsXosVtDldePLbxc6zSu5cMn0syKRSO4q1d3t24Xdi+BFmChDkDGOPK7rxeKaJKRyegvWUG1HLO2FLqyRe56Z6YBhD9VqxXN/osedd+IzRsoF947taKP6DoDl6vrXPXGep/NPu1a79jQljUn+gFyrwsvrzbg/zj4+9b/8msrhYN3rDfla/h3hnbHksXgEb3TWOXqizbXUk/uyy8f2/NC6/PwLiU5PZbMwY4OwiHxvide1b3+X+T9bizh9NqnoFpWAQ2z9qM01wZxL/0quUIlJDqZenkrjk46SEEqFn6L8zxPgiEuiy76qZ4/KrONAnTqWHHu29GxbTdtEct9lJ7DeQaVSHThw4NcuuHjxIoZhKSkpEyZMaN/nl19+Wb9+fY8D2+3Xpk2b9I3c49ykKulr114LORCSWJbY+aMsv6Bo2PDKRS9pFQqLL0FeVlY0IvTpS4u1ajWGYdu/Sdu5+uaPu89bflOOvoR95YpJuF1/2/FDxn9W30x+UFd373HN+3cLf7lqYIDExMRrT68FHwi+VX2r57Yzr2HbHDBJq3mnpNWWjo+rfv2NHj//UfBH8IHgSn5l5y9KsSz/3aSyTVfFdS1Yf6L2rbdLYsZiWu3z195zVykP+5SN3f4S63/0+OunSk4FHwguaC3oud/u0dj+KeYOLklPL/APaDt6tMfv32d+P+z3YY2SRh3Xrgu792bvWn3z0rWKrj+KU+8X+Ae0HTpkyggaparg/aTyTdeEtc2dF753X/au1TfPnC/FMAwT1GHfemE/jcIUYhOvLu+bxJr3kysvpT/7iV+LbffDdo7A5MKOaYhpP73/afCB4B1ZOwy87Gaht4EkHo9ftmzZK10wdepUMCaFi2HY6tWr2Wz2N998Y5KDKmtZdW1VekP659Gfz/J+5t2QgwIdv/lalpPTsGWLZaG7Riis2/AmSqE4//B9O63lqtXDZXgQ55PFUpWFNyVuCyglkPzs0kor+FAkFDuQYiKdnKJDhEgbrlRtWN9ovNt4B6rDkcLuK/G8p5B3CsJWgpW1eaeEIPT4iZL797XibgIzlysuB1oHejA9On8p+vEKHc/Cj2c/y2X0AzCNRpKaSouONomogMIC57CBz+gDwAS3CXgUf+Vp91iSWwZN+WYF8h351ogIyogR3F//i2mePXqFRnGm9EycW5y9lb2J46xYHiImILnnnyqV2k5PpGXHDoKzM+tFk/LlKAFvtyQYB/jqPffb52FzG06ewxOw8XOm+wAAMJxg3m/QWgpJa0x5s0qP3mG1cfjWPI8pf0oTKcRwZD6opLDwSGf3AgLIltFb5vvN/zXv149SPlJoFL1/Rv2VCzMshZucnPzrr79eu3YtODg4ODj4ypUrBoZKrk2ef35+Ka/0h3E/dLVfHfHIpEm2b24QJJ1r/m672S+SXF77xhplba3zjz/i7TpS7EwmaegcL4Ya/fmnHAsv3jYAQl+GzP8CtxwAMC2c2JerRWDhKyEdljfSjoLQy04bKjrHIbgF/gvSG9IrBF1IX1N+ABQPY9ZbErhNmoQpFOI7z5aiakW1ea15Uz2fralVnE1lC62f4ivdJ43sV9Mgy87WCIW0WJPpXr3HQ12WYWa+/gCTxBztNPrK0yvdalwLzgGCGi7K17s4sfo1VW2t8MIzHeVLFZf4Cv7CgIWmD0Im4QOnutGV2M/7Oqao8OpV2ePHNmvXmNoSB2Ad7KUIAaaaU/DjRbVa25BD1iDw0pouzYyeMTDxU8hPhKsfGh6qMb2Q9AgEuLagt/7sP1PJ4NhCaC2B+QfBttsaa7sVWzdi3YWKC8suL9O7WvKXmzAwKIUbGxur1Wqf/InJkyfrHCG7KXvtzbXrbq7jkDnHph8b5zpOz7RYzV68mLt/f/O335nui2EKRe1bb0lzcpy+/cYqvBv16OQ4j2aWmlAuvnmv2sKLj/0A8CS48QkA/HEsnyXQMCPtPFw7ylA9Z0SKga/NFmtVhlLUCX4JRBzxmbyooBZyj8KIJUB3sOCMKMOG4R0cuvZLXqq8hCDIZI+Omy+oqEceyETA44Ux+9s0iG/fQYjEDr0iE02YVgOVd2HAMd1zer24/mFjF83QgkRwGQkMS4SFaGPHkgMCWvftA40GADDAfi/4PZATONLBvG/GzCneInsiViDIzmvG5PLmb78jBwWyZpnnGPotGcdjcJktrHOfnbVWos5xTp1TtAOj18HotZC2G25/qW8Qfnmt+HSVAmSeb8Z06CUqpXBkPlTdh9l7wFvHO4sAsnro6h/H/dggaZh/fv4XaV/8j5owMEHs1jCWXVn2uOXxe+HvnZh+wovpZSBKctj8UbsVq3tvIyY33mCo4fOrV70qvnvPcetWxiQd/RxDwuVSIuQcK6ttEFty6jQ7iHobCs9Xpd3mpjTx6bgVS0OenS+KkMbYUBFG2fF7htawSOyZ3jOTypK4Mi4AwK0vAEEh+h0L7yaCMCZOlNy7p5XJ2l+exLLEcPtwB6oDAGhV6rpfHyII4rByBNZHMssGILp9mzpqlKGFs56Z8DAgM/+S0oo49zgGkXG29GzH/9sqoSHXgiiy8ynYrF2rrKjgnz4DAMk1yeX88uXByy15O9aOUCBwdX9+48/7VQ0N9h98CDicuYMEvjuNq20NV1iTyY0LEnSVpMVvg9CXIfkbuPQeaHumPkR1Lc0/P0YBz3rJz8qODQAgrIffJkPVfZizr1NSS/dX3jU2aXbSPN95Z8vO/u+asF7i86jPb8y/sWzIMjyKNzozHDZ/ZPfuu8LLl58uWiQvMsRtIs3KqpwzV5ab67x9uz46HTIBi3tlCEELB7/PspC5fPRaNdMj5UglYJCwOqRHobPn9EgRwkPy5GqFoYzb8uDlKq3qUOEhaHwCj49DxGpgOlt8P+nx8Vq5XJycDH9Sgyb4dtSCF+6+wtBy1OEEtp9rfz9W5dOnyspKWmysOfMUD15joey6xcqMFoOEI031nHq96nqHTnVhEgBiuQkDoE+cQAkNbdm1SyuX//bkN2eas86mSKNwtKN6TXaly7CMG82MKZOfydyag8Y2xW0JRaASxJEcam5k6XyzYMZOiHoLMn6B32cAv6Zzi6C8vn5nBgFIlDmOtsO8AQAKz8O+GGirgEXHDNuvdrBIrI8iP7qScOUfa8Jm+8w2nUgaEMT61VWue/eoW1qfzpvf8PEnz8tZywuL6jduqlqyFPB4j6NHGFMNsbyGD7O3GevAFGl2fp9pydkTKAdEn/CV7hHBBQE+nOduPGI1zpGC0MoOG6JDcKO7xbvHHys6JrqxGchMeOGd3txPq7BQvI1Ne43r6dLTndSgtbceMRoYfFqrz/yYAXis4tt3AIA2Lta8w/yngqAOGh8P/Dyc4ztHoVFcfnoZAKAgCVzCgOnSmwHtN76nbm4u+Omr7ObsZUOW4RCcZePMnenLkebXOsWkD19oweFSmfrHJs/BAAAb7ElEQVTgvzMRLUk6I0CqFWHXRWUn7+q2YhM/hbm/QONj+Gkk3PwMhPVNmUUt+x4TMRJhqq1jZBA8TYE/ZsPxJcB0gVU3DRCo6UgdU2z/sSbMkgAuJsbr0kX2woWCpKTyKVMrpk+v37ip8bPP6t9/v3zK1Mo5c0Q3btisXu11Lok8xHjf8uKFQXIvKqlCvO9ns1P7+w/kKepZrta5UbzP2/P6PeAeP1KItuGLtCqJoch3ZchKsUp8siULxm4Ccu+yVChKj58oTk7mC5puVt9spwaVNvPkVxulmMjvzfiBeUai27dJ/v4EJzNzSb6TAMVD0cWBn1RB1kH+HP9TJaeAXw11Ob1xwTrykiNG0OPjsQOnfKWMOT5zLB5HeOHC8If7MExY80Cc/KDWrGPVau2OLx4wxFrHeOdR4/zLQlUiHJ+cBU++PaeW6VooHPoivPEAAqZjKTuLtm5TnGzAMA3N/4ZL03fwQxAcmAaNeTDpS1h1A2z9B/Lp/NNMGADgGAz7zR/53Lpp/+EHBEcn6aNHwgsXpdk5JE9P+80f+STfsX3rTeN00n/irfdGCm2Jqmze/gN5pp/DibPFkrQWIRs/deMiIJAhaa3O4nLGJE8ySi39zVC5QKCV8xgldojNUYQt6/3NocfHa6XS5NM/dlCDarGKXXeIQGbN9yHSqQPwdDRCoSwriz7O/L5xKw64RULxxb9kUr3o92IBtyAnax8A6KOZNguStQtUKPbuHToZT7ZsBDWX27jtS6thIXO3TpATIOuPkuy8ZtPt1/ZtD5hcFSnC5sU5/gCAWRH8t0zhc3isNlbF1ptlp+7pWGtiuFTRVhdJ/0sjLhRqq5zZn9i2HoXmInCLhIRf4a0nMHotoPgBfjR4+IcCb23Nefllzssv99YgoujbmyN/2HofSWvZKcxcvy7caPv+wSP5grtNIhq6fnMknkqEqf+G069A8rcwrufitMvYoU9uJdKqGaLaZrqLnsbJm1tX8bgr7W1OlJ5ZGrS0l5dDHTkSx+GIrl6LWBnhw/Ip+vkKS2kj9pe5hQ/Ql1Ny7x6m0ZgdRXbGklc/BH41sNwGeDrN9J65M2fnoZqrI5yG98lf/6nuGHM85aXLVYLz55kzzK/P0GrrN27CZDKnL7cRHWlz3wpN/Hf27T1PxC8HxEQacW8FIuVPX6Uz21RYMOvVlc8of/EUUvCmWTU3srQ3BFaZUJlxU8aS4R2oBAZZLVGqmsRELsEKoROAJB+uDX5xGaDL/xfedBQGYQxkEv7dz6PFTiRcgfDrj+42NEsMJBe++ypNdLdJxMSv/3RMh2hCyDwYsQTubYdKHeuPzovDUAStOqBHuLD4EjzcP3L4qkjHyF8e/yJRSXp7MTgcf5RfYJFkud/ixvRCq3Iyn8QNWBk/YDdTdOs23tqaEhJiycEB0wDgL4klyXhyguuEGyCv85/Q+9EKuAV3au64LnuVMmJE42efq2przR2hdc9eyf379h9vIXp5AYCvF2vG28PVOCTnQOH+3w2FC5m5TXs2p9LbVKRRNuvW6ZDRc50Q5v/ldHUUQUaRWQmotBIyKROohUQal6EiKOTDNR5bx/ksHAv9v2w9aML6EkQ8umlzFCGMQ+Wpj25N37Mvp7W7DLhMrj56smjXpnuUKqnCh/retuhuoi9TvgMbPzixFFpLe4zM9nMV2gmZYuumjOdWUfnVkLgGnIZD3JY3Q9/kK/jP67xbgCTXZisFBBWrhWcqFZjMe8O4AbuNmEoluXeXFhtrHiPus5vlAfZD/qpYcpECEIBjeE3vh9qZvZNFZi0estR5+3cIAnXvvIuZw5onunmzZfdu5uzZrLnPdGQDfDgvb4mQsAiyBy3bNt65ebe6hwJnaQV/+zcP0vbkE9SY3wLvVSv0Si4gKOIxIzL409leX01grPGjLHNjrPFz++KFIV/M8VkY200O8n8h3ho0TyYCQeG1V4dnRzZfOVREyuEdfvRAQseROGQEB3KegsxXk7SgISP+c70njnN/zgRawaLj8N8JcGQ+rLwGtG4xo88r4+u+ui9KLLYP93/2cZPx4fA8AID5BwBHDLYJnuA+4ff83xcGLOyNUEBGY8ZFdvUiGqX2Sj2H7Imbad1NI76/o8gHDzRCET2+F06f/1RI+QFkPKCwB3gCOBRenkyjnnh6aWXYBjbZ8r/+sPFhan3qu+HvUglUcKY6fvVV7foN9R984LzdpPYS2aNH9e++RwkOdtz6SY9NjnbUD76MOXD4iSytuehIWeaJMi2HSGYQVTK1mqdkSLUkAJkb5eXXhtnbmFaRhyIMN/v/8Rdz0AszD6Ehdh9+EzPytSEaTxqoMaRaApViVKxR2pM8Ejw3fT9Wh/3q8CDcYdExEDfBgWkg7CbOTGbRNEMJDC2n+FBHXp+glsCRF4H3FBYeBrZH+4/rRqyTqWU/5fzUm/PflbPLhmavil5sTfYWuUucooIH8u6Jrl3DMejUMaMtHyJgGmjVUHJ1oB98Yx60FL3hu0Cuke9/st/iYbSY9uuMr51pzosCFrX/Qo+Ls9/4nvDS5cbPPkeMVb1JH2ZWr3oV7+Dgume3TlJDBIUVS4Nf/+4F1jhHLZOAtimhQoxrlAGKQAhzxkfhGz8cbar9+ptg0AuzBBGh9hGh5n+dnMNgyVk4Mh9+jYP5B8D1Gb+d36LY/IIkaj5dWNPMoEmjy74EVTPM299V7tiL6bUwYOHRoqMzfWaG2FiSS0qpS8lpzvmS9q41yaNVUOQTNKCL35hGI7p5izZunOl9fDrgOBwYTlB8EYYtHNBHnncKcET34cuna7lHi44uDVpqZ2WJGMrx4uMlvJId43Z0LXjkrFih4Qta9+1zLCjQTpyI6mGO4p863fjFF0QXZ7f9+3EcjoG/QrMiLF4QCAv+X7yMg17YwMItElZcATwZDkyDqx+CtK3TY3dYMgIFXNWea7A3iqJqg8WnIKAnrfa64es4ZM7XGV9rMbMbBrSYdkf2jlBNwJB0RylISLmHhBcHNKkkTc/Q8Hi9iiIBAEEgcAaUXgelZOBOHdPCk5PgEwdWnNXDVqu16p8f/2zBMFwZ96dHP0U6Rsa5xfXYZPv2W/b/+hftyZOK2XNEt271aEJQVlbWrlnbsHmzVWio+x9/dFISDGLQC/srYD8EVt+Fa5shfS88/BW8xoHTcMARrbllTRo2G5lSpl5SERgY76mjUJ5GpL0T9s6HKR8eKTqyJHCJud//6qbK/aWbUcDbvuynsooTJCZqJR+jVOrAXLfo2jWUSqWZQtNqGEPmQPo+KL5kSgtL36D6AQjqYMJnAOBGd1sUsOhI0ZEE34RAa/MobT998KlcLf9wlG7iB87yZZkiofely7Vr1hLd3anRUQR7B41YJMvOlmbnoFZWdps2Wi9fbuFKyKAXNoi+BIkOM36ENx7AyFeBWwrJ38LNz6D8VkBEkxBrwYknKsV6K29neM8Y5zpuR9YOs1hKWmWtu3N2f1+2nolYY9FW1kM8mbNnaWUy4dWBSippNKLr12mxYxFSr9ezXCOB6QxPzgxoFEmkdupFrh2+lkPmfJH2hVm+8Lnyc7drbm8I3eDJ1CvhI3Nz87pw3um7bwmuroKkc83ff9+2/zetXGG7Yb3PtavWK1cO2q9BL+x/Cbb+MGkbTNrW9XviOKJW8GuxWwEeU2sQvO7WuU/HfDrn3Jx/3fvX4amHTekhxQDbkrrlzcczPMBb7C0NmBkDAJRhw4ienoKziV0X5vsxiszOVnO5vY0iO2PJoDnw8BeQC3rbcWUK1HLIPwsB0zsFqGlE2saRG9+/+/4veb+sHrralDGeCp5+lfFVmH2YUd8ZweGYM2a0F7tiGg2Cww2+KINe2N8JbF8XdTiBg9rl79CbqGKT2duit5XySj9M+dCI3DQAAPxR8EdwMiMSG83n8AJefUaKwJw9S5qZqaqrG4DrEl68hFIotJg+aiMPTgC1AoouDMQjKbwAMh6M6GZ6pnpOneY1bc+jPY+ajeuui1XiDbc3EFHi1y98jZojzThov/56E2ZACrcdJSUlWX0kQfSPgc/8mCq0ktXKLtUn9gcQ5RT1Ttg7155e++7hd4at2K3qW23HH81STeORWoe8162RhTlrFqCoIOlcf18RplIJr1yhT5xoemuqETiHAsdrgGLJR4eA5QYePVN4m0dtdqG7bLi9oUpoSKZXppatvbG2RlTzfez37dRsg/jbmDADUrjt4HK506ZNe/fddwcfQw+0htMFOC7pEeimcAIAgGVDli0NWvpHwR9fpH2hT5svuTY5d//FeYrZfAI36KPpSPemEIKDA3XkSEFiYn+TcInvJGv4fMaM6X056JDZUHEHJC397D3WQ+VdGLEEnvOeaETangl7EEBeu/5aOb9c59Ft8rbXr7+e25L7bcy3YfZhgxP772TCDEvhtuPtt99ev3794DPQARzq9c44KSLSXBfWp+hlyNo0ctOqkFUnik8su7KsG8U+gEKj+OnRT+V7bs6Xz+LhWwM2T8cRdVRjMWfPVlZXS7Oz+/VqBOfP462tqWPG9OWgQxJAq4aCfnYhc/4ADINhL+nc6Ep33Ttxr0qjWnp56aWKnpp4KXUpL55/saCt4Nux3050nzg4qfsJ/ZXO7yGFm5LSU+ri/PnzDg4OoaGhZ86cGXwMz4NizXTdMLr2x3TsvLZK/NB9sm5u9TdD3wy0Dvz0/qdzkuZEO0dHOERQ8JQKQcXN8hvrH00LRSa2UVuHvD9Dp/0CAPqkePSLL/gnT1qF9ZePoBGKxMnJ7AUL+jiz4xAMDiHw6BCMfKXfAmAMco+CVyyw9DLZBnICj04/+s6dd96/9/4veb9McJ9gb2XfKmtNrk1+0vrEk+m5K25XACdgcD73HxCsf4KIs2fPHj9+/NixYz3+3Q4+nz9z5swrV65kZ2dv3rz5ThdZna5SuImJif/fH49Q4f2YyMCxS2iV4hC9fXkSTJKmSHukfMTT8gDAX+S8ueoVG5x9JeFpWyjDMKmAXWIi82Fm5YcfqPunQIyZnmF/5kz1hvVyZ+e+Hdmr5XpI7R+3A7YJKf1Clm0rKhhT9nWmx5o6dqQRWwdYrjI3XZFep6nTghYBxBHnGE4KDyeGo4MrZiZg9uzZlhuiv0QKd9u2bRMmTHj//fcXL17s6ur6008/GZXCHWCYKEo6AH9dzhPlfXS25v27T7ac7RQu1Qe+qC1nV2LlplsVG6+XJ6WapARcXFzgH8Ddv7+frr1y0UvlU6f1y52XcLHPbbErH/TXcz+2GPvGE1PJzJBVVstrhDUycw75H5l1f+2E783L3ttAsl0K9/nfO6Vw2Wz2hQsXVqxYAQBpaWlhYWEEAmH+/PmhoaHt8ebjx4/b/z0InSCxaMGfzSr89RqtnMn9Ma/aSeIyO5zp4dhjNxlPWHUmDVeisUE4AhLXZXkE08skZmeSnx8lNJR39Bhn+XKThGnNgaK8XJaTY79pU7/cGisO+E+BxydgwqeAI/Tx4IJaKL4MURvAHFZVEo7kQncZnLT/hFxYpxSura2tk5NTpxRuUVGRg4ODr6+vr68vANBotPPnz0dGRg4+CUNAkcDXJnELqxqOZzMbrYV7S+uQDC0bwTFJmFaLSVTAw+hqJg2hCNE24ljSkMnmMSOzFy6o3/S+JC2dOrqPHwT/2HGEQGDOmtlfd2bEUshPhJIrlgnTGkLmfgAMwlYOzr7/pyYMAF566aV58+ZJpdJOKUk+v6cac3R0dNdE2CAMwDrQ3XqrO6+0tv5KLtIANC4d34YHAC2mkSJCka2QE+0TFPmCBSMzJk9u+vob3qFDfWvCMLlckJREj483TKvQu3zYOGA6Q+b+PjZhagVk/w5+Uwwk8gfxzzdhAEAkEolE4uBd7kOwfV3Yvh2hilIo0WoxMovWyzERIpG9aGHrnr3Kiop2IuM+gfDKVY1QyF7wYn/6pzgIfwVufg6tJWDj12fD5p8BSStEvDY43/4GIcrgLfj7gsig9t5+tYOzeDFCJHIPHOjD02s7eJDk42MVHt6/dyF0GeBJkPFznw2IYXD/P2AXCJ4xg3Ns0IQN4u8BHIfDmjNHkJikbumbendJWpq8oICzou+XCHqCagPBc+HREZAL+2bA0qvQlA9Rb/X7mQ9i0IQNog/BWbEc02h4hw73jQt24He8tTVz+vSBOPWI1aCUQPbvfTNayg/AcoXghMEpMWjCBvG3Ckvd3BgTJrQdOYKTyXo5lKK8XJyczF68uA/YwUyB03DwioUHu0At7+VI1uJiqE6DMRv6vkpjEIMmbBD9DZv167QSCTs5uZfjtO7eg1Io7EUDSG8fsxFEjZB9sJfDBDacBroDjFg6OBkGTdgg/n4g+fgwp09np95Xt7Za7oKVlQkvX+YsXYpjD6BOmkc0uI+B1B2gUVo+SOk1a3ERjH0fCJTByTBowgbx93TE1q0Ftbp1zx6LR2j5cSdKpXJWrhjoU4/ZBII6ePirhYdjWrj5qYQ86IINmrBB/J1BdHMTREbyjh2XFxZZcLgsN1d044b1smU4JnOgT917HPjEQfI3z3ShzELOH9D4pNBx3mAWbNCEDeLvDe6keDyL1fjZZ2ZTIWo0jZ99jrez46xY/tec+qSvQCmBO1+ZfaC0DW58Cu5j6pgjByfAoAkbxN8bGjLZbuNGWU4O/+Qpsw7kHT8hz8+3f//9ARN26wlbfwhdBpn7of6ReQde/QAUIpj+w2At2KAJG8Q/AcxZM6mjI5u+/lpZVWXiIcqqqubt26lRUYypU/7KU4/7GGh2kPi6GQUW+YmQewxeeAdsB7kJB03YIP4ZQBCnr79GiMS6d9/D5MZtAaZS1W/chBAITl9u+4vPnMyEmbuguQiubTbNdayCC2+CawTEbBx87IMmbBD/HODt7Z2+/kpeUFD/rw9Aa1DzFcMatmyR5eU5fvEF3t7+rz91nzgYsx4yfoEsY/X6Mj4cmQ8ICnN/BXRQU3XQhA3inwVabKz9xo3CK1caPvkENBp99qv53/8WJCbZblhPnzjhf+XUJ2wFnzi49C7kn9Vvv3hwOAF4VbDwCLDdBx/33/VbO3gLBmEAnBXLNSJh6+496lbu/7V3fjFNXXEcP6UUWigjzsK0pBUmhpASSjSIoiINiNURNRKm0pm5EVEJgeiTJMuiPEg2DDHxwQczWEbKEhibk0TNQqBRwp+UpLLIGqIZCUFLS4s2QSptoXu4syFAr1fovb2F7+fp9pxyf+d7fuf+uPf03POT198Qvt/6jWJhdnayrs55789NujLZpUt8+tcsJKW/kF9PkY5y4pwge6uWztPbzKT9a/JmnJT+TJR74WiEsJUxGAwOh6OwsDB+pVVCL1686O3tlclkBQUFEgnWQ/OUhOrqyIQE6436f78o/vTbb+IOHYpKSvJMTc109zju3vXYbAnV1bLKS7xrd7SU6H4jf1SQv74j/9wjuTUkJY+IJGRqlAy3kqFmIv6EfPU72ZYLFyOErUxNTY3FYsnMzKyrq+vt7Y2Li1tc29bWdv369bKyspGREYVCoVar4QzesunMmZidO60//GhruGlruOkvl6jV8psN7CVwWysiCfmyhTxtJYYbpG3RmnthFFGfIQXfk1gZnIsQtjJUKtyxsbGIiAir1arX6y9evOivdbvdtbW1T548kcvl8EFYEJ2Wpmz6yT0+PjswMP/GGSGVxuzaGZ2WFgZNzyojmafIeD+Z/Jt450i8gnyej+CFEPYB6FPhms3mzZs3NzY2mkwmjUZz9erVyEjMyoUBUUpllFIZfu2OEJLk/SR5Pzy4/ghNKtyurq6ioqIHDx7k5+frdLq8vLyamhqqCqlwAdhohF8q3OHhYblcTh13dHSUlJQgFS6swzpS4YZNKtz09PSoqCi73S6Tycxm87ZtWJUDAODTXBh9KlyRSHT79u2CggKlUmm1Wjs7O+EJAACPQhj5UCrc4uLiI0eO2O32z/jwSgoAACFsOfSpcIVCIeIXAGAt4B1JAADuwthBgP3nAADhG8JYWrPGMHrCOqxvHOshF44HSQDARgQhDAAQxgivXbvGz5a9e/eusLAQ1mEd1iGc7iE0hA/AAACAB0kAwMaFR79Iut3uZ8+eeTyenJwcfyH9vq/0tatgZmZmYGDA/zE1NTU5Odn/8fHjx263mxAiEokOHjzIRifQmwi63sWMjo4ODQ3FxcUdPnw4Ojr6oxq2ajj2b8j1Mj8/e9rpBzl72lm6wHn0IJmdnR0TE+N0Op8+/T+PqX/f1/b29uX7vtLXro6XL182NDRQx21tbY2NjadPn/bXbtmyhfookUjq6+vZ6AQaE2zo9WM0Gq9cuVJUVDQxMdHX1zc4OBgTE8OwYauGe/+GVi/z87OqnX6Qs6edrQvcxyfMZrNaraaOJycnlUrl/Py8z+erqqq6c+fO4m/S164d6uVNl8u1uDApKYntHghkgm29CwsL/uMDBw50d3czbNiqCa1/udfL/Pxsa6cf5KxqZ+MC5+9c2JJ9X00mE/PatdPS0lJSUiIWixcXejye/Pz8EydOdHV1saQ6kAm29frXFrpcrrGxse3btzNsWJj6l3u9zM/Ptnb6Qc7NOA/iAODv6nyn0xkbG0sdS6VSp9PJvHbtNDU1NTc3Lyns7OxMT08fGRkpLS199OiRSqUKuupAJtjWS7GwsHDu3LnKykrlst2lg649tP7lXi/z83OjPdAg52acB3EAcB3CvF6vXq/3er3+kq1btx49enT5NxMTEx0OB3XscDgSExOZ166xGUajUSAQ7FqWmGf37t2EkD179pw8edJgMKzatTTWA5lYo14m1n0+X3l5eXJycm1t7fK/CpZ2bvzLBI71Mj8/B9ppBjkH2oM8AHg7F/b27VuFQjE9Pe3z+Y4fP05tjNvf3+92uwPVBosLFy7cunXL/5EyOjc3R02geDye3Nzc+/fvB13+iiYo66zqpeaGzp8/f/ny5SXl7GkPpGi96mXoaLbHNv0gD9Q2Pl/gPAphZ8+e3bFjh1gsVqlUra2tPp9Pr9dnZGRoNBqdTuf1en0+X3x8vMViob6/vDYozM7OJiQk2O12fwlldGhoKC0tTavVpqamVlRULJ4PDhYrmvBLZkkvRU9Pj0AgUL3n4cOHHGhfUdE61svQ0WxrpxnkgdrG5wuc76vz3W734n1fP6qWjcZYrVaZTMZe7nF6Exzr5UA7r/zLpa8/eP51rD24AwAvGAEAwhi8YAQAQAgDAACEMAAAQAgDYQwmZ8FHEYkuADzh9evXg4ODUql0enr62LFj6BCAuzAQTvT19Wm12n379hkMBvQGYAgWVQBeYLFYXr165XK5zGZzdnZ2VlYW+gTgLgyEDaOjoyqVSiQSORyOlJQUdAhACANh9TggEIjF4pycHIVCwd72MgAhDABWsNls1IHJZMrIyECHAIbgF0kQesbHx6empoxG4/Pnz7VarUwmQ58ApvfvmM4HIaenp0ej0bhcLg7eKwZ4kAQgyFB7HyN+AdyFAQBwFwYAAAhhAACAEAYAAAhhAACEMAAAQAgDAACEMAAAQhi6AAAQvvwHJ68WM++hvMYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "for n in range (-2,4):\n", + " x = np.linspace(-11,11,1000)\n", + " y = sc.jv(n,x)\n", + " plt.plot(x, y, '-',label='n='+str(n))\n", + "#plt.plot([1,1],[sc.jv(0,1),sc.jv(-1,1)],)\n", + "plt.xlim(-10,10)\n", + "plt.grid(True)\n", + "plt.ylabel('Bessel $J_n(\\\\beta)$')\n", + "plt.xlabel(' $ \\\\beta $ ')\n", + "plt.plot(x, y)\n", + "plt.legend()\n", + "#plt.show()\n", + "plt.savefig('bessel.pgf', format='pgf')\n", + "print(sc.jv(0,1))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 131, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "x = np.linspace(0,0.1,2000)\n", + "y = np.sin(100 * 2.0*np.pi*x+1.5*np.sin(30 * 2.0*np.pi*x))\n", + "plt.plot(x, y, '-')\n", + "plt.show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "ratio = 2\n", + "first = 1\n", + "(length,) = x.shape\n", + "slop = int(length/6)\n", + "second = ratio-first\n", + "odd = ratio % 2\n", + "\n", + "first = int(first * length/ratio) \n", + "second = int( second * length/ratio) + odd\n", + "slop = np.array(np.append(np.zeros(first-slop) , (np.arange(slop))/slop))\n", + "#steep = np.ones(int(first * length/ratio)+ odd) - np.exp(-np.arange(int(first * length/ratio) + odd)/200)\n", + "steep = (np.ones(first) + slop)*0.5\n", + "\n", + "step = np.append(steep, np.ones(second))\n", + "m = np.sin(5 * 2.0 * np.pi * x) * step \n", + "plt.plot(x, step, '-')\n", + "plt.plot(x, m, '-')\n", + "plt.savefig('m_t.pgf', format='pgf')" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "interpreter": { + "hash": "916dbcbb3f70747c44a77c7bcd40155683ae19c65e1c03b4aa3499c5328201f1" + }, + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 3.8.10 64-bit", + "language": "python", + "name": "python3" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 3 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", + "version": "3.8.10" + }, + "orig_nbformat": 4 + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.py b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb35ebd --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.py @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +import numpy as np +from scipy import signal +from scipy.fft import fft, ifft, fftfreq +import scipy.special as sc +import scipy.fftpack +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import matplotlib as mpl +# Use the pgf backend (must be set before pyplot imported) +mpl.use('pgf') + +from matplotlib.widgets import Slider +def fm(beta): + # Number of samplepoints + N = 600 + # sample spacing + T = 1.0 / 1000.0 + fc = 100.0 + fm = 30.0 + x = np.linspace(0.01, N*T, N) + #beta = 1.0 + y_old = np.sin(fc * 2.0*np.pi*x+beta*np.sin(fm * 2.0*np.pi*x)) + y = 0*x; + xf = fftfreq(N, 1 / N) + for k in range (-4, 4): + y = sc.jv(k,beta)*np.sin((fc+k*fm) * 2.0*np.pi*x) + yf = fft(y)/(fc*np.pi) + plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf)) + plt.xlim(-150, 150) + #plt.savefig('bessel.pgf', format='pgf') + plt.show() + +fm(1) + +# Bessel-Funktion +for n in range (-2,4): + x = np.linspace(-11,11,1000) + y = sc.jv(n,x) + plt.plot(x, y, '-',label='n='+str(n)) +#plt.plot([1,1],[sc.jv(0,1),sc.jv(-1,1)],) +plt.xlim(-10,10) +plt.grid(True) +plt.ylabel('Bessel $J_n(\\beta)$') +plt.xlabel(' $ \\beta $ ') +plt.plot(x, y) +plt.legend() +#plt.show() +plt.savefig('bessel.pgf', format='pgf') +print(sc.jv(0,1))
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc7af1e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/bessel.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,2057 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% \usepackage{fontspec} +%% \setmainfont{DejaVuSerif.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% \setsansfont{DejaVuSans.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% \setmonofont{DejaVuSansMono.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.000000in}{4.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% 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+\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/m_t.pgf b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/m_t.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edcfb33 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/m_t.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,746 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% Also ensure that all the required font packages are loaded; for instance, +%% the lmodern package is sometimes necessary when using math font. +%% \usepackage{lmodern} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% \usepackage{fontspec} +%% \setmainfont{DejaVuSerif.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% \setsansfont{DejaVuSans.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% \setmonofont{DejaVuSansMono.ttf}[Path=\detokenize{/home/joshua/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/matplotlib/mpl-data/fonts/ttf/}] +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.000000in}{4.000000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% 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b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/NaT_Skript_20210920.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/NaT_Skript_20210920.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9acc1f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/NaT_Skript_20210920.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a0bddd --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/anim/Makefile b/buch/papers/fm/anim/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4c7850 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/anim/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# +# Makefile +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller +# +all: animation.pdf + +parts.tex: fm.m + octave fm.m + +animation.pdf: animation.tex parts.tex + pdflatex animation.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/anim/animation.tex b/buch/papers/fm/anim/animation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a6f428 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/anim/animation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +% +% animation.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, +% +\documentclass[aspectratio=169]{beamer} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{epic} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{array} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\usepackage{lmodern} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{nccmath} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{adjustbox} +\usepackage{multimedia} +\usepackage{verbatim} +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{stmaryrd} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{3d} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes,math,decorations.text,automata} +\usepackage{pifont} +\usepackage[all]{xy} +\usepackage[many]{tcolorbox} +\mode<beamer>{% +\usetheme[hideothersubsections,hidetitle]{Hannover} +} +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty +\begin{document} + +\def\spektrum#1#2{ +\only<#1>{ + \begin{scope} + \color{red} + \input{#2} + \end{scope} +} +} + +\begin{frame} +\begin{center} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] +\def\df{0.37} +\def\da{1} + +\draw[->,color=gray] (0,-0.1) -- (0,6.3) [right] coordinate[label={right:$a$}]; + +\foreach \a in {1,...,5}{ + \draw[color=gray!50] (-6,{(6-\a)*\da}) -- (6,{(6-\a)*\da}); +} +\draw[color=gray!50] (-6,{6*\da}) -- (6,{6*\da}); +\foreach \f in {-15,-10,-5,5,10,15}{ + \draw[color=gray!50] ({\f*\df},0) -- ({\f*\df},{6*\da}); +} + +\input{parts.tex} + +\draw[->] (-6.1,0) -- (6.9,0) coordinate[label={$f$}]; +\foreach \f in {-16,...,16}{ + \draw ({\f*\df},-0.05) -- ({\f*\df},0.05); +} +\foreach \f in {-15,-10,-5,5,10,15}{ + \node at ({\f*\df},-0.1) [below] {$\f f_m$}; + \draw ({\f*\df},-0.1) -- ({\f*\df},0.1); +} +\node at (0,-0.1) [below] {$0$}; + +\foreach \a in {1,...,5}{ + \node at (6,{(6-\a)*\da}) [right] {$-\a$}; +} +\node at (6,{6*\da}) [right] {$\phantom{-}0$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{center} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/anim/fm.m b/buch/papers/fm/anim/fm.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9062818 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/anim/fm.m @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +# +# fm.m -- animation frequenzspektrum +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# +global fc; +fc = 1e6; +global width; +width = 16; +global fm; +fm = 1000; +global gamma; +gamma = 2; +global resolution; +resolution = 300; + +function retval = spektrum(beta, fm) + global width; + global fc; + retval = zeros(2 * width + 1, 2); + center = width + 1; + for k = (0:width) + retval(center - k, 1) = fc - k * fm; + retval(center + k, 1) = fc + k * fm; + a = besselj(k, beta); + retval(center - k, 2) = a; + retval(center + k, 2) = a; + endfor +endfunction + +function drawspectrum(fn, spectrum, foffset, fscale, beta) + n = size(spectrum)(1,1); + for i = (1:n) + f = (spectrum(i, 1) - foffset)/fscale; + a = log10(spectrum(i, 2)) + 6; + if (a < 0) + a = 0; + end + fprintf(fn, "\\draw[line width=3.5pt] "); + fprintf(fn, "({%.2f*\\df},0) -- ({%.2f*\\df},{%.5f*\\da});\n", + f, f, abs(a)); + fprintf(fn, "\\node at ({-15*\\df},5.5) [right] {$\\beta = %.3f$};", beta); + endfor +endfunction + +function drawhull(fn, beta) + global resolution; + fprintf(fn, "\\begin{scope}\n"); + fprintf(fn, "\\clip ({-16.5*\\df},0) rectangle ({16.5*\\df},{6*\\da});\n"); + p = zeros(resolution, 2); + for k = (1:resolution) + nu = 16.5 * (k - 1) / resolution; + p(k,1) = nu; + y = log10(abs(besselj(nu, beta))) + 6; + p(k,2) = y; + end + fprintf(fn, "\\draw[color=blue] ({%.4f*\\df},{%.5f*\\da})", + p(1,1), p(1,2)); + for k = (2:resolution) + fprintf(fn, "\n -- ({%.4f*\\df},{%.5f*\\da})", + p(k,1), p(k,2)); + endfor + fprintf(fn, ";\n\n"); + fprintf(fn, "\\draw[color=blue] ({%.4f*\\df},{%.5f*\\da})", + p(1,1), p(1,2)); + for k = (2:resolution) + fprintf(fn, "\n -- ({%.4f*\\df},{%.5f*\\da})", + -p(k,1), p(k,2)); + endfor + fprintf(fn, ";\n\n"); + fprintf(fn, "\\end{scope}\n"); +endfunction + +function animation(betamin, betamax, steps) + global fm; + global fc; + global gamma; + fa = fopen("parts.tex", "w"); + for k = (1:steps) + % add entry to parts.tex + fprintf(fa, "\\spektrum{%d}{texfiles/a%04d.tex}\n", k, k); + % compute beta + x = (k - 1) / (steps - 1); + beta = betamin + (betamax - betamin) * (x ^ gamma); + % create a new file + name = sprintf("texfiles/a%04d.tex", k); + fn = fopen(name, "w"); + % write the hull + drawhull(fn, beta); + % compute and write the spectrum + spectrum = spektrum(beta, fm); + drawspectrum(fn, spectrum, fc, fm, beta); + fclose(fn); + endfor + fclose(fa); +endfunction + +animation(0.001,10.1,200) diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/main.tex b/buch/papers/fm/main.tex index 1e75235..0c98427 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,31 @@ +% !TeX root = ../../buch.tex % % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <fm> % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:fm}} -\lhead{Thema} +% + +\chapter{FM Bessel\label{chapter:fm}} +\lhead{FM} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/fm/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/fm/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/fm/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/fm/teil3.tex} + +\chapterauthor{Joshua Bär} + +Die Frequenzmodulation ist eine Modulation die man auch schon im alten Radio findet. +Falls du dich an die Zeit erinnerst, konnte man zwischen \textit{FM-AM} Umschalten, +dies bedeutete so viel wie: \textit{F}requenz-\textit{M}odulation und \textit{A}mplituden-\textit{M}odulation. +Um das Thema einwenig einzuschränken werde ich leider nichts über die Vertiefte, (Physikalische) zusammenhänge oder die Demodulation aufzeigen. +Dieses Kapitel soll nurdie Frequenzmodulation und ihren zusammenhang mit der Besselfunktion erklären. +Aber zuerst einmal zur Modulation selbst, wie funktioniert diese Mathematisch. + + +\input{papers/fm/00_modulation.tex} +\input{papers/fm/01_AM.tex} +\input{papers/fm/02_FM.tex} +\input{papers/fm/03_bessel.tex} +\input{papers/fm/04_fazit.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex b/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex index 4cba2b6..7bbbe35 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex @@ -7,4 +7,5 @@ % if your paper needs special packages, add package commands as in the % following example %\usepackage{packagename} - +\usepackage{xcolor} +\usepackage{pgf} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/references.bib b/buch/papers/fm/references.bib index 76eb265..21b910b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/fm/references.bib @@ -23,6 +23,17 @@ volume = {2} } +@book{fm:NAT, + title = {Nachrichtentechnik 1 + 2}, + author = {Thomas Kneubühler}, + publisher = {None}, + year = {2021}, + isbn = {}, + inseries = {Script for students}, + volume = {} +} + + @article{fm:mendezmueller, author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex b/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c161ed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +\documentclass{book} + +\def\IncludeBookCover{0} +\input{common/packages.tex} + +% additional packages used by the individual papers, add a line for +% each paper +\input{papers/common/addpackages.tex} + +% workaround for biblatex bug +\makeatletter +\def\blx@maxline{77} +\makeatother +\addbibresource{chapters/references.bib} + +% Bibresources for each article +\input{papers/common/addbibresources.tex} + +% make sure the last index starts on an odd page +\AtEndDocument{\clearpage\ifodd\value{page}\else\null\clearpage\fi} +\makeindex + +%\pgfplotsset{compat=1.12} +\setlength{\headheight}{15pt} % fix headheight warning +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + +\begin{document} + \input{common/macros.tex} + \def\chapterauthor#1{{\large #1}\bigskip\bigskip} + \input{papers/fm/main.tex} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 55697df..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{fm:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{fm:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 6f9edf1..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{fm:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{fm:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{fm:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{fm:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 6ab6fa0..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{fm:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 3bcfc4d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{fm:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/Makefile b/buch/papers/fresnel/Makefile index c8aa073..ed74861 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fresnel/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/Makefile @@ -1,9 +1,8 @@ # # Makefile -- make file for the paper fresnel # -# (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # - images: @echo "no images to be created in fresnel" diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb7dc57 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# +# Makefile +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# +all: schale.pdf \ + fresnelgraph.pdf \ + eulerspirale.pdf \ + pfad.pdf \ + apfel.pdf \ + kruemmung.pdf + +schale.png: schale.pov + povray +A0.1 -W1920 -H1080 -Oschale.png schale.pov + +schale.jpg: schale.png Makefile + convert -extract 1240x1080+340 schale.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch schale.jpg + +schale.pdf: schale.tex schale.jpg + pdflatex schale.tex + +eulerpath.tex: eulerspirale.m + octave eulerspirale.m + +fresnelgraph.pdf: fresnelgraph.tex eulerpath.tex + pdflatex fresnelgraph.tex + +eulerspirale.pdf: eulerspirale.tex eulerpath.tex + pdflatex eulerspirale.tex + +pfad.pdf: pfad.tex + pdflatex pfad.tex + +apfel.pdf: apfel.tex apfel.jpg eulerpath.tex + pdflatex apfel.tex + +kruemmung.pdf: kruemmung.tex + pdflatex kruemmung.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.jpg b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..76e48e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.jpg diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.pdf b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..69e5092 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..754886b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/apfel.tex @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +% +% apfel.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{7} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\input{eulerpath.tex} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\begin{scope} +\clip(-0.6,-0.6) rectangle (7,6); +\node at (3.1,2.2) [rotate=-3] {\includegraphics[width=9.4cm]{apfel.jpg}}; +\end{scope} + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\draw[color=gray!50] (0,0) rectangle (4,4); +\draw[->] (-0.5,0) -- (7.5,0) coordinate[label={$C(t)$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-0.5) -- (0,6.0) coordinate[label={left:$S(t)$}]; +\begin{scope}[scale=8] +\draw[color=red,opacity=0.5,line width=1.4pt] \fresnela; +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.m b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84e3696 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.m @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +# +# eulerspirale.m +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschlue +# +global n; +n = 1000; +global tmax; +tmax = 10; +global N; +N = round(n*5/tmax); + +function retval = f(x, t) + x = pi * t^2 / 2; + retval = [ cos(x); sin(x) ]; +endfunction + +x0 = [ 0; 0 ]; +t = tmax * (0:n) / n; + +c = lsode(@f, x0, t); + +fn = fopen("eulerpath.tex", "w"); + +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\fresnela{ (0,0)"); +for i = (2:n) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t-- (%.4f,%.4f)", c(i,1), c(i,2)); +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n\n"); + +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\fresnelb{ (0,0)"); +for i = (2:n) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t-- (%.4f,%.4f)", -c(i,1), -c(i,2)); +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n\n"); + +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\Cplotright{ (0,0)"); +for i = (2:N) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t-- ({%.4f*\\dx},{%.4f*\\dy})", t(i), c(i,1)); +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n\n"); + +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\Cplotleft{ (0,0)"); +for i = (2:N) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t-- ({%.4f*\\dx},{%.4f*\\dy})", -t(i), -c(i,1)); +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n\n"); + +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\Splotright{ (0,0)"); +for i = (2:N) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t-- ({%.4f*\\dx},{%.4f*\\dy})", t(i), c(i,2)); +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n\n"); + +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\Splotleft{ (0,0)"); +for i = (2:N) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t-- ({%.4f*\\dx},{%.4f*\\dy})", -t(i), -c(i,2)); +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n\n"); + +fclose(fn); diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.pdf b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..db74e4b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38ef756 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.tex @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +% +% eulerspirale.tex -- Darstellung der Eulerspirale +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{eulerpath.tex} + +\def\s{8} + +\begin{scope}[scale=\s] +\draw[color=blue] (-0.5,-0.5) rectangle (0.5,0.5); +\draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \fresnela; +\draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \fresnelb; +\fill[color=blue] (0.5,0.5) circle[radius={0.1/\s}]; +\fill[color=blue] (-0.5,-0.5) circle[radius={0.1/\s}]; +\draw (-0.5,{-0.05/\s}) -- (-0.5,{0.05/\s}); +\draw (0.5,{-0.05/\s}) -- (0.5,{-0.05/\s}); +\node at (-0.5,0) [above left] {$\frac12$}; +\node at (0.5,0) [below right] {$\frac12$}; +\node at (0,-0.5) [below right] {$\frac12$}; +\node at (0,0.5) [above left] {$\frac12$}; +\end{scope} + +\draw[->] (-6.7,0) -- (6.9,0) coordinate[label={$C(x)$}];; +\draw[->] (0,-5.8) -- (0,6.1) coordinate[label={left:$S(x)$}];; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/fresnelgraph.pdf b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/fresnelgraph.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c658901 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/fresnelgraph.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/fresnelgraph.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/fresnelgraph.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20df951 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/fresnelgraph.tex @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +% +% fresnelgraph.tex -- Graphs of the fresnel functions +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{eulerpath.tex} +\def\dx{1.3} +\def\dy{2.6} + +\draw[color=gray] (0,{0.5*\dy}) -- ({5*\dx},{0.5*\dy}); +\draw[color=gray] (0,{-0.5*\dy}) -- ({-5*\dx},{-0.5*\dy}); + +\draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] \Splotright; +\draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] \Splotleft; + +\draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] \Cplotright; +\draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] \Cplotleft; + +\draw[->] (-6.7,0) -- (6.9,0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-2.3) -- (0,2.3) coordinate[label={$y$}]; + +\foreach \x in {1,2,3,4,5}{ + \draw ({\x*\dx},-0.05) -- ({\x*\dx},0.05); + \draw ({-\x*\dx},-0.05) -- ({-\x*\dx},0.05); + \node at ({\x*\dx},-0.05) [below] {$\x$}; + \node at ({-\x*\dx},0.05) [above] {$-\x$}; +} +\draw (-0.05,{0.5*\dy}) -- (0.05,{0.5*\dy}); +\node at (-0.05,{0.5*\dy}) [left] {$\frac12$}; +\draw (-0.05,{-0.5*\dy}) -- (0.05,{-0.5*\dy}); +\node at (0.05,{-0.5*\dy}) [right] {$-\frac12$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/kruemmung.pdf b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/kruemmung.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1180116 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/kruemmung.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/kruemmung.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/kruemmung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af0a1a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/kruemmung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +% +% kruemmung.tex -- Krümmung einer ebenen Kurve +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\begin{scope} +\clip (-1,-1) rectangle (4,4); + +\def\r{3} +\def\winkel{30} + +\fill[color=blue!20] (0,0) -- (0:{0.6*\r}) arc (0:\winkel:{0.6*\r}) -- cycle; +\fill[color=blue!20] (\winkel:\r) + -- ($(\winkel:\r)+(0,{0.6*\r})$) arc (90:{90+\winkel}:{0.6*\r}) -- cycle; +\node[color=blue] at ({0.5*\winkel}:{0.45*\r}) {$\Delta\varphi$}; + +\node[color=blue] at ($(\winkel:\r)+({90+0.5*\winkel}:{0.45*\r})$) + {$\Delta\varphi$}; + +\draw[line width=0.3pt] (0,0) circle[radius=\r]; + +\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0:\r); +\draw[->] (0,0) -- (\winkel:\r); + +\draw[->] (0:\r) -- ($(0:\r)+(90:0.7*\r)$); +\draw[->] (\winkel:\r) -- ($(\winkel:\r)+({90+\winkel}:0.7*\r)$); +\draw[->,color=gray] (\winkel:\r) -- ($(\winkel:\r)+(0,0.7*\r)$); + +\draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] (0:\r) arc (0:\winkel:\r); +\node[color=red] at ({0.5*\winkel}:\r) [left] {$\Delta s$}; +\fill[color=red] (0:\r) circle[radius=0.05]; +\fill[color=red] (\winkel:\r) circle[radius=0.05]; + +\node at (\winkel:{0.5*\r}) [above] {$r$}; +\node at (0:{0.5*\r}) [below] {$r$}; +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/pfad.pdf b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/pfad.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..df3c7af --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/pfad.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/pfad.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/pfad.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..680cd78 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/pfad.tex @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +% +% pfad.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\fill[color=gray!40] (0,0) -- (2,0) arc (0:45:2) -- cycle; +\node at (22.5:1.4) {$\displaystyle\frac{\pi}4$}; + +\draw[->] (-1,0) -- (9,0) coordinate[label={$\operatorname{Re}$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-1) -- (0,6) coordinate[label={left:$\operatorname{Im}$}]; + +\draw[->,color=red,line width=1.4pt] (0,0) -- (7,0); +\draw[->,color=blue,line width=1.4pt] (7,0) arc (0:45:7); +\draw[->,color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] (45:7) -- (0,0); + +\node[color=red] at (3.5,0) [below] {$\gamma_1(t) = tR$}; +\node[color=blue] at (25:7) [right] {$\gamma_2(t) = Re^{it}$}; +\node[color=darkgreen] at (45:3.5) [above left] {$\gamma_3(t) = te^{i\pi/4}$}; + +\node at (7,0) [below] {$R$}; +\node at (45:7) [above] {$Re^{i\pi/4}$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.pdf b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c21951 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.pov b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..085a6a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.pov @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ +// +// schale.pov -- +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" + +#declare O = <0,0,0>; + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.036; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.5, 0> + right 16/9 * x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <10, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +sphere { + <0, 0, 0>, 1 + pigment { + color rgb<0.8,0.8,0.8> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +#declare stripcolor = rgb<0.2,0.2,0.8>; + +#declare R = 1.002; + +#macro punkt(phi,theta) +R * < cos(phi) * cos(theta), sin(theta), sin(phi) * cos(theta) > +#end + +#declare N = 24; +#declare thetaphi = 0.01; +#declare thetawidth = pi * 0.008; +#declare theta = function(phi) { phi * thetaphi } + +#declare axisdiameter = 0.007; + +cylinder { + < 0, -2, 0>, < 0, 2, 0>, axisdiameter + pigment { + color White + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +#declare curvaturecircle = 0.008; +#declare curvaturecirclecolor = rgb<0.4,0.8,0.4>; + +#declare phit = 12.8 * 2 * pi; +#declare P = punkt(phit, theta(phit)); +#declare Q = <0, R / sin(theta(phit)), 0>; + +#declare e1 = vnormalize(P - Q) / tan(theta(phit)); +#declare e2 = vnormalize(vcross(e1, <0,1,0>)) / tan(theta(phit)); +#declare psimin = -0.1 * pi; +#declare psimax = 0.1 * pi; +#declare psistep = (psimax - psimin) / 30; + +union { + #declare psi = psimin; + #declare K = Q + cos(psi) * e1 + sin(psi) * e2; + #while (psi < psimax - psistep/2) + sphere { K, curvaturecircle } + #declare psi = psi + psistep; + #declare K2 = Q + cos(psi) * e1 + sin(psi) * e2; + cylinder { K, K2, curvaturecircle } + #declare K = K2; + #end + sphere { K, curvaturecircle } + pigment { + color curvaturecirclecolor + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + mesh { + #declare psi = psimin; + #declare K = Q + cos(psi) * e1 + sin(psi) * e2; + #while (psi < psimax - psistep/2) + #declare psi = psi + psistep; + #declare K2 = Q + cos(psi) * e1 + sin(psi) * e2; + triangle { K, K2, Q } + #declare K = K2; + #end + } + pigment { + color rgbt<0.4,0.8,0.4,0.5> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + sphere { P, 0.02 } + sphere { Q, 0.02 } + cylinder { P, Q, 0.01 } + pigment { + color Red + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +#declare phisteps = 300; +#declare phistep = 2 * pi / phisteps; +#declare phimin = 0; +#declare phimax = N * 2 * pi; + +object { + mesh { + #declare phi = phimin; + #declare Poben = punkt(phi, theta(phi) + thetawidth); + #declare Punten = punkt(phi, theta(phi) - thetawidth); + triangle { O, Punten, Poben } + #while (phi < phimax - phistep/2) + #declare phi = phi + phistep; + #declare Poben2 = punkt(phi, theta(phi) + thetawidth); + #declare Punten2 = punkt(phi, theta(phi) - thetawidth); + triangle { O, Punten, Punten2 } + triangle { O, Poben, Poben2 } + triangle { Punten, Punten2, Poben } + triangle { Punten2, Poben2, Poben } + #declare Poben = Poben2; + #declare Punten = Punten2; + #end + triangle { O, Punten, Poben } + } + pigment { + color stripcolor + } + finish { + specular 0.8 + metallic + } +} + +union { + #declare phi = phimin; + #declare P = punkt(phi, theta(phi)); + #while (phi < phimax - phistep/2) + sphere { P, 0.003 } + #declare phi = phi + phistep; + #declare P2 = punkt(phi, theta(phi)); + cylinder { P, P2, 0.003 } + #declare P = P2; + #end + sphere { P, 0.003 } + pigment { + color stripcolor + } + finish { + specular 0.8 + metallic + } +} diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..577ede4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/images/schale.tex @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +% +% schlange.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} +\def\a{47} +\def\r{3.3} +\def\skala{0.95} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\begin{scope}[xshift=-7.4cm,yshift=-1.2cm] + \clip (-3.6,-2.2) rectangle (3.6,5.1); + + \fill[color=blue!20] (0,0) + -- ({180-\a}:{0.4*\r}) arc ({180-\a}:180:{0.4*\r}) + -- cycle; + \node[color=blue] at ({180-\a/2}:{0.3*\r}) {$\vartheta$}; + + \fill[color=blue!20] (0,{\r/sin(\a)}) + -- ($(0,{\r/sin(\a)})+({270-\a}:{0.3*\r})$) + arc ({270-\a}:270:{0.3*\r}) + -- cycle; + \node[color=blue] at ($(0,{\r/sin(\a)})+({270-\a/2}:{0.2*\r})$) + {$\vartheta$}; + + + \draw (0,0) circle[radius=\r]; + \draw[->] (0,-3.0) -- (0,5); + \draw ({-\r-0.2},0) -- ({\r+0.2},0); + \fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.06]; + + \draw (0,0) -- ({180-\a}:\r); + \node at ({180-\a+3}:{0.65*\r}) [above right] {$1$}; + + \draw[color=red,line width=1.4pt] + ({180-\a}:\r) -- (0,{\r/cos(90-\a)}); + \fill[color=red] ({180-\a}:\r) circle[radius=0.08]; + \fill[color=red] (0,{\r/cos(90-\a)}) circle[radius=0.08]; + \node[color=red] at (-1.0,3.7) [left] {$r=\cot\vartheta$}; + \node[color=red] at ({180-\a}:\r) [above left] {$P$}; + \node[color=red] at (0,{\r/sin(\a)}) [right] {$Q$}; +\end{scope} + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=7.6cm]{schale.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node[color=red] at (-1.4,1.4) {$r$}; +\node[color=red] at (-2.2,-0.2) {$P$}; +\node[color=red] at (0,3.3) [right] {$Q$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/main.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/main.tex index bbaf7e6..2050fd4 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fresnel/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/main.tex @@ -3,29 +3,16 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:fresnel}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Fresnel-Integrale\label{chapter:fresnel}} +\lhead{Fresnel-Integrale} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{Andreas Müller} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} +{\parindent0pt Die} Fresnel-Integrale tauchen in der Untersuchung der Beugung +in paraxialer Näherung auf, auch bekannt als die Fresnel-Approximation. +In diesem Kapitel betrachen wir jedoch nur die geometrische +Anwendung der Fresnel-Integrale als Parametrisierung der Euler-Spirale +und zeigen, dass letztere eine Klothoide ist. \input{papers/fresnel/teil0.tex} \input{papers/fresnel/teil1.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/references.bib b/buch/papers/fresnel/references.bib index 84cd3bc..cf8fb21 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fresnel/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/references.bib @@ -33,3 +33,20 @@ url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@online{fresnel:fresnelC, + url = { https://functions.wolfram.com/GammaBetaErf/FresnelC/introductions/FresnelIntegrals/ShowAll.html }, + title = { FresnelC }, + date = { 2022-05-13 } +} + +@online{fresnel:wikipedia, + url = { https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_integral }, + title = { Fresnel Integral }, + date = { 2022-05-13 } +} + +@online{fresnel:schale, + url = { https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3tdW9l1690 }, + title = { A Strange Map Projection (Euler Spiral) - Numberphile }, + date = { 2022-05-14 } +} diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil0.tex index 5e9fdaf..85b8bf7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil0.tex @@ -1,22 +1,101 @@ % -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% teil0.tex -- Definition % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{fresnel:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{fresnel:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. +\section{Definition\label{fresnel:section:teil0}} +\rhead{Definition} +Die Funktion $e^{x^2}$ hat bekanntermassen keine elementare Stammfunktion, +weshalb die Fehlerfunktion als Stammfunktion definiert wurde. +Die Funktionen $\cos x^2$ und $\sin x^2$ sind eng mit $e^{x^2}$ +verwandt, es ist daher nicht überraschend, dass sie ebenfalls +keine elementare Stammfunktionen haben. +Dies rechtfertigt die Definition der Fresnel-Integrale als neue spezielle +Funktionen. -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. +\begin{definition} +Die Funktionen +\begin{align*} +C(x) &= \int_0^x \cos\biggl(\frac{\pi}2 t^2\biggr)\,dt +\\ +S(x) &= \int_0^x \sin\biggl(\frac{\pi}2 t^2\biggr)\,dt +\end{align*} +heissen die Fresnel-Integrale. +\end{definition} +Der Faktor $\frac{\pi}2$ ist einigermassen willkürlich, man könnte +daher noch allgemeiner die Funktionen +\begin{align*} +C_a(x) &= \int_0^x \cos(at^2)\,dt +\\ +S_a(x) &= \int_0^x \sin(at^2)\,dt +\end{align*} +definieren, so dass die Funktionen $C(x)$ und $S(x)$ der Fall +$a=\frac{\pi}2$ werden, also +\[ +\begin{aligned} +C(x) &= C_{\frac{\pi}2}(x), +& +S(x) &= S_{\frac{\pi}2}(x). +\end{aligned} +\] +Durch eine Substitution $t=bs$ erhält man +\begin{align*} +C_a(x) +&= +\int_0^x \cos(at^2)\,dt += +b +\int_0^{\frac{x}b} \cos(ab^2s^2)\,ds += +b +C_{ab^2}\biggl(\frac{x}b\biggr) +\\ +S_a(x) +&= +\int_0^x \sin(at^2)\,dt += +b +\int_0^{\frac{x}b} \sin(ab^2s^2)\,ds += +b +S_{ab^2}\biggl(\frac{x}b\biggr). +\end{align*} +Indem man $ab^2=\frac{\pi}2$ setzt, also +\[ +b += +\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2a}} +, +\] +kann man die Funktionen $C_a(x)$ und $S_a(x)$ durch $C(x)$ und $S(x)$ +ausdrücken: +\begin{align} +C_a(x) +&= +\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2a}} +C\biggl(x +\sqrt{\frac{2a}{\pi}} +\biggr) +&&\text{und}& +S_a(x) +&= +\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2a}} +S\biggl(x +\sqrt{\frac{2a}{\pi}} +\biggr). +\label{fresnel:equation:arg} +\end{align} +Im Folgenden werden wir meistens nur den Fall $a=1$, also die Funktionen +$C_1(x)$ und $S_1(x)$ betrachten, da in diesem Fall die Formeln einfacher +werden. +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/fresnel/images/fresnelgraph.pdf} +\caption{Graph der Funktionen $C(x)$ ({\color{red}rot}) +und $S(x)$ ({\color{blue}blau}) +\label{fresnel:figure:plot}} +\end{figure} +Die Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:plot} zeigt die Graphen der +Funktion $C(x)$ und $S(x)$. diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil1.tex index a2df138..c716cd7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil1.tex @@ -1,55 +1,205 @@ % -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% teil1.tex -- Euler-Spirale % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 -\label{fresnel:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{fresnel:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +\section{Euler-Spirale +\label{fresnel:section:eulerspirale}} +\rhead{Euler-Spirale} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/fresnel/images/eulerspirale.pdf} +\caption{Die Eulerspirale ist die Kurve mit der Parameterdarstellung +$x\mapsto (C(x),S(x))$, sie ist rot dargestellt. +Sie windet sich unendlich oft um die beiden Punkte $(\pm\frac12,\pm\frac12)$. +\label{fresnel:figure:eulerspirale}} +\end{figure} +Ein besseres Verständnis für die beiden Funktionen $C(x)$ und $S(x)$ +als die Darstellung~\ref{fresnel:figure:plot} ermöglicht die +Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:eulerspirale}, die die beiden Funktionen +als die $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten der Parameterdarstellung einer Kurve +zeigt. +Sie heisst die {\em Euler-Spirale}. +Die Spirale scheint sich für $x\to\pm\infty$ um die Punkte +$(\pm\frac12,\pm\frac12)$ zu winden. -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/fresnel/images/pfad.pdf} +\caption{Pfad zur Berechnung der Grenzwerte $C_1(\infty)$ und +$S_1(\infty)$ mit Hilfe des Cauchy-Integralsatzes +\label{fresnel:figure:pfad}} +\end{figure} -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fresnel:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{fresnel:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{fresnel:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +\begin{satz} +Die Grenzwerte der Fresnel-Integrale für $x\to\pm\infty$ sind +\[ +\lim_{x\to\pm\infty} C(x) += +\lim_{x\to\pm\infty} S(x) += +\frac12. +\] +\end{satz} +\begin{proof}[Beweis] +Die komplexe Funktion +\( +f(z) = e^{-z^2} +\) +ist eine ganze Funktion, das Integral über einen geschlossenen +Pfad in der komplexen Ebene verschwindet daher. +Wir verwenden den Pfad in Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:pfad} +bestehend aus den drei Segmenten $\gamma_1$ entlang der reellen +Achse von $0$ bis $R$, dem Kreisbogen $\gamma_2$ um $0$ mit Radius $R$ +und $\gamma_3$ mit der Parametrisierung $t\mapsto te^{i\pi/4}$. + +Das Teilintegral über $\gamma_1$ ist +\[ +\lim_{R\to\infty} +\int_{\gamma_1} e^{-z^2}\,dz += +\int_0^\infty e^{-t^2}\,dt += +\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}2. +\] +Das Integral über $\gamma_3$ ist +\begin{align*} +\lim_{R\to\infty} +\int_{\gamma_3} +e^{-z^2}\,dz +&= +-\int_0^\infty \exp(-t^2 e^{i\pi/2}) e^{i\pi/4}\,dt += +- +\int_0^\infty e^{-it^2}\,dt\, +e^{i\pi/4} +\\ +&= +-e^{i\pi/4}\int_0^\infty \cos t^2 - i \sin t^2\,dt +\\ +&= +-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(1+i) +\bigl( +C_1(\infty) +-i +S_1(\infty) +\bigr) +\\ +&= +-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} +\bigl( +C_1(\infty)+S_1(\infty) ++ +i(C_1(\infty)-S_1(\infty)) +\bigr), +\end{align*} +wobei wir +\[ +C_1(\infty) = \lim_{R\to\infty} C_1(R) +\qquad\text{und}\qquad +S_1(\infty) = \lim_{R\to\infty} S_1(R) +\] +abgekürzt haben. +Das Integral über das Segment $\gamma_2$ lässt sich +mit der Parametrisierung +\( +\gamma_2(t) += +Re^{it} += +R(\cos t + i\sin t) +\) +wie folgt +abschätzen: +\begin{align*} +\biggl|\int_{\gamma_2} e^{-z^2} \,dz\biggr| +&= +\biggl| +\int_0^{\frac{\pi}4} +\exp(-R^2(\cos 2t + i\sin 2t)) iR e^{it}\,dt +\biggr| +\\ +&\le +R +\int_0^{\frac{\pi}4} +e^{-R^2\cos 2t} +\,dt +\le +R +\int_0^{\frac{\pi}4} +e^{-R^2(1-\frac{4}{\pi}t)} +\,dt. +\intertext{Dabei haben wir $\cos 2t\ge 1-\frac{4}\pi t$ verwendet. +Mit dieser Vereinfachung kann das Integral ausgewertet werden und +ergibt} +&= +Re^{-R^2} +\int_0^{\frac{\pi}4} +e^{R^2\frac{\pi}4t} +\,dt += +Re^{-R^2} +\biggl[ +\frac{4}{\pi R^2} +e^{R^2\frac{\pi}4t} +\biggr]_0^{\frac{\pi}4} += +\frac{4}{\pi R} +e^{-R^2}(e^{R^2}-1) += +\frac{4}{\pi R} +(1-e^{-R^2}) +\to 0 +\end{align*} +für $R\to \infty$. +Im Grenzwert $R\to \infty$ kann der Teil $\gamma_2$ des Pfades +vernachlässigt werden. + +Das Integral über den geschlossenen Pfad $\gamma$ verschwindet. +Da der Teil $\gamma_2$ keine Rolle spielt, müssen sich die +Integrale über $\gamma_1$ und $\gamma_3$ wegheben, also +\begin{align*} +0 += +\int_\gamma e^{-z^2}\,dz +&= +\int_{\gamma_1} e^{-z^2}\,dz ++ +\int_{\gamma_2} e^{-z^2}\,dz ++ +\int_{\gamma_3} e^{-z^2}\,dz +\\ +&\to +\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}2 +-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(C_1(\infty)+S_1(\infty)) +-\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}(C_1(\infty)-S_1(\infty)). +\end{align*} +Der Imaginärteil ist $C_1(\infty)-S_1(\infty)$, da er verschwinden +muss, folgt $C_1(\infty)=S_1(\infty)$. +Nach Multlikation mit $\sqrt{2}$ folgt aus der Tatsache, dass auch +der Realteil verschwinden muss +\[ +\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}} = C_1(\infty)+S_1(\infty) +\qquad +\Rightarrow +\qquad +C_1(\infty) += +S_1(\infty) += +\frac12 +\sqrt{ +\frac{\pi}{2} +}. +\] +Aus +\eqref{fresnel:equation:arg} +erhält man dann auch die Grenzwerte +\[ +C(\infty)=S(\infty)=\frac12. +\qedhere +\] +\end{proof} diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil2.tex index 701c3ee..ec8c896 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,177 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 -\label{fresnel:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fresnel:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\section{Klothoide +\label{fresnel:section:klothoide}} +\rhead{Klothoide} +In diesem Abschnitt soll gezeigt werden, dass die Krümmung der +Euler-Spirale proportional zur vom Nullpunkt aus gemessenen Bogenlänge +ist. + +\begin{definition} +Eine ebene Kurve, deren Krümmung proportionale zur Kurvenlänge ist, +heisst {\em Klothoide}. +\end{definition} + +Die Klothoide wird zum Beispiel im Strassenbau für Autobahnkurven +verwendet. +Fährt man mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit entlang einer Klothoide, +muss man die Krümmung mit konstaner Geschwindigkeit ändern, +also das Lenkrad mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit drehen. +Dies ermöglicht eine ruhige Fahrweise. + +\subsection{Krümmung einer ebenen Kurve} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/fresnel/images/kruemmung.pdf} +\caption{Berechnung der Krümmung einer ebenen Kurve. +\label{fresnel:figure:kruemmung}} +\end{figure} +Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:kruemmung} erinnert daran, dass der +Bogen eines Kreises vom Radius $r$, entlang dem sich die Richtung +der Tangente um $\Delta\varphi$ ändert, die Länge +$\Delta s = r\Delta\varphi$. +Die Krümmung ist der Kehrwert des Krümmungsradius, daraus kann +man ablesen, dass +\[ +\kappa = \frac{1}{r} = \frac{\Delta \varphi}{\Delta s}. +\] +Für eine beliebige ebene Kurve ist daher die Krümmung +\[ +\kappa = \frac{d\varphi}{ds}. +\] + +\subsection{Krümmung der Euler-Spirale} +Wir betrachten jetzt die Euler-Spirale mit der Parametrisierung +$\gamma(s) = (C_1(s),S_1(s))$. +Zunächst stellen wir fest, dass die Länge der Tangente +\[ +\dot{\gamma}(s) += +\frac{d\gamma}{ds} += +\begin{pmatrix} +\dot{C}_1(s)\\ +\dot{S}_1(s) +\end{pmatrix} += +\begin{pmatrix} +\cos s^2\\ +\sin s^2 +\end{pmatrix} +\qquad\Rightarrow\qquad +|\dot{\gamma}(s)| += +\sqrt{\cos^2s^2+\sin^2s^2} += +1. +\] +Insbesondere ist der Parameter $s$ der Kurve $\gamma(s)$ die +Bogenlänge. + +Der zu $\dot{\gamma}(s)$ gehörige Polarwinkel kann aus dem Vergleich +mit einem Vektor mit bekanntem Polarwinkel $\varphi$ abgelesen werden: +\[ +\begin{pmatrix} +\cos \varphi\\ +\sin \varphi +\end{pmatrix} += +\dot{\gamma}(s) += +\begin{pmatrix} +\cos s^2\\\sin s^2 +\end{pmatrix}, +\] +der Polarwinkel +ist daher $\varphi = s^2$. +Die Krümmung ist die Ableitung des Polarwinkels nach $s$, also +\[ +\kappa += +\frac{d\varphi}{ds} += +\frac{ds^2}{ds} += +2s, +\] +sie ist somit proportional zur Bogenlänge $s$. +Damit folgt, dass die Euler-Spirale eine Klothoide ist. + +\subsection{Eine Kugel schälen} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/fresnel/images/schale.pdf} +\caption{Schält man eine einen Streifen konstanter Breite beginnend am +Äquator von einer Kugel ab und breitet ihn in der Ebene aus, entsteht +eine Klothoide. +\label{fresnel:figure:schale}} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/fresnel/images/apfel.pdf} +\caption{Klothoide erhalten durch Abschälen eines Streifens von einem +Apfel (vgl.~Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:schale}) +\label{fresnel:figure:apfel}} +\end{figure} +Schält man einen Streifen konstanter Breite beginnend parallel zum Äquator +von einer Kugel ab und breitet ihn in die Ebene aus, entsteht eine +Approximation einer Klothoide. +Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:schale} zeigt blau den abgeschälten Streifen, +Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:apfel} zeigt das Resultat dieses Versuches +an einem Apfel, das Youtube-Video \cite{fresnel:schale} des +Numberphile-Kanals illustriert das Problem anhand eines aufblasbaren +Globus. + +Windet sich die Kurve in Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:schale} $n$ +mal um die vertikale Achse, bevor sie den Nordpol erreicht, dann kann +die Kurve mit der Funktion +\[ +\gamma(t) += +\begin{pmatrix} +\cos(t) \cos(t/n) \\ +\sin(t) \cos(t/n) \\ +\sin(t/n) +\end{pmatrix} +\] +parametrisiert werden. +Der Tangentialvektor +\[ +\dot{\gamma}(t) += +\begin{pmatrix} +-\sin(t)\cos(t/n) - \cos(t)\sin(t/n)/n \\ +\cos(t)\cos(t/n) - \sin(t)\sin(t/n)/n \\ +\cos(t/n)/n +\end{pmatrix} +\] +hat die Länge +\[ +| \dot{\gamma}(t) |^2 += +\frac{1}{n^2} ++ +\cos^2\frac{t}{n}. +\] +Die Ableitung der Bogenlänge ist daher +\[ +\dot{s}(t) += +\sqrt{ +\frac{1}{n^2} ++ +\cos^2\frac{t}{n} +}. +\] + + +Der Krümmungsradius des blauen Streifens, der die Kugel im Punkt $P$ bei +geographischer $\vartheta$ berührt, hat die Länge der Tangente, die +die Kugel im Punkt $P$ berührt und im Punkt $Q$ durch die Achse der +Kugel geht (Abbildung~\ref{fresnel:figure:schale}). +Die Krümmung in Abhängigkeit von $\vartheta$ ist daher $\tan\vartheta$. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil3.tex index d4f15f6..ceddbe0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fresnel/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fresnel/teil3.tex @@ -3,38 +3,110 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 3 -\label{fresnel:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? +\section{Numerische Berechnung der Fresnel-Integrale +\label{fresnel:section:numerik}} +\rhead{Numerische Berechnung} +Die Fresnel-Integrale können mit verschiedenen Methoden effizient berechnet +werden. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fresnel:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\subsection{Komplexe Fehlerfunktionen} +Es wurde schon darauf hingewiesen, dass der Integrand der Fresnel-Integrale +mit $e^{t^2}$ verwandt ist. +Tatsächlich kann gezeigt werden dass sich die Fresnel-Integrale mit +Hilfe der komplexen Fehlerfunktion als +\[ +\left. +\begin{matrix} +S_1(z) +\\ +C_1(z) +\end{matrix} +\; +\right\} += +\frac{1\pm i}4\biggl( +\operatorname{erf}\biggl(\frac{1+i}2\sqrt{\pi}z\biggr) +\mp +\operatorname{erf}\biggl(\frac{1-i}2\sqrt{\pi}z\biggr) +\biggr) +\] +ausdrücken lassen \cite{fresnel:fresnelC}. +Diese Darstellung ist jedoch für die numerische Berechnung nur +beschränkt nützlich, weil die meisten Bibliotheken für die Fehlerfunktion +diese nur für reelle Argument auszuwerten gestatten. + +\subsection{Als Lösung einer Differentialgleichung} +Da die Fresnel-Integrale die sehr einfachen Differentialgleichungen +\[ +C'(x) = \cos \biggl(\frac{\pi}2 x^2\biggr) +\qquad\text{und}\qquad +S'(x) = \sin \biggl(\frac{\pi}2 x^2\biggr) +\] +erfüllen, kann man eine Methode zur numerischen Lösung von +Differentialgleichung verwenden. +Die Abbildungen~\ref{fresnel:figure:plot} und \ref{fresnel:figure:eulerspirale} +wurden auf diese Weise erzeugt. + +\subsection{Taylor-Reihe integrieren} +Die Taylorreihen +\begin{align*} +\cos x +&= +\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k)!} x^{2k} +&&\text{und}& +\sin x +&= +\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)!} x^{2k+1} +\intertext{% +der trigonometrischen Funktionen werden durch Einsetzen von $x=t^2$ +zu} +\cos t^2 +&= +\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k)!} t^{4k} +&&\text{und}& +\sin t^2 +&= +\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)!} t^{4k+2}. +\intertext{% +Die Fresnel-Integrale $C_1(x)$ und $S_1(x)$ können daher durch +termweise Integration mit Hilfe der Reihen} +C_1(x) +&= +\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k)!} \frac{x^{4k+1}}{4k+1} +&&\text{und}& +S_1(x) +&= +\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)!} \frac{x^{4k+3}}{4k+3} +\end{align*} +berechnet werden. +Diese Reihen sind insbesondere für kleine Werte von $x$ sehr +schnell konvergent. + +\subsection{Hypergeometrische Reihen} +Aus der Reihenentwicklung kann jetzt auch eine Darstellung der +Fresnel-Integrale durch hypergeometrische Reihen gefunden werden +\cite{fresnel:fresnelC}. +Es ergibt sich +\begin{align*} +S(z) +&= +\frac{\pi z^3}{6} +\cdot +\mathstrut_1F_2\biggl( +\begin{matrix}\frac34\\\frac32,\frac74\end{matrix} +; +-\frac{\pi^2z^4}{16} +\biggr) +\\ +C(z) +&= +z +\cdot +\mathstrut_1F_2\biggl( +\begin{matrix}\frac14\\\frac12,\frac54\end{matrix} +; +-\frac{\pi^2z^4}{16} +\biggr). +\end{align*} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc index f453e6e..a521e4b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/kra/Makefile.inc @@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # dependencies-kra = \ - papers/kra/packages.tex \ + papers/kra/packages.tex \ papers/kra/main.tex \ - papers/kra/references.bib \ - papers/kra/teil0.tex \ - papers/kra/teil1.tex \ - papers/kra/teil2.tex \ - papers/kra/teil3.tex + papers/kra/references.bib \ + papers/kra/einleitung.tex \ + papers/kra/loesung.tex \ + papers/kra/anwendung.tex \ diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/anwendung.tex b/buch/papers/kra/anwendung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6383984 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/anwendung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +\section{Anwendung \label{kra:section:anwendung}} +\rhead{Anwendung} +\newcommand{\dt}[0]{\frac{d}{dt}} + +Die Matrix-Riccati Differentialgleichung findet unter anderem Anwendung in der Regelungstechnik beim RQ- und RQG-Regler oder aber auch beim Kalmanfilter. +Im folgenden Abschnitt möchten wir uns an einem Beispiel anschauen wie wir mit Hilfe der Matrix-Riccati Differentialgleichung (\ref{kra:equation:matrixriccati}) ein Feder-Masse-System untersuchen können \cite{kra:riccati}. + +\subsection{Feder-Masse-System} +Die einfachste Form eines Feder-Masse-Systems ist dargestellt in Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:simple_mass_spring}. +Es besteht aus einer reibungsfrei gelagerten Masse $m$ ,welche an eine Feder mit der Federkonstante $k$ gekoppelt ist. +Die im System wirkenden Kräfte teilen sich auf in die auf dem hookeschen Gesetz basierenden Rückstellkraft $F_R = k \Delta_x$ und der auf dem Aktionsprinzip basierenden Kraft $F_a = am = \ddot{x} m$. +Das Kräftegleichgewicht fordert $F_R = F_a$ woraus folgt, dass + +\begin{equation*} + k \Delta_x = \ddot{x} m \Leftrightarrow \ddot{x} = \frac{k \Delta_x}{m} +\end{equation*} +Die Funktion die diese Differentialgleichung löst, ist die harmonische Schwingung +\begin{equation} + x(t) = A \cos(\omega_0 t + \Phi), \quad \omega_0 = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}} +\end{equation} +\begin{figure} + % move image to standalone because the physics package is + % incompatible with underbrace + \includegraphics{papers/kra/images/simple.pdf} + %\input{papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex} + \caption{Einfaches Feder-Masse-System.} + \label{kra:fig:simple_mass_spring} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \input{papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex} + \caption{Feder-Masse-System mit zwei Massen und drei Federn.} + \label{kra:fig:multi_mass_spring} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Hamilton-Funktion} +Die Bewegung der Masse $m$ kann mit Hilfe der hamiltonschen Mechanik im Phasenraum untersucht werden. +Die hamiltonschen Gleichungen verwenden dafür die verallgemeinerten Ortskoordinaten +$q = (q_{1}, q_{2}, ..., q_{n})$ und die verallgemeinerten Impulskoordinaten $p = (p_{1}, p_{2}, ..., p_{n})$, wobei der Impuls definiert ist als $p_k = m_k \cdot v_k$. +Liegen keine zeitabhängigen Zwangsbedingungen vor, so entspricht die Hamitlon-Funktion der Gesamtenergie des Systems \cite{kra:hamilton}. +Im Falle des einfachen Feder-Masse-Systems, Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:simple_mass_spring}, setzt sich die Hamilton-Funktion aus kinetischer und potentieller Energie zusammen. +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:harmonischer_oszillator} + \begin{split} + \mathcal{H}(q, p) &= T(p) + V(q) = E \\ + &= \underbrace{\frac{p^2}{2m}}_{E_{kin}} + \underbrace{\frac{k q^2}{2}}_{E_{pot}} + \end{split} +\end{equation} +Die Hamiltonschen Bewegungsgleichungen liefern \cite{kra:kanonischegleichungen} +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:hamilton:bewegungsgleichung} + \dot{q_{k}} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial p_k} + \qquad + \dot{p_{k}} = -\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial q_k} +\end{equation} +daraus folgt +\[ + \dot{q} = \frac{p}{m} + \qquad + \dot{p} = -kq +\] +in Matrixschreibweise erhalten wir also +\[ + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q} \\ + \dot{p} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & \frac{1}{m} \\ + -k & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q \\ + p + \end{pmatrix} +\] +Für das erweiterte Federmassesystem, Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:multi_mass_spring}, können wir analog vorgehen. +Die kinetische Energie setzt sich nun aus den kinetischen Energien der einzelnen Massen $m_1$ und $m_2$ zusammen. +Die Potentielle Energie erhalten wir aus der Summe der kinetischen Energien der einzelnen Federn mit den Federkonstanten $k_1$, $k_c$ und $k_2$. +\begin{align*} + \begin{split} + T &= T_1 + T_2 \\ + &= \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} + \end{split} + \\ + \begin{split} + V &= V_1 + V_c + V_2 \\ + &= \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2} + \end{split} +\end{align*} +Die Hamilton-Funktion ist also +\begin{align*} + \begin{split} + \mathcal{H} &= T + V \\ + &= \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} + \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2} + \end{split} +\end{align*} +Die Bewegungsgleichungen \ref{kra:hamilton:bewegungsgleichung} liefern +\begin{align*} + \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial p_k} & = \dot{q_k} + \Rightarrow + \left\{ + \begin{alignedat}{2} + \dot{q_1} &= \frac{2p_1}{2m_1} &&= \frac{p_1}{m_1}\\ + \dot{q_2} &= \frac{2p_2}{2m_2} &&= \frac{p_2}{m_2} + \end{alignedat} + \right. + \\ + -\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial q_k} & = \dot{p_k} + \Rightarrow + \left\{ + \begin{alignedat}{2} + \dot{p_1} &= -(\frac{2k_1q_1}{2} - \frac{2k_c(q_2-q_1)}{2}) &&= -q_1(k_1+k_c) + q_2k_c \\ + \dot{p_1} &= -(\frac{2k_c(q_2-q_1)}{2} - \frac{2k_2q_2}{2}) &&= q_1k_c - (k_c + k_2) + \end{alignedat} + \right. +\end{align*} +In Matrixschreibweise erhalten wir +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:hamilton:multispringmass} + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q_1} \\ + \dot{q_2} \\ + \dot{p_1} \\ + \dot{p_2} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_1} & 0 \\ + 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_2} \\ + -(k_1 + k_c) & k_c & 0 & 0 \\ + k_c & -(k_c + k_2) & 0 & 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q_1 \\ + q_2 \\ + p_1 \\ + p_2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \Leftrightarrow + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & M \\ + K & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + }_{G} + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Phasenraum} +Der Phasenraum erlaubt die eindeutige Beschreibung aller möglichen Bewegungszustände eines mechanischen Systems durch einen Punkt. +Die Phasenraumdarstellung eignet sich somit sehr gut für die systematische Untersuchung der Feder-Masse-Systeme. + +\subsubsection{Harmonischer Oszillator} +Die Hamiltonfunktion des harmonischen Oszillators \ref{kra:harmonischer_oszillator} führt auf eine Lösung der Form +\begin{equation*} + q(t) = A \cos(\omega_0 T + \Phi), \quad p(t) = -m \omega_0 A \sin(\omega_0 t + \Phi) +\end{equation*} +die Phasenraumtrajektorien bilden also Ellipsen mit Zentrum $q=0, p=0$ und Halbachsen $A$ und $m \omega A$. +Abbildung \ref{kra:fig:phasenraum} zeigt Phasenraumtrajektorien mit den Energien $E_{x \in \{A, B, C, D\}}$ und verschiedenen Werten von $\omega$. +\begin{figure} + \input{papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex} + \caption{Phasenraumdarstellung des einfachen Feder-Masse-Systems.} + \label{kra:fig:phasenraum} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Erweitertes Feder-Masse-System} +Wir intressieren uns nun dafür wie der Phasenwinkel $U = PQ^{-1}$ von der Zeit abhängt, +wir suchen also die Grösse $\Theta = \dt U$. +Ersetzten wir in der Gleichung \ref{kra:hamilton:multispringmass} die Matrix $G$ mit $\tilde{G}$ so erhalten wir +\begin{equation} + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P + \end{pmatrix} + = + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + A & B \\ + C & D + \end{pmatrix} + }_{\tilde{G}} + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P + \end{pmatrix} +\end{equation} +Mit einsetzten folgt +\begin{align*} + \dot{Q} = AQ + BP \\ + \dot{P} = CQ + DP +\end{align*} +\begin{equation} + \begin{split} + \dt U &= \dot{P} Q^{-1} + P \dt Q^{-1} \\ + &= (CQ + DP) Q^{-1} - P (Q^{-1} \dot{Q} Q^{-1}) \\ + &= C\underbrace{QQ^{-1}}_\text{I} + D\underbrace{PQ^{-1}}_\text{U} - P(Q^{-1} (AQ + BP) Q^{-1}) \\ + &= C + DU - \underbrace{PQ^{-1}}_\text{U}(A\underbrace{QQ^{-1}}_\text{I} + B\underbrace{PQ^{-1}}_\text{U}) \\ + &= C + DU - UA - UBU + \end{split} +\end{equation} +was uns auf die Matrix-Riccati Gleichung \ref{kra:equation:matrixriccati} führt. + +% @TODO Einfluss auf anfangsbedingungen, plots? +% @TODO Fazit ? diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/kra/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cde2e66 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +\section{Einleitung} \label{kra:section:einleitung} +\rhead{Einleitung} +Die riccatische Differentialgleichung ist eine nicht lineare gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung erster Ordnung der Form +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:equation:riccati} + y' = f(x)y + g(x)y^2 + h(x) +\end{equation} +Sie ist benannt nach dem italienischen Grafen Jacopo Francesco Riccati (1676–1754) der sich mit der Klassifizierung von Differentialgleichungen befasste. +Als Riccati Gleichung werden auch Matrixgleichungen der Form +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:equation:matrixriccati} + \dot{X}(t) = C + DX(t) - X(t)A -X(t)BX(t) +\end{equation} +bezeichnet, welche aufgrund ihres quadratischen Terms eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit aufweisen \cite{kra:ethz} \cite{kra:riccati}. diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/kra/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef226a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# +# Makefile -- build standalone images +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller +# +all: simple.pdf + +simple.pdf: simple.tex simple_mass_spring.tex + pdflatex simple.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f255cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/multi_mass_spring.tex @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +% create tikz drawing of a multi mass multi spring system + +\tikzstyle{vmline}=[red, dashed,line width=0.4,dash pattern=on 1pt off 1pt] +\tikzstyle{ground}=[pattern=north east lines] +\tikzstyle{mass}=[line width=0.6,red!30!black,fill=red!40!black!10,rounded corners=1,top color=red!40!black!20,bottom color=red!40!black!10,shading angle=20] +\tikzstyle{spring}=[line width=0.8,blue!7!black!80,snake=coil,segment amplitude=5,line cap=round] + +\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2] + \newcommand{\ticks}[3] + { + % x, y coordinates + \draw[thick] (#1, #2 - 0.1 / 2) --++ (0, 0.1) node[scale=0.8,below=0.2] {#3}; + } + \tikzmath{ + \hWall = 1.2; + \wWall = 0.3; + \lWall = 5; + \hMass = 0.6; + \wMass = 1.1; + \xMass1 = 1.0; + \xMass2 = 3.0; + \xAxisYpos = 0; + \originX1 = 0; + \originY1 = 0.5; + \springscale=7; + } + + % create axis + \draw[->,thick] (0,\xAxisYpos) --+ (\xMass2 + \wMass, 0) node[right]{$q$}; + % create ticks on x / q axis + \ticks{\xMass1}{\xAxisYpos}{$q_{1}$} + \ticks{\xMass2}{\xAxisYpos}{$q_{2}$} + + % create non-moving backgrounds + \draw[ground] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (0, 0) --+(\lWall,0) --+(\lWall, \hWall) + --+ (\lWall - \wWall, \hWall) --+(\lWall - \wWall, \wWall) --+ (\wWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \hWall) --+(0, \hWall) -- cycle; + + % create masses + \draw[mass] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (\xMass1, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m_{1}$}; + \draw[mass] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (\xMass2, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m_{2}$}; + + % create springs + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\wWall, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass1 - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=0.2] {$k_1$}; + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\xMass1 + \wMass, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass2 - \xMass1 - \wMass, 0) node[midway,above=0.2] {$k_c$}; + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\xMass2 + \wMass, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\lWall - \xMass2 - \wMass - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=0.2] {$k_2$}; + + % create vertical measurement line + \draw[vmline] (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY1 + \wWall); + \draw[vmline] (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY1 + \wWall); + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd51ea4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/phase_space.tex @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +\colorlet{mypurple}{red!50!blue!90!black!80} + +% style to create arrows +\tikzset{ + traj/.style 2 args={thick, postaction={decorate},decoration={markings, + mark=at position #1 with {\arrow{<}}, + mark=at position #2 with {\arrow{<}}} + } +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.6] + % p(t=0) = 0, q(t=0) = A, max(p) = mwA + \tikzmath{ + \axh = 5.2; + \axw1 = 4.2; + \axw2 = 4.8; + \d1 = 0.9; + \a0 = 1; + \b0 = 2; + \a1 = \a0 + \d1; + \b1 = \b0 + \d1; + \a2 = \a1 + \d1; + \b2 = \b1 + \d1; + \a3 = \a2 + \d1; + \b3 = \b2 + \d1; + \d2 = 0.75; + \aa0 = 2; + \bb0 = 1; + \aa1 = \aa0 + \d2; + \bb1 = \bb0 + \d2; + \aa2 = \aa1 + \d2; + \bb2 = \bb1 + \d2; + \aa3 = \aa2 + \d2; + \bb3 = \bb2 + \d2; + } + + \draw[->,thick] (-\axw1,0) -- (\axw1,0) node[right] {$q$}; + \draw[->,thick] (0,-\axh) -- (0,\axh) node[above] {$p$}; + + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},darkgreen] ellipse (\a0 and \b0); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},blue] ellipse (\a1 and \b1); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},cyan] ellipse (\a2 and \b2); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},mypurple] ellipse (\a3 and \b3); + + \node[right,darkgreen] at (45:{\a0} and {\b0}) {$E_A$}; + \node[right, blue] at (45:{\a1} and {\b1}) {$E_B$}; + \node[right, cyan] at (45:{\a2} and {\b2}) {$E_C$}; + \node[right, mypurple] at (45:{\a3} and {\b3}) {$E_D$}; + \node[above left] at (110:\b3 + 0.1) {grosses $\omega$}; + + \begin{scope}[xshift=12cm] + \draw[->,thick] (-\axw2,0) -- (\axw2,0) node[right] {$q$}; + \draw[->,thick] (0,-\axh) -- (0,\axh) node[above] {$p$}; + + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},darkgreen] ellipse (\aa0 and \bb0); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},blue] ellipse (\aa1 and \bb1); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},cyan] ellipse (\aa2 and \bb2); + \draw[traj={0.375}{0.875},mypurple] ellipse (\aa3 and \bb3); + + \node[above, darkgreen] at (45:{\aa0} and {\bb0}) {$E_A$}; + \node[above, blue] at (45:{\aa1} and {\bb1}) {$E_B$}; + \node[above, cyan] at (45:{\aa2} and {\bb2}) {$E_C$}; + \node[above, mypurple] at (45:{\aa3} and {\bb3}) {$E_D$}; + + \node[above left] at (110:\b3 + 0.1) {kleines $\omega$}; + \end{scope} +\end{tikzpicture}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.pdf b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4351518 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bdde27 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple.tex @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +% +% tikztemplate.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\pgfplotsset{compat=1.16} +\usepackage[outline]{contour} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usepackage{physics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usetikzlibrary{patterns} +\usetikzlibrary{snakes} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings} +\begin{document} +\input{simple_mass_spring.tex} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..868362d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/images/simple_mass_spring.tex @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +% create tikz drawing of a simple mass spring system + +\tikzstyle{hmline}=[{Latex[length=3.3,width=2.2]}-{Latex[length=3.3,width=2.2]},line width=0.3] +\tikzstyle{vmline}=[red, dashed,line width=0.4,dash pattern=on 1pt off 1pt] +\tikzstyle{ground}=[pattern=north east lines] +\tikzstyle{mass}=[line width=0.6,red!30!black,fill=red!40!black!10,rounded corners=1,top color=red!40!black!20,bottom color=red!40!black!10,shading angle=20] +\tikzstyle{spring}=[line width=0.8,blue!7!black!80,snake=coil,segment amplitude=5,line cap=round] + +\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2,>=latex] + \newcommand{\ticks}[2] + { + % arguments: x, y coordinates + \draw[thick] (#1, #2 - 0.1 / 2) --++ (0, 0.1); + } + + \tikzmath{ + \hWall = 1.2; + \wWall = 0.3; + \lWall = 3.5; + \hMass = 0.6; + \wMass = 1.1; + \xMass1 = 1.2; + \xMass2 = 2.2; + \xAxisYpos = 0; + \originX1 = 0; + \originY1 = 0.5; + \originX2 = 0; + \originY2 = -2; + \springscale=7; + } + + % create x axis + \draw[->,thick] (0,\xAxisYpos) --+ (\lWall, 0) node[right]{$x$}; + + % create ticks on x axis + \ticks{\wWall}{\xAxisYpos} + \ticks{\xMass1}{\xAxisYpos} + \ticks{\xMass2}{\xAxisYpos} + + % create underground + \draw[ground] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (0, 0) --+(\lWall,0) --+(\lWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \hWall) --+(0, \hWall) -- cycle; + \draw[ground] (\originX2, \originY2) ++ (0, 0) --+(\lWall,0) --+(\lWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \wWall) --+(\wWall, \hWall) --+(0, \hWall) -- cycle; + + % create masses + \draw[mass] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ (\xMass1, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m$}; + \draw[mass] (\originX2, \originY2) ++ (\xMass2, \wWall) rectangle ++ (\wMass,\hMass) node[midway] {$m$}; + + % create springs + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass1 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX1, \originY1) ++ + (\wWall, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass1 - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=3.5] {$k$}; + \draw[spring, segment length=(\xMass2 - \wWall) * \springscale] (\originX2, \originY2) ++ + (\wWall, \wWall + \hMass / 2) --++ (\xMass2 - \wWall, 0) node[midway,above=3.5] {$k$}; + + % create vertical measurement line + \draw[vmline] (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY1 + \wWall); + \draw[vmline] (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos) --+(0, \originY2 + \hMass+\wWall); + \draw[vmline] (\wWall, \originY1+\wWall) --(\wWall, \originY2 + \hWall); + + % create horizontal measurement line + \draw[hmline] (\wWall, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) -- (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=0] {$l_0$}; + \draw[hmline] (\xMass1, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) -- (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos + 0.2) node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=0] {$\Delta_{x}$}; + \draw[hmline] (\wWall, \xAxisYpos - 0.3) -- (\xMass2, \xAxisYpos - 0.3) node[midway,fill=white,inner sep=0] {$l_{1}$}; + + % create force arrow + \draw[->,blue, very thick,line cap=round] (\xMass2 + \wMass / 2, \originY2 + \wWall + \hMass + 0.15) node[above] {$\vb{F_{R}}$} --+ (-0.5, 0); +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/loesung.tex b/buch/papers/kra/loesung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e0da1c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/loesung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +\section{Lösungsmethoden} \label{kra:section:loesung} +\rhead{Lösungsmethoden} + +\subsection{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} \label{kra:loesung:riccati} +Eine allgemeine analytische Lösung der Riccati Differentialgleichung ist nicht möglich. +Es gibt aber Spezialfälle, in denen sich die Gleichung vereinfachen lässt und so eine analytische Lösung gefunden werden kann. +Diese wollen wir im folgenden Abschnitt genauer anschauen. + +\subsubsection{Fall 1: Konstante Koeffizienten} +Sind die Koeffizienten $f(x), g(x), h(x)$ Konstanten, so lässt sich die DGL separieren und reduziert sich auf die Lösung des Integrals \ref{kra:equation:case1_int}. +\begin{equation} + y' = fy^2 + gy + h +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + \frac{dy}{dx} = fy^2 + gy + h +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} \label{kra:equation:case1_int} + \int \frac{dy}{fy^2 + gy + h} = \int dx +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Fall 2: Bekannte spezielle Lösung} +Kennt man eine spezielle Lösung $y_p$ so kann die riccatische DGL mit Hilfe einer Substitution auf eine lineare Gleichung reduziert werden. +Wir wählen als Substitution +\begin{equation} \label{kra:equation:substitution} + z = \frac{1}{y - y_p} +\end{equation} +durch Umstellen von \ref{kra:equation:substitution} folgt +\begin{equation} + y = y_p + \frac{1}{z^2} \label{kra:equation:backsubstitution} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + y' = y_p' - \frac{1}{z^2}z' +\end{equation} +mit Einsetzten in die DGL \ref{kra:equation:riccati} folgt +\begin{equation} + y_p' - \frac{1}{z^2}z' = f(x)(y_p + \frac{1}{z}) + g(x)(y_p + \frac{1}{z})^2 + h(x) +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + -z^{2}y_p' + z' = -z^2\underbrace{(y_{p}f(x) + g(x)y_p^2 + h(x))}_{y_p'} - z(f(x) + 2y_{p}g(x)) - g(x) +\end{equation} +was uns direkt auf eine lineare Differentialgleichung 1.Ordnung führt. +\begin{equation} + z' = -z(f(x) + 2y_{p}g(x)) - g(x) +\end{equation} +Diese kann nun mit den Methoden zur Lösung von linearen Differentialgleichungen 1.Ordnung gelöst werden. +Durch die Rücksubstitution \ref{kra:equation:backsubstitution} erhält man dann die Lösung von \ref{kra:equation:riccati}. + +\subsection{Matrix-Riccati Differentialgleichung} \label{kra:loesung:riccati} +% Lösung matrix riccati +Die Lösung der Matrix-Riccati Gleichung \ref{kra:equation:matrixriccati} erhalten wir nach \cite{kra:kalmanisae} folgendermassen +\begin{equation} + \label{kra:matrixriccati-solution} + \begin{pmatrix} + X(t) \\ + Y(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \Phi(t_0, t) + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) \\ + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + U(t) = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + ^{-1} +\end{equation} +wobei $\Phi(t, t_0)$ die sogenannte Zustandsübergangsmatrix ist. +\begin{equation} + \Phi(t_0, t) = e^{H(t - t_0)} +\end{equation} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/main.tex b/buch/papers/kra/main.tex index fcee25b..a84ebaf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kra/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,12 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Kalman, Riccati und Abel\label{chapter:kra}} -\lhead{Kalman, Riccati und Abel} +\chapter{Riccati Differentialgleichung\label{chapter:kra}} +\lhead{Riccati Differentialgleichung} \begin{refsection} - \chapterauthor{Samuel Niederer} - - Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes - \begin{itemize} - \item - Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. - Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. - \item - Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende - Optionen werden gelöscht. - Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. - \item - Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. - Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen - in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt - anzuwenden. - \item - Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren - Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. - \end{itemize} - - \input{papers/kra/teil0.tex} - \input{papers/kra/teil1.tex} - \input{papers/kra/teil2.tex} - \input{papers/kra/teil3.tex} - - \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] + \chapterauthor{Samuel Niederer} + \input{papers/kra/einleitung.tex} + \input{papers/kra/loesung.tex} + \input{papers/kra/anwendung.tex} + \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex b/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex index df34dcf..56c48d9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kra/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,11 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +%\usepackage{physics} +\usepackage[outline]{contour} +\pgfplotsset{compat=1.16} +\usetikzlibrary{patterns} +\usetikzlibrary{snakes} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations} +\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/kra/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb6541b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,491 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169, xcolor={rgb}]{beamer} + +% style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{booktabs} %toprule midrule bottomrue in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} +\usepackage{textgreek} +\usepackage[rgb]{xcolor} + +\usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % \sout + +\usepackage{ marvosym } % \Lightning + +\usepackage{multimedia} % embedded videos + +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{pgf} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + +%math font +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{KRA} +\subtitle{Kalman Riccati Abel} +\author{Samuel Niederer} +% \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} +% \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} +\date{\today} + +\input{../packages.tex} + +\newcommand*{\QED}{\hfill\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}% + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} +\newcommand{\dt}[0]{\frac{d}{dt}} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc,shapes.geometric, fadings} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{frame} + \titlepage +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Content} + \tableofcontents +\end{frame} + +\section{Einführung} + +\begin{frame} + \begin{itemize} + \item<1|only@1> \textbf{K}alman + \item<1|only@1> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<1|only@1> \textbf{A}bel + + \item<2|only@2> \textcolor{red}{\sout{\textbf{K}alman}} + \item<2|only@2> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<2|only@2> \textbf{A}bel + + \item<3|only@3> \textcolor{red}{\sout{\textbf{K}alman}} \textcolor{green}{Federmassesytem} + \item<3|only@3> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<3|only@3> \textbf{A}bel + + \item<4|only@4> \textcolor{red}{\sout{\textbf{K}alman}} \textcolor{green}{Federmassesytem} + \item<4|only@4> \textbf{R}iccati + \item<4|only@4> \uwave{\textbf{A}bel} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\section{Riccati} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} + \begin{equation*} + % y'(x) = f(x)y^2(x) + g(x)y(x) + h(x) + x'(t) = f(t)x^2(t) + g(t)x(t) + h(t) + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{equation*} + \dot{X}(t) = - X(t)BX(t) - X(t)A + DX(t) + C + \end{equation*} + + % \pause + % Anwendungen + % \begin{itemize} + % \item Zeitkontinuierlicher Kalmanfilter + % \item Regelungstechnik LQ-Regler + % \item Federmassesyteme + % \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Auftreten der Gleichung} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{equation*} + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + X \\ + Y + \end{pmatrix} + = + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + A & B \\ + C & D + \end{pmatrix} + }_{H} + \begin{pmatrix} + X \\ + Y + \end{pmatrix} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{equation*} + U = YX^{-1} \qquad \dt U = ? + \end{equation*} + \end{columns} + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + \dt U & = \dot{Y} X^{-1} + Y \dt X^{-1} \\ + \uncover<4->{ & = (CX + DY) X^{-1} - Y (X^{-1} \dot{X} X^{-1})\\} + \uncover<5->{ & = C\underbrace{XX^{-1}}_\text{I} + D\underbrace{YX^{-1}}_\text{U} - Y(X^{-1} (AX + BY) X^{-1})\\} + \uncover<6->{ & = C + DU - \underbrace{YX^{-1}}_\text{U}(A\underbrace{XX^{-1}}_\text{I} + B\underbrace{YX^{-1}}_\text{U})\\} + \uncover<7->{ & = C + DU - UA - UBU} + \end{align*} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Lösen der Gleichung} + \begin{equation*} + \begin{pmatrix} + X(t) \\ + Y(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \Phi(t_0, t) + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) \\ + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) & \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + I(t) \\ + U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{equation*} + U(t) = + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{21}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{22}(t_0, t) U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + \Phi_{11}(t_0, t) + \Phi_{12}(t_0, t) U_0(t) + \end{pmatrix} + ^{-1} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + % wobei $\Phi(t, t_0)$ die sogennante Zustandsübergangsmatrix ist. + + \begin{equation*} + \Phi(t_0, t) = e^{H(t - t_0)} + \end{equation*} +\end{frame} + +\section{Federmassystem} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Federmassesystem} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.5 \textwidth} + \input{../images/simple_mass_spring.tex} + + \column{0.5 \textwidth} + \begin{align*} + \uncover<2->{F_R & = k \Delta_x \\} + \uncover<3->{F_a & = am = \ddot{x} m \\} + \uncover<4->{F_R & = F_a \Leftrightarrow k \Delta_x = \ddot{x} m\\} + \uncover<5->{\ddot{x} & = \frac{k \Delta_x}{m} \\} + \uncover<6->{x(t) & = A \cos(\omega_0 + \Phi), \quad \omega_0 = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}} + \end{align*} + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Phasenraum} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.3 \textwidth} + \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3] + \draw[->, thick] (0, 0) -- (1,0) node[right] {$q$}; + \draw[->, thick] (0.5, -0.5) -- (0.5,0.5) node[above]{$p$}; + \end{tikzpicture} + \column{0.7 \textwidth} + Impulskoordinaten $p = (p_{1}, p_{2}, ..., p_{n}), \quad p=mv$ \\ + Ortskoordinaten $q = (q_{1}, q_{2}, ..., q_{n})$ \\ + + + + \begin{align*} + \uncover<2->{\mathcal{H}(q, p) & = \underbrace{T(p)}_{E_{kin}} + \underbrace{V(q)}_{E_{pot}} = E_{tot} \\} + \uncover<3->{ & = \frac{p^2}{2m}+ \frac{k q^2}{2}} + \end{align*} + + + + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<4->{ + \dot{q_{k}} = \frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial p_k} + \qquad + \dot{p_{k}} = -\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{\partial q_k} + } + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<5->{ + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q} \\ + \dot{p} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & \frac{1}{m} \\ + -k & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q \\ + p + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Phasenraum} + \input{../images/phase_space.tex} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Federmassesystem} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.6 \textwidth} + \scalebox{0.8}{\input{../images/multi_mass_spring.tex}} + \begin{align*} + \uncover<2->{\mathcal{H} & = T + V \\} + \uncover<7->{ & = \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} + \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2}} + \end{align*} + + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{align*} + \uncover<3->{T & = T_1 + T_2} \\ + \uncover<5->{ & = \frac{p_1^2}{2m_1} + \frac{p_2^2}{2m_2} } \\ + \uncover<4->{V & = V_1 + V_c + V_2 } \\ + \uncover<6->{ & = \frac{k_1 q_1^2}{2} + \frac{k_c (q_2 - q_1)^2}{2} + \frac{k_2 q_2^2}{2}} + \end{align*} + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Federmassesystem} + \begin{equation*} + \begin{pmatrix} + \dot{q_1} \\ + \dot{q_2} \\ + \dot{p_1} \\ + \dot{p_2} \\ + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_1} & 0 \\ + 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2m_2} \\ + -(k_1 + k_c) & k_c & 0 & 0 \\ + k_c & -(k_c + k_2) & 0 & 0 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} + q_1 \\ + q_2 \\ + p_1 \\ + p_2 \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \Leftrightarrow + \dt + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \underbrace{ + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 & M \\ + K & 0 + \end{pmatrix} + }_{H} + \begin{pmatrix} + Q \\ + P \\ + \end{pmatrix} + \end{equation*} + + \pause + + $U = PQ^{-1} \qquad \dt U = ?$ + + \pause + + \begin{align*} + \dt U & = C + DU - UA - UBU \\ + & = K - UMU + \end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Einfluss der Anfangsbedingung:} + \begin{columns} + \column{0.4 \textwidth} + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<2->{q_0 = + \begin{pmatrix} + q_{10} \\ + q_{20} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 3 \\ + 1 + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<3->{q_0 = + \begin{pmatrix} + q_{10} \\ + q_{20} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 3 \\ + 3 + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + \begin{equation*} + \uncover<4->{q_0 = + \begin{pmatrix} + q_{10} \\ + q_{20} + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 2 \\ + -2 + \end{pmatrix} + } + \end{equation*} + \column{0.6 \textwidth} + \scalebox{0.8}{\input{../images/multi_mass_spring.tex}} + \end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\section{Schlussteil} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Zusammenfassung} + \begin{itemize} + \pause + \item{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} + \pause + \begin{itemize} + \item{Ausgansgleichung} + \pause + \item{Lösung} + \end{itemize} + \pause + \item{Harmonischer Ozillator} + \pause + \begin{itemize} + \item{Hamiltonfunktion} + \pause + \item{Phasenraum} + \end{itemize} + \pause + \item{Gekoppelter harmonischer Ozillator} + \pause + \begin{itemize} + \item{Riccatische Differentialgleichung} + \pause + \item{Einfluss der Anfangsbedingungen} + \end{itemize} + \pause + \item{\uwave{Abel}} + \begin{itemize} + \pause + \item{Nichtlineare Federkonstante} + \end{itemize} + + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/references.bib b/buch/papers/kra/references.bib index f13c3d8..a9a8ede 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kra/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/kra/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,42 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{kra:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@misc{kra:riccati, +title = {Riccatische Differentialgleichung}, +url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccatische_Differentialgleichung}, +date = {2022-05-26} } -@book{kra:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} +@misc{kra:ethz, +author = {Ch. Roduner}, +title = {Die-Riccati-Gleichung}, +url = {https://www.imrtweb.ethz.ch/users/geering/Riccati.pdf}, +date = {2022-05-26} } -@article{kra:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{kra:hamilton, + title = {Hamilton-Funktion}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton-Funktion}, + date = {2022-05-26} } +@misc{kra:kanonischegleichungen, + title = {Kanonische Gleichungen}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonische_Gleichungen}, + date = {2022-05-26} +} + +@misc{kra:newton, + title = {Newtonsche Gesetze}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonsche_Gesetze}, + date = {2022-05-26} +} + +@misc{kra:kalmanisae, + author = {D.Alazard}, + title = {Introduction to Kalman filtering}, + url = {https://pagespro.isae-supaero.fr/IMG/pdf/introKalman_e_151211.pdf}, + date = {2022-05-26} +} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/scripts/animation.py b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/animation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e805ae --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/animation.py @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +import numpy as np
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import matplotlib.patches
+import matplotlib.transforms
+import matplotlib.text
+from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
+import imageio
+
+from simulation import Simulation
+
+
+class Mass:
+ def __init__(self, x_0, width, height, **kwargs):
+ self._x_0 = x_0
+ xy = (x_0, 0)
+ self._rect = matplotlib.patches.Rectangle(xy, width, height, **kwargs)
+
+ @property
+ def patch(self):
+ return self._rect
+
+ @property
+ def x(self):
+ return self._rect.get_x()
+
+ @property
+ def width(self):
+ return self._rect.get_width()
+
+ def move(self, x):
+ self._rect.set_x(self._x_0 + x)
+
+
+class Spring:
+ def __init__(self, n, height, ax, resolution=1000, **kwargs):
+ self._n = n
+ self._height = height
+ self._N = resolution
+ (self._line,) = ax.plot([], [], "-", **kwargs)
+
+ def set(self, x_0, x_1):
+ T = (x_1 - x_0) / self._n
+ x = np.linspace(x_0, x_1, self._N, endpoint=True)
+ t = np.linspace(0, x_1 - x_0, self._N)
+ y = (np.sin(2 * np.pi * t / T) + 1.5) * self._height / 2
+ self.line.set_data(x, y)
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self._line
+
+
+class LinePlot:
+ def __init__(self, ax, **kwargs):
+ (self._line,) = ax.plot([], [], "-", **kwargs)
+ self._x = []
+ self._y = []
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self._line
+
+ def update(self, x, y):
+ self._x.append(x)
+ self._y.append(y)
+ self._line.set_data(self._x, self._y)
+
+
+class ScatterPlot:
+ def __init__(self, ax, **kwargs):
+ self._color = kwargs.get("color", "tab:green")
+ self._line = ax.scatter([], [], **kwargs)
+ self._ax = ax
+ self._x = []
+ self._y = []
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self._line
+
+ def update(self, x, y, **kwargs):
+ self._x.append(x)
+ self._y.append(y)
+ self._line.remove()
+ self._line = self._ax.scatter(self._x, self._y, color=self._color, **kwargs)
+
+
+class QuiverPlot:
+ def __init__(self, ax, **kwargs):
+ self.x = []
+ self.y = []
+ self.u = []
+ self.v = []
+ self.ax = ax
+ self.ln = self.ax.quiver([], [], [], [])
+
+ def update(self, x, y, u, v):
+ self.x.append(x)
+ self.y.append(y)
+ self.u.append(u)
+ self.v.append(v)
+ self.ln.remove()
+ self.ln = self.ax.quiver(self.x, self.y, self.u, self.v)
+
+ @property
+ def line(self):
+ return self.ln
+
+
+anim_folder = "anim_0"
+img_counter = 0
+
+sim = Simulation()
+params = {
+ "x_0": [2, -2],
+ "k_1": 1,
+ "k_c": 2,
+ "k_2": 1,
+ "m_1": 0.5,
+ "m_2": 0.5,
+}
+
+time = 2.1
+
+
+# create axis
+fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15), constrained_layout=True)
+fig.suptitle(
+ " ,".join([f"${key} = {val}$" for (key, val) in params.items()]), fontsize=20
+)
+spec = fig.add_gridspec(3, 4)
+ax0 = fig.add_subplot(spec[-1, :])
+ax1 = fig.add_subplot(spec[:-1, :2])
+ax2 = fig.add_subplot(spec[:-1, 2:])
+
+ax0.set_yticks([])
+
+mass_height = 0.5
+spring_height = 0.6 * mass_height
+x_max = 21
+y_max = 2 * mass_height
+
+mass_1 = Mass(
+ 7,
+ 2,
+ mass_height,
+ color="tab:red",
+)
+mass_2 = Mass(14, 2, mass_height, color="tab:blue")
+masses = [mass_1, mass_2]
+patches = [mass.patch for mass in masses]
+
+spring_1 = Spring(4, spring_height, ax0, color="tab:red", linewidth=10)
+spring_2 = Spring(4, spring_height, ax0, color="tab:gray", linewidth=10)
+spring_3 = Spring(4, spring_height, ax0, color="tab:blue", linewidth=10)
+springs = [spring_1, spring_2, spring_3]
+
+linePlot_1 = LinePlot(ax1, color="tab:red", label="$m_1$", alpha=1)
+linePlot_2 = LinePlot(ax1, color="tab:blue", label="$m_2$", alpha=1)
+linePlots = [linePlot_1, linePlot_2]
+
+# quiverPlot = QuiverPlot(ax2)
+scatterPlot = ScatterPlot(ax2)
+
+lines = [spring.line for spring in springs]
+lines.extend([plot.line for plot in linePlots])
+# lines.append(quiverPlot.line)
+lines.append(scatterPlot.line)
+
+objects = lines + patches
+
+ax0.plot(
+ np.repeat(mass_1.x, 2),
+ [0, y_max],
+ "--",
+ color="tab:red",
+ label="Ruhezustand $m_1$",
+)
+ax0.plot(
+ np.repeat(mass_2.x, 2),
+ [0, y_max],
+ "--",
+ color="tab:blue",
+ label="Ruhezustand $m_2$",
+)
+
+
+def init():
+ ax0.set_xlim(0, x_max)
+ ax0.set_ylim(0, y_max)
+
+ ax1.set_xlim(0, time)
+ ax1.set_ylim(-4, 4)
+ ax1.set_xlabel("time", fontsize=20)
+ ax1.set_ylabel("$q$", fontsize=20)
+
+ ax2.set_xlim(-4, 4)
+ ax2.set_ylim(-4, 4)
+ ax2.set_xlabel("$q_1$", fontsize=20)
+ ax2.set_ylabel("$q_2$", fontsize=20)
+
+ for patch in patches:
+ ax0.add_patch(patch)
+
+ spring_1.set(0, mass_1.x)
+ spring_2.set(mass_1.x + mass_1.width, mass_2.x)
+ spring_2.set(mass_2.x + mass_2.width, x_max)
+
+ return objects
+
+
+def update(frame):
+ global img_counter
+ x_1, x_2 = sim(frame, **params)
+
+ mass_1.move(x_1)
+ mass_2.move(x_2)
+
+ spring_1.set(0, mass_1.x)
+ spring_2.set(mass_1.x + mass_1.width, mass_2.x)
+ spring_3.set(mass_2.x + mass_2.width, x_max)
+
+ linePlot_1.update(frame, x_1)
+ linePlot_2.update(frame, x_2)
+
+ scatterPlot.update(x_1, x_2, alpha=0.25)
+
+ img_counter += 1
+ return objects
+
+
+anim = FuncAnimation(
+ fig,
+ update,
+ frames=np.linspace(0, time, int(time * 30)),
+ init_func=init,
+ blit=False,
+)
+
+ax0.legend(fontsize=20)
+ax1.legend(fontsize=20)
+FFwriter = matplotlib.animation.FFMpegWriter(fps=30)
+anim.save("animation.mp4", writer=FFwriter)
diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/scripts/simulation.py b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/simulation.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bccb6a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kra/scripts/simulation.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +import sympy as sp
+
+
+class Simulation:
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.k_1, self.k_2, self.k_c = sp.symbols("k_1 k_2 k_c")
+ self.m_1, self.m_2 = sp.symbols("m_1 m_2")
+ self.t = sp.symbols("t")
+ K = sp.Matrix(
+ [[-(self.k_1 + self.k_c), self.k_c], [self.k_c, -(self.k_2 + self.k_c)]]
+ )
+ M = sp.Matrix([[1 / self.m_1, 0], [0, 1 / self.m_2]])
+ A = M * K
+
+ self.eigenvecs = []
+ self.eigenvals = []
+ for ev, mult, vecs in A.eigenvects():
+ self.eigenvecs.append(sp.Matrix(vecs))
+ self.eigenvals.extend([ev] * mult)
+
+ def __call__(self, t, x_0, k_1, k_c, k_2, m_1, m_2):
+ params = {
+ self.k_1: k_1,
+ self.k_c: k_c,
+ self.k_2: k_2,
+ self.m_1: m_1,
+ self.m_2: m_2,
+ }
+ x_0 = sp.Matrix(x_0)
+ eig_mat = sp.Matrix.hstack(*self.eigenvecs).subs(params)
+ g = eig_mat.inv() * x_0
+ L = sp.Matrix(
+ [
+ g[0] * sp.cos(self.eigenvals[0].subs(params) * self.t),
+ g[1] * sp.cos(self.eigenvals[1].subs(params) * self.t),
+ ]
+ )
+ x = eig_mat * L
+ f = sp.lambdify(self.t, x, "numpy")
+ return f(t).squeeze()
diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index d06a055..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{kra:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{kra:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 0c0977d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{kra:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{kra:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kra:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{kra:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{kra:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 249f078..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{kra:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kra:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kra/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/kra/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 2515c7d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kra/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{kra:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kra:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/Makefile b/buch/papers/kreismembran/Makefile index ce3c89f..a13f2cf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/Makefile @@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # -images: - @echo "no images to be created in kreismembran" +images/TikzSaite.pdf: images/TikzSaite.tex + cd images && pdflatex TikzSaite.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/Saite.pdf b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/Saite.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f87c93 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/Saite.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/TikzSaite.pdf b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/TikzSaite.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f95ceb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/TikzSaite.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/TikzSaite.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/TikzSaite.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf3d8f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/TikzSaite.tex @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +% vim: ts=2 sw=2 et : +\documentclass[tikz, border=2mm]{standalone} + +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} + +\begin{document} + \begin{tikzpicture}[ + axis/.style = {very thick, -latex}, + axis tick/.style = { + draw, draw = black, fill = black, rectangle, + inner sep = 0pt, + minimum height = 2mm, + minimum width = 1pt, + }, + string/.style = { + ultra thick, draw = black, + }, + string end/.style = { + string, circle, fill = gray, + inner sep = 0pt, minimum size = 1mm, + }, + force/.style = { + very thick, draw = gray, -latex, + }, + ] + + % axes + \draw[axis] (0, 0) -- (8cm, 0) node[right] {$x$}; + \draw[axis] (0, 0) -- (0, 5cm) node[above] {$u(x, t)$}; + + % axes ticks + \node[axis tick, label = {-90:$x_0$}] at (2cm, 0) {}; + \node[axis tick, label = {-90:$x_0 + dx$}] at (6cm, 0) {}; + + % string + \coordinate (A) at (2cm, 2cm); + \coordinate (B) at (6cm, 4cm); + + \draw[string] (A) to[out = 40, in = 200] (B); + + \draw[force] (A) -- ++(220:15mm) node[gray, below right] {$T_1$}; + \draw[force] (B) -- ++(20:15mm) node[gray, above left] {$T_2$}; + + \draw[dashed, gray, thick] (A) -- ++(-15mm, 0); + \draw[gray, thick] (A) ++ (-7mm,0) arc (180:220:7mm) + node[midway, left] {$\alpha$}; + + \draw[dashed, gray, thick] (B) -- ++(15mm, 0); + \draw[gray, thick] (B) ++ (7mm,0) arc (0:20:7mm) + node[pos = 0, below] {$\beta$}; + + \node[string end, label={110:$P_1$}] at (A) {}; + \node[string end, label={110:$P_2$}] at (B) {}; + + \end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/mask_absorber.png b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/mask_absorber.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d0cccf --- /dev/null +++ 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100644 index 0000000..9c475eb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/images/sim_2_6.png diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex index 67b436c..f6000a1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,16 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:kreismembran}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Schwingungen einer kreisförmigen Membran\label{chapter:kreismembran}} +\lhead{Schwingungen einer kreisförmigen Membran} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} +\chapterauthor{Andrea Mozzini Vellen und Tim Tönz} \input{papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex} \input{papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex} \input{papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex} \input{papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib b/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib index 0b6a683..65173f8 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib @@ -4,6 +4,25 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % +@online{kreismembran:Duden:Membran, + title = {Duden:Membran}, + url = {https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Membran}, + date = {2022-07-20}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {20} +} + +@online{kreismembran:wellengleichung_herleitung, + title = {Derivation of the 2D Wave Equation}, + author = {Dr. Christopher Lum}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAS7JBztw8E&t=0s}, + date = {2022-07-20}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {20} +} + @online{kreismembran:bibtex, title = {BibTeX}, url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, @@ -24,7 +43,7 @@ } @article{kreismembran:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, + author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, year = 2019, @@ -33,3 +52,47 @@ url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@book{kreismembran:Digital_Image_processing, + edition = {Fourth Edition}, + title = {Digital Image Processing}, + publisher = {Pearson}, + author = {Rafael C. Gozales and Richard E. Woods}, + date = {2018}, +} + +@book{lokenath_debnath_integral_2015, + edition = {Third Edition}, + title = {Integral Tansforms and Their Applications}, + publisher = {{CRC} Press}, + author = {{Lokenath Debnath} and Dambaru Bhatta}, + date = {2015}, +} + +@thesis{nishanth_p_vibrations_2018, + title = {Vibrations of a Circular Membrane - Some Undergraduadte Exercises}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {{Nishanth P.} and {Udayanandan K. M.}}, + date = {2018}, +} + +@thesis{prof_dr_horst_knorrer_kreisformige_2013, + title = {Kreisförmige Membranen}, + institution = {{ETHZ}}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {{Prof. Dr. Horst Knörrer}}, + date = {2013}, +} + +@thesis{kreismembran:membrane_vs_thin_plate, + title = {Modeling and Control of SPIDER Satellite Components}, + institution = {{faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}}, + type = {Dissertation}, + author = {{Eric John Ruggiero Doctor of Philosophy In Mechanical Engineering}}, + date = {2005}, +} + +@online{noauthor_laplace_nodate, + title = {Laplace Transform of Bessel Function of the First Kind of Order Zero - {ProofWiki}}, + url = {https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Laplace_Transform_of_Bessel_Function_of_the_First_Kind_of_Order_Zero}, + urldate = {2022-08-15}, +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex index e4b1711..e962aab 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,93 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{kreismembran:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{kreismembran:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. +\section{Einleitung\label{kreismembran:section:teil0}} +\rhead{Membran} +Eine Membran oder selten ein Schwingblatt ist laut Duden \cite{kreismembran:Duden:Membran} ein ``dünnes Blättchen aus Metall, Papier o. Ä., das durch seine Schwingungsfähigkeit geeignet ist, Schallwellen zu übertragen \dots''. +Ein dünnes Blättchen aus Metall zeig jedoch nicht die selben dynamischen Eigenschaften wie ein gespanntes Stück Papier. +Beschreibt man das dynamische Verhalten, muss zwischen einer dünnen Platte und einer Membran unterschieden werden \cite{kreismembran:membrane_vs_thin_plate}. +Eine dünne Platte zum Beispiel aus Metall, wirkt selbst entgegen ihrer Deformation, sobald sie gekrümmt wird. +Eine Membran auf der anderen Seite besteht aus einem Material, welches sich ohne Kraftaufwand verbiegen lässt, wie zum Beispiel Papier. +Bevor Papier als schwingende Membran betrachtet werden kann, wird jedoch noch eine Spannung $ T $ benötigt, welche das Material daran hindert, aus der Ruhelage gebracht zu werden. -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. +Ein geläufiges Beispiel einer Kreismembran ist eine runde Trommel. +Sie besteht herkömmlicherweise aus einem Leder (Fell), welches auf einen offenen Zylinder (Zargen) aufgespannt wird. +Das Leder alleine erzeugt nach einem Aufschlag keine hörbaren Schwingungen. +Sobald das Fell jedoch über den Zargen gespannt wird, kann das Fell auf verschiedensten Weisen weiter schwingen, was für den Klang der Trommel verantwortlich ist. +Wie genau diese Schwingungen untersucht werden können, wird in der folgenden Arbeit diskutiert. + +\subsection{Annahmen} \label{kreimembran:annahmen} +Um die Wellengleichung herzuleiten \cite{kreismembran:wellengleichung_herleitung}, muss ein Modell einer Membran definiert werden. +Das untersuchte Modell erfüllt folgende Eigenschaften: +\begin{enumerate}[i)] + \item Die Membran ist homogen. + Dies bedeutet, dass die Membran über die ganze Fläche die selbe Dichte $ \rho $ und Elastizität hat. + Durch die konstante Elastizität ist die ganze Membran unter gleichmässiger Spannung $ T $. + \item Die Membran ist perfekt flexibel. + Damit ist gemeint, dass die Membran ohne Kraftaufwand verbogen werden kann. + Die Membran ist dadurch nicht allein stehend schwingfähig, hierzu muss sie mit einer Kraft $ T $ gespannt werden. + \item Die Membran kann sich nur in Richtung ihrer Normalen in kleinem Ausmass auslenken. + Auslenkungen in der Ebene der Membran sind nicht möglich. + \item Die Membran erfährt keine Art von Dämpfung. + Die Membran wird also nicht durch ihr umliegendes Medium abgebremst noch erfährt sie Reibungsverluste durch Deformation. + +\end{enumerate} +\subsection{Wellengleichung} Um die Wellengleichung einer Membran herzuleiten, wird vorerst eine schwingende Saite betrachtet. +Es lohnt sich, das Verhalten einer Saite zu beschreiben, da eine Saite dasselbe Verhalten wie eine Membran aufweist, mit dem Unterschied einer fehlenden Dimension. +Die Verbindung zwischen Membran und Saite ist intuitiv ersichtlich, stellt man sich einen Querschnitt einer Trommel vor. +\begin{figure} + + \begin{center} + % \includegraphics[width=5cm,angle=-90]{papers/kreismembran/images/Saite.pdf} + \includegraphics[]{papers/kreismembran/images/TikzSaite.pdf} + \caption{Infinitesimales Stück einer Saite} + \label{kreismembran:im:Saite} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung \ref{kreismembran:im:Saite} ist ein infinitesimales Stück einer Saite mit Länge $ dx $ skizziert. +Wie für die Membran ist die Annahme iii) gültig, es entsteht keine Bewegung entlang der $ x $-Achse. +Um dies zu erfüllen, muss der Punkt $ P_1 $ gleich stark entgegen der $ x $-Achse gezogen werden wie der Punkt $ P_2 $ in Richtung der $ x $-Achse gezogen wird. +Ist $ T_1 $ die Kraft, welche mit Winkel $ \alpha $ auf Punkt $ P_1 $ wirkt sowie $ T_2 $ und $ \beta$ das analoge für Punkt $ P_2 $ ist, so können die Kräfte +\begin{equation}\label{kreismembran:eq:no_translation} + T_1 \cos \alpha = T_2 \cos \beta = T +\end{equation} +gleichgesetzt werden. +Das dynamische Verhalten der senkrechten Auslenkung $ u(x,t) $ muss das newtonsche Gesetz +\begin{equation*} + \sum F = m \cdot a +\end{equation*} +befolgen. Die senkrecht wirkenden Kräfte werden mit $ T_1 $ und $ T_2 $ ausgedrückt, die Masse als Funktion der Dichte $ \rho $ und die Beschleunigung in Form der zweiten Ableitung als +\begin{equation*} + T_2 \sin \beta - T_1 \sin \alpha = \rho dx \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} . +\end{equation*} +Die Gleichung wird durch $ T $ dividiert, wobei $ T $ nach \eqref{kreismembran:eq:no_translation} geschickt gewählt wird. Somit kann +\begin{equation*} + \frac{T_2 \sin \beta}{T_2 \cos \beta} - \frac{T_1 \sin \alpha}{T_1 \cos \alpha} = \frac{\rho dx}{T} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} +\end{equation*} +vereinfacht als +\begin{equation*} + \tan \beta - \tan \alpha = \frac{\rho dx}{T} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} +\end{equation*} +geschrieben werden. +Der $ \tan \alpha $ entspricht der örtlichen Ableitung von $ u(x,t) $ an der Stelle $ x_0 $ und analog der $ \tan \beta $ für die Stelle $ x_0 + dx $. +Die Gleichung wird dadurch zu +\begin{equation*} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \bigg|_{x_0 + dx} - \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \bigg|_{x_0} = \frac{\rho dx}{T} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}. +\end{equation*} +Durch die Division mit $ dx $ entsteht +\begin{equation*} + \frac{1}{dx} \left[\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \bigg|_{x_0 + dx} - \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \bigg|_{x_0}\right] = \frac{\rho}{T}\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}. +\end{equation*} +Auf der linken Seite der Gleichung wird die Differenz der Steigungen durch die Intervalllänge geteilt. +Wenn $ dx $ als unendlich kleines Stück betrachtet wird, ergibt sich als Grenzwert die zweite Ableitung von $ u(x,t) $ nach $ x $. +Der Term $ \frac{\rho}{T} $ wird durch $ c^2 $ ersetzt, da der Bruch für eine gegebene Membran eine positive Konstante sein muss. +Damit resultiert die in der Literatur gebräuchliche Form +\begin{equation} + \label{kreismembran:Ausgang_DGL} + \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = \Delta u. +\end{equation} +In dieser Form ist die Gleichung auch gültig für eine Membran. +Für den Fall einer Membran muss lediglich der Laplace-Operator $\Delta$ in zwei Dimensionen verwendet werden.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex index b715075..a9b2fad 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex @@ -2,54 +2,128 @@ % teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{kreismembran:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{kreismembran:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kreismembran:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{kreismembran:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{kreismembran:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +\section{Lösungsmethode 1: Separationsmethode + \label{kreismembran:section:teil1}} +\rhead{Lösungsmethode 1: Separationsmethode} +An diesem Punkt bleibt also ``nur'' noch die Lösung der partiellen Differentialgleichung. In diesem Abschnitt wird sie mit Hilfe der Separationsmethode gelöst. + +\subsection{Aufgabestellung\label{sub:aufgabestellung}} +Wie im vorherigen Abschnitt gezeigt, lautet die partielle Differentialgleichung, die die Schwingungen einer Membran beschreibt: +\begin{equation*} + \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = \Delta u. +\end{equation*} +Da es sich um eine Kreisscheibe handelt, werden Polarkoordinaten verwendet, so dass sich der Laplaceoperator +\begin{equation*} + \Delta + = + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial r^2} + + + \frac1r + \frac{\partial}{\partial r} + + + \frac{1}{r^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial\varphi^2} + \label{buch:pde:kreis:laplace} +\end{equation*} +ergibt. + +Es wird eine runde elastische Membran berücksichtigt, die das Gebiet $\Omega$ abdeckt und am Rand $\Gamma$ befestigt ist. +Es wirken keine äusseren Kräfte. Es handelt sich somit von einer kreisförmligen eingespannten homogenen schwingenden Membran nach den Annahmen von Abschnitt \ref{kreimembran:annahmen}. + +Daher ist die Membranabweichung im Punkt $(r,\varphi)$ $\in$ $\overline{\rm \Omega}$ zum Zeitpunkt $t$: +\begin{align*} + u: \overline{\rm \Omega} \times \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0} &\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}\\ + (r,\varphi,t) &\longmapsto u(r,\varphi,t) +\end{align*} +Um die Vergleichbarkeit der beiden nachfolgend vorgestellten Lösungsverfahren in Abschnitt \ref{kreismembran:vergleich} zu vereinfachen, werden keine Randbedingungen vorgegeben. + +Um eine eindeutige Lösung bestimmen zu können, werden die folgenden Anfangsbedingungen festgelegt zur Zeit $t = \text{0}$: +\begin{align*} + u(r,\varphi, 0) &= f(r,\varphi)\\ + u_t(r,\varphi, 0) &= g(r,\varphi). +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Lösung\label{sub:lösung1}} +Nun wird das in Abschnitt \ref{sub:aufgabestellung} vorgestellte Problem mit Hilfe der Separationsmethode gelöst. +\subsubsection{Ansatz der Separation der Variablen\label{subsub:ansatz_separation}} +Hierfür wird folgenden Ansatz gemacht: +\begin{equation*} + u(r,\varphi, t) = F(r)G(\varphi)T(t). +\end{equation*} +Dank der Randbedingungen kann gefordert werden, dass $F(R)=0$ ist, und natürlich, dass $G(\varphi)$ $2\pi$-periodisch ist. Eingesetzt in der Differenzialgleichung ergibt sich nach Division durch $u$: +\begin{equation*} + \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{T''(t)}{T(t)}=-\kappa^2=\frac{F''(r)}{F(r)}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{F'(r)}{F(r)}+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{G''(\varphi)}{G(\varphi)}. +\end{equation*} +Da die linke Seite nur von $t$ und die rechte Seite nur von $r$ und $\varphi$ abhängt, müssen sie gleich einer reellen Zahl sein. +Laut Annahme iv) in \ref{kreimembran:annahmen} erfährt die Membran keine Dämpfung. +Daher werden Lösungen gesucht, die weder exponentiell in der Zeit wachsen noch exponentiell abklingen. +Dies bedeutet, dass die Konstante negativ sein muss, also schreibt man $-\kappa^2$. Daraus ergeben sich die folgenden zwei Gleichungen: +\begin{align*} + T''(t) + c^2\kappa^2T(t) &= 0\\ + r^2\frac{F''(r)}{F(r)} + r \frac{F'(r)}{F(r)} +\kappa^2 r^2 &= - \frac{G''(\varphi)}{G(\varphi)}. +\end{align*} +In der zweiten Gleichung hängt die linke Seite nur von $r$ ab, während die rechte Seite nur von $\varphi$ abhängt. Sie müssen also wiederum gleich einer reellen Zahl $\nu$ sein. Also: +\begin{align*} + r^2F''(r) + rF'(r) + (\kappa^2 r^2 - \nu)F(r) = 0 \quad \text{und} \quad + G''(\varphi) = \nu G(\varphi). +\end{align*} + +\subsubsection{Lösung für $G(\varphi)$\label{subsub:lösung_G}} +Da für die zweite Gleichung Lösungen von Schwingungen erwartet werden, für die $G''(\varphi)=-n^2 G(\varphi)$ gilt, schreibt man die gemeinsame Konstante als $\nu=-n^2$, was die Formeln später vereinfacht. $n$ muss auch eine ganze Zahl sein, weil $G(\varphi)$ sonst nicht $2\pi$-periodisch ist. Also: +\begin{equation*} + G(\varphi) = C_n \cos(n\varphi) + D_n \sin(n\varphi) + \label{eq:cos_sin_überlagerung} +\end{equation*} + +\subsubsection{Lösung für $F(r)$\label{subsub:lösung_F}} +Die Gleichung für $F$ hat die Gestalt (Verweis auf \label{buch:differentialgleichungen:bessel-operator} +\begin{align} + r^2F''(r) + rF'(r) + (\kappa^2 r^2 - n^2)F(r) = 0 + \label{eq:2nd_degree_PDE} +\end{align} +Wie bereits in Kapitel \ref{buch:differntialgleichungen:section:bessel} gezeigt, sind die Bessel-Funktionen +\begin{equation*} + J_{n}(x) = r^n \displaystyle\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^m x^{2m}}{2^{2m+n}m! \Gamma (n + m+1)} +\end{equation*} +Lösungen der Besselschen Differenzialgleichung +\begin{equation*} + x^2 y'' + xy' + (\kappa^2 - n^2)y = 0 +\end{equation*} +Die Funktionen $F(r) = J_n(\kappa r)$ lösen die Differentialgleichung \eqref{eq:2nd_degree_PDE}. + +\subsubsection{Lösung für $T(t)$\label{subsub:lösung_T}} +Die Differenzialgleichung $T''(t) + c^2\kappa^2T(t) = 0$, wird auf ähnliche Weise gelöst wie $G(\varphi)$. Um eine Einschränkung der möglichen Frequenzen zu erhalten und die Lösung als Reihe schreiben zu können, muss die folgende homogene Randbedingung definiert werden: +\begin{equation*} + u\big|_{\Gamma} = 0 \quad \text{für} \quad 0 \leq \varphi \leq 2\pi,\quad t \geq 0, +\end{equation*} +welche die $\kappa$ auf mögliche werte $\kappa_{mn}$ einschränkt. +\subsubsection{Zusammenfassung der Lösungen\label{subsub:zusammenfassung_lösungen}} +Durch Überlagerung aller Ergebnisse erhält man die Lösung +\begin{align} + u(r, \varphi, t) = \displaystyle\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} J_n (k_{mn}r)[a_{mn}\cos(n\varphi) + b_{mn}\sin(n\varphi)](n\varphi)[c_{mn}\cos(c \kappa_{mn} t)+d_{mn}\sin(c \kappa_{mn} t)] + \label{eq:lösung_endliche_generelle} +\end{align} + +Dabei sind $m$ und $n$ ganze Zahlen, wobei $m$ für die Anzahl der Knotenkreise und $n$ +für die Anzahl der Knotenlinien steht. Es gibt bestimmte Bereiche auf der Membran, in denen es keine Bewegung oder Vibration gibt. Wenn der nicht schwingende Bereich ein Kreis ist, nennt man ihn einen Knotenkreis, und wenn er eine Linie ist, nennt man ihn ebenfalls eine Knotenlinie (siehe Abbildung \ref{buch:pde:kreis:fig:pauke}). $J_n(\kappa_{mn}r)$ ist die Besselfunktion $n$-ter Ordnung, wobei $\kappa mn$ die Wellenzahl und $r$ der Radius ist. $a_{mn}$ und $b_{mn}$ sind die zu bestimmenden Konstanten. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{chapters/090-pde/bessel/pauke.pdf} + %\includegraphics{chapters/090-pde/bessel/pauke.pdf} + \caption{Vorzeichen der Lösungsfunktionen und Knotenlinien + für verschiedene Werte von $\mu$ und $k$. + Die Bereiche, in denen die Lösungsfunktion positiv sind, ist + rot dargestellt, die negativen Bereiche blau. + In jeder Darstellung gibt es genau $k+\mu$ Knotenlinien. + Die Radien der kreisförmigen Knotenlinien müssen aus den Nullstellen + der Besselfunktionen berechnet werden. + \label{buch:pde:kreis:fig:pauke}} +\end{figure} + +\begin{center} + * \quad *\quad * +\end{center} +An diesem Punkt stellte sich die Frage, ob es möglich wäre, die partielle Differentialgleichung mit einer anderen Methode als der der Trennung der Variablen zu lösen. Nach einer kurzen Recherche wurde festgestellt, dass eine weitere Methode die Transformationsmethode ist, genauer gesagt die Anwendung der Hankel-Transformation. Im nächsten Kapitel wird daher diese Integraltransformation vorgestellt und entwickelt, und es wird erläutert, warum sie für diese Art von Problem geeignet ist. diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex index 7ed217f..4ceeb84 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex @@ -1,40 +1,107 @@ % -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 -\label{kreismembran:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kreismembran:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\section{Die Hankel Transformation \label{kreismembran:section:teil2}} +\rhead{Die Hankel Transformation} + +Hermann Hankel (1839--1873) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, der für seinen Beitrag zur mathematischen Analysis und insbesondere für die nach ihm benannte Transformation bekannt ist. +Diese Transformation tritt bei der Untersuchung von Funktionen auf, die nur von der Entfernung des Ursprungs abhängen. +Er untersuchte auch Funktionen, jetzt Hankel- oder Bessel-Funktionen genannt, der dritten Art. +Die Hankel-Transformation, die die Bessel-Funktion enthält, taucht natürlich bei achsensymmetrischen Problemen auf, die in zylindrischen Polarkoordinaten formuliert sind. +In diesem Abschnitt werden die Theorie der Transformation und einige Eigenschaften der Grundoperationen erläutert. + +\subsubsection{Definition der Hankel-Transformation \label{subsub:hankel_tansformation}} +Wir führen die Definition der Hankel-Transformation \cite{lokenath_debnath_integral_2015} aus der zweidimensionalen Fourier-Trans\-formation und ihrer Umkehrung ein, die durch: +\begin{align} + \mathscr{F}\{f(x,y)\} & = F(k,l)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-i( \bm{\kappa}\cdot \mathbf{r})}f(x,y) \; dx \; dy,\label{equation:fourier_transform}\\ + \mathscr{F}^{-1}\{F(x,y)\} & = f(x,y)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{i(\bm{\kappa}\cdot \mathbf{r})}F(k,l) \; dx \; dy \label{equation:inv_fourier_transform} +\end{align} +definiert ist, wobei $\mathbf{r}=(x,y)$ und $\bm{\kappa}=(k,l)$. Polarkoordinaten sind für diese Art von Problem am besten geeignet. Mit $(x,y)=r(\cos\theta,\sin\theta)$ und $(k,l)=\kappa(\cos\phi,\sin\phi)$ findet man $\bm{\kappa}\cdot\mathbf{r}=\kappa r(\cos(\theta-\phi))$ und danach: +\begin{align} + F(k,\phi)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}r \; dr \int_{0}^{2\pi}e^{-ikr\cos(\theta-\phi)}f(r,\theta) \; d\phi. + \label{equation:F_ohne_variable_wechsel} +\end{align} +Dann wird angenommen, dass $f(r,\theta)=e^{in\theta}f(r)$, was keine strenge Einschränkung ist, weil die \textit{Fourier-Theorie} besagt, dass sich jede Funktion durch Überlagerung solcher Terme darstellen lässt. Es wird auch eine Änderung der Variabeln vorgenommen $\theta-\phi=\alpha-\frac{\pi}{2}$, um \eqref{equation:F_ohne_variable_wechsel} zu reduzieren: +\begin{align} + F(k,\phi)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}rf(r) \; dr \int_{\phi_{0}}^{2\pi+\phi_{0}}e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})+i(n\alpha-kr\sin\alpha)} \; d\alpha, + \label{equation:F_ohne_bessel} +\end{align} +wo $\phi_{0}=(\frac{\pi}{2}-\phi)$. + +Unter Verwendung der Integraldarstellung +\begin{equation*} + J_n(\kappa r)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\phi_{0}}^{2\pi + \phi_{0}}e^{i(n\alpha-\kappa r \sin \alpha)} \; d\alpha + \label{equation:bessel_n_ordnung} +\end{equation*} + der Bessel-Funktion vom Ordnung $n$ \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:bessel-integraldarstellung} wird \eqref{equation:F_ohne_bessel} zu: +\begin{align} + F(k,\phi)&=e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})}\int_{0}^{\infty}rJ_n(\kappa r) f(r) \; dr \nonumber \\ + &=e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})}\tilde{f}_n(\kappa), + \label{equation:F_mit_bessel_step_2} +\end{align} +wo $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$ ist die \textit{Hankel-Transformation} von $f(r)$ und ist formell definiert durch: +\begin{align} + \mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)=\int_{0}^{\infty}rJ_n(\kappa r) f(r) \; dr. + \label{equation:hankel} +\end{align} + +\subsubsection{Inverse Hankel-Transformation \label{subsub:inverse_hankel_tansformation}} +Wie bei der Entwicklung der Hankel-Transformation können auch für die Umkehrformel Analogien zur Fourier-Transformation hergestellt werden. Vergleicht man die beiden Transformationen, so stellt man fest, dass sie sehr ähnlich sind, wenn man den Term $J_n(\kappa r)$ der Hankel-Transformation durch $e^{-i( \bm{\kappa}\cdot \mathbf{r})}$ der Fourier-Transformation ersetzt. Diese beide Funktionen sind orthogonal, und bei orthogonalen Matrizen genügt bekanntlich die Transponierung, um sie zu invertieren. Da das Skalarprodukt der Bessel-Funktionen jedoch nicht dasselbe ist wie das der Exponentialfunktionen, muss man durch $\kappa\; d\kappa$ statt nur durch $d\kappa$ integrieren, um die Umkehrfunktion zu erhalten. + +Die inverse \textit{Hankel-Transformation} ist also als +\begin{align} + \mathscr{H}^{-1}_n\{\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)\}=f(r)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) \; d\kappa. + \label{equation:inv_hankel} +\end{align} +definiert. + +Die Integrale \eqref{equation:hankel} und \eqref{equation:inv_hankel} existieren für bestimmte grosse Klassen von Funktionen, die normalerweise in physikalischen Anwendungen vorkommen. + +Alternativ dazu kann die berühmte Hankel-Integralformel + +\begin{align*} + f(r) = \int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) \; d\kappa \int_{0}^{\infty} p J_n(\kappa p)f(p) \; dp, + \label{equation:hankel_integral_formula} +\end{align*} +verwendet werden, um die Hankel-Transformation \eqref{equation:hankel} und ihre Umkehrung \eqref{equation:inv_hankel} zu definieren. + +Insbesondere die Hankel-Transformation der nullten Ordnung ($n=0$) und der ersten Ordnung ($n=1$) sind häufig nützlich, um Lösungen für Probleme mit der Laplace Gleichung in einer achsensymmetrischen zylindrischen Geometrie zu finden. + +\subsection{Operatoreigenschaften der Hankel-Transformation \label{sub:op_properties_hankel}} +In diesem Kapitel werden die operativen Eigenschaften der Hankel-Transformation aufgeführt. Die Beweise für ihre Gültigkeit werden jedoch nicht analysiert, diese sind im Buch \textit{Integral Tansforms and Their Applications} \cite{lokenath_debnath_integral_2015} zu finden. + +\begin{satz}{Skalierung:} + Wenn $\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$, dann gilt: + + \begin{equation*} + \mathscr{H}_n\{f(ar)\}=\frac{1}{a^{2}}\tilde{f}_n \left(\frac{\kappa}{a}\right), \quad a>0. + \end{equation*} +\end{satz} + +\begin{satz}{Parsevalsche Relation:} +Wenn $\tilde{f}(\kappa)=\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}$ und $\tilde{g}(\kappa)=\mathscr{H}_n\{g(r)\}$, dann gilt: + +\begin{equation*} + \int_{0}^{\infty}rf(r)g(r) \; dr = \int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa\tilde{f}(\kappa)\tilde{g}(\kappa) \; d\kappa. +\end{equation*} +\end{satz} + +\begin{satz}{Hankel-Transformationen von Ableitungen:} +Wenn $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)=\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}$, dann gilt: + +\begin{align*} + &\mathscr{H}_n\{f'(r)\}=\frac{\kappa}{2n}\left[(n-1)\tilde{f}_{n+1}(\kappa)-(n+1)\tilde{f}_{n-1}(\kappa)\right], \quad n\geq1, \\ + &\mathscr{H}_1\{f'(r)\}=-\kappa \tilde{f}_0(\kappa), +\end{align*} +vorausgesetzt, dass $rf(r)$ verschwindet wenn $r\to0$ und $r\to\infty$. +\end{satz} + +\begin{satz} +Wenn $\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$, dann gilt: +\begin{equation*} + \mathscr{H}_n \left\{ \left( \nabla^2 - \frac{n^2}{r^2} f(r)\right)\right\}= \mathscr{H}_n\left\{\frac{1}{r}\frac{d}{dr}\left(r\frac{df}{dr}\right) - \frac{n^2}{r^2}f(r)\right\}=-\kappa^2\tilde{f}_{n}(\kappa), +\end{equation*} +bereitgestellt, dass $rf'(r)$ und $rf(r)$ verschwinden für $r\to0$ und $r\to\infty$. +\end{satz} diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex index 73dee0f..d143ec7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex @@ -3,38 +3,91 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 3 +\section{Lösungsmethode 2: Transformationsmethode \label{kreismembran:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kreismembran:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\rhead{Lösungsmethode 2: Transformationsmethode} +Die Hankel-Transformation kann hier zur Lösung der Differentialgleichung verwendet werden. Es müssen jedoch einige Änderungen an dem Problem vorgenommen werden, damit es mit den Annahmen übereinstimmt, die für die Verwendung der Hankel-Transformation erforderlich sind. Das heisst, dass die Funktion $u$ nur von der Entfernung zum Ausgangspunkt abhängt. + +\subsubsection{Transformation und Reduktion auf eine algebraische Gleichung\label{subsub:transf_reduktion}} +Führt man also das Konzept einer unendlichen und achsensymmetrischen Membran ein: +\begin{align} + \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} + = + c^2 \left(\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial r^2} + + + \frac{1}{r} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial r} \right), \quad 0<r<\infty, \quad t>0 \label{eq:PDE_inf_membane} \\ + u(r,0)=f(r), \quad u_t(r,0) = g(r), \quad \text{für} \quad 0<r<\infty. + \label{eq:PDE_inf_membane_RB} +\end{align} + + +Mit Anwendung der Hankel-Transformation nullter Ordnung in Abhängigkeit von $r$ auf die Gleichungen \eqref{eq:PDE_inf_membane} und \eqref{eq:PDE_inf_membane_RB}: + +\begin{align} + \tilde{u}(\kappa,t)=\int_{0}^{\infty}r J_0(\kappa r)u(r,t) \; dr, +\end{align} +bekommt man: + +\begin{equation*} + \frac{d^2 \tilde{u}}{dt^2} + c^2\kappa^2\tilde{u}=0, +\end{equation*} + +\begin{equation*} + \tilde{u}(\kappa,0)=\tilde{f}(\kappa), \quad + \tilde{u}_t(\kappa,0)=\tilde{g}(\kappa). +\end{equation*} +Die allgemeine Lösung für diese Gleichung lautet, wie in Abschnitt \eqref{eq:cos_sin_überlagerung} gesehen, wie folgt + +\begin{equation*} + \tilde{u}(\kappa,t)=\tilde{f}(\kappa)\cos(c\kappa t) + \frac{1}{c\kappa}\tilde{g}(\kappa)\sin(c\kappa t). +\end{equation*} +Wendet man nun die inverse Hankel-Transformation an, so erhält man die formale Lösung + +\begin{align} + u(r,t)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa\tilde{f}(\kappa)\cos(c\kappa t) J_0(\kappa r) \; d\kappa +\frac{1}{c}\int_{0}^{\infty}\tilde{g}(\kappa)\sin(c\kappa t)J_0(\kappa r) \; d\kappa. + \label{eq:formale_lösung} +\end{align} + +\subsubsection{Erfüllung der Anfangsbedingungen\label{subsub:erfüllung_AB}} +Es wird im Folgenden davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Membran verformt und zum Zeitpunkt $t=0$ freigegeben wird + +\begin{equation*} + u(r,0)=f(r)=Aa(r^2 + a^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}, \quad u_t(r,0)=g(r)=0 +\end{equation*} +so dass $\tilde{g}(\kappa)\equiv 0$ und +\begin{equation*} + \tilde{f}(\kappa)=Aa\int_{0}^{\infty}r(a^2 + r^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} J_0 (\kappa r) \; dr=\frac{Aa}{\kappa}e^{-a\kappa}. +\end{equation*} + +\noindent Die formale Lösung \eqref{eq:formale_lösung} lautet also +\begin{align} + u(r,t)=Aa\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-a\kappa} J_0(\kappa r)\cos(c\kappa t) \; dk=AaRe\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-\kappa(a+ict)} J_0(\kappa r) \; dk. + \label{form_lösung2_step1} +\end{align} + +\noindent Aus der Laplace-Transformation und unter Verwendung der Skalierungseigenschaft \cite{noauthor_laplace_nodate} ergibt sich, dass +\begin{align*} + \int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-px} J_0(\kappa x) \; dx = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\kappa^2 + p^2}}, +\end{align*} + +\noindent \eqref{form_lösung2_step1} kann somit vereinfacht werden in: +\begin{equation*} + u(r,t)=AaRe\left\{r^2+\left(a+ict\right)^2\right\}^{-\frac{1}{2}}. +\end{equation*} + +\noindent Nimmt man jedoch die allgemeine Lösung durch Überlagerung, + +\begin{align} + u(r, t) = \displaystyle\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} J_0 (k_{m}r)[a_{m}\cos(c \kappa_{m} t)+b_{m}\sin(c \kappa_{m} t)] + \label{eq:lösung_unendliche_generelle} +\end{align} +kann man die Lösungsmethoden 1 und 2 vergleichen. + +\subsection{Vergleich der Analytischen Lösungen +\label{kreismembran:vergleich}} +Bei der Analyse der Gleichungen \eqref{eq:lösung_endliche_generelle} und \eqref{eq:lösung_unendliche_generelle} fällt sofort auf, dass die Gleichung \eqref{eq:lösung_unendliche_generelle} nicht mehr von $m$ und $n$ abhängt, sondern nur noch von $n$ \cite{nishanth_p_vibrations_2018}. +Das macht Sinn, denn $n$ beschreibt die Anzahl der Knotenlinien, welche unter der Annahme einer rotationssymmetrischen Lösung nicht vorhanden sein können. Tatsächlich werden $a_{m0}$, $b_{m0}$ und $\kappa_{m0}$ in $a_m$, $b_m$ bzw. $\kappa_m$ umbenannt. Die beiden Termen $\cos(n\varphi)$ und $\sin(n\varphi)$ verschwinden ebenfalls, da für $n=0$ der $\cos(n\varphi)$ gleich 1 und der $\sin(n \varphi)$ gleich 0 ist. +Die Funktion hängt also nicht mehr von der Bessel-Funktionen $n$-ter Ordnung ab, sondern nur von der nullter Ordnung. diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6aa54f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Lösungsmethode 3: Simulation + \label{kreismembran:section:teil4}} + +Um numerisch das Verhalten einer Membran zu ermitteln, muss eine numerische Darstellung definiert werden. +Die Membran wird hier in Form der Matrix $ U $ digitalisiert. +Jedes Element $ U_{ij} $ steht für die Auslenkung der Membran $ u(x,y,t) $ an der Stelle $ \{x,y\}=\{i,j\} $. +Zwischen benachbarten Elementen in der Matrix $ U $ liegt immer der Abstand $ dh $, eine Inkrementierung von $ i $ oder $ j $ ist somit einem Schritt in Richtung $ x $ oder $ y $ von Länge $ dh $ auf der Membran. +Die zeitliche Dimension wird in Form des Array $ U[] $ aus $ z \times U $ Matrizen dargestellt, wobei $ z $ die Anzahl von Zeitschritten ist. +Das Element auf Zeile $ i $, Spalte $ j $ der $ w $-ten Matrix von $ U[] $ also $ U[w]_{ij} $ ist somit die Auslenkung $ u(i,j,w) $. +Da die DGL von zweiter Ordnung ist, reicht eine Zustandsvariabel pro Membran-Element nicht aus. +Es wird neben der Auslenkung auch die Geschwindigkeit jedes Membran-Elementes benötigt um den Zustand eindeutig zu beschreiben. +Dazu existiert neben $ U[] $ ein analoger Array $ V[] $ welcher die Geschwindigkeiten aller Membran-Elemente repräsentiert. +$ V[w]_{ij} $ entspricht also $ \dot{u}(i,j,w) $. +Der Zustand einer Membran zum Zeitpunkt $ w $ wird mit $ X[w] $ beschrieben, was $ U[w] $ und $ V[w] $ beinhaltet. + +\subsection{Propagation} +Um das Verhalten der Membran zu berechnen, muss aus einem gegebenen Zustand $ X[w] $ der Folgezustand $ X[w+1] $ gerechnet werden können, wobei dazwischen ein Zeitintervall $ dt $ vergeht. +Die Berechnung von Folgezuständen kann anschliessend repetiert werden über das zu untersuchende Zeitfenster. +Die Folgeposition $ U[w+1] $ ergibt sich als +\begin{equation} + U[w+1] = U[w] + dt \cdot V[w], +\end{equation} +also die Ausgangslage plus die Strecke welche während des Zeitintervall mit der Geschwindigkeit des Elementes zurückgelegt wurde. +Neben der Position muss auch die Geschwindigkeit aktualisiert werden. +Analog zur Folgeposition wird +\begin{equation*} + V[w+1] = V[w] + dt \cdot \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2}. +\end{equation*} +Die Beschleunigung $ \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} $ eines Elementes ist durch die DGL \ref{kreismembran:Ausgang_DGL} gegeben als +\begin{equation*} + \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = \Delta u \cdot c^2. +\end{equation*} +Die Geschwindigkeit des Folgezustandes kann somit mit +\begin{equation} + V[w+1] = V[w] + dt \cdot \Delta_h U \cdot c^2 +\end{equation} +berechnet werden. +Während $ c^2 $ lediglich eine Material spezifische Konstante ist, muss noch erläutert werden, wie der diskrete Laplace-Operator für $ \Delta_h u $ definiert ist. Dieses Verfahren wird Euler-Methode genannt. + +\subsection{Diskreter Laplace-Operator $\Delta_h$} +Die diskrete Ableitung zweiter Ordnung kann mit Hilfe der Taylor-Reihen-Entwicklung als +\begin{equation*} + \frac{\partial^2f}{\partial x^2} \approx \frac{f(x+dx)-2f(x)+f(x-dx)}{dx^2} +\end{equation*} +approximiert werden \cite{kreismembran:Digital_Image_processing}. +Dank der Linearität der Ableitung kann die Ableitung einer weiteren Dimension addiert werden. +Daraus folgt für den zweidimensionalen Fall +\begin{equation*} + \Delta_h u= \frac{u(x+dh,y,t)+u(x,y+dh,t)-4f(x)+u(x-dh,y,t)+u(x,y-dh,t)}{dh^2}. +\end{equation*} +Um $ \Delta_h $ auf eine Matrix anwenden zu können wird die Gleichung in Form einer Filtermaske + \begin{equation} + \Delta_h u= \frac{1}{dh^2} + \left[ {\begin{array}{ccc} + 0 & 1 & 0\\ + 1 & -4 & 1\\ + 0 & 1 & 0\\ + \end{array} } \right] + \end{equation} +formuliert. +Die Filtermaske kann dann auf jedes Element einzeln angewendet werden mit einer Matrizen-Faltung um $ \Delta_h U[] $ zu berechnen. + +\subsection{Simulation: Kreisförmige Membran} +Als Beispiel soll nun eine schwingende kreisförmige Membran simuliert werden. +\subsubsection{Initialisierung} +Die Anzahl der simulierten Elemente soll $ m \times n $ sein, was die Dimensionen von $ U $ und $ V $ vorgibt. +Als Anfangsbedingung wird eine Membran gewählt, welche bei $ t=0 $ mit einer Gauss-Kurve ausgelenkt wird. +Die Membran soll sich zu Beginn nicht bewegen, also wird $ V[0] $ mit Nullen initialisiert. +Die Auslenkung kann kompakt erreicht werden, wenn $ U[0] $ als Null-Matrix mit einer $ 1 $ in der Mitte initialisiert wird. +Diese Matrix wird anschliessend mit einer Filtermaske in Form einer Gauss-Glocke gefaltet. +Die Faltung mit einer Gauss-Glocke ist in Programmen wie Matlab eine Standartfunktion, da dies einem Tiefpassfilter in der Bildverarbeitung entspricht. + +\subsubsection{Rand} +Bislang ist die definierte Matrix rechteckig. +Um eine kreisförmige Membran zu simulieren, muss der Rand angepasst werden. +Da in den meisten Programme keine Möglichkeit besteht, mit runden Matrizen zu rechnen, wird der Rand in der Berechnung des Folgezustandes implementiert. +Der Rand bedeutet, dass Membran-Elemente auf dem Rand sich nicht Bewegen können. +Die Position, sowie die Geschwindigkeit aller Elemente, welche nicht auf der definierten Membran sind, müssen zu beliebiger Zeit $0$ sein. +Hierzu wird eine Maske $M$ erstellt. +Diese Maske besteht aus einer binären Matrix von identischer Dimension wie $ U $ und $ V $. +Ist in der Matrix $M$ eine $1$ abgebildet, so ist an jener Stelle ein Element der Membran, ist es eine $0$ so befindet sich dieses Element auf dem Rand oder ausserhalb der Membran. +In dieser Anwendung ist $M$ eine Matrix mit einem Kreis voller $1$ umgeben von $0$ bis an den Rand der Matrix. +Die Maske wird angewendet, indem das Resultat des nächsten Zustandes noch mit der Maske elementweise multipliziert wird. +Der Folgezustand kann also mit den Gleichungen +\begin{align} + \label{kreismembran:eq:folge_U} + U[w+1] &= (U[w] + dt \cdot V[w])\odot M\\ + \label{kreismembran:eq:folge_V} + V[w+1] &= (V[w] + dt \cdot \Delta_h u \cdot c^2)\odot M +\end{align} +berechnet werden. Das Symbol $\odot$ steht hier für eine elementweise Matrixmultiplikation (Hadamard-Produkt) +\subsubsection{Simulation} +Mit den gegebenen Gleichungen \eqref{kreismembran:eq:folge_U} und \eqref{kreismembran:eq:folge_V} das Verhalten der Membran mit einem Loop über das zu untersuchende Zeitintervall berechnet werden. +In der Abbildung \ref{kreismembran:im:simres_rund} sind Simulationsresultate zu sehen. +Die erste Figur zeigt die Ausgangslage gefolgt von den Auslenkungen nach jeweils $ 50 $ weiteren Iterationsschritten. +Es ist zu erkennen, wie sich die Störung vom Zentrum an den Rand ausbreitet. +Erreicht die Störung den Rand, wird sie reflektiert und nähert sich dem Zentrum. +\begin{figure} + + \begin{center} + + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_1_1.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_1_2.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_1_3.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_1_4.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_1_5.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_1_6.png} + \caption{Simulations Resultate einer kreisförmigen Membran. Simuliert mit $ 200 \times 200 $ Elementen, dargestellt sind die Auslenkungen nach jeweils $ 50 $ Iterationsschritten.} + \label{kreismembran:im:simres_rund} + + \end{center} +\end{figure} +\subsection{Simulation: Unendliche Membran} + +Um eine unendlich grosse Membran zu simulieren, könnte der unpraktische Weg gewählt werden, die Matrix unendlich gross zu definieren, dies wird jedoch spätestens bei der numerischen Berechnung seine Probleme mit sich bringen. +Etwas geeigneter ist es, die Matrix so gross wie möglich zu definieren, wie es die Kapazitäten erlauben. +Wenn anschliessend nur das Verhalten im Zentrum, bei der Störung beobachtet wird, verhaltet sich die Membran wie eine unendliche. +Dies aber nur bis die Störung am Rand reflektiert wird und wieder das Zentrum beeinflusst. +Soll erst gar keine Reflexion entstehen, muss ein Absorber modelliert werden welcher die Störung möglichst ohne Reflexion aufnimmt. + +\subsubsection{Absorber} +Sehr knapp formuliert entstehen Reflexionen, wenn eine Welle von einem Material in ein anderes Material mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften eindringen möchte. +Je unterschiedlicher und abrupter der Übergang zwischen den Materialien umso ausgeprägter die Reflexion. +In diesem Fall sind die Eigenschaften vorgegeben. +Im Zentrum soll sich die Membran verhalten, wie von der DGL vorgegeben, am Rand jedoch muss sich jedes Membran-Element in der Ausgangslage befinden. +Der Spielraum welcher dem Absorber übrig bleibt ist die Art der Überganges. +Bei der endlichen kreisförmigen Membran hat die Maske $M$ einen binären Übergang von Membran zu Rand bezweckt. +Anstelle dieses abrupten Wechsels wird nun eine Maske definiert, welche graduell von Membran $1$ zu Rand-Element $0$ wechselt. +Die Elemente werden auf Basis ihres Abstand $r$ zum Zentrum definiert. +Der Abstand ist +\begin{equation*} + r(i,j) = \sqrt{|i-\frac{m}{2}|^2+|j-\frac{n}{2}|^2}, +\end{equation*} +wobei $ m $ und $n$ die Dimensionen der Matrix sind. +Für einen stufenlosen Übergang werden die Elemente der Maske auf + +\begin{align} + M_{ij} = \begin{cases} 1-e^{(r(i,j)-b)a} & \text{$x > b$} \\ + 0 & \text{sonst} \end{cases} +\end{align} +gesetzt. +Der Parameter $a > 0$ bestimmt wie Steil der Übergang sein soll, $b$ bestimmt wie weit weg vom Zentrum sich der Übergang befindet. +In der Abbildung \ref{kreismembran:im:masks} ist der Unterschied der beiden Masken zu sehen. +\begin{figure} + + \begin{center} + + \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/mask_disk.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/mask_absorber.png} + \caption{Vergleich von Masken: Links Binär für eine endliche Membran, rechts mit Absorber für eine unendliche Membran} + \label{kreismembran:im:masks} + \end{center} +\end{figure} +\subsubsection{Simulation} +Bis auf die Absorber-Maske kann nun identisch zur endlichen Membran simuliert werden. +Auch hier wurde eine Gauss-Glocke als Anfangsbedingung gewählt. +Die Simulationsresultate von Abbildung \ref{kreismembran:im:simres_unendlich} +\begin{figure} + + \begin{center} + + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_2_1.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_2_2.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_2_3.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_2_4.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_2_5.png} + \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{papers/kreismembran/images/sim_2_6.png} + \caption{Simulations Resultate einer unendlichen Membran. Simuliert mit $ 200 \times 200 $ Elementen, dargestellt sind die Auslenkungen nach jeweils $ 50 $ Iterationsschritten.} + \label{kreismembran:im:simres_unendlich} + + \end{center} +\end{figure} +zeigen deutlich wie die Störung vom Zentrum weg verläuft. +Nähert sich die Störung dem Rand, so wird sie immer stärker abgeschwächt. +Die Wirkung des Absorber ist an der letzten Figur zu erkennen, in welcher kaum noch Auslenkungen zu sehen sind. +Dieses Verhalten spricht für den Absorber-Ansatz, es soll jedoch erwähnt sein, dass der Übergangsbereich eine sanft ansteigende Dämpfung in das System bringt. +Die DGL \ref{kreismembran:Ausgang_DGL} welche simuliert wird geht jedoch von der Annahme \ref{kreimembran:annahmen} iv) aus, dass die Membran keine Art von Dämpfung erfährt. + +\section{Schlusswort} +Auch wenn ein physikalisches Verhalten bereits durch Annahmen und Annäherungen deutlich vereinfacht wird, bestehen auch dann noch eine Vielzahl von Lösungsansätzen. +Lösungen einer unendlich grosse Membran scheinen fern der Realität zu sein, doch dies darf es im Sinne der Mathematik. +Und wer weiss, für eine Ameise auf einem Trampolin ist eine unendliche Membran vielleicht eine ganz gute Annäherung. + + + + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile b/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile index f798a55..995206b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile @@ -5,5 +5,6 @@ # images: - @echo "no images to be created in kugel" + $(MAKE) -C ./figures/povray/ + $(MAKE) -C ./figures/tikz/ diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile.inc index d926229..50d6825 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/Makefile.inc @@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # dependencies-kugel = \ - papers/kugel/packages.tex \ + papers/kugel/packages.tex \ papers/kugel/main.tex \ - papers/kugel/references.bib \ - papers/kugel/teil0.tex \ - papers/kugel/teil1.tex \ - papers/kugel/teil2.tex \ - papers/kugel/teil3.tex + papers/kugel/references.bib diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2f227e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell: + +\section{Applications} + +\subsection{Electroencephalography (EEG)} + +\subsection{Measuring Gravitational Fields} + +\subsection{Quantisation of Angular Momentum} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/flux.pdf b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/flux.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a87288 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/flux.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/Makefile b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4226dab --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +# +# Makefile -- build images +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# +all: curvature.jpg spherecurve.jpg + +curvature.inc: curvgraph.m + octave curvgraph.m + +curvature.png: curvature.pov curvature.inc + povray +A0.1 +W1920 +H1080 +Ocurvature.png curvature.pov + +curvature.jpg: curvature.png + convert curvature.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch curvature.jpg + +spherecurve2.inc: spherecurve.m + octave spherecurve.m + +spherecurve.png: spherecurve.pov spherecurve.inc + povray +A0.1 +W1080 +H1080 +Ospherecurve.png spherecurve.pov + +spherecurve.jpg: spherecurve.png + convert spherecurve.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch spherecurve.jpg + +spherecurve: spherecurve.cpp + g++ -o spherecurve -g -Wall -O spherecurve.cpp + +spherecurve.inc: spherecurve + ./spherecurve diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.jpg b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6448966 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.jpg diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.maxima b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.maxima new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6313642 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.maxima @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + +f: exp(-r^2/sigma^2)/sigma; +laplacef: ratsimp(diff(r * diff(f,r), r) / r); +f: exp(-r^2/(2*sigma^2))/(sqrt(2)*sigma); +laplacef: ratsimp(diff(r * diff(f,r), r) / r); + diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.png b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..20268f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.png diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.pov b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b15d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature.pov @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +// +// curvature.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// + +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.09; + +camera { + location <10, 10, -40> + look_at <0, 0, 0> + right 16/9 * x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <-10, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +// +// draw an arrow from <from> to <to> with thickness <arrowthickness> with +// color <c> +// +#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c) +#declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from); +#declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from); +union { + sphere { + from, 1.1 * arrowthickness + } + cylinder { + from, + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + arrowthickness + } + cone { + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + 2 * arrowthickness, + to, + 0 + } + pigment { + color c + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +#end + +arrow(<-3.1,0,0>, <3.1,0,0>, 0.01, White) +arrow(<0,-1,0>, <0,1,0>, 0.01, White) +arrow(<0,0,-2.1>, <0,0,2.1>, 0.01, White) + +#include "curvature.inc" + +#declare sigma = 1; +#declare s = 1.4; +#declare N0 = 0.4; +#declare funktion = function(r) { + (exp(-r*r/(sigma*sigma)) / sigma + - + exp(-r*r/(2*sigma*sigma)) / (sqrt(2)*sigma)) / N0 +}; +#declare hypot = function(xx, yy) { sqrt(xx*xx+yy*yy) }; + +#declare Funktion = function(x,y) { funktion(hypot(x+s,y)) - funktion(hypot(x-s,y)) }; +#macro punkt(xx,yy) + <xx, Funktion(xx, yy), yy> +#end + +#declare griddiameter = 0.006; +union { + #declare xmin = -3; + #declare xmax = 3; + #declare ymin = -2; + #declare ymax = 2; + + + #declare xstep = 0.2; + #declare ystep = 0.02; + #declare xx = xmin; + #while (xx < xmax + xstep/2) + #declare yy = ymin; + #declare P = punkt(xx, yy); + #while (yy < ymax - ystep/2) + #declare yy = yy + ystep; + #declare Q = punkt(xx, yy); + sphere { P, griddiameter } + cylinder { P, Q, griddiameter } + #declare P = Q; + #end + sphere { P, griddiameter } + #declare xx = xx + xstep; + #end + + #declare xstep = 0.02; + #declare ystep = 0.2; + #declare yy = ymin; + #while (yy < ymax + ystep/2) + #declare xx = xmin; + #declare P = punkt(xx, yy); + #while (xx < xmax - xstep/2) + #declare xx = xx + xstep; + #declare Q = punkt(xx, yy); + sphere { P, griddiameter } + cylinder { P, Q, griddiameter } + #declare P = Q; + #end + sphere { P, griddiameter } + #declare yy = yy + ystep; + #end + + pigment { + color rgb<0.8,0.8,0.8> + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.8 + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvgraph.m b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvgraph.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75effd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvgraph.m @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +# +# curvature.m +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# + +global N; +N = 10; + +global sigma2; +sigma2 = 1; + +global s; +s = 1.4; + +global cmax; +cmax = 0.9; +global cmin; +cmin = -0.9; + +global Cmax; +global Cmin; +Cmax = 0; +Cmin = 0; + +xmin = -3; +xmax = 3; +xsteps = 200; +hx = (xmax - xmin) / xsteps; + +ymin = -2; +ymax = 2; +ysteps = 200; +hy = (ymax - ymin) / ysteps; + +function retval = f0(r) + global sigma2; + retval = exp(-r^2/sigma2)/sqrt(sigma2) - exp(-r^2/(2*sigma2))/(sqrt(2*sigma2)); +end + +global N0; +N0 = f0(0) +N0 = 0.4; + +function retval = f1(x,y) + global N0; + retval = f0(hypot(x, y)) / N0; +endfunction + +function retval = f(x, y) + global s; + retval = f1(x+s, y) - f1(x-s, y); +endfunction + +function retval = curvature0(r) + global sigma2; + retval = ( + -4*(sigma2-r^2)*exp(-r^2/sigma2) + + + (2*sigma2-r^2)*exp(-r^2/(2*sigma2)) + ) / (sigma2^(5/2)); +endfunction + +function retval = curvature1(x, y) + retval = curvature0(hypot(x, y)); +endfunction + +function retval = curvature(x, y) + global s; + retval = curvature1(x+s, y) - curvature1(x-s, y); +endfunction + +function retval = farbe(x, y) + global Cmax; + global Cmin; + global cmax; + global cmin; + c = curvature(x, y); + if (c < Cmin) + Cmin = c + endif + if (c > Cmax) + Cmax = c + endif + u = (c - cmin) / (cmax - cmin); + if (u > 1) + u = 1; + endif + if (u < 0) + u = 0; + endif + color = [ u, 0.5, 1-u ]; + color = color/max(color); + color(1,4) = c/2; + retval = color; +endfunction + +function dreieck(fn, A, B, C) + fprintf(fn, "\ttriangle {\n"); + fprintf(fn, "\t <%.4f,%.4f,%.4f>,\n", A(1,1), A(1,3), A(1,2)); + fprintf(fn, "\t <%.4f,%.4f,%.4f>,\n", B(1,1), B(1,3), B(1,2)); + fprintf(fn, "\t <%.4f,%.4f,%.4f>\n", C(1,1), C(1,3), C(1,2)); + fprintf(fn, "\t}\n"); +endfunction + +function viereck(fn, punkte) + color = farbe(mean(punkte(:,1)), mean(punkte(:,2))); + fprintf(fn, " mesh {\n"); + dreieck(fn, punkte(1,:), punkte(2,:), punkte(3,:)); + dreieck(fn, punkte(2,:), punkte(3,:), punkte(4,:)); + fprintf(fn, "\tpigment { color rgb<%.4f,%.4f,%.4f> } // %.4f\n", + color(1,1), color(1,2), color(1,3), color(1,4)); + fprintf(fn, " }\n"); +endfunction + +fn = fopen("curvature.inc", "w"); +punkte = zeros(4,3); +for ix = (0:xsteps-1) + x = xmin + ix * hx; + punkte(1,1) = x; + punkte(2,1) = x; + punkte(3,1) = x + hx; + punkte(4,1) = x + hx; + for iy = (0:ysteps-1) + y = ymin + iy * hy; + punkte(1,2) = y; + punkte(2,2) = y + hy; + punkte(3,2) = y; + punkte(4,2) = y + hy; + for i = (1:4) + punkte(i,3) = f(punkte(i,1), punkte(i,2)); + endfor + viereck(fn, punkte); + end +end +#fprintf(fn, " finish { metallic specular 0.5 }\n"); +fclose(fn); + +printf("Cmax = %.4f\n", Cmax); +printf("Cmin = %.4f\n", Cmin); diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.cpp b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ddf5e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +/* + * spherecurve.cpp + * + * (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule + */ +#include <cstdio> +#include <cstdlib> +#include <cmath> +#include <string> +#include <iostream> + +inline double sqr(double x) { return x * x; } + +/** + * \brief Class for 3d vectors (also used as colors) + */ +class vector { + double X[3]; +public: + vector() { X[0] = X[1] = X[2] = 0; } + vector(double a) { X[0] = X[1] = X[2] = a; } + vector(double x, double y, double z) { + X[0] = x; X[1] = y; X[2] = z; + } + vector(double theta, double phi) { + double s = sin(theta); + X[0] = cos(phi) * s; + X[1] = sin(phi) * s; + X[2] = cos(theta); + } + vector(const vector& other) { + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + X[i] = other.X[i]; + } + } + vector operator+(const vector& other) const { + return vector(X[0] + other.X[0], + X[1] + other.X[1], + X[2] + other.X[2]); + } + vector operator*(double l) const { + return vector(X[0] * l, X[1] * l, X[2] * l); + } + double operator*(const vector& other) const { + double s = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + s += X[i] * other.X[i]; + } + return s; + } + double norm() const { + double s = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + s += sqr(X[i]); + } + return sqrt(s); + } + vector normalize() const { + double l = norm(); + return vector(X[0]/l, X[1]/l, X[2]/l); + } + double max() const { + return std::max(X[0], std::max(X[1], X[2])); + } + double l0norm() const { + double l = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + if (fabs(X[i]) > l) { + l = fabs(X[i]); + } + } + return l; + } + vector l0normalize() const { + double l = l0norm(); + vector result(X[0]/l, X[1]/l, X[2]/l); + return result; + } + const double& operator[](int i) const { return X[i]; } + double& operator[](int i) { return X[i]; } +}; + +/** + * \brief Derived 3d vector class implementing color + * + * The constructor in this class converts a single value into a + * color on a suitable gradient. + */ +class color : public vector { +public: + static double utop; + static double ubottom; + static double green; +public: + color(double u) { + u = (u - ubottom) / (utop - ubottom); + if (u > 1) { + u = 1; + } + if (u < 0) { + u = 0; + } + u = pow(u,2); + (*this)[0] = u; + (*this)[1] = green * u * (1 - u); + (*this)[2] = 1-u; + double l = l0norm(); + for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { + (*this)[i] /= l; + } + } +}; + +double color::utop = 12; +double color::ubottom = -31; +double color::green = 0.5; + +/** + * \brief Surface model + * + * This class contains the definitions of the functions to plot + * and the parameters to + */ +class surfacefunction { + static vector axes[6]; + + double _a; + double _A; + + double _umin; + double _umax; +public: + double a() const { return _a; } + double A() const { return _A; } + + double umin() const { return _umin; } + double umax() const { return _umax; } + + surfacefunction(double a, double A) : _a(a), _A(A), _umin(0), _umax(0) { + } + + double f(double z) { + return A() * exp(a() * (sqr(z) - 1)); + } + + double g(double z) { + return -f(z) * 2*a() * ((2*a()*sqr(z) + (3-2*a()))*sqr(z) - 1); + } + + double F(const vector& v) { + double s = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { + s += f(axes[i] * v); + } + return s / 6; + } + + double G(const vector& v) { + double s = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) { + s += g(axes[i] * v); + } + return s / 6; + } +protected: + color farbe(const vector& v) { + double u = G(v); + if (u < _umin) { + _umin = u; + } + if (u > _umax) { + _umax = u; + } + return color(u); + } +}; + +static double phi = (1 + sqrt(5)) / 2; +static double sl = sqrt(sqr(phi) + 1); +vector surfacefunction::axes[6] = { + vector( 0. , -1./sl, phi/sl ), + vector( 0. , 1./sl, phi/sl ), + vector( 1./sl, phi/sl, 0. ), + vector( -1./sl, phi/sl, 0. ), + vector( phi/sl, 0. , 1./sl ), + vector( -phi/sl, 0. , 1./sl ) +}; + +/** + * \brief Class to construct the plot + */ +class surface : public surfacefunction { + FILE *outfile; + + int _phisteps; + int _thetasteps; + double _hphi; + double _htheta; +public: + int phisteps() const { return _phisteps; } + int thetasteps() const { return _thetasteps; } + double hphi() const { return _hphi; } + double htheta() const { return _htheta; } + void phisteps(int s) { _phisteps = s; _hphi = 2 * M_PI / s; } + void thetasteps(int s) { _thetasteps = s; _htheta = M_PI / s; } + + surface(const std::string& filename, double a, double A) + : surfacefunction(a, A) { + outfile = fopen(filename.c_str(), "w"); + phisteps(400); + thetasteps(200); + } + + ~surface() { + fclose(outfile); + } + +private: + void triangle(const vector& v0, const vector& v1, const vector& v2) { + fprintf(outfile, " mesh {\n"); + vector c = (v0 + v1 + v2) * (1./3.); + vector color = farbe(c.normalize()); + vector V0 = v0 * (1 + F(v0)); + vector V1 = v1 * (1 + F(v1)); + vector V2 = v2 * (1 + F(v2)); + fprintf(outfile, "\ttriangle {\n"); + fprintf(outfile, "\t <%.6f,%.6f,%.6f>,\n", + V0[0], V0[2], V0[1]); + fprintf(outfile, "\t <%.6f,%.6f,%.6f>,\n", + V1[0], V1[2], V1[1]); + fprintf(outfile, "\t <%.6f,%.6f,%.6f>\n", + V2[0], V2[2], V2[1]); + fprintf(outfile, "\t}\n"); + fprintf(outfile, "\tpigment { color rgb<%.4f,%.4f,%.4f> }\n", + color[0], color[1], color[2]); + fprintf(outfile, "\tfinish { metallic specular 0.5 }\n"); + fprintf(outfile, " }\n"); + } + + void northcap() { + vector v0(0, 0, 1); + for (int i = 1; i <= phisteps(); i++) { + fprintf(outfile, " // northcap i = %d\n", i); + vector v1(htheta(), (i - 1) * hphi()); + vector v2(htheta(), i * hphi()); + triangle(v0, v1, v2); + } + } + + void southcap() { + vector v0(0, 0, -1); + for (int i = 1; i <= phisteps(); i++) { + fprintf(outfile, " // southcap i = %d\n", i); + vector v1(M_PI - htheta(), (i - 1) * hphi()); + vector v2(M_PI - htheta(), i * hphi()); + triangle(v0, v1, v2); + } + } + + void zone() { + for (int j = 1; j < thetasteps() - 1; j++) { + for (int i = 1; i <= phisteps(); i++) { + fprintf(outfile, " // zone j = %d, i = %d\n", + j, i); + vector v0( j * htheta(), (i-1) * hphi()); + vector v1((j+1) * htheta(), (i-1) * hphi()); + vector v2( j * htheta(), i * hphi()); + vector v3((j+1) * htheta(), i * hphi()); + triangle(v0, v1, v2); + triangle(v1, v2, v3); + } + } + } +public: + void draw() { + northcap(); + southcap(); + zone(); + } +}; + +/** + * \brief main function + */ +int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { + surface S("spherecurve.inc", 5, 10); + color::green = 1.0; + S.draw(); + std::cout << "umin: " << S.umin() << std::endl; + std::cout << "umax: " << S.umax() << std::endl; + return EXIT_SUCCESS; +} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.jpg b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd2e7c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.jpg diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.m b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99d5c9a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.m @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +# +# spherecurve.m +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# +global a; +a = 5; +global A; +A = 10; + +phisteps = 400; +hphi = 2 * pi / phisteps; +thetasteps = 200; +htheta = pi / thetasteps; + +function retval = f(z) + global a; + global A; + retval = A * exp(a * (z^2 - 1)); +endfunction + +function retval = g(z) + global a; + retval = -f(z) * 2 * a * (2 * a * z^4 + (3 - 2*a) * z^2 - 1); + # 2 + # - a 2 4 2 2 a z + #(%o6) - %e (4 a z + (6 a - 4 a ) z - 2 a) %e +endfunction + +phi = (1 + sqrt(5)) / 2; + +global axes; +axes = [ + 0, 0, 1, -1, phi, -phi; + 1, -1, phi, phi, 0, 0; + phi, phi, 0, 0, 1, 1; +]; +axes = axes / (sqrt(phi^2+1)); + +function retval = kugel(theta, phi) + retval = [ + cos(phi) * sin(theta); + sin(phi) * sin(theta); + cos(theta) + ]; +endfunction + +function retval = F(v) + global axes; + s = 0; + for i = (1:6) + z = axes(:,i)' * v; + s = s + f(z); + endfor + retval = s / 6; +endfunction + +function retval = F2(theta, phi) + v = kugel(theta, phi); + retval = F(v); +endfunction + +function retval = G(v) + global axes; + s = 0; + for i = (1:6) + s = s + g(axes(:,i)' * v); + endfor + retval = s / 6; +endfunction + +function retval = G2(theta, phi) + v = kugel(theta, phi); + retval = G(v); +endfunction + +function retval = cnormalize(u) + utop = 11; + ubottom = -30; + retval = (u - ubottom) / (utop - ubottom); + if (retval > 1) + retval = 1; + endif + if (retval < 0) + retval = 0; + endif +endfunction + +global umin; +umin = 0; +global umax; +umax = 0; + +function color = farbe(v) + global umin; + global umax; + u = G(v); + if (u < umin) + umin = u; + endif + if (u > umax) + umax = u; + endif + u = cnormalize(u); + color = [ u, 0.5, 1-u ]; + color = color/max(color); +endfunction + +function dreieck(fn, v0, v1, v2) + fprintf(fn, " mesh {\n"); + c = (v0 + v1 + v2) / 3; + c = c / norm(c); + color = farbe(c); + v0 = v0 * (1 + F(v0)); + v1 = v1 * (1 + F(v1)); + v2 = v2 * (1 + F(v2)); + fprintf(fn, "\ttriangle {\n"); + fprintf(fn, "\t <%.6f,%.6f,%.6f>,\n", v0(1,1), v0(3,1), v0(2,1)); + fprintf(fn, "\t <%.6f,%.6f,%.6f>,\n", v1(1,1), v1(3,1), v1(2,1)); + fprintf(fn, "\t <%.6f,%.6f,%.6f>\n", v2(1,1), v2(3,1), v2(2,1)); + fprintf(fn, "\t}\n"); + fprintf(fn, "\tpigment { color rgb<%.4f,%.4f,%.4f> }\n", + color(1,1), color(1,2), color(1,3)); + fprintf(fn, "\tfinish { metallic specular 0.5 }\n"); + fprintf(fn, " }\n"); +endfunction + +fn = fopen("spherecurve2.inc", "w"); + + for i = (1:phisteps) + # Polkappe nord + v0 = [ 0; 0; 1 ]; + v1 = kugel(htheta, (i-1) * hphi); + v2 = kugel(htheta, i * hphi); + fprintf(fn, " // i = %d\n", i); + dreieck(fn, v0, v1, v2); + + # Polkappe sued + v0 = [ 0; 0; -1 ]; + v1 = kugel(pi-htheta, (i-1) * hphi); + v2 = kugel(pi-htheta, i * hphi); + dreieck(fn, v0, v1, v2); + endfor + + for j = (1:thetasteps-2) + for i = (1:phisteps) + v0 = kugel( j * htheta, (i-1) * hphi); + v1 = kugel((j+1) * htheta, (i-1) * hphi); + v2 = kugel( j * htheta, i * hphi); + v3 = kugel((j+1) * htheta, i * hphi); + fprintf(fn, " // i = %d, j = %d\n", i, j); + dreieck(fn, v0, v1, v2); + dreieck(fn, v1, v2, v3); + endfor + endfor + +fclose(fn); + +umin +umax diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.maxima b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.maxima new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e9077c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.maxima @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +/* + * spherecurv.maxima + * + * (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule + */ +f: exp(-a * sin(theta)^2); + +g: ratsimp(diff(sin(theta) * diff(f, theta), theta)/sin(theta)); +g: subst(z, cos(theta), g); +g: subst(sqrt(1-z^2), sin(theta), g); +ratsimp(g); + +f: ratsimp(subst(sqrt(1-z^2), sin(theta), f)); diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.png b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff24371 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.png diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.pov b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1bf4b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve.pov @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +// +// curvature.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// + +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.13; + +camera { + location <10, 10, -40> + look_at <0, 0, 0> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <-10, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +// +// draw an arrow from <from> to <to> with thickness <arrowthickness> with +// color <c> +// +#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c) +#declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from); +#declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from); +union { + sphere { + from, 1.1 * arrowthickness + } + cylinder { + from, + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + arrowthickness + } + cone { + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + 2 * arrowthickness, + to, + 0 + } + pigment { + color c + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +#end + +arrow(<-2.7,0,0>, <2.7,0,0>, 0.03, White) +arrow(<0,-2.7,0>, <0,2.7,0>, 0.03, White) +arrow(<0,0,-2.7>, <0,0,2.7>, 0.03, White) + +#include "spherecurve.inc" + diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/Makefile b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ec4e5a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +FIGURES := spherical-coordinates.pdf curvature-1d.pdf + +all: $(FIGURES) + +%.pdf: %.tex + pdflatex $< + +curvature-1d.pdf: curvature-1d.tex curvature-1d.dat + pdflatex curvature-1d.tex + +curvature-1d.dat: curvature-1d.py + python3 $< diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.dat b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.dat new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6622398 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.dat @@ -0,0 +1,500 @@ +0.000000000000000000e+00 1.000000000000000000e+00 5.000007286987066095e+02 +2.004008016032064049e-02 1.025056790958151831e+00 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7.375444106754310951e+02 +9.939879759519037350e+00 4.968370691358828140e+00 7.463131767744092713e+02 +9.959919839679358233e+00 4.964016935904367323e+00 7.549830259193067832e+02 +9.979959919839679117e+00 4.959884041418952449e+00 7.635504763735062852e+02 +1.000000000000000000e+01 4.955978889110630448e+00 7.720120875228209343e+02 diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.pdf b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6425af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.py b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4710fc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.py @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + + +@np.vectorize +def fn(x): + return (x ** 2) * 2 / 100 + (1 + x / 4) + np.sin(x) + +@np.vectorize +def ddfn(x): + return 2 * 5 / 100 - np.sin(x) + +x = np.linspace(0, 10, 500) +y = fn(x) +ddy = ddfn(x) + +cmap = ddy - np.min(ddy) +cmap = cmap * 1000 / np.max(cmap) + +plt.plot(x, y) +plt.plot(x, ddy) +# plt.plot(x, cmap) + +plt.show() + +fname = "curvature-1d.dat" +np.savetxt(fname, np.array([x, y, cmap]).T, delimiter=" ") + +# with open(fname, "w") as f: +# # f.write("x y cmap\n") +# for xv, yv, cv in zip(x, y, cmap): +# f.write(f"{xv} {yv} {cv}\n") diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6983fb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d.tex @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et: +\documentclass[tikz, border=5mm]{standalone} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\begin{document} +\begin{tikzpicture} + \begin{axis}[ + clip = false, + width = 8cm, height = 6cm, + xtick = \empty, ytick = \empty, + colormap name = viridis, + axis lines = middle, + axis line style = {ultra thick, -latex} + ] + \addplot+[ + smooth, mark=none, line width = 3pt, mesh, + point meta=explicit, + ] file {curvature-1d.dat}; + \end{axis} +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/spherical-coordinates.pdf b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/spherical-coordinates.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1bff016 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/spherical-coordinates.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/spherical-coordinates.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/spherical-coordinates.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a45385 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/figures/tikz/spherical-coordinates.tex @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{bm} +\usepackage{lmodern} +\usepackage{tikz-3dplot} + +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{intersections} +\usetikzlibrary{math} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta} +\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc} +\usetikzlibrary{calc} + +\begin{document} + +\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{130} +\pgfmathsetmacro{\l}{2} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[ + >=latex, + tdplot_main_coords, + dot/.style = { + black, fill = black, circle, + outer sep = 0, inner sep = 0, + minimum size = .8mm + }, + round/.style = { + draw = orange, thick, circle, + minimum size = 1mm, + inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0pt, + }, + cross/.style = { + cross out, draw = magenta, thick, + minimum size = 1mm, + inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0pt + }, + ] + + % origin + \coordinate (O) at (0,0,0); + + % poles + \coordinate (NP) at (0,0,\l); + \coordinate (SP) at (0,0,-\l); + + % \draw (SP) node[dot, gray] {}; + % \draw (NP) node[dot, gray] {}; + + % gray unit circle + \tdplotdrawarc[gray]{(O)}{\l}{0}{360}{}{}; + \draw[gray, dashed] (-\l, 0, 0) to (\l, 0, 0); + \draw[gray, dashed] (0, -\l, 0) to (0, \l, 0); + + % axis + \draw[->] (O) -- ++(1.25*\l,0,0) node[left] {\(\mathbf{\hat{x}}\)}; + \draw[->] (O) -- ++(0,1.25*\l,0) node[right] {\(\mathbf{\hat{y}}\)}; + \draw[->] (O) -- ++(0,0,1.25*\l) node[above] {\(\mathbf{\hat{z}}\)}; + + % meridians + \foreach \phi in {0, 30, 60, ..., 150}{ + \tdplotsetrotatedcoords{\phi}{90}{0}; + \tdplotdrawarc[lightgray, densely dotted, tdplot_rotated_coords]{(O)}{\l}{0}{360}{}{}; + } + + % dot above and its projection + \pgfmathsetmacro{\phi}{120} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\theta}{40} + + \pgfmathsetmacro{\px}{cos(\phi)*sin(\theta)*\l} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\py}{sin(\phi)*sin(\theta)*\l} + \pgfmathsetmacro{\pz}{cos(\theta)*\l}) + + % point A + \coordinate (A) at (\px,\py,\pz); + \coordinate (Ap) at (\px,\py, 0); + + % lines + \draw[red!80!black, ->] (O) -- (A); + \draw[red!80!black, densely dashed] (O) -- (Ap) -- (A) + node[above right] {\(\mathbf{\hat{r}}\)}; + + % arcs + \tdplotdrawarc[blue!80!black, ->]{(O)}{.8\l}{0}{\phi}{}{}; + \node[below right, blue!80!black] at (.8\l,0,0) {\(\bm{\hat{\varphi}}\)}; + + \tdplotsetrotatedcoords{\phi-90}{-90}{0}; + \tdplotdrawarc[blue!80!black, ->, tdplot_rotated_coords]{(O)}{.95\l}{0}{\theta}{}{}; + \node[above right = 1mm, blue!80!black] at (0,0,.8\l) {\(\bm{\hat{\vartheta}}\)}; + + + % dots + \draw (O) node[dot] {}; + \draw (A) node[dot, fill = red!80!black] {}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et: diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b09e9c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=78: + +\section{Introduction} + +This chapter of the book is devoted to the sef of functions called +\emph{spherical harmonics}. However, before we dive into the topic, we want to +make a few preliminary remarks to avoid ``upsetting'' a certain type of +reader. Specifically, we would like to specify that the authors of this +chapter not mathematicians but engineers, and therefore the text will not be +always complete with sound proofs after every claim. Instead we will go +through the topic in a more intuitive way including rigorous proofs only if +they are enlightening or when they are very short. Where no proofs are given +we will try to give an intuition for why it is true. + +That being said, when talking about spherical harmonics one could start by +describing their name. The latter may be a cause of some confusion because of +the misleading translations in other languages. In German the name for this +set of functions is ``Kugelfunktionen'', which puts the emphasis only on the +spherical context, whereas the English name ``spherical harmonics'' also +contains the \emph{harmonic} part hinting at Fourier theories and harmonic +analysis in general. + +The structure of this chapter is organized in the following way. First, we +will quickly go through some fundamental linear algebra and Fourier theory to +refresh a few important concepts. In principle, we could have written the +whole thing starting from a much more abstract level without much preparation, +but then we would have lost some of the beauty that comes from the +appreciation of the power of some surprisingly simple ideas. Then once the +basics are done, we can explore the main topic of spherical harmonics which as +we will see arises from the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian operator in +spherical coordinates. Finally, after studying what we think are the most +beautiful and interesting properties of the spherical harmonics, to conclude +this journey we will present a few real-world applications, which are of +course most of interest for engineers. + diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex index 0e632ec..d063f87 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,21 @@ -% +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et: + % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <kugel> % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:kugel}} -\lhead{Thema} +\begin{otherlanguage}{english} +\chapter{Spherical Harmonics\label{chapter:kugel}} +\lhead{Spherical Harmonics} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} +\chapterauthor{Manuel Cattaneo, Naoki Pross} -\input{papers/kugel/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/kugel/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/kugel/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/kugel/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/kugel/introduction} +\input{papers/kugel/preliminaries} +\input{papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics} +\input{papers/kugel/applications} +\input{papers/kugel/proofs} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} +\end{otherlanguage} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/packages.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/packages.tex index 61f91ad..ead7653 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/packages.tex @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et: % % packages.tex -- packages required by the paper kugel % @@ -7,4 +8,13 @@ % if your paper needs special packages, add package commands as in the % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +\usepackage{cases} +\newcommand{\kugeltodo}[1]{\textcolor{red!70!black}{\texttt{[TODO: #1]}}} +\newcommand{\kugelplaceholderfig}[2]{ \begin{tikzpicture}% + \fill[lightgray!20] (0, 0) rectangle (#1, #2);% + \node[gray, anchor = center] at ({#1 / 2}, {#2 / 2}) {\Huge \ttfamily \bfseries TODO}; + \end{tikzpicture}} + +\DeclareMathOperator{\sphlaplacian}{\nabla^2_{\mathit{S}}} +\DeclareMathOperator{\surflaplacian}{\nabla^2_{\partial \mathit{S}}} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e48abe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex @@ -0,0 +1,346 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=78: + +\section{Preliminaries} + +The purpose of this section is to dust off some concepts that will become +important later on. This will enable us to be able to get a richer and more +general view of the topic than just liming ourselves to a specific example. + +\subsection{Vectors and inner product spaces} + +We shall start with a few fundamentals of linear algebra. We will mostly work +with complex numbers, but for the sake of generality we will do what most +textbook do, and write \(\mathbb{K}\) instead of \(\mathbb{C}\) since the +theory works the same when we replace \(\mathbb{K}\) with the real +numbers \(\mathbb{R}\). + +\begin{definition}[Vector space] + \label{kugel:def:vector-space} \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + A \emph{vector space} over a field \(\mathbb{K}\) is a set \(V\) with an + addition on \(V\) and a multiplication on \(V\) such that the following + properties hold: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item (Commutativity) \(u + v = v + u\) for all \(u, v \in V\); + \item (Associativity) \((u + v) + w = u + (v + w)\) and \((ab)v = a(bv)\) + for all \(u, v, w \in V\) and \(a, b \in \mathbb{K}\); + \item (Additive identity) There exists an element \(0 \in V\) such that + \(v + 0 = v\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Additive inverse) For every \(v \in V\), there exists a \(w \in V\) + such that \(v + w = 0\); + \item (Multiplicative identity) \(1 v = v\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Distributive properties) \(a(u + v) = au + av\) and \((a + b)v = av + + bv\) for all \(a, b \in \mathbb{K}\) and all \(u,v \in V\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +\begin{definition}[Dot product] + \label{kugel:def:dot-product} + In the vector field \(\mathbb{K}^n\) the scalar or dot product between two + vectors \(u, v \in \mathbb{K}^n\) is + \( + u \cdot v + = u_1 \overline{v}_1 + u_2 \overline{v}_2 + \cdots + u_n \overline{v}_n + = \sum_{i=1}^n u_i \overline{v}_i. + \) +\end{definition} + +\kugeltodo{Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Span] +\end{definition} + +\kugeltodo{Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Linear independence] +\end{definition} + + +\kugeltodo{Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Basis] +\end{definition} + +\kugeltodo{Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Inner product] + \label{kugel:def:inner-product} \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + The \emph{inner product} on \(V\) is a function that takes each ordered pair + \((u, v)\) of elements of \(V\) to a number \(\langle u, v \rangle \in + \mathbb{K}\) and has the following properties: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item (Positivity) \(\langle v, v \rangle \geq 0\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Definiteness) \(\langle v, v \rangle = 0\) iff \(v = 0\); + \item (Additivity) \( + \langle u + v, w \rangle = + \langle u, w \rangle + \langle v, w \rangle + \) for all \(u, v, w \in V\); + \item (Homogeneity) \( + \langle \lambda u, v \rangle = + \lambda \langle u, v \rangle + \) for all \(\lambda \in \mathbb{K}\) and all \(u, v \in V\); + \item (Conjugate symmetry) + \(\langle u, v \rangle = \overline{\langle v, u \rangle}\) for all + \(u, v \in V\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +This newly introduced inner product is thus a generalization of the scalar +product that does not explicitly depend on rows or columns of vectors. This +has the interesting consequence that anything that behaves according to the +rules given in definition \ref{kugel:def:inner-product} \emph{is} an inner +product. For example if we say that the vector space \(V = \mathbb{R}^n\), +then the dot product defined in definition \ref{kugel:def:dot-product} +\( + u \cdot v = u_1 \overline{v}_1 + u_2 \overline{v}_2 + \cdots + u_n \overline{v}_n +\) +is an inner product in \(V\), and the two are said to form an \emph{inner +product space}. + +\begin{definition}[Inner product space] + \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + An inner product space is a vector space \(V\) equipped with an inner + product on \(V\). +\end{definition} + +How about a more interesting example: the set of continuous complex valued +functions on the interval \([0; 1]\) can behave like vectors. Functions can +be added, subtracted, multiplied with scalars, are associative and there is +even the identity element (zero function \(f(x) = 0\)), so we can create an +inner product +\[ + \langle f, g \rangle = \int_0^1 f(x) \overline{g(x)} \, dx, +\] +which will indeed satisfy all of the rules for an inner product (in fact this +is called the Hermitian inner product\nocite{allard_mathematics_2009}). If +this last step sounds too good to be true, you are right, because it is not +quite so simple. The problem that we have swept under the rug here is +convergence, which any student who took an analysis class will know is a +rather hairy question. We will not need to go too much into the details since +formally discussing convergence is definitely beyond the scope of this text, +however, for our purposes we will still need to dig a little deeper for a few +more paragraph. + +\subsection{Convergence} + +In the last section we hinted that we can create ``infinite-dimensional'' +vector spaces using functions as vectors, and inner product spaces by +integrating the product of two functions of said vector space. However, there +is a problem with convergence which twofold: the obvious problem is that the +integral of the inner product may not always converge, while the second is a +bit more subtle and will be discussed later. The inner product that does +not converge is a problem because we want a \emph{norm}. + +\begin{definition}[\(L^2\) Norm] + \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + The norm of a vector \(v\) of an inner product space is a number + denoted as \(\| v \|\) that is computed by \(\| v \| = \sqrt{\langle v, v + \rangle}\). +\end{definition} + +In \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with the dot product (Euclidian space) the norm is the +geometric length of a vector, while in a more general inner product space the +norm can be thought of as a more abstract measure of ``length''. In any case +it is rather important that the expression \(\sqrt{\langle v, v \rangle}\), +which when using functions \(f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{C}\) becomes +\[ + \sqrt{\langle f, f \rangle} = + \sqrt{\int_\mathbb{R} f(x) \overline{f(x)} \, dx} = + \sqrt{\int_\mathbb{R} |f(x)|^2 \, dx}, +\] +always exists. So, to fix this problems we do what mathematicians do best: +make up the solution. Since the integrand under the square root is always the +square of the magnitude, we can just specify that the functions must be +\emph{absolutely square integrable}. To be more compact it is common to just +write \(f \in L^2\), where \(L^2\) denotes the set of absolutely square +integrable functions. + +Now we can tackle the second (much more difficult) problem of convergence +mentioned at the beginning. Using the technical jargon, we need that our inner +product space is what is called a \emph{complete metric space}, which just +means that we can measure distances. For the more motivated readers although +not really necessary we can also give a more formal definition, the others can +skip to the next section. + +\begin{definition}[Metric space] + \nocite{tao_analysis_2016} + A metric space \((X, d)\) is a space \(X\) of objects (called points), + together with a distance function or metric \(d: X \times X \to [0, + +\infty)\), which associates to each pair \(x, y\) of points in \(X\) a + non-negative real number \(d(x, y) \geq 0\). Furthermore, the metric must + satisfy the following four axioms: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item For any \(x\in X\), we have \(d(x, x) = 0\). + \item (Positivity) For any \emph{distinct} \(x, y \in X\), we have + \(d(x,y) > 0\). + \item (Symmetry) For any \(x,y \in X\), we have \(d(x, y) = d(y, x)\). + \item (Triangle inequality) For any \(x, y, z \in X\) we have + \(d(x, z) \leq d(x, y) + d(y, z)\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +As is seen in the definition metric spaces are a very abstract concept and +rely on rather weak statements, which makes them very general. Now, the more +intimidating part is the \emph{completeness} which is defined as follows. + +\begin{definition}[Complete metric space] + \label{kugel:def:complete-metric-space} + A metric space \((X, d)\) is said to be \emph{complete} iff every Cauchy + sequence in \((X, d)\) is convergent in \((X, d)\). +\end{definition} + +To fully explain definition \ref{kugel:def:complete-metric-space} it would +take a few more pages, which would get a bit too heavy. So instead we will +give an informal explanation through an counterexample to get a feeling of +what is actually happening. Cauchy sequences is a rather fancy name for a +sequence for example of numbers that keep changing, but in a such a way that +at some point the change keeps getting smaller (the infamous +\(\varepsilon-\delta\) definition). For example consider the sequence of +numbers +\[ + 1, + 1.4, + 1.41, + 1.414, + 1.4142, + 1.41421, + \ldots +\] +in the metric space \((\mathbb{Q}, d)\) with \(d(x, y) = |x - y|\). Each +element of this sequence can be written with some fraction in \(\mathbb{Q}\), +but in \(\mathbb{R}\) the sequence is converging towards the number +\(\sqrt{2}\). However, \(\sqrt{2} \notin \mathbb{Q}\). Since we can find a +sequence of fractions whose distance's limit is not in \(\mathbb{Q}\), the +metric space \((\mathbb{Q}, d)\) is \emph{not} complete. Conversely, +\((\mathbb{R}, d)\) is a complete metric space since \(\sqrt{2} \in +\mathbb{R}\). + +Of course the analogy above also applies to vectors, i.e. if in an inner +product space \(V\) over a field \(\mathbb{K}\) all sequences of vectors have +a distance that is always in \(\mathbb{K}\), then \(V\) is also a complete +metric space. In the jargon, this particular case is what is known as a +Hilbert space, after the incredibly influential German mathematician David +Hilbert. + +\begin{definition}[Hilbert space] + A Hilbert space is a vector space \(H\) with an inner product \(\langle f, g + \rangle\) and a norm \(\sqrt{\langle f, f \rangle}\) defined such that \(H\) + turns into a complete metric space. +\end{definition} + +\subsection{Orthogonal basis and Fourier series} + +Now we finally have almost everything we need to get into the domain of +Fourier theory from the perspective of linear algebra. However, we still need +to briefly discuss the matter of orthogonality\footnote{See chapter +\ref{buch:chapter:orthogonalitaet} for more on orthogonality.} and +periodicity. Both should be very straightforward and already well known. + +\begin{definition}[Orthogonality and orthonormality] + \label{kugel:def:orthogonality} + In an inner product space \(V\) two vectors \(u, v \in V\) are said to be + \emph{orthogonal} if \(\langle u, v \rangle = 0\). Further, if both \(u\) + and \(v\) are of unit length, i.e. \(\| u \| = 1\) and \(\| v \| = 1\), then + they are said to be ortho\emph{normal}. +\end{definition} + +\begin{definition}[1-periodic function and \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\)] + A function is said to be 1-periodic if \(f(x + 1) = f(x)\). The set of + 1-periodic function from the real to the complex + numbers is denoted by \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\). +\end{definition} + +In the definition above the notation \(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}\) was borrowed +from group theory, and is what is known as a quotient group; Not really +relevant for our discussion but still a ``good to know''. More importantly, it +is worth noting that we could have also defined more generally \(L\)-periodic +functions with \(L\in\mathbb{R}\), however, this would introduce a few ugly +\(L\)'s everywhere which are not really necessary (it will always be possible +to extend the theorems to \(\mathbb{R} / L\mathbb{Z}\)). Thus, we will +continue without the \(L\)'s, and to simplify the language unless specified +otherwise ``periodic'' will mean 1-periodic. Having said that, we can +officially begin with the Fourier theory. + +\begin{lemma} + The subset of absolutely square integrable functions in + \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\) together with the Hermitian inner + product + \[ + \langle f, g \rangle = \int_{[0; 1)} f(x) \overline{g(x)} \, dx + \] + form a Hilbert space. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + It is not too difficult to show that the functions in \(C(\mathbb{R} / + \mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\) are well behaved and form a vector space. Thus, + what remains is that the norm needs to form a complete metric space. + However, this follows from the fact that we defined the functions to be + absolutely square integrable\footnote{For the curious on why, it is because + \(L^2\) is what is known as a \emph{compact metric space}, and compact + metric spaces are always complete (see \cite{eck_metric_2022, + tao_analysis_2016}). To explain compactness and the relationship between + compactness and completeness is definitely beyond the goals of this text.}. +\end{proof} + +This was probably not a very satisfactory proof since we brushed off a lot of +details by referencing other theorems. However, the main takeaway should be +that we have ``constructed'' this new Hilbert space of functions in a such a +way that from now on we will not have to worry about the details of +convergence. + +\begin{lemma} + \label{kugel:lemma:exp-1d} + The set of functions \(E_n(x) = e^{i2\pi nx}\) on the interval + \([0; 1)\) with \(n \in \mathbb{Z} \) are orthonormal. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + We need to show that \(\langle E_m, E_n \rangle\) equals 1 when \(m = n\) + and zero otherwise. This is a straightforward computation: We start by + unpacking the notation to get + \[ + \langle E_m, E_n \rangle + = \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi mx} e^{- i2\pi nx} \, dx + = \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi (m - n)x} \, dx, + \] + then inside the integrand we can see that when \(m = n\) we have \(e^0 = 1\) and + thus \( \int_0^1 dx = 1, \) while when \(m \neq n\) we can just say that we + have a new non-zero integer + \(k := m - n\) and + \[ + \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi kx} \, dx + = \frac{e^{i2\pi k} - e^{0}}{i2\pi k} + = \frac{1 - 1}{i2\pi k} + = 0 + \] + as desired. \qedhere +\end{proof} + +\begin{definition}[Spectrum] +\end{definition} + +\begin{theorem}[Fourier Theorem] + \[ + \lim_{N \to \infty} \left \| + f(x) - \sum_{n = -N}^N \hat{f}(n) E_n(x) + \right \|_2 = 0 + \] +\end{theorem} + +\begin{lemma} + The set of functions \(E_{m, n}(\xi, \eta) = e^{i2\pi m\xi}e^{i2\pi n\eta}\) + on the square \([0; 1)^2\) with \(m, n \in \mathbb{Z} \) are orthonormal. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + The proof is almost identical to lemma \ref{kugel:lemma:exp-1d}, with the + only difference that the inner product is given by + \[ + \langle E_{m,n}, E_{m', n'} \rangle + = \iint_{[0;1)^2} + E_{m, n}(\xi, \eta) \overline{E_{m', n'} (\xi, \eta)} + \, d\xi d\eta + .\qedhere + \] +\end{proof} + +\subsection{Laplacian operator} + +\subsection{Eigenvalue Problem} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/proofs.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/proofs.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..143caa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/proofs.tex @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=80: +\section{Proofs} + +\subsection{Legendre Functions} \label{kugel:sec:proofs:legendre} + +\kugeltodo{Fix theorem numbers to match, review text.} + +\begin{lemma} + The polynomial function + \begin{align*} + y_n(x)&=\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor} (-1)^k \frac{(2n-2k)!}{2^n k! (n-k)!(n-2k)!} x^{n-2k}\\ + &= \frac{1}{n!2^n}\frac{d^n}{dx^n}(1-x^2)^n =: P_n(x), + \end{align*} + is a solution to the second order differential equation + \begin{equation}\label{kugel:eq:sol_leg} + (1-x^2)\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}-2x\frac{dy}{dx} + n(n+1)y=0, \quad \forall n>0. + \end{equation} +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + In order to find a solution to Eq.\eqref{eq:legendre}, the following Ansatz can be performed: + \begin{equation}\label{eq:ansatz} + y(x) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k. + \end{equation} + Given Eq.\eqref{eq:ansatz}, then + \begin{align*} + \frac{dy}{dx} &= \sum_{k=0}^\infty k a_k x^{k-1}, \\ + \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} &= \sum_{k=0}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k-2}. + \end{align*} + Eq.\eqref{eq:legendre} can be therefore written as + \begin{align} + &(1-x^2)\sum_{k=0}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k-2} - 2x\sum_{k=0}^\infty k a_k x^{k-1} + n(n+1)\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k=0 \label{eq:ansatz_in_legendre} \\ + &=\sum_{k=0}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k-2} - \sum_{k=0}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k} - 2x\sum_{k=0}^\infty k a_k x^{k-1} + n(n+1)\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k=0. \nonumber + \end{align} + If one consider the term + \begin{equation}\label{eq:term} + \sum_{k=0}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k-2}, + \end{equation} + the substitution $\tilde{k}=k-2$ yields Eq.\eqref{eq:term} to + \begin{equation*} + \sum_{\tilde{k}=-2}^\infty (\tilde{k}+2) (\tilde{k}+1) a_{\tilde{k}+2} x^{\tilde{k}}=\sum_{\tilde{k}=0}^\infty (\tilde{k}+2) (\tilde{k}+1) a_{\tilde{k}} x^{\tilde{k}}. + \end{equation*} + This means that Eq.\eqref{eq:ansatz_in_legendre} becomes + \begin{align} + &\sum_{k=0}^\infty (k+1)(k+2) a_{k+2} x^{k} - \sum_{k=0}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k} - 2\sum_{k=0}^\infty k a_k x^k + n(n+1)\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k \nonumber \\ + = &\sum_{k=0}^\infty \big[ (k+1)(k+2) a_{k+2} - k (k-1) a_k - 2 k a_k + n(n+1) a_k \big] x^k \stackrel{!}{=} 0. \label{eq:condition} + \end{align} + The condition in Eq.\eqref{eq:condition} is equivalent to + \begin{equation}\label{eq:condition_2} + (k+1)(k+2) a_{k+2} - k (k-1) a_k - 2 k a_k + n(n+1) a_k = 0. + \end{equation} + We can derive a recursion formula for $a_{k+2}$ from Eq.\eqref{eq:condition_2}, which can be expressed as + \begin{equation}\label{eq:recursion} + a_{k+2}= \frac{k (k-1) - 2 k + n(n+1)}{(k+1)(k+2)}a_k = \frac{(k-n)(k+n+1)}{(k+2)(k+1)}a_k. + \end{equation} + All coefficients can be calculated using the latter. + + Following Eq.\eqref{eq:recursion}, if we want to compute $a_6$ we would have + \begin{align*} + a_{6}= -\frac{(n-4)(n+5)}{6\cdot 5}a_4 &= -\frac{(n-4)(5+n)}{6 \cdot 5} -\frac{(n-2)(n+3)}{4 \cdot 3} a_2 \\ + &= -\frac{(n-4)(n+5)}{6 \cdot 5} -\frac{(n-2)(n+3)}{4 \cdot 3} -\frac{n(n+1)}{2 \cdot 1} a_0 \\ + &= -\frac{(n+5)(n+3)(n+1)n(n-2)(n-4)}{6!} a_0. + \end{align*} + One can generalize this relation for the $i^\text{th}$ even coefficient as + \begin{equation*} + a_{2k} = (-1)^k \frac{(n+(2k-1))(n+(2k-1)-2)\hdots (n-(2k-2)+2)(n-(2k-2))}{(2k)!}a_0 + \end{equation*} + where $i=2k$. + + A similar expression can be written for the odd coefficients $a_{2k-1}$. In this case, the equation starts from $a_1$ and to find the pattern we can write the recursion for an odd coefficient, $a_7$ for example + \begin{align*} + a_{7}= -\frac{(n-5)(n+6)}{7\cdot 6}a_5 &= - \frac{(n-5)(n+6)}{7\cdot 6} -\frac{(n-3)(n+4)}{5 \cdot 4} a_3 \\ + &= - \frac{(n-5)(n+6)}{7\cdot 6} -\frac{(n-3)(n+4)}{5 \cdot 4} -\frac{(n-1)(n+2)}{3 \cdot 2} a_1 \\ + &= -\frac{(n+6)(n+4)(n+2)(n-1)(n-3)(n-5)}{7!} a_1. + \end{align*} + As before, we can generalize this equation for the $i^\text{th}$ odd coefficient + \begin{equation*} + a_{2k+1} = (-1)^k \frac{(n + 2k)(n+2k-2)\hdots(n-(2k-1)+2)(n-(2k-1))}{(2k+1)!}a_1 + \end{equation*} + where $i=2k+1$. + + Let be + \begin{align*} + y_\text{e}^K(x) &:= \sum_{k=0}^K(-1)^k \frac{(n+(2k-1))(n+(2k-1)-2)\hdots \color{red}(n-(2k-2)+2)(n-(2k-2))}{(2k)!} x^{2k}, \\ + y_\text{o}^K(x) &:= \sum_{k=0}^K(-1)^k \frac{(n + 2k)(n+2k-2)\hdots \color{blue} (n-(2k-1)+2)(n-(2k-1))}{(2k+1)!} x^{2k+1}. + \end{align*} + The solution to the Eq.\eqref{eq:legendre} can be written as + \begin{equation}\label{eq:solution} + y(x) = \lim_{K \to \infty} \left[ a_0 y_\text{e}^K(x) + a_1 y_\text{o}^K(x) \right]. + \end{equation} + + The colored parts can be analyzed separately: + \begin{itemize} + \item[\textcolor{red}{\textbullet}] Suppose that $n=n_0$ is an even number. Then the red part, for a specific value of $k=k_0$, will follow the following relation: + \begin{equation*} + n_0-(2k_0-2)=0. + \end{equation*} + From that point on, given the recursive nature of Eq.\eqref{eq:recursion}, all the subsequent coefficients will also be 0, making the sum finite. + \begin{equation*} + a_{2k}=0 \iff y_{\text{o}}^{2k}(x)=y_{\text{o}}^{2k_0}(x), \quad \forall k>k_0 + \end{equation*} + \item[\textcolor{blue}{\textbullet}] Suppose that $n=n_0$ is an odd number. Then the blue part, for a specific value of $k=k_0$, will follow the following relation + \begin{equation*} + n_0-(2k_0-1)=0. + \end{equation*} + From that point on, for the same reason as before, all the subsequent coefficients will also be 0, making the sum finite. + \begin{equation*} + a_{2k+1}=0 \iff y_{\text{o}}^{2k+1}(x)=y_{\text{o}}^{2k_0+1}(x), \quad \forall k>k_0 + \end{equation*} + \end{itemize} + + There is the possibility of expressing the solution in Eq.\eqref{eq:solution} in a more compact form, combining the two solutions $y_\text{o}^K(x)$ and $y_\text{e}^K(x)$. They are both a polynomial of maximum degree $n$, assuming $n \in \mathbb{N}$. In the case where $n$ is even, the polynomial solution + \begin{equation*} + \lim_{K\to \infty} y_\text{e}^K(x) + \end{equation*} + will be a finite sum. If instead $n$ is odd, will be + \begin{equation*} + \lim_{K\to \infty} y_\text{o}^K(x) + \end{equation*} + to be a finite sum. + + Depending on the coefficient we start with, $a_1$ or $a_0$, we will obtain the odd or even polynomial respectively. Starting with the last coefficient $a_n$ and, recursively, calculating all the others in descending order, we can express the two parts $y_\text{o}^K(x)$ and $y_\text{e}^K(x)$ with a single sum. Hence, because we start with the last coefficient, the choice concerning $a_1$ and $a_0$ will be at the end of the sum, and not at the beginning. To compact Eq.\eqref{eq:solution}, Eq.\eqref{eq:recursion} can be reconsidered to calculate the coefficient $a_{k-2}$, using $a_k$ + \begin{equation*} + a_{k-2} = -\frac{(k+2)(k+1)}{(k-n)(k+n+1)}a_k + \end{equation*} + Now the game is to find a pattern, as before. Remember that $n$ is a fixed parameter of Eq.\eqref{eq:legendre}. + \begin{align*} + a_{n-2} &= -\frac{n(n-1)}{2(2n-1)}a_n, \\ + a_{n-4} &= -\frac{(n-2)(n-3)}{4(2n-3)}a_{n-2} \\ + &= -\frac{(n-2)(n-3)}{4(2n-3)}-\frac{n(n-1)}{2(2n-1)}a_n. + \end{align*} + In general + \begin{equation}\label{eq:general_recursion} + a_{n-2k} = (-1)^k \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3) \hdots (n-2k+1)}{2\cdot4\hdots 2k(2n-1)(2n-3)\hdots(2n-2k+1)}a_n + \end{equation} + The whole solution can now be written as + \begin{align} + y(x) &= a_n x^n + a_{n-2} x^{n-2} + a_{n-4} x^{n-4} + a_{n-6} x^{n-6} + \hdots + \begin{cases} + a_1 x, \quad &\text{if } n \text{ odd} \\ + a_0, \quad &\text{if } n \text{ even} + \end{cases} \nonumber \\ + &= \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor} a_{n-2k}x^{n-2k} \label{eq:solution_2} + \end{align} + By considering + \begin{align} + (2n-1)(2n-3)\hdots (2n-2k+1)&=\frac{2n(2n-1)(2n-2)(2n-3)\hdots(2n-2k+1)} + {2n(2n-2)(2n-4)(2n-6)\hdots(2n-2k+2)} \nonumber \\ + &=\frac{\frac{(2n)!}{(2n-2k)!}} + {2^kn(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)\hdots(n-k+1)} \nonumber \\ + &=\frac{\frac{(2n)!}{(2n-2k)!}} + {2^k\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}}=\frac{(n-k)!(2n)!}{n!(2n-2k)!2^k} \label{eq:1_sub_recursion}, \\ + 2 \cdot 4 \hdots 2k &= 2^r 1\cdot2 \hdots r = 2^r r!\label{eq:2_sub_recursion}, \\ + n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3) \hdots (n-2k+1) &= \frac{n!}{(n-2k)!}\label{eq:3_sub_recursion}. + \end{align} + Eq.\eqref{eq:solution_2} can be rewritten as + \begin{equation}\label{eq:solution_3} + y(x)=a_n \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor} (-1)^k \frac{n!^2(2n-2k)!}{k!(n-2k)!(n-k)!(2n)!} x^{n-2k}. + \end{equation} + Eq.\eqref{eq:solution_3} is defined for any $a_n$. By letting $a_n$ be declared as + \begin{equation*} + a_{n} := \frac{(2n)!}{2^n n!^2}, + \end{equation*} + the so called \emph{Legendre polynomial} emerges + \begin{equation}\label{eq:leg_poly} + P_n(x):=\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor} (-1)^k \frac{(2n-2k)!}{2^n k! (n-k)!(n-2k)!} x^{n-2k} + \end{equation} +\end{proof} + + +\begin{lemma} + If $Z_n(z)$ is a solution of the Legendre equation \eqref{kugel:eqn:legendre}, + then + \begin{equation*} + P^m_n(z) = (1 - z^2)^{m/2} \frac{d^m}{dz^m}Z_n(z) + \end{equation*} + solves the associated Legendre equation \eqref{kugel:eqn:associated-legendre}. +\end{lemma} +% \begin{proof} [TODO: modificare la $m$ (è già usata come costante di separazione) o forse è giusta (?)] +\begin{proof} + To begin, we can start by differentiating $m$ times Eq.\eqref{kugel:eq:leg_eq} (which is staisfied by $y(x)$), obtaining + \begin{equation}\label{eq:lagrange_mderiv} + \frac{d^m}{dx^m}\left[ (1-x^2)\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} \right] -2 \frac{d^m}{dx^m}\left[ x\frac{dy}{dx} \right] + n(n+1)\frac{d^m}{dx^m}y=0. + \end{equation} + \emph{Leibniz's theorem} says, that if we want to differentiate $m$ times a multiplication of two functions, we can use the binomial coefficients to build up a sum. This allows us to be more compact, obtaining + \begin{equation}\label{eq:leibniz} + \frac{d^m}{dx^m}[u(x)v(x)] = \sum_{i=0}^m \binom{n}{i} \frac{d^{m-i}u}{dx^{m-1}} \frac{d^{i}v}{dx^i}. + \end{equation} + Using Eq.\eqref{eq:leibniz} in Eq.\eqref{eq:lagrange_mderiv}, we have + \begin{align} + (1-x^2)\frac{d^{m+2}y}{dx^{m+2}} &+ m \frac{d}{dx}(1-x^2)\frac{d^{m+1}y}{dx^{m+1}} + \frac{m(m-1)}{2}\frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}}(1-x^2)\frac{d^{m}y}{dx^{m}} + n(n+1)\frac{d^m{}y}{dx^{m}} \nonumber \\ + &-2\left(x\frac{d^{m+1}y}{dx^{m+1}} + m\frac{d}{dx}x\frac{d^{m}y}{dx^{m}} \right) \nonumber \\ + &= (1-x^2)\frac{d^{m+2}y}{dx^{m+2}} -2x(m+1)\frac{d^{m+1}y}{dx^{m+1}}+(n(n+1)-m(m-1)-2m)\frac{d^{m}y}{dx^{m}}=0. \label{eq:aux_3} + \end{align} + To make the notation easier to follow, a new function can be defined + \begin{equation*} + \frac{d^{m}y}{dx^{m}} := y_m. + \end{equation*} + Eq.\eqref{eq:aux_3} now becomes + \begin{equation}\label{eq:1st_subs} + (1-x^2)\frac{d^{2}y_m}{dx^{2}} -2x(m+1)\frac{dy_m}{dx}+(n(n+1)-m(m+1))y_m=0 + \end{equation} + A second function can be further defined as + \begin{equation*} + (1-x^2)^{\frac{m}{2}}\frac{d^{m}y}{dx^{m}} = (1-x^2)^{\frac{m}{2}}y_m := \hat{y}_m, + \end{equation*} + allowing to write Eq.\eqref{eq:1st_subs} as + \begin{equation}\label{eq:2st_subs} + (1-x^2)\frac{d^2}{dx^2}[\hat{y}_m(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}}] -2(m+1)x\frac{d}{dx}[\hat{y}_m(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}}] + (n(n+1)-m(m+1))\hat{y}_m(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}}=0. + \end{equation} + The goal now is to compute the two terms + \begin{align*} + \frac{d^2}{dx^2}[\hat{y}_m(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}}] &= \frac{d^2\hat{y}_m}{dx^2} (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}} + \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}\frac{m}{2}(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1}2x \\ + &+ m\left( \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx} x (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1} + \hat{y}_m (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1} - \hat{y}_m x (-\frac{m}{2}-1)(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}} 2x\right) \\ + &= \frac{d^2\hat{y}_m}{dx^2} (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}} + \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}mx (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1} + m\frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}x (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1}\\ + &+ m\hat{y}_m (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1} + m\hat{y}_m x^2(m+2)(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-2} + \end{align*} + and + \begin{align*} + \frac{d}{dx}[\hat{y}_m(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}}] &= \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}} + \hat{y}_m\frac{m}{2}(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1}2x \\ + &= \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}} + \hat{y}_mm(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1}x, + \end{align*} + to use them in Eq.\eqref{eq:2st_subs}, obtaining + \begin{align*} + (1-x^2)\biggl[\frac{d^2\hat{y}_m}{dx^2} (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}} &+ \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}mx (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1} + m\frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}x (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1} \\ + &+ m\hat{y}_m (1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1} + m\hat{y}_m x^2(m+2)(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-2}\biggr] \\ + &-2(m+1)x\left[ \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}} + \hat{y}_mm(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}-1}x \right] \\ + &+ (n(n+1)-m(m+1))\hat{y}_m(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}}=0.\\ + \end{align*} + We can now divide by $(1-x^2)^{-\frac{m}{2}}$, obtaining + \begin{align*} + (1-x^2)\biggl[\frac{d^2\hat{y}_m}{dx^2} &+ \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}mx (1-x^2)^{-1} + m\frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}x (1-x^2)^{-1} + m\hat{y}_m (1-x^2)^{-1} + m\hat{y}_m x^2(m+2)(1-x^2)^{-2}\biggr] \\ + &-2(m+1)x\left[ \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx} + \hat{y}_mm(1-x^2)^{-1}x \right] + (n(n+1)-m(m+1))\hat{y}_m\\ + &= \frac{d^2\hat{y}_m}{dx^2} + \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}mx + m\frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx}x + m\hat{y}_m + m\hat{y}_m x^2(m+2)(1-x^2)^{-1} \\ + &-2(m+1)x\left[ \frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx} + \hat{y}_mm(1-x^2)^{-1}x \right] + (n(n+1)-m(m+1))\hat{y}_m\\ + \end{align*} + and collecting some terms + \begin{equation*} + (1-x^2)\frac{d^2\hat{y}_m}{dx^2} - 2x\frac{d\hat{y}_m}{dx} + \left( -x^2 \frac{m^2}{1-x^2} + m+n(n+1)-m(m+1)\right)\hat{y}_m=0. + \end{equation*} + Showing that + \begin{align*} + -x^2 \frac{m^2}{1-x^2} + m+n(n+1)-m(m+1) &= n(n+1)- m^2 -x^2 \frac{m^2}{1-x^2} \\ + &= n(n+1)- \frac{m}{1-x^2} + \end{align*} + implies $\hat{y}_m(x)$ being a solution of Eq.\eqref{kugel:eq:associated_leg_eq} +\end{proof} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib b/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib index 013da60..e5d6452 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib @@ -1,35 +1,206 @@ -% -% references.bib -- Bibliography file for the paper kugel -% -% (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil -% - -@online{kugel:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{kugel:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{kugel:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} + +@article{carvalhaes_surface_2015, + title = {The surface Laplacian technique in {EEG}: Theory and methods}, + volume = {97}, + issn = {01678760}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167876015001749}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.023}, + shorttitle = {The surface Laplacian technique in {EEG}}, + pages = {174--188}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, + shortjournal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, + author = {Carvalhaes, Claudio and de Barros, J. Acacio}, + urldate = {2022-05-16}, + date = {2015-09}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Submitted Version:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/SN4YUNQC/Carvalhaes and de Barros - 2015 - The surface Laplacian technique in EEG Theory and.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@video{minutephysics_better_2021, + title = {A Better Way To Picture Atoms}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2Xb2GFK2yc}, + abstract = {Thanks to Google for sponsoring a portion of this video! +Support {MinutePhysics} on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics + +This video is about using Bohmian trajectories to visualize the wavefunctions of hydrogen orbitals, rendered in 3D using custom python code in Blender. + +{REFERENCES} +A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I +David Bohm, Physical Review, Vol 85 No. 2, January 15, 1952 + +Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics +J. S. Bell + +Trajectory construction of Dirac evolution +Peter Holland + +The de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and its Application to some Simple Systems by Caroline Colijn + +Bohmian Trajectories as the Foundation of Quantum Mechanics +http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.2666v1 + +The Pilot-Wave Perspective on Quantum Scattering and Tunneling +http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.7265v2 + +A Quantum Potential Description of One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Scattering From Square Barriers and Square Wells +Dewdney, Foundations of Physics, {VoL} 12, No. 1, 1982 + +Link to Patreon Supporters: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters/ + +{MinutePhysics} is on twitter - @minutephysics +And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics + +Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! + +Created by Henry Reich}, + author = {{minutephysics}}, + urldate = {2022-05-19}, + date = {2021-05-19}, +} + +@article{ries_role_2013, + title = {Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in speech monitoring}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1662-5161}, + url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00703/abstract}, + doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00703}, + journaltitle = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, + shortjournal = {Front. 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The treatment discusses and applies the techniques of Fourier analysis to these equations and extends the discussion to the Fourier integral. Final chapters discuss Legendre, Bessel, and Mathieu functions and the general structure of differential operators"--}, + publisher = {Dover Publications, Inc}, + author = {Miller, Kenneth S.}, + date = {2020}, + keywords = {Differential equations, Partial}, +} + +@book{asmar_complex_2018, + location = {Cham}, + title = {Complex analysis with applications}, + isbn = {978-3-319-94062-5}, + series = {Undergraduate texts in mathematics}, + pagetotal = {494}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Asmar, Nakhlé H. and Grafakos, Loukas}, + date = {2018}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-94063-2}, + file = {Table of Contents PDF:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/G2Q2RDFU/Asmar and Grafakos - 2018 - Complex analysis with applications.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{adkins_ordinary_2012, + location = {New York}, + title = {Ordinary differential equations}, + isbn = {978-1-4614-3617-1}, + series = {Undergraduate texts in mathematics}, + pagetotal = {799}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Adkins, William A. and Davidson, Mark G.}, + date = {2012}, + keywords = {Differential equations}, +} + +@book{griffiths_introduction_2015, + title = {Introduction to electrodynamics}, + isbn = {978-93-325-5044-5}, + author = {Griffiths, David J}, + date = {2015}, + note = {{OCLC}: 965197645}, +} + +@book{tao_analysis_2016, + title = {Analysis 2}, + isbn = {978-981-10-1804-6}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1804-6}, + author = {Tao, Terence}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2016}, + note = {{OCLC}: 965325026}, +} + +@book{axler_linear_2015, + location = {Cham}, + title = {Linear Algebra Done Right}, + isbn = {978-3-319-11079-0 978-3-319-11080-6}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-11080-6}, + series = {Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + author = {Axler, Sheldon}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2015}, + langid = {english}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-11080-6}, + file = {Submitted Version:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/3Y8MX74N/Axler - 2015 - Linear Algebra Done Right.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@online{eck_metric_2022, + title = {Metric Spaces: Completeness}, + url = {https://math.hws.edu/eck/metric-spaces/completeness.html}, + titleaddon = {Math 331: Foundations of Analysis}, + author = {Eck, David J.}, + urldate = {2022-08-01}, + date = {2022}, + file = {Metric Spaces\: Completeness:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/5JYEE8NF/completeness.html:text/html}, } +@book{bell_special_2004, + location = {Mineola, {NY}}, + title = {Special functions for scientists and engineers}, + isbn = {978-0-486-43521-3}, + series = {Dover books on mathematics}, + pagetotal = {247}, + publisher = {Dover Publ}, + author = {Bell, William Wallace}, + date = {2004}, +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ded50b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex @@ -0,0 +1,410 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=80: + +\section{Construction of the Spherical Harmonics} + +\kugeltodo{Review text, or rewrite if preliminaries becomes an addendum} + +We finally arrived at the main section, which gives our chapter its name. The +idea is to discuss spherical harmonics, their mathematical derivation and some +of their properties and applications. + +The subsection \ref{} \kugeltodo{Fix references} will be devoted to the +Eigenvalue problem of the Laplace operator. Through the latter we will derive +the set of Eigenfunctions that obey the equation presented in \ref{} +\kugeltodo{reference to eigenvalue equation}, which will be defined as +\emph{Spherical Harmonics}. In fact, this subsection will present their +mathematical derivation. + +In the subsection \ref{}, on the other hand, some interesting properties +related to them will be discussed. Some of these will come back to help us +understand in more detail why they are useful in various real-world +applications, which will be presented in the section \ref{}. + +One specific property will be studied in more detail in the subsection \ref{}, +namely the recursive property. The last subsection is devoted to one of the +most beautiful applications (In our humble opinion), namely the derivation of a +Fourier-style series expansion but defined on the sphere instead of a plane. +More importantly, this subsection will allow us to connect all the dots we have +created with the previous sections, concluding that Fourier is just a specific +case of the application of the concept of orthogonality. Our hope is that after +reading this section you will appreciate the beauty and power of generalization +that mathematics offers us. + +\subsection{Eigenvalue Problem} +\label{kugel:sec:construction:eigenvalue} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics{papers/kugel/figures/tikz/spherical-coordinates} + \caption{ + Spherical coordinate system. Space is described with the free variables $r + \in \mathbb{R}_0^+$, $\vartheta \in [0; \pi]$ and $\varphi \in [0; 2\pi)$. + \label{kugel:fig:spherical-coordinates} + } +\end{figure} + +From Section \ref{buch:pde:section:kugel}, we know that the spherical Laplacian +in the spherical coordinate system (shown in Figure +\ref{kugel:fig:spherical-coordinates}) is is defined as +\begin{equation*} + \sphlaplacian := + \frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( + r^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial r} + \right) + + \frac{1}{r^2} \left[ + \frac{1}{\sin\vartheta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \left( + \sin\vartheta \frac{\partial}{\partial\vartheta} + \right) + + \frac{1}{\sin^2 \vartheta} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial\varphi^2} + \right]. +\end{equation*} +But we will not consider this algebraic monstrosity in its entirety. As the +title suggests, we will only care about the \emph{surface} of the sphere. This +is for many reasons, but mainly to simplify reduce the already broad scope of +this text. Concretely, we will always work on the unit sphere, which just means +that we set $r = 1$ and keep only $\vartheta$ and $\varphi$ as free variables. +Now, since the variable $r$ became a constant, we can leave out all derivatives +with respect to $r$ and substitute all $r$'s with 1's to obtain a new operator +that deserves its own name. + +\begin{definition}[Surface spherical Laplacian] + \label{kugel:def:surface-laplacian} + The operator + \begin{equation*} + \surflaplacian := + \frac{1}{\sin\vartheta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \left( + \sin\vartheta \frac{\partial}{\partial\vartheta} + \right) + + \frac{1}{\sin^2 \vartheta} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial\varphi^2}, + \end{equation*} + is called the surface spherical Laplacian. +\end{definition} + +In the definition, the subscript ``$\partial S$'' was used to emphasize the +fact that we are on the spherical surface, which can be understood as being the +boundary of the sphere. But what does it actually do? To get an intuition, +first of all, notice the fact that $\surflaplacian$ have second derivatives, +which means that this a measure of \emph{curvature}; But curvature of what? To +get an even stronger intuition we will go into geometry, were curvature can be +grasped very well visually. Consider figure \ref{kugel:fig:curvature} where the +curvature is shown using colors. First we have the curvature of a curve in 1D, +then the curvature of a surface (2D), and finally the curvature of a function on +the surface of the unit sphere. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{papers/kugel/figures/tikz/curvature-1d} + \hskip 5mm + \includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{papers/kugel/figures/povray/curvature} + \hskip 5mm + \includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{papers/kugel/figures/povray/spherecurve} + \caption{ + \kugeltodo{Fix alignment / size, add caption. Would be nice to match colors.} + \label{kugel:fig:curvature} + } +\end{figure} + +Now that we have defined an operator, we can go and study its eigenfunctions, +which means that we would like to find the functions $f(\vartheta, \varphi)$ +that satisfy the equation +\begin{equation} \label{kuvel:eqn:eigen} + \surflaplacian f = -\lambda f. +\end{equation} +Perhaps it may not be obvious at first glance, but we are in fact dealing with a +partial differential equation (PDE) \kugeltodo{Boundary conditions?}. If we +unpack the notation of the operator $\nabla^2_{\partial S}$ according to +definition +\ref{kugel:def:surface-laplacian}, we get: +\begin{equation} \label{kugel:eqn:eigen-pde} + \frac{1}{\sin\vartheta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \left( + \sin\vartheta \frac{\partial f}{\partial\vartheta} + \right) + + \frac{1}{\sin^2 \vartheta} \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial\varphi^2} + + \lambda f = 0. +\end{equation} +Since all functions satisfying \eqref{kugel:eqn:eigen-pde} are the +\emph{eigenfunctions} of $\surflaplacian$, our new goal is to solve this PDE. +The task may seem very difficult but we can simplify it with a well-known +technique: \emph{the separation Ansatz}. It consists in assuming that the +function $f(\vartheta, \varphi)$ can be factorized in the following form: +\begin{equation} + f(\vartheta, \varphi) = \Theta(\vartheta)\Phi(\varphi). +\end{equation} +In other words, we are saying that the effect of the two independent variables +can be described using the multiplication of two functions that describe their +effect separately. This separation process was already presented in section +\ref{buch:pde:section:kugel}, but we will briefly rehearse it here for +convenience. If we substitute this assumption in +\eqref{kugel:eqn:eigen-pde}, we have: +\begin{equation*} + \frac{1}{\sin\vartheta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \vartheta} \left( + \sin\vartheta \frac{\partial \Theta(\vartheta)}{\partial\vartheta} + \right) \Phi(\varphi) + + \frac{1}{\sin^2 \vartheta} + \frac{\partial^2 \Phi(\varphi)}{\partial\varphi^2} + \Theta(\vartheta) + + \lambda \Theta(\vartheta)\Phi(\varphi) = 0. +\end{equation*} +Dividing by $\Theta(\vartheta)\Phi(\varphi)$ and introducing an auxiliary +variable $m^2$, the separation constant, yields: +\begin{equation*} + \frac{1}{\Theta(\vartheta)}\sin \vartheta \frac{d}{d \vartheta} \left( + \sin \vartheta \frac{d \Theta}{d \vartheta} + \right) + + \lambda \sin^2 \vartheta + = -\frac{1}{\Phi(\varphi)} \frac{d^2\Phi(\varphi)}{d\varphi^2} + = m^2, +\end{equation*} +which is equivalent to the following system of 2 first order differential +equations (ODEs): +\begin{subequations} + \begin{gather} + \frac{d^2\Phi(\varphi)}{d\varphi^2} = -m^2 \Phi(\varphi), + \label{kugel:eqn:ode-phi} \\ + \sin \vartheta \frac{d}{d \vartheta} \left( + \sin \vartheta \frac{d \Theta}{d \vartheta} + \right) + + \left( \lambda - \frac{m^2}{\sin^2 \vartheta} \right) + \Theta(\vartheta) = 0 + \label{kugel:eqn:ode-theta}. + \end{gather} +\end{subequations} +The solution of \eqref{kugel:eqn:ode-phi} is easy to find: The complex +exponential is obviously the function we are looking for. So we can directly +write the solutions +\begin{equation} \label{kugel:eqn:ode-phi-sol} + \Phi(\varphi) = e^{i m \varphi}, \quad m \in \mathbb{Z}. +\end{equation} +The restriction that the separation constant $m$ needs to be an integer arises +from the fact that we require a $2\pi$-periodicity in $\varphi$ since the +coordinate systems requires that $\Phi(\varphi + 2\pi) = \Phi(\varphi)$. +Unfortunately, solving \eqref{kugel:eqn:ode-theta} is as straightforward, +actually, it is quite difficult, and the process is so involved that it will +require a dedicated section of its own. + +\subsection{Legendre Functions} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \kugelplaceholderfig{.8\textwidth}{5cm} + \caption{ + \kugeltodo{Why $z = \cos \vartheta$.} + } +\end{figure} + +To solve \eqref{kugel:eqn:ode-theta} we start with the substitution $z = \cos +\vartheta$ \kugeltodo{Explain geometric origin with picture}. The operator +$\frac{d}{d \vartheta}$ becomes +\begin{equation*} + \frac{d}{d \vartheta} + = \frac{dz}{d \vartheta}\frac{d}{dz} + = -\sin \vartheta \frac{d}{dz} + = -\sqrt{1-z^2} \frac{d}{dz}, +\end{equation*} +since $\sin \vartheta = \sqrt{1 - \cos^2 \vartheta} = \sqrt{1 - z^2}$, and +then \eqref{kugel:eqn:ode-theta} becomes +\begin{align*} + \frac{-\sqrt{1-z^2}}{\sqrt{1-z^2}} \frac{d}{dz} \left[ + \left(\sqrt{1-z^2}\right) \left(-\sqrt{1-z^2}\right) \frac{d \Theta}{dz} + \right] + + \left( \lambda - \frac{m^2}{1 - z^2} \right)\Theta(\vartheta) &= 0, + \\ + \frac{d}{dz} \left[ (1-z^2) \frac{d \Theta}{dz} \right] + + \left( \lambda - \frac{m^2}{1 - z^2} \right)\Theta(\vartheta) &= 0, + \\ + (1-z^2)\frac{d^2 \Theta}{dz} - 2z\frac{d \Theta}{dz} + + \left( \lambda - \frac{m^2}{1 - z^2} \right)\Theta(\vartheta) &= 0. +\end{align*} +By making two final cosmetic substitutions, namely $Z(z) = \Theta(\cos^{-1}z)$ +and $\lambda = n(n+1)$, we obtain what is known in the literature as the +\emph{associated Legendre equation of order $m$}: +\nocite{olver_introduction_2013} +\begin{equation} \label{kugel:eqn:associated-legendre} + (1 - z^2)\frac{d^2 Z}{dz} + - 2z\frac{d Z}{dz} + + \left( n(n + 1) - \frac{m^2}{1 - z^2} \right) Z(z) = 0, + \quad + z \in [-1; 1], m \in \mathbb{Z}. +\end{equation} + +Our new goal has therefore become to solve +\eqref{kugel:eqn:associated-legendre}, since if we find a solution for $Z(z)$ we +can perform the substitution backwards and get back to our eigenvalue problem. +However, the associated Legendre equation is not any easier, so to attack the +problem we will look for the solutions in the easier special case when $m = 0$. +This reduces the problem because it removes the double pole, which is always +tricky to deal with. In fact, the reduced problem when $m = 0$ is known as the +\emph{Legendre equation}: +\begin{equation} \label{kugel:eqn:legendre} + (1 - z^2)\frac{d^2 Z}{dz} + - 2z\frac{d Z}{dz} + + n(n + 1) Z(z) = 0, + \quad + z \in [-1; 1]. +\end{equation} + +The Legendre equation is a second order differential equation, and therefore it +has 2 independent solutions, which are known as \emph{Legendre functions} of the +first and second kind. For the scope of this text we will only derive a special +case of the former that is known known as the \emph{Legendre polynomials}, since +we only need a solution between $-1$ and $1$. + +\begin{lemma}[Legendre polynomials] + \label{kugel:lem:legendre-poly} + The polynomial function + \[ + P_n(z) = \sum^{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}_{k=0} + \frac{(-1)^k}{2^n s^k!} \frac{(2n - 2k)!}{(n - k)! (n-2k)!} z^{n - 2k} + \] + is the only finite solution of the Legendre equation + \eqref{kugel:eqn:legendre} when $n \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $z \in [-1; 1]$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + This results is derived in section \ref{kugel:sec:proofs:legendre}. +\end{proof} + +Since the Legendre \emph{polynomials} are indeed polynomials, they can also be +expressed using the hypergeometric functions described in section +\ref{buch:rekursion:section:hypergeometrische-funktion}, so in fact +\begin{equation} + P_n(z) = {}_2F_1 \left( \begin{matrix} + n + 1, & -n \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{1} + \end{matrix} ; \frac{1 - z}{2} \right). +\end{equation} +Further, there are a few more interesting but not very relevant forms to write +$P_n(z)$ such as \emph{Rodrigues' formula} and \emph{Laplace's integral +representation} which are +\begin{equation*} + P_n(z) = \frac{1}{2^n} \frac{d^n}{dz^n} (x^2 - 1)^n, + \qquad \text{and} \qquad + P_n(z) = \frac{1}{\pi} \int_0^\pi \left( + z + \cos\vartheta \sqrt{z^2 - 1} + \right) \, d\vartheta +\end{equation*} +respectively, both of which we will not prove (see chapter 3 of +\cite{bell_special_2004} for a proof). Now that we have a solution for the +Legendre equation, we can make use of the following lemma patch the solutions +such that they also become solutions of the associated Legendre equation +\eqref{kugel:eqn:associated-legendre}. + +\begin{lemma} \label{kugel:lem:extend-legendre} + If $Z_n(z)$ is a solution of the Legendre equation \eqref{kugel:eqn:legendre}, + then + \begin{equation*} + Z^m_n(z) = (1 - z^2)^{m/2} \frac{d^m}{dz^m}Z_n(z) + \end{equation*} + solves the associated Legendre equation \eqref{kugel:eqn:associated-legendre}. + \nocite{bell_special_2004} +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + See section \ref{kugel:sec:proofs:legendre}. +\end{proof} + +What is happening in lemma \ref{kugel:lem:extend-legendre}, is that we are +essentially inserting a square root function in the solution in order to be able +to reach the parts of the domain near the poles at $\pm 1$ of the associated +Legendre equation, which is not possible only using power series +\kugeltodo{Reference book theory on extended power series method.}. Now, since +we have a solution in our domain, namely $P_n(z)$, we can insert it in the lemma +obtain the \emph{associated Legendre functions}. + +\begin{definition}[Ferrers or associated Legendre functions] + \label{kugel:def:ferrers-functions} + The functions + \begin{equation} + P^m_n (z) = \frac{1}{n!2^n}(1-z^2)^{\frac{m}{2}}\frac{d^{m}}{dz^{m}} P_n(z) + = \frac{1}{n!2^n}(1-z^2)^{\frac{m}{2}}\frac{d^{m+n}}{dz^{m+n}}(1-z^2)^n + \end{equation} + are known as Ferrers or associated Legendre functions. +\end{definition} + +\kugeltodo{Discuss $|m| \leq n$.} + +\if 0 +The constraint $|m|<n$, can be justified by considering Eq.\eqref{kugel:eq:associated_leg_func}, in which the derivative of degree $m+n$ is present. A derivative to be well defined must have an order that is greater than zero. Furthermore, it can be seen that this derivative is applied on a polynomial of degree $2n$. As is known from Calculus 1, if you derive a polynomial of degree $2n$ more than $2n$ times, you get zero, which is a trivial solution in which we are not interested.\newline +We can thus summarize these two conditions by writing: +\begin{equation*} + \begin{rcases} + m+n \leq 2n &\implies m \leq n \\ + m+n \geq 0 &\implies m \geq -n + \end{rcases} |m| \leq n. +\end{equation*} +The set of functions in Eq.\eqref{kugel:eq:sph_harm_0} is named \emph{Spherical Harmonics}, which are the eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator on the \emph{spherical surface domain}, which is exactly what we were looking for at the beginning of this section. +\fi + +\subsection{Spherical Harmonics} + +Finally, we can go back to solving our boundary value problem we started in +section \ref{kugel:sec:construction:eigenvalue}. We had left off in the middle +of the separation, were we had used the Ansatz $f(\vartheta, \varphi) = +\Theta(\vartheta) \Phi(\varphi)$ to find that $\Phi(\varphi) = e^{im\varphi}$, +and we were solving for $\Theta(\vartheta)$. As you may recall, previously we +performed the substitution $z = \cos \vartheta$. Now we can finally to bring back the +solution to the associated Legendre equation $P^m_n(z)$ into the $\vartheta$ +domain and combine it with $\Phi(\varphi)$ to get the full result: +\begin{equation*} + f(\vartheta, \varphi) + = \Theta(\vartheta)\Phi(\varphi) + = P^m_n (\cos \vartheta) e^{im\varphi}. +\end{equation*} +This family of functions, which recall are the solutions of the eigenvalue +problem of the surface spherical Laplacian, are the long anticipated +\emph{complex spherical harmonics}, and they are usually denoted with +$Y^m_n(\vartheta, \varphi)$. + +\begin{definition}[Spherical harmonics] + \label{kugel:def:spherical-harmonics} + The functions + \begin{equation*} + Y_{m,n}(\vartheta, \varphi) = P^m_n(\cos \vartheta) e^{im\varphi}, + \end{equation*} + where $m, n \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $|m| < n$ are called spherical harmonics. +\end{definition} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \kugelplaceholderfig{\textwidth}{.8\paperheight} + \caption{ + \kugeltodo{Big picture with the first few spherical harmonics.} + } +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Normalization} + +\kugeltodo{Discuss various normalizations.} + +\if 0 +As explained in the chapter \ref{}, the concept of orthogonality is very important and at the practical level it is very useful, because it allows us to develop very powerful techniques at the mathematical level.\newline +Throughout this book we have been confronted with the Sturm-Liouville theory (see chapter \ref{}). The latter, among other things, carries with it the concept of orthogonality. Indeed, if we consider the solutions of the Sturm-Liouville equation, which can be expressed in this form +\begin{equation}\label{kugel:eq:sturm_liouville} + \mathcal{S}f := \frac{d}{dx}\left[p(x)\frac{df}{dx}\right]+q(x)f(x) +\end{equation} +possiamo dire che formano una base ortogonale.\newline +Adesso possiamo dare un occhiata alle due equazioni che abbiamo ottenuto tramite la Separation Ansatz (Eqs.\eqref{kugel:eq:associated_leg_eq}\eqref{kugel:eq:ODE_1}), le quali possono essere riscritte come: +\begin{align*} + \frac{d}{dx} \left[ (1-x^2) \cdot \frac{dP_{m,n}}{dx} \right] &+ \left(n(n+1)-\frac{m}{1-x^2} \right) \cdot P_{m,n}(x) = 0, \\ + \frac{d}{d\varphi} \left[ 1 \cdot \frac{ d\Phi }{d\varphi} \right] &+ 1 \cdot \Phi(\varphi) = 0. +\end{align*} +Si può concludere in modo diretto che sono due casi dell'equazione di Sturm-Liouville. Questo significa che le loro soluzioni sono ortogonali sotto l'inner product con weight function $w(x)=1$, dunque: +\begin{align} +\int_{0}^{2\pi} \Phi_m(\varphi)\Phi_m'(\varphi) d\varphi &= \delta_{m'm}, \nonumber \\ +\int_{-1}^1 P_{m,m'}(x)P_{n,n'}(x) dx &= \delta_{m'm}\delta_{n'n}. \label{kugel:eq:orthogonality_associated_func} +\end{align} +Inoltre, possiamo provare l'ortogonalità di $\Theta(\vartheta)$ utilizzando \eqref{kugel:eq:orthogonality_associated_func}: +\begin{align} + x +\end{align} +Ora, visto che la soluzione dell'eigenfunction problem è formata dalla moltiplicazione di $\Phi_m(\varphi)$ e $P_{m,n}(x)$ +\fi + +\subsection{Properties} + +\subsection{Recurrence Relations} + +\section{Series Expansions in $C(S^2)$} + +\subsection{Orthogonality of $P_n$, $P^m_n$ and $Y^m_n$} + +\subsection{Series Expansion} + +\subsection{Fourier on $S^2$} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index f921a82..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{kugel:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{kugel:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index e56bb18..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{kugel:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{kugel:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kugel:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{kugel:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{kugel:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index cb9e427..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{kugel:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kugel:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 734fff9..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{kugel:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{kugel:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile index 606d7e1..85a1b83 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile @@ -3,7 +3,42 @@ # # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # +IMGFOLDER := images +PRESFOLDER := presentation -images: - @echo "no images to be created in laguerre" +FIGURES := \ + images/targets.pdf \ + images/rel_error_complex.pdf \ + images/estimates.pdf \ + images/integrand.pdf \ + images/integrand_exp.pdf \ + images/laguerre_poly.pdf \ + images/rel_error_mirror.pdf \ + images/rel_error_range.pdf \ + images/rel_error_shifted.pdf \ + images/rel_error_simple.pdf \ + images/gammaplot.pdf +.PHONY: all +all: images presentation + +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +.PHONY: presentation +presentation: $(PRESFOLDER)/presentation.pdf + +images/%.pdf images/%.pgf: scripts/%.py scripts/gamma_approx.py + python3 $< + +images/gammaplot.pdf: images/gammaplot.tex images/gammapaths.tex + cd $(IMGFOLDER) && latexmk -quiet -pdf gammaplot.tex + +$(PRESFOLDER)/%.pdf: $(PRESFOLDER)/%.tex $(FIGURES) + cd $(PRESFOLDER) && latexmk -quiet -pdf $(<F) + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + rm $(FIGURES) + cd $(IMGFOLDER) && latexmk -C + cd $(PRESFOLDER) && latexmk -C
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc index 1eb5034..39b5d6f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc @@ -9,8 +9,5 @@ dependencies-laguerre = \ papers/laguerre/references.bib \ papers/laguerre/definition.tex \ papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex \ - papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex \ - papers/laguerre/transformation.tex \ - papers/laguerre/wasserstoff.tex - - + papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex \ + papers/laguerre/gamma.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex index 5f6d8bd..61549e0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex @@ -3,46 +3,196 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Definition -\label{laguerre:section:definition}} -\rhead{Definition} +\section{Herleitung% + % \section{Einleitung + % \section{Definition + \label{laguerre:section:definition}} +\rhead{Definition}% +In einem ersten Schritt möchten wir die Laguerre-Polynome +aus der Laguerre-\-Differentialgleichung herleiten. +Zudem werden wir die Lösung auf die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome ausweiten. +Im Anschluss soll dann noch die Orthogonalität dieser Polynome bewiesen werden. +\subsection{Assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} +Die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung ist gegeben durch \begin{align} - x y''(x) + (1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) - = - 0 - \label{laguerre:dgl} +x y''(x) + (\nu + 1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) += +0 +, \quad +n \in \mathbb{N} +, \quad +x \in \mathbb{R} +\label{laguerre:dgl} +. \end{align} +Spannenderweise wurde die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung +zuerst von Yacovlevich Sonine (1849 - 1915) beschrieben, +aber aufgrund ihrer Ähnlichkeit nach Laguerre benannt. +Die klassische Laguerre-Diffentialgleichung erhält man, wenn $\nu = 0$. +\subsection{Potenzreihenansatz% +\label{laguerre:subsection:potenzreihenansatz}} +Hier wird die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung verwendet, +weil die Lösung mit derselben Methode berechnet werden kann. +Zusätzlich erhält man aber die Lösung für den allgmeinen Fall. +Wir stellen die Vermutung auf, +dass die Lösungen orthogonale Polynome sind. +Die Orthogonalität der Lösung werden wir im +Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal} beweisen. +Zur Lösung von \eqref{laguerre:dgl} verwenden wir aufgrund +der getroffenen Vermutungen einen Potenzreihenansatz. +Der Potenzreihenansatz ist gegeben als +% Da wir bereits wissen, +% dass die Lösung orthogonale Polynome sind, +% erscheint dieser Ansatz sinnvoll. +\begin{align*} +y(x) + & = +\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k +% \\ +. +\end{align*} +Für die 1. und 2. Ableitungen erhalten wir +\begin{align*} +y'(x) + & = +\sum_{k=1}^\infty k a_k x^{k-1} += +\sum_{k=0}^\infty (k+1) a_{k+1} x^k +\\ +y''(x) + & = +\sum_{k=2}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k-2} += +\sum_{k=1}^\infty (k+1) k a_{k+1} x^{k-1} +. +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Lösen der Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} +Setzt man nun den Potenzreihenansatz in +\eqref{laguerre:dgl} +%die Differentialgleichung +ein, +% erhält man +resultiert +\begin{align*} +\sum_{k=1}^\infty (k+1) k a_{k+1} x^k ++ +(\nu + 1)\sum_{k=0}^\infty (k+1) a_{k+1} x^k +- +\sum_{k=0}^\infty k a_k x^k ++ +n \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k + & = +0 \\ +\sum_{k=1}^\infty +\left[ (k+1) k a_{k+1} + (\nu + 1)(k+1) a_{k+1} - k a_k + n a_k \right] x^k + & = +0. +\end{align*} +Daraus lässt sich die Rekursionsbeziehung \begin{align} - L_n(x) - = - \sum_{k=0}^{n} - \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} - \begin{pmatrix} - n \\ - k - \end{pmatrix} - x^k - \label{laguerre:polynom} +a_{k+1} + & = +\frac{k-n}{(k+1) (k + \nu + 1)} a_k +\label{laguerre:rekursion} \end{align} - +ableiten. +Für ein konstantes $n$ erhalten wir als Potenzreihenlösung ein Polynom vom Grad +$n$, +denn für $k=n$ wird $a_{n+1} = 0$ und damit auch $a_{n+2}=a_{n+3}=\ldots=0$. +Aus %der Rekursionsbeziehung +\eqref{laguerre:rekursion} ist zudem ersichtlich, +dass $a_0 \neq 0$ beliebig gewählt werden kann. +Wählen wir nun $a_0 = 1$, dann folgt für die Koeffizienten +% $a_1, a_2, a_3$ +\begin{align*} +a_1 += +-\frac{n}{1 \cdot (\nu + 1)} +, & & +a_2 += +\frac{(n-1)n}{1 \cdot 2 \cdot (\nu + 1)(\nu + 2)} +, & & +a_3 += +-\frac{(n-2)(n-1)n}{1 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 \cdot (\nu + 1)(\nu + 2)(\nu + 3)} +\end{align*} +und allgemein +\begin{align*} +k + & \leq +n: + & +a_k + & = +(-1)^k \frac{n!}{(n-k)!} \frac{1}{k!(\nu + 1)_k} += +\frac{(-1)^k}{(\nu + 1)_k} \binom{n}{k} +\\ +k & >n: + & +a_k + & = +0 +. +\end{align*} +Die Koeffizienten wechseln also für $k \leq n$ das Vorzeichen. +Somit erhalten wir für $\nu = 0$ die Laguerre-Polynome \begin{align} - x y''(x) + (\alpha + 1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) - = - 0 - \label{laguerre:generell_dgl} +L_n(x) += +\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k +\label{laguerre:polynom} \end{align} - +und mit $\nu \in \mathbb{R}$ die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome \begin{align} - L_n^\alpha (x) - = - \sum_{k=0}^{n} - \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} - \begin{pmatrix} - n + \alpha \\ - n - k - \end{pmatrix} - x^k - \label{laguerre:polynom} +L_n^\nu(x) += +\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{(\nu + 1)_k} \binom{n}{k} x^k. +\label{laguerre:allg_polynom} \end{align} +Die Laguerre-Polynome von Grad $0$ bis $7$ sind in +Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:polyeval} dargestellt. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \scalebox{0.8}{\input{papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf} +\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} +\label{laguerre:fig:polyeval} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Analytische Fortsetzung} +Durch die analytische Fortsetzung können wir zudem noch die zweite Lösung der +Differentialgleichung erhalten. +Laut \eqref{buch:funktionentheorie:singularitäten:eqn:w1} hat die Lösung +die Form +\begin{align*} +\Xi_n(x) += +L_n(x) \log(x) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty d_k x^k +. +\end{align*} +Eine Herleitung dazu lässt sich im +Abschnitt \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:dglsing} +im ersten Teil des Buches finden. +Nach einigen aufwändigen Rechnungen, +% die am besten ein Computeralgebrasystem übernimmt, +die den Rahmen dieses Kapitels sprengen würden, +erhalten wir +\begin{align*} +\Xi_n += +L_n(x) \log(x) ++ +\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} +(\alpha_{n-k} - \alpha_n - 2 \alpha_k)x^k ++ +(-1)^n \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{(k-1)!n!}{((n+k)!)^2} x^{n+k}, +\end{align*} +wobei $\alpha_0 = 0$ und $\alpha_k =\sum_{i=1}^k i^{-1}$, +$\forall k \in \mathbb{N}$. +% https://www.math.kit.edu/iana1/lehre/hm3phys2012w/media/laguerre.pdf +% http://www.physics.okayama-u.ac.jp/jeschke_homepage/E4/kapitel4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex index b7597e5..b007c2d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex @@ -3,6 +3,186 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Eigenschaften -\label{laguerre:section:eigenschaften}} -\rhead{Eigenschaften}
\ No newline at end of file +\subsection{Orthogonalität% +\label{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal}} +\rhead{Orthogonalität}% +Im Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:potenzreihenansatz} +haben wir die Behauptung aufgestellt, +dass die Laguerre-Polynome orthogonal sind. +Zu dieser Behauptung möchten wir nun einen Beweis liefern. +% +Um die Orthogonalität von Funktionen zu zeigen, +bieten sich folgende Möglichkeiten an: +\begin{enumerate} +\item Identifizieren der Funktion als Eigenfunktion eines Skalarproduktes +mit einem selbstadjungierten Operator. +Dafür muss aber zuerst bewiesen werden, +dass der verwendete Operator selbstadjungiert ist. +Die Theorie dazu findet sich in den +Abschnitten~\ref{buch:orthogonal:section:orthogonale-polynome-und-dgl} und +\ref{buch:orthogonalitaet:section:bessel}. +\item Umformen der Differentialgleichung in die Form der +Sturm-Liouville-Differentialgleichung, +denn für dieses verallgemeinerte Problem +ist die Orthogonalität bereits bewiesen. +Die Theorie dazu findet sich im Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}. +\end{enumerate} + +% \subsubsection{Plan} +\subsubsection{Idee} +Für den Beweis der Orthogonalität der Laguerre-Polynome möchten +wir den zweiten Ansatz über das Sturm-Liouville-Problem verwenden. +% Dazu müssen wir die Laguerre-Differentialgleichung~\eqref{laguerre:dgl} +% in die Form der Sturm-Liouville-Differentialgleichung bringen. +Allerdings möchten wir nicht die Laguerre-Differentialgleichung +in die richtige Form bringen, +sondern den Laguerre-Operator +\begin{align} +\Lambda += +x \frac{d}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 -x) \frac{d}{dx} +\label{laguerre:lagop} +. +\end{align} +Da es sich beim Sturm-Liouville-Problem um ein Eigenwertproblem handelt, +kann die Orthogonalität äquivalent über denn Sturm-Liouville-Operator +\begin{align} +S += +\frac{1}{w(x)} \left(-\frac{d}{dx}p(x) \frac{d}{dx} + q(x) \right). +\label{laguerre:slop} +\end{align} +bewiesen werden. +Dazu müssen wir die Operatoren einander gleichsetzen. + +% Wenn wir \eqref{laguerre:dgl} in ein +% Sturm-Liouville-Problem umwandeln können, haben wir bewiesen, dass es sich +% bei den Laguerre-Polynomen um orthogonale Polynome handelt (siehe +% Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}). +% Der Beweis kann äquivalent auch über den Sturm-Liouville-Operator +% \begin{align} +% S +% = +% \frac{1}{w(x)} \left(-\frac{d}{dx}p(x) \frac{d}{dx} + q(x) \right). +% \label{laguerre:slop} +% \end{align} +% und den Laguerre-Operator +% \begin{align} +% \Lambda +% = +% x \frac{d}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 -x) \frac{d}{dx} +% \end{align} +% erhalten werden, +% indem wir diese Operatoren einander gleichsetzen. + +\subsubsection{Umformen in Sturm-Liouville-Operator} +% Aus der Beziehung von +Setzen wir nun +\eqref{laguerre:lagop} und \eqref{laguerre:slop} +einander gleich +\begin{align} +S + & = +\Lambda +\nonumber +\\ +\frac{1}{w(x)} \left(-\frac{d}{dx}p(x) \frac{d}{dx} + q(x) \right) + & = +x \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 - x) \frac{d}{dx} +\label{laguerre:sl-lag} +, +\end{align} +lässt sich sofort erkennen, dass $q(x) = 0$. +Ausserdem ist ersichtlich, dass $p(x)$ die Differentialgleichung +\begin{align*} +x \frac{dp}{dx} += +(\nu + 1 - x) p +\end{align*} +erfüllen muss. +Durch Separation erhalten wir dann +\begin{align*} +\int \frac{dp}{p} + & = +\int \frac{\nu + 1 - x}{x} \, dx += +\int \frac{\nu + 1}{x} \, dx - \int 1\, dx +\\ +\log p + & = +(\nu + 1)\log x - x + c +\\ +p(x) + & = +C x^{\nu + 1} e^{-x} +. +\end{align*} +Eingefügt in Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sl-lag} ergibt sich +\begin{align*} +\frac{C}{w(x)} +\left( +-x^{\nu+1} e^{-x} \frac{d^2}{dx^2} - +(\nu + 1 - x) x^{\nu} e^{-x} \frac{d}{dx} +\right) += +x \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 - x) \frac{d}{dx}. +\end{align*} +Mittels Koeffizientenvergleich kann nun abgelesen werden, +dass $w(x) = x^\nu e^{-x}$ und $C=-1$. %mit $\nu \geq 0$. +Die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ wächst für $x\rightarrow-\infty$ sehr schnell an. +Ausserdem hat die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ für negative $\nu$ einen Pol bei $x=0$, +daher ist die Laguerre-Gewichtsfunktion nur für den +Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ geeignet. + +\subsubsection{Randbedingungen} +Bleibt nur noch sicherzustellen, dass die Randbedingungen +\begin{align} +k_0 y(0) + h_0 p(0)y'(0) + & = +0 +\label{laguerre:sllag_randa} +\\ +k_\infty y(\infty) + h_\infty p(\infty) y'(\infty) + & = +0 +\label{laguerre:sllag_randb} +\end{align} +mit $|k_i|^2 + |h_i|^2 \neq 0,\,\forall i \in \{0, \infty\}$, erfüllt sind. +% +Am linken Rand \eqref{laguerre:sllag_randa} kann $y(0) = 1$, $k_0 = 0$ und +$h_0 = 1$ verwendet werden, +was auch die Laguerre-Polynome ergeben haben. + +Für den rechten Rand ist die Bedingung \eqref{laguerre:sllag_randb} +\begin{align*} +\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty} p(x) y'(x) + & = +\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty} -x^{\nu + 1} e^{-x} y'(x) += +0 +\end{align*} +für beliebige Polynomlösungen erfüllt für $k_\infty=0$ und $h_\infty=1$. + +% Somit können wir schlussfolgern: +\begin{satz} +Die Laguerre-Polynome %($\nu=0$) +\eqref{laguerre:polynom} +% \begin{align*} +% L_n(x) +% = +% \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k +% \end{align*} +sind orthognale Polynome bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +im Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ mit der Gewichts\-funktion~$w(x)=e^{-x}$. +\end{satz} + +\begin{satz} +Die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome \eqref{laguerre:allg_polynom} +% \begin{align*} +% L_n^\nu(x) +% = +% \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{(\nu + 1)_k} \binom{n}{k} x^k. +% \end{align*} +sind orthogonale Polynome bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +im Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ mit der Gewichts\-funktion~$w(x)=x^\nu e^{-x}$. +\end{satz} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cf17b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex @@ -0,0 +1,607 @@ +% +% gamma.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\section{Anwendung: Berechnung der + Gamma-Funktion% + \label{laguerre:section:quad-gamma}} +\rhead{Approximation der Gamma-Funktion}% +Die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur kann nun verwendet werden, +um exponentiell abfallende Funktionen im Definitionsbereich~$(0, \infty)$ +zu berechnen. +Dabei bietet sich zum Beispiel die Gamma-Funktion hervorragend an, +wie wir in den folgenden Abschnitten sehen werden. + +Im ersten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gamma} möchten wir noch einmal +die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der Gamma-Funktion betrachten, +bevor wir dann im zweiten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma} +diese Eigenschaften nutzen werden, +damit wir die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion +markant verbessern können. +% damit wir sie dann in einem nächsten Schritt verwenden können, +% um unsere Approximationsmethode zu verbessern +% Im zweiten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma} +% wenden wir dann die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur auf die Gamma-Funktion und +% erweitern die Methode + +\subsection{Gamma-Funktion% +\label{laguerre:subsection:gamma}} +Die Gamma-Funktion ist eine Erweiterung der Fakultät auf die reale und komplexe +Zahlenmenge. +Mehr Informationen zur Gamma-Funktion lassen sich im +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:rekursion:section:gamma} finden. +Die Definition~\ref{buch:rekursion:def:gamma} beschreibt die Gamma-Funktion als +Integral der Form +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) + & = +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +, +\quad +\text{wobei } \operatorname{Re}(z) > 0 +\label{laguerre:gamma} +. +\end{align} +Der Term $e^{-x}$ im Integranden und der Integrationsbereich erfüllen +genau die Bedingungen der Gauss-Laguerre-Integration. +% Der Term $e^{-t}$ ist genau die Gewichtsfunktion der Laguerre-Integration und +% der Definitionsbereich passt ebenfalls genau für dieses Verfahren. +Weiter zu erwähnen ist, dass für die assoziierte Gauss-Laguerre-Integration die +Gewichtsfunktion $x^\nu e^{-x}$ exakt dem Integranden +für $\nu = z - 1$ entspricht. + +\subsubsection{Funktionalgleichung} +Die Gamma-Funktion besitzt die gleiche Rekursionsbeziehung wie die Fakultät, +nämlich +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z+1) += +z \Gamma(z) +\quad +\text{mit } +\Gamma(1) += +1 +. +\label{laguerre:gamma_funktional} +\end{align} + +\subsubsection{Reflektionsformel} +Die Reflektionsformel +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) \Gamma(1 - z) += +\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi z} +,\quad +\text{für } +z \notin \mathbb{Z} +\label{laguerre:gamma_refform} +\end{align} +stellt eine Beziehung zwischen den zwei Punkten, +die aus der Spiegelung an der Geraden $\real z = 1/2$ hervorgehen, +her. +Dadurch lassen Werte der Gamma-Funktion sich für $z$ in der rechten Halbebene +leicht in die linke Halbebene übersetzen und umgekehrt. + +\subsection{Berechnung mittels +Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur% +\label{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma}} +In den vorherigen Abschnitten haben wir gesehen, +dass sich die Gamma-Funktion bestens für die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx += +\int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\end{align*} +eignet. +Nun bieten sich uns zwei Optionen, +diese zu berechnen: +\begin{enumerate} +\item Wir verwenden die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome $L_n^\nu(x)$ mit +$w(x) = x^\nu e^{-x}$, $\nu = z - 1$ und $f(x) = 1$. +% $f(x)=1$. +% \begin{align*} +% \int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +% = +% \int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +% \quad +% \text{mit } +% w(x) +% = +% x^\nu e^{-x}, +% \nu +% = +% z - 1 +% \text{ und } +% f(x) = 1 +% . +% \end{align*} +\item Wir verwenden die Laguerre-Polynome $L_n(x)$ mit +$w(x) = e^{-x}$ und $f(x) = x^{z - 1}$. +% $f(x)=x^{z-1}$ +% \begin{align*} +% \int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +% = +% \int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +% \quad +% \text{mit } +% w(x) +% = +% e^{-x} +% \text{ und } +% f(x) = x^{z - 1} +% . +% \end{align*} +\end{enumerate} +Die erste Variante wäre optimal auf das Problem angepasst, +allerdings müssten die Gewichte und Nullstellen für jedes $z$ +neu berechnet werden, +da sie per Definition von $z$ abhängen. +Dazu kommt, +dass die Berechnung der Gewichte $A_i$ nach +\cite{laguerre:Cassity1965AbcissasCA} +\begin{align*} +A_i += +\frac{ +\Gamma(n) \Gamma(n+\nu) +} +{ +(n+\nu) +\left[L_{n-1}^{\nu}(x_i)\right]^2 +} +\end{align*} +Evaluationen der Gamma-Funktion benötigen. +Somit ist diese Methode eindeutig nicht geeignet für unser Vorhaben. + +Bei der zweiten Variante benötigen wir keine Neuberechung der Gewichte +und Nullstellen für unterschiedliche $z$. +In \eqref{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} ist ersichtlich, +dass die Gewichte einfach zu berechnen sind. +Auch die Nullstellen können vorgängig, +mittels eines geeigneten Verfahrens, +aus den Polynomen bestimmt werden. +Als problematisch könnte sich höchstens +die zu integrierende Funktion $f(x)=x^{z-1}$ für $|z| \gg 0$ erweisen. +Somit entscheiden wir uns aufgrund der vorherigen Punkte, +die zweite Variante weiterzuverfolgen. + +\subsubsection{Direkter Ansatz} +% +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des direkten Ansatzes +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Grade $n$ der +Laguerre-Polynome}% +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple} +\end{figure} +%. +Wenden wir also die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur aus +\eqref{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} auf die Gamma-Funktion +\eqref{laguerre:gamma} an, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n x_i^{z-1} A_i +\label{laguerre:naive_lag} +. +\end{align} +Bevor wir die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur anwenden, +möchten wir als ersten Schritt eine Fehlerabschätzung durchführen. +Für den Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:lag_error} wird die $2n$-te Ableitung +der zu integrierenden Funktion $f(\xi)$ benötigt. +Für das Integral der Gamma-Funktion ergibt sich also +\begin{align*} +\frac{d^{2n}}{d\xi^{2n}} f(\xi) + & = +\frac{d^{2n}}{d\xi^{2n}} \xi^{z-1} +\\ + & = +(z - 2n)_{2n} \xi^{z - 2n - 1} +. +\end{align*} +Eingesetzt im Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:lag_error} resultiert +\begin{align} +R_n += +(z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z-2n-1} +, +\label{laguerre:gamma_err_simple} +\end{align} +wobei $\xi$ ein geeigneter Wert im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ ist +und $n$ der Grad des verwendeten Laguerre-Polynoms. +Eine Fehlerabschätzung mit dem Fehlerterm stellt sich als unnütz heraus, +da $R_n$ für $z < 2n - 1$ bei $\xi \rightarrow 0$ eine Singularität aufweist +und für $z > 2n - 1$ bei $\xi \rightarrow \infty$ divergiert. +Nur für den unwahrscheinlichen Fall $ z = 2n - 1$ +wäre eine Fehlerabschätzung plausibel. + +Wenden wir nun also direkt die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +auf die Gamma-Funktion an. +Dazu benötigen wir die Gewichte nach +\eqref{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} +und als Stützstellen die Nullstellen des Laguerre-Polynomes $L_n$. +Evaluieren wir den relativen Fehler unserer Approximation zeigt sich ein +Bild wie in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple}. +Man kann sehen, +wie der relative Fehler Nullstellen aufweist für ganzzahlige $z \leq 2n$. +Laut der Theorie der Gauss-Quadratur ist das auch zu erwarten, +da die Approximation via Gauss-Quadratur +exakt ist für zu integrierende Polynome mit Grad $\leq 2n-1$ und +der Integrand $x^{z-1}$ wird für $z \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$ +zu einem Polynom . +% Hinzukommt, dass zudem von $z$ noch $1$ abgezogen wird im Exponenten. +Es ist ersichtlich, +dass sich für den Polynomgrad $n$ ein Intervall gibt, +in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist. +Links steigt der relative Fehler besonders stark an, +während er auf der rechten Seite zu konvergieren scheint. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit Spiegelung negativer Realwerte +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Grade $n$ der Laguerre-Polynome} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_mirror} +\end{figure} + +Um die linke Hälfte in den Griff zu bekommen, +könnten wir die Reflektionsformel der Gamma-Funktion verwenden. +Spiegelt man nun $z$ mit negativem Realteil mittels der Reflektionsformel, +ergibt sich ein stabilerer Fehler in der linken Hälfte, +wie in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_mirror}. +Die Spiegelung bringt nur für wenige Werte einen, +für praktische Anwendungen geeigneten, +relativen Fehler. +Wie wir aber in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple} sehen konnten, +gibt es für jeden Polynomgrad $n$ ein Intervall $[a(n), a(n) + 1]$, +$a(n) \in \mathbb{Z}$, +in welchem der relative Fehler minimal ist. +Die Funktionalgleichung der Gamma-Funktion \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} +könnte uns hier helfen, +das Problem in den Griff zu bekommen. + +\subsubsection{Analyse des Integranden} +Wie wir im vorherigen Abschnitt gesehen haben, +scheint der Integrand problematisch. +Darum möchten wir ihn jetzt analysieren, +damit wir ihn besser verstehen können. +Dies sollte es uns ermöglichen, +anschliessend geeignete Gegenmassnahmen zu entwickeln. + +% Dieser Abschnitt soll eine grafisches Verständnis dafür schaffen, +% wieso der Integrand so problematisch ist. +% Was das heisst sollte in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand} +% und Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} grafisch dargestellt werden. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\label{laguerre:fig:integrand} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand} ist der Integrand $x^z$ für +unterschiedliche Werte von $z$ dargestellt. +Dies entspricht der zu integrierenden Funktion $f(x)$ +der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion. +Man erkennt, +dass für kleine $z$ sich ein singulärer Integrand ergibt +und auch für grosse $z$ wächst der Integrand sehr schnell an. +Das heisst, +die Ableitungen im Fehlerterm divergieren noch schneller +und das wirkt sich negativ auf die Genauigkeit der Approximation aus. +Somit lässt sich hier sagen, +dass kleine Exponenten um $0$ genauere Resultate liefern sollten. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Integrand $x^z e^{-x}$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\label{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} fügen wir +die Dämpfung der Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ +der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur wieder hinzu +und erhalten so wieder den kompletten Integranden $x^{z} e^{-x}$ +der Gamma-Funktion. +Für negative $z$ ergeben sich immer noch Singularitäten, +wenn $x \rightarrow 0$. +Um $x = 1$ wächst der Term $x^z$ für positive $z$ +schneller als die Dämpfung $e^{-x}$, +aber für $x \rightarrow \infty$ geht der Integrand gegen $0$. +Das führt zu glockenförmigen Kurven, +die für grosse Exponenten $z$ nach der Stelle $x=1$ schnell anwachsen. +Zu grosse Exponenten $z$ sind also immer noch problematisch. +Kleine positive $z$ scheinen nun aber auch zulässig zu sein. +Damit formulieren wir die Vermutung, +dass $a(n)$, +welches das Intervall $[a(n), a(n) + 1]$ definiert, +in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist, +grösser als $0$ und kleiner als $2n-1$ ist. + +\subsubsection{Ansatz mit Verschiebungsterm} +% Mittels der Funktionalgleichung \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} +% kann der Wert von $\Gamma(z)$ im Intervall $z \in [a,a+1]$, +% in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist, +% evaluiert werden und dann mit der Funktionalgleichung zurückverschoben werden. +Nun stellt sich die Frage, +ob die Approximation mittels Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur verbessert werden kann, +wenn man das Problem in einem geeigneten Intervall $[a(n), a(n)+1]$, +$a(n) \in \mathbb{Z}$, +evaluiert und dann mit der +Funktionalgleichung \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} zurückverschiebt. +Für dieses Vorhaben führen wir einen Verschiebungsterm $m \in \mathbb{Z}$ ein. +Passen wir \eqref{laguerre:naive_lag} +mit dem Verschiebungsterm $m$ +%,der $z$ and die Stelle $z_m = z + m$ verschiebt, +an, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +s(z, m) \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^{z + m - 1} A_i +% && +% \text{mit } +% s(z, m) +% = +% \begin{cases} +% \displaystyle +% \frac{1}{(z - m)_m} & \text{wenn } m \geq 0\\ +% (z + m)_{-m} & \text{wenn } m < 0 +% \end{cases} +% . +\label{laguerre:shifted_lag} +\end{align} +mit +\begin{align*} +s(z, m) += +\begin{cases} +\displaystyle +\frac{1}{(z)_m} & \text{wenn } m \geq 0 \\ +(z + m)_{-m} & \text{wenn } m < 0 +\end{cases} +. +\end{align*} + +\subsubsection{Finden der optimalen Berechnungsstelle} +Um die optimale Stelle $z^*(n) \in \left[a(n), a(n) + 1\right]$, +$z^*(n) \in \mathbb{R}$, +zu finden, +erweitern wir denn Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:gamma_err_simple} +und erhalten +\begin{align} +R_{n,m}(\xi) += +s(z, m) \cdot (z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z + m - 2n - 1} +,\quad +\text{für } +\xi \in (0, \infty) +\label{laguerre:gamma_err_shifted} +. +\end{align} +% +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf} +% %\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{$m^*$ in Abhängigkeit von $z$ und $n$} +\label{laguerre:fig:targets} +\end{figure} +% +Daraus formulieren wir das Optimierungproblem +\begin{align*} +m^* += +\operatorname*{argmin}_m \max_\xi R_{n,m}(\xi) +. +\end{align*} +Allerdings ist die Funktion $R_{n,m}(\xi)$ unbeschränkt und +hat die gleichen Probleme wie die Fehlerabschätzung des direkten Ansatzes. +Dazu müssten wir $\xi$ versuchen, +unter Kontrolle zu bringen, +was ein äussersts schwieriges Unterfangen zu sein scheint. +Da die Gauss-Quadratur aber sowieso +nur wirklich praktisch sinnvoll für kleine $n$ ist, +können die Intervalle $[a(n), a(n)+1]$ empirisch gesucht werden. + +Wir bestimmen nun die optimalen Verschiebungsterme empirisch +für $n = 1,\ldots, 12$ im Intervall $z \in (0, 1)$, +da $z$ sowieso mit den Term $m$ verschoben wird, +reicht es, +die $m^*$ nur in diesem Intervall zu analysieren. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:targets} sind die empirisch bestimmten $m^*$ +abhängig von $z$ und $n$ dargestellt. +In $n$-Richtung lässt sich eine klare lineare Abhängigkeit erkennen und +die Beziehung zu $z$ ist negativ, +d.h. wenn $z$ grösser ist, wird $m^*$ kleiner. +Allerdings ist die genaue Beziehung zu $z$ +aus dieser Grafik nicht offensichtlich, +aber sie scheint regelmässig zu sein. +Es lässt die Vermutung aufkommen, +dass die Restriktion von $m^* \in \mathbb{Z}$ Rundungsprobleme verursacht. +Wir versuchen, +dieses Problem via lineare Regression und geeignete Rundung zu beheben. +Den linearen Regressor +\begin{align*} +\hat{m} += +\alpha n + \beta +\end{align*} +machen wir nur abhängig von $n$, +in dem wir den Mittelwert $\overline{m}$ von $m^*$ über $z$ berechnen. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Schätzung Mittelwert von $m$ und Fehler} +\label{laguerre:fig:schaetzung} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:schaetzung} sind die Resultate +der linearen Regression aufgezeigt mit $\alpha = 1.34154$ und $\beta = +0.848786$. +Die lineare Beziehung ist ganz klar ersichtlich und der Fit scheint zu genügen. +Der optimale Verschiebungsterm kann nun mit +\begin{align*} +m^* +\approx +\lceil \hat{m} - z \rceil += +\lceil \alpha n + \beta - z \rceil +\end{align*} +% kann nun mit dem linearen Regressor und $z$ +gefunden werden. + +\subsubsection{Evaluation des Schätzers} +In einem ersten Schritt möchten wir analysieren, +wie gut die Abschätzung des optimalen Verschiebungsterms ist. +Dazu bestimmen wir den relativen Fehler für verschiedene Verschiebungsterme $m$ +in der Nähe von $m^*$ bei gegebenem Polynomgrad $n = 8$ für $z \in (0, 1)$. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_shifted} sind die relativen Fehler +der Approximation dargestellt. +Man kann deutlich sehen, +dass der relative Fehler anwächst, +je weiter der Verschiebungsterm vom idealen Wert abweicht. +Zudem scheint der Schätzer den optimalen Verschiebungsterm gut zu bestimmen, +da der Schätzer zuerst der grünen Linie folgt und +dann beim Übergang auf die orange Linie wechselt. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit Verschiebungsterm +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Verschiebungsterme $m$. +Das verwendete Laguerre-Polynom besitzt den Grad $n = 8$. +$m^*$ bezeichnet hier den optimalen Verschiebungsterm.} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_shifted} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Resultate} +Das Verfahren scheint für den Grad $n=8$ und $z \in (0,1)$ gut zu funktioneren. +Es stellt sich nun die Frage, +wie der relative Fehler sich für verschiedene $z$ und $n$ verhält. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range} sind die relativen Fehler für +unterschiedliche $n$ dargestellt. +Der relative Fehler scheint immer noch Nullstellen aufzuweisen +für ganzzahlige $z$. +Durch das Verschieben ergibt sich jetzt aber, +wie zu erwarten war, +ein periodischer relativer Fehler mit einer Periodendauer von $1$. +Zudem lässt sich erkennen, +dass der Fehler abhängig von der Ordnung $n$ +des verwendeten Laguerre-Polynoms ist. +Wenn der Grad $n$ um $1$ erhöht wird, +verbessert sich die Genauigkeit des Resultats um etwa eine signifikante Stelle. + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_complex} +ist der Betrag des relativen Fehlers in der komplexen Ebene dargestellt. +Je stärker der Imaginäranteil von $z$ von $0$ abweicht, +umso schlechter wird die Genauigkeit der Approximation. +Das erstaunt nicht weiter, +da die Gauss-Quadratur eigentlich nur für reelle Zahlen definiert ist. +Wenn der Imaginäranteil von $z$ ungefähr $0$ ist, +lässt sich das gleiche Bild beobachten wie in +Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range}. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit optimalen Verschiebungsterm +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $n$} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_complex.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Absolutwert des relativen Fehlers in der komplexen Ebene} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_complex} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Vergleich mit Lanczos-Methode} +Nun stellt sich die Frage, +wie das in diesem Abschnitt beschriebene Approximationsverfahren +der Gamma-Funktion sich gegenüber den üblichen Approximationsverfahren schlägt. +Eine häufig verwendete Methode ist die Lanczos-Approximation, +welche gegeben ist durch +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z + 1) +\approx +\sqrt{2\pi} \left( z + \sigma + \frac{1}{2} \right)^{z + 1/2} +e^{-(z + \sigma + 1/2)} \sum_{k=0}^n g_k H_k(z) +, +\end{align} +wobei +\begin{align*} +g_k = \frac{e^\sigma \varepsilon_k (-1)^k}{\sqrt{2\pi}} +\sum_{r=0}^k (-1)^r \, \binom{k}{r} \, (k)_r +\left( \frac{e}{r + \sigma + \frac{1}{2}}\right)^{r + 1/2} +, +\end{align*} +\begin{align*} +\varepsilon_k += +\begin{cases} +1 & \text{für } k = 0 \\ +2 & \text{sonst} +\end{cases} +\quad \text{und}\quad +H_k(z) += +\frac{(-1)^k (-z)_k}{(z+1)_k} +\end{align*} +mit $H_0 = 1$ und $\sum_0^n g_k = 1$ (siehe \cite{laguerre:lanczos}). +Diese Methode wurde zum Beispiel in +{\em GNU Scientific Library}, {\em Boost}, {\em CPython} und +{\em musl} implementiert. +Diese Methode erreicht für $n = 7$ typischerweise eine Genauigkeit von $13$ +korrekten, signifikanten Stellen für reelle Argumente. +Zum Vergleich: die vorgestellte Methode erreicht für $n = 7$ +eine minimale Genauigkeit von $6$ korrekten, signifikanten Stellen +für reelle Argumente. + +\subsubsection{Fazit} +% Das Resultat ist etwas enttäuschend, +Die Genauigkeit der vorgestellten Methode schneidet somit schlechter ab +als die Lanczos-Methode. +Dieser Erkenntnis kommt nicht ganz unerwartet, +% aber nicht unerwartet, +da die Lanczos-Methode spezifisch auf dieses Problem zugeschnitten ist und +unsere Methode eine erweiterte allgemeine Methode ist. +Allerdings besticht die vorgestellte Methode +durch ihre stark reduzierte Komplexität. % und Rechenaufwand. +% Was die Komplexität der Berechnungen im Betrieb angeht, +% ist die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur wesentlich ressourcensparender, +% weil sie nur aus $n$ Funktionsevaluationen, +% wenigen Multiplikationen und Additionen besteht. +Was den Rechenaufwand angeht, +benötigt die vorgestellte Methode, +für eine Genauigkeit von $n-1$ signifikanten Stellen, +nur $n$ Funktionsevaluationen +und wenige zusätzliche Multiplikationen und Additionen. +Demzufolge könnte diese Methode Anwendung in Systemen mit wenig Rechenleistung +und/oder knappen Energieressourcen finden. +Die vorgestellte Methode ist ein weiteres Beispiel dafür, +wie Verfahren durch die Kenntnis der Eigenschaften einer Funktion +verbessert werden können.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe48f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efa0863 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@ +\def\gammaplus{({\dx*0.0190},{\dy*52.0728}) + -- ({\dx*0.0200},{\dy*49.4422}) + -- ({\dx*0.0400},{\dy*24.4610}) + -- ({\dx*0.0600},{\dy*16.1457}) + -- ({\dx*0.0800},{\dy*11.9966}) + -- ({\dx*0.1000},{\dy*9.5135}) + -- ({\dx*0.1200},{\dy*7.8633}) + -- ({\dx*0.1400},{\dy*6.6887}) + -- ({\dx*0.1600},{\dy*5.8113}) + -- ({\dx*0.1800},{\dy*5.1318}) + -- ({\dx*0.2000},{\dy*4.5908}) + -- ({\dx*0.2200},{\dy*4.1505}) + -- ({\dx*0.2400},{\dy*3.7855}) + -- ({\dx*0.2600},{\dy*3.4785}) + -- ({\dx*0.2800},{\dy*3.2169}) + -- ({\dx*0.3000},{\dy*2.9916}) + -- ({\dx*0.3200},{\dy*2.7958}) + -- ({\dx*0.3400},{\dy*2.6242}) + -- ({\dx*0.3600},{\dy*2.4727}) + -- ({\dx*0.3800},{\dy*2.3383}) + -- ({\dx*0.4000},{\dy*2.2182}) + -- ({\dx*0.4200},{\dy*2.1104}) + -- ({\dx*0.4400},{\dy*2.0132}) + -- ({\dx*0.4600},{\dy*1.9252}) + -- ({\dx*0.4800},{\dy*1.8453}) + -- ({\dx*0.5000},{\dy*1.7725}) + -- ({\dx*0.5200},{\dy*1.7058}) + -- ({\dx*0.5400},{\dy*1.6448}) + -- ({\dx*0.5600},{\dy*1.5886}) + -- ({\dx*0.5800},{\dy*1.5369}) + -- ({\dx*0.6000},{\dy*1.4892}) + -- ({\dx*0.6200},{\dy*1.4450}) + -- ({\dx*0.6400},{\dy*1.4041}) + -- ({\dx*0.6600},{\dy*1.3662}) + -- ({\dx*0.6800},{\dy*1.3309}) + -- ({\dx*0.7000},{\dy*1.2981}) + -- ({\dx*0.7200},{\dy*1.2675}) + -- ({\dx*0.7400},{\dy*1.2390}) + -- ({\dx*0.7600},{\dy*1.2123}) + -- ({\dx*0.7800},{\dy*1.1875}) + -- ({\dx*0.8000},{\dy*1.1642}) + -- ({\dx*0.8200},{\dy*1.1425}) + -- ({\dx*0.8400},{\dy*1.1222}) + -- ({\dx*0.8600},{\dy*1.1031}) + -- ({\dx*0.8800},{\dy*1.0853}) + -- ({\dx*0.9000},{\dy*1.0686}) + -- ({\dx*0.9200},{\dy*1.0530}) + -- ({\dx*0.9400},{\dy*1.0384}) + -- ({\dx*0.9600},{\dy*1.0247}) + -- ({\dx*0.9800},{\dy*1.0119}) + -- ({\dx*1.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*1.0200},{\dy*0.9888}) + -- ({\dx*1.0400},{\dy*0.9784}) + -- ({\dx*1.0600},{\dy*0.9687}) + -- ({\dx*1.0800},{\dy*0.9597}) + -- ({\dx*1.1000},{\dy*0.9514}) + -- ({\dx*1.1200},{\dy*0.9436}) + -- ({\dx*1.1400},{\dy*0.9364}) + -- ({\dx*1.1600},{\dy*0.9298}) + -- ({\dx*1.1800},{\dy*0.9237}) + -- ({\dx*1.2000},{\dy*0.9182}) + -- ({\dx*1.2200},{\dy*0.9131}) + -- ({\dx*1.2400},{\dy*0.9085}) + -- ({\dx*1.2600},{\dy*0.9044}) + -- ({\dx*1.2800},{\dy*0.9007}) + -- ({\dx*1.3000},{\dy*0.8975}) + -- ({\dx*1.3200},{\dy*0.8946}) + -- ({\dx*1.3400},{\dy*0.8922}) + -- ({\dx*1.3600},{\dy*0.8902}) + -- ({\dx*1.3800},{\dy*0.8885}) + -- ({\dx*1.4000},{\dy*0.8873}) + -- ({\dx*1.4200},{\dy*0.8864}) + -- ({\dx*1.4400},{\dy*0.8858}) + -- ({\dx*1.4600},{\dy*0.8856}) + -- ({\dx*1.4800},{\dy*0.8857}) + -- ({\dx*1.5000},{\dy*0.8862}) + -- ({\dx*1.5200},{\dy*0.8870}) + -- ({\dx*1.5400},{\dy*0.8882}) + -- ({\dx*1.5600},{\dy*0.8896}) + -- ({\dx*1.5800},{\dy*0.8914}) + -- ({\dx*1.6000},{\dy*0.8935}) + -- ({\dx*1.6200},{\dy*0.8959}) + -- ({\dx*1.6400},{\dy*0.8986}) + -- ({\dx*1.6600},{\dy*0.9017}) + -- ({\dx*1.6800},{\dy*0.9050}) + -- ({\dx*1.7000},{\dy*0.9086}) + -- ({\dx*1.7200},{\dy*0.9126}) + -- ({\dx*1.7400},{\dy*0.9168}) + -- ({\dx*1.7600},{\dy*0.9214}) + -- ({\dx*1.7800},{\dy*0.9262}) + -- ({\dx*1.8000},{\dy*0.9314}) + -- ({\dx*1.8200},{\dy*0.9368}) + -- ({\dx*1.8400},{\dy*0.9426}) + -- ({\dx*1.8600},{\dy*0.9487}) + -- ({\dx*1.8800},{\dy*0.9551}) + -- ({\dx*1.9000},{\dy*0.9618}) + -- ({\dx*1.9200},{\dy*0.9688}) + -- ({\dx*1.9400},{\dy*0.9761}) + -- ({\dx*1.9600},{\dy*0.9837}) + -- ({\dx*1.9800},{\dy*0.9917}) + -- ({\dx*2.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*2.0200},{\dy*1.0086}) + -- ({\dx*2.0400},{\dy*1.0176}) + -- ({\dx*2.0600},{\dy*1.0269}) + -- ({\dx*2.0800},{\dy*1.0365}) + -- ({\dx*2.1000},{\dy*1.0465}) + -- ({\dx*2.1200},{\dy*1.0568}) + -- ({\dx*2.1400},{\dy*1.0675}) + -- ({\dx*2.1600},{\dy*1.0786}) + -- ({\dx*2.1800},{\dy*1.0900}) + -- ({\dx*2.2000},{\dy*1.1018}) + -- ({\dx*2.2200},{\dy*1.1140}) + -- ({\dx*2.2400},{\dy*1.1266}) + -- ({\dx*2.2600},{\dy*1.1395}) + -- ({\dx*2.2800},{\dy*1.1529}) + -- ({\dx*2.3000},{\dy*1.1667}) + -- ({\dx*2.3200},{\dy*1.1809}) + -- ({\dx*2.3400},{\dy*1.1956}) + -- ({\dx*2.3600},{\dy*1.2107}) + -- ({\dx*2.3800},{\dy*1.2262}) + -- ({\dx*2.4000},{\dy*1.2422}) + -- ({\dx*2.4200},{\dy*1.2586}) + -- ({\dx*2.4400},{\dy*1.2756}) + -- ({\dx*2.4600},{\dy*1.2930}) + -- ({\dx*2.4800},{\dy*1.3109}) + -- ({\dx*2.5000},{\dy*1.3293}) + -- ({\dx*2.5200},{\dy*1.3483}) + -- ({\dx*2.5400},{\dy*1.3678}) + -- ({\dx*2.5600},{\dy*1.3878}) + -- ({\dx*2.5800},{\dy*1.4084}) + -- ({\dx*2.6000},{\dy*1.4296}) + -- ({\dx*2.6200},{\dy*1.4514}) + -- ({\dx*2.6400},{\dy*1.4738}) + -- ({\dx*2.6600},{\dy*1.4968}) + -- ({\dx*2.6800},{\dy*1.5204}) + -- ({\dx*2.7000},{\dy*1.5447}) + -- ({\dx*2.7200},{\dy*1.5696}) + -- ({\dx*2.7400},{\dy*1.5953}) + -- ({\dx*2.7600},{\dy*1.6216}) + -- ({\dx*2.7800},{\dy*1.6487}) + -- ({\dx*2.8000},{\dy*1.6765}) + -- ({\dx*2.8200},{\dy*1.7051}) + -- ({\dx*2.8400},{\dy*1.7344}) + -- ({\dx*2.8600},{\dy*1.7646}) + -- ({\dx*2.8800},{\dy*1.7955}) + -- ({\dx*2.9000},{\dy*1.8274}) + -- ({\dx*2.9200},{\dy*1.8600}) + -- ({\dx*2.9400},{\dy*1.8936}) + -- ({\dx*2.9600},{\dy*1.9281}) + -- ({\dx*2.9800},{\dy*1.9636}) + -- ({\dx*3.0000},{\dy*2.0000}) + -- ({\dx*3.0200},{\dy*2.0374}) + -- ({\dx*3.0400},{\dy*2.0759}) + -- ({\dx*3.0600},{\dy*2.1153}) + -- ({\dx*3.0800},{\dy*2.1559}) + -- ({\dx*3.1000},{\dy*2.1976}) + -- ({\dx*3.1200},{\dy*2.2405}) + -- ({\dx*3.1400},{\dy*2.2845}) + -- ({\dx*3.1600},{\dy*2.3297}) + -- ({\dx*3.1800},{\dy*2.3762}) + -- ({\dx*3.2000},{\dy*2.4240}) + -- ({\dx*3.2200},{\dy*2.4731}) + -- ({\dx*3.2400},{\dy*2.5235}) + -- ({\dx*3.2600},{\dy*2.5754}) + -- ({\dx*3.2800},{\dy*2.6287}) + -- ({\dx*3.3000},{\dy*2.6834}) + -- ({\dx*3.3200},{\dy*2.7397}) + -- ({\dx*3.3400},{\dy*2.7976}) + -- ({\dx*3.3600},{\dy*2.8571}) + -- ({\dx*3.3800},{\dy*2.9183}) + -- ({\dx*3.4000},{\dy*2.9812}) + -- ({\dx*3.4200},{\dy*3.0459}) + -- ({\dx*3.4400},{\dy*3.1124}) + -- ({\dx*3.4600},{\dy*3.1807}) + -- ({\dx*3.4800},{\dy*3.2510}) + -- ({\dx*3.5000},{\dy*3.3234}) + -- ({\dx*3.5200},{\dy*3.3977}) + -- ({\dx*3.5400},{\dy*3.4742}) + -- ({\dx*3.5600},{\dy*3.5529}) + -- ({\dx*3.5800},{\dy*3.6338}) + -- ({\dx*3.6000},{\dy*3.7170}) + -- ({\dx*3.6200},{\dy*3.8027}) + -- ({\dx*3.6400},{\dy*3.8908}) + -- ({\dx*3.6600},{\dy*3.9814}) + -- ({\dx*3.6800},{\dy*4.0747}) + -- ({\dx*3.7000},{\dy*4.1707}) + -- ({\dx*3.7200},{\dy*4.2694}) + -- ({\dx*3.7400},{\dy*4.3711}) + -- ({\dx*3.7600},{\dy*4.4757}) + -- ({\dx*3.7800},{\dy*4.5833}) + -- ({\dx*3.8000},{\dy*4.6942}) + -- ({\dx*3.8200},{\dy*4.8083}) + -- ({\dx*3.8400},{\dy*4.9257}) + -- ({\dx*3.8600},{\dy*5.0466}) + -- ({\dx*3.8800},{\dy*5.1711}) + -- ({\dx*3.9000},{\dy*5.2993}) + -- ({\dx*3.9200},{\dy*5.4313}) + -- ({\dx*3.9400},{\dy*5.5673}) + -- ({\dx*3.9600},{\dy*5.7073}) + -- ({\dx*3.9800},{\dy*5.8515}) + -- ({\dx*4.0000},{\dy*6.0000}) + -- ({\dx*4.0200},{\dy*6.1530}) + -- ({\dx*4.0400},{\dy*6.3106}) + -- ({\dx*4.0600},{\dy*6.4730}) + -- ({\dx*4.0800},{\dy*6.6403}) + -- ({\dx*4.0810},{\dy*6.6488})} +\def\gammaone{({\dx*-0.9810},{\dy*-53.0814}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9800},{\dy*-50.4512}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9600},{\dy*-25.4802}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9400},{\dy*-17.1763}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9200},{\dy*-13.0397}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9000},{\dy*-10.5706}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8800},{\dy*-8.9355}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8600},{\dy*-7.7775}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8400},{\dy*-6.9182}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8200},{\dy*-6.2583}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8000},{\dy*-5.7386}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7800},{\dy*-5.3211}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7600},{\dy*-4.9809}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7400},{\dy*-4.7006}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7200},{\dy*-4.4678}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7000},{\dy*-4.2737}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6800},{\dy*-4.1114}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6600},{\dy*-3.9760}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6400},{\dy*-3.8636}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6200},{\dy*-3.7714}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6000},{\dy*-3.6969}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5800},{\dy*-3.6386}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5600},{\dy*-3.5950}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5400},{\dy*-3.5652}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5200},{\dy*-3.5487}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5000},{\dy*-3.5449}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4800},{\dy*-3.5538}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4600},{\dy*-3.5756}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4400},{\dy*-3.6105}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4200},{\dy*-3.6594}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4000},{\dy*-3.7230}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3800},{\dy*-3.8027}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3600},{\dy*-3.9004}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3400},{\dy*-4.0181}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3200},{\dy*-4.1590}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3000},{\dy*-4.3269}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2800},{\dy*-4.5267}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2600},{\dy*-4.7652}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2400},{\dy*-5.0514}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2200},{\dy*-5.3976}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2000},{\dy*-5.8211}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1800},{\dy*-6.3472}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1600},{\dy*-7.0135}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1400},{\dy*-7.8795}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1200},{\dy*-9.0442}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1000},{\dy*-10.6863}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0800},{\dy*-13.1627}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0600},{\dy*-17.3067}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0400},{\dy*-25.6183}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0200},{\dy*-50.5974}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0190},{\dy*-53.2279})} +\def\gammatwo{({\dx*-1.9810},{\dy*26.7952}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9800},{\dy*25.4804}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9600},{\dy*13.0001}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9400},{\dy*8.8538}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9200},{\dy*6.7915}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9000},{\dy*5.5635}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8800},{\dy*4.7529}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8600},{\dy*4.1815}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8400},{\dy*3.7599}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8200},{\dy*3.4386}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8000},{\dy*3.1881}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7800},{\dy*2.9894}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7600},{\dy*2.8301}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7400},{\dy*2.7015}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7200},{\dy*2.5976}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7000},{\dy*2.5139}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6800},{\dy*2.4473}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6600},{\dy*2.3952}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6400},{\dy*2.3559}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6200},{\dy*2.3280}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6000},{\dy*2.3106}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5800},{\dy*2.3029}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5600},{\dy*2.3045}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5400},{\dy*2.3151}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5200},{\dy*2.3346}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5000},{\dy*2.3633}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4800},{\dy*2.4012}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4600},{\dy*2.4490}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4400},{\dy*2.5073}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4200},{\dy*2.5770}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4000},{\dy*2.6593}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3800},{\dy*2.7556}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3600},{\dy*2.8679}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3400},{\dy*2.9986}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3200},{\dy*3.1508}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3000},{\dy*3.3283}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2800},{\dy*3.5365}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2600},{\dy*3.7819}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2400},{\dy*4.0737}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2200},{\dy*4.4243}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2000},{\dy*4.8510}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1800},{\dy*5.3790}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1600},{\dy*6.0461}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1400},{\dy*6.9118}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1200},{\dy*8.0752}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1000},{\dy*9.7148}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0800},{\dy*12.1877}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0600},{\dy*16.3271}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0400},{\dy*24.6330}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0200},{\dy*49.6053}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0190},{\dy*52.2354})} +\def\gammathree{({\dx*-2.9810},{\dy*-8.9887}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9800},{\dy*-8.5505}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9600},{\dy*-4.3919}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9400},{\dy*-3.0115}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9200},{\dy*-2.3259}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9000},{\dy*-1.9184}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8800},{\dy*-1.6503}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8600},{\dy*-1.4621}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8400},{\dy*-1.3239}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8200},{\dy*-1.2194}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8000},{\dy*-1.1386}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7800},{\dy*-1.0753}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7600},{\dy*-1.0254}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7400},{\dy*-0.9859}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7200},{\dy*-0.9550}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7000},{\dy*-0.9311}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6800},{\dy*-0.9132}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6600},{\dy*-0.9004}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6400},{\dy*-0.8924}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6200},{\dy*-0.8886}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6000},{\dy*-0.8887}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5800},{\dy*-0.8926}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5600},{\dy*-0.9002}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5400},{\dy*-0.9115}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5200},{\dy*-0.9264}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5000},{\dy*-0.9453}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4800},{\dy*-0.9682}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4600},{\dy*-0.9955}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4400},{\dy*-1.0276}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4200},{\dy*-1.0649}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4000},{\dy*-1.1080}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3800},{\dy*-1.1578}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3600},{\dy*-1.2152}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3400},{\dy*-1.2815}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3200},{\dy*-1.3581}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3000},{\dy*-1.4471}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2800},{\dy*-1.5511}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2600},{\dy*-1.6734}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2400},{\dy*-1.8186}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2200},{\dy*-1.9929}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2000},{\dy*-2.2050}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1800},{\dy*-2.4674}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1600},{\dy*-2.7991}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1400},{\dy*-3.2298}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1200},{\dy*-3.8091}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1000},{\dy*-4.6261}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0800},{\dy*-5.8595}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0600},{\dy*-7.9258}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0400},{\dy*-12.0750}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0200},{\dy*-24.5571}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0190},{\dy*-25.8719})} +\def\gammafour{({\dx*-3.9950},{\dy*8.3966}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9800},{\dy*2.1484}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9600},{\dy*1.1091}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9400},{\dy*0.7643}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9200},{\dy*0.5933}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9000},{\dy*0.4919}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8800},{\dy*0.4253}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8600},{\dy*0.3788}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8400},{\dy*0.3448}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8200},{\dy*0.3192}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8000},{\dy*0.2996}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7800},{\dy*0.2845}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7600},{\dy*0.2727}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7400},{\dy*0.2636}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7200},{\dy*0.2567}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7000},{\dy*0.2516}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6800},{\dy*0.2481}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6600},{\dy*0.2460}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6400},{\dy*0.2452}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6200},{\dy*0.2455}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6000},{\dy*0.2469}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5800},{\dy*0.2493}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5600},{\dy*0.2529}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5400},{\dy*0.2575}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5200},{\dy*0.2632}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5000},{\dy*0.2701}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4800},{\dy*0.2782}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4600},{\dy*0.2877}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4400},{\dy*0.2987}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4200},{\dy*0.3114}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4000},{\dy*0.3259}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3800},{\dy*0.3425}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3600},{\dy*0.3617}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3400},{\dy*0.3837}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3200},{\dy*0.4091}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3000},{\dy*0.4385}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2800},{\dy*0.4729}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2600},{\dy*0.5133}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2400},{\dy*0.5613}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2200},{\dy*0.6189}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2000},{\dy*0.6891}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1800},{\dy*0.7759}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1600},{\dy*0.8858}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1400},{\dy*1.0286}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1200},{\dy*1.2209}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1000},{\dy*1.4923}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0800},{\dy*1.9024}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0600},{\dy*2.5901}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0400},{\dy*3.9720}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0200},{\dy*8.1315}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0050},{\dy*33.1259})} +\def\gammafive{({\dx*-4.9990},{\dy*-8.3476}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9800},{\dy*-0.4314}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9600},{\dy*-0.2236}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9400},{\dy*-0.1547}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9200},{\dy*-0.1206}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9000},{\dy*-0.1004}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8800},{\dy*-0.0872}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8600},{\dy*-0.0779}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8400},{\dy*-0.0712}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8200},{\dy*-0.0662}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8000},{\dy*-0.0624}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7800},{\dy*-0.0595}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7600},{\dy*-0.0573}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7400},{\dy*-0.0556}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7200},{\dy*-0.0544}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7000},{\dy*-0.0535}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6800},{\dy*-0.0530}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6600},{\dy*-0.0528}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6400},{\dy*-0.0528}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6200},{\dy*-0.0531}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6000},{\dy*-0.0537}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5800},{\dy*-0.0544}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5600},{\dy*-0.0555}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5400},{\dy*-0.0567}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5200},{\dy*-0.0582}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5000},{\dy*-0.0600}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4800},{\dy*-0.0621}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4600},{\dy*-0.0645}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4400},{\dy*-0.0673}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4200},{\dy*-0.0704}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4000},{\dy*-0.0741}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3800},{\dy*-0.0782}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3600},{\dy*-0.0830}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3400},{\dy*-0.0884}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3200},{\dy*-0.0947}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3000},{\dy*-0.1020}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2800},{\dy*-0.1105}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2600},{\dy*-0.1205}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2400},{\dy*-0.1324}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2200},{\dy*-0.1467}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2000},{\dy*-0.1641}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1800},{\dy*-0.1856}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1600},{\dy*-0.2129}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1400},{\dy*-0.2485}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1200},{\dy*-0.2963}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1000},{\dy*-0.3640}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0800},{\dy*-0.4663}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0600},{\dy*-0.6380}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0400},{\dy*-0.9832}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0200},{\dy*-2.0228}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0010},{\dy*-41.6040})} +\def\gammasix{({\dx*-5.9998},{\dy*6.9470}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9800},{\dy*0.0721}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9600},{\dy*0.0375}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9400},{\dy*0.0260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9200},{\dy*0.0204}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9000},{\dy*0.0170}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8800},{\dy*0.0148}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8600},{\dy*0.0133}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8400},{\dy*0.0122}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8200},{\dy*0.0114}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8000},{\dy*0.0108}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7800},{\dy*0.0103}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7600},{\dy*0.0099}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7400},{\dy*0.0097}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7200},{\dy*0.0095}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7000},{\dy*0.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6800},{\dy*0.0093}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6600},{\dy*0.0093}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6400},{\dy*0.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6200},{\dy*0.0095}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6000},{\dy*0.0096}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5800},{\dy*0.0098}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5600},{\dy*0.0100}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5400},{\dy*0.0102}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5200},{\dy*0.0105}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5000},{\dy*0.0109}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4800},{\dy*0.0113}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4600},{\dy*0.0118}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4400},{\dy*0.0124}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4200},{\dy*0.0130}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4000},{\dy*0.0137}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3800},{\dy*0.0145}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3600},{\dy*0.0155}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3400},{\dy*0.0166}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3200},{\dy*0.0178}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3000},{\dy*0.0192}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2800},{\dy*0.0209}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2600},{\dy*0.0229}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2400},{\dy*0.0253}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2200},{\dy*0.0281}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2000},{\dy*0.0316}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1800},{\dy*0.0358}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1600},{\dy*0.0413}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1400},{\dy*0.0483}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1200},{\dy*0.0579}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1000},{\dy*0.0714}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0800},{\dy*0.0918}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0600},{\dy*0.1261}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0400},{\dy*0.1951}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0200},{\dy*0.4029}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0002},{\dy*41.6525})} +\def\gammasinplus{({\dx*0.0190},{\dy*52.1325}) + -- ({\dx*0.0200},{\dy*49.5050}) + -- ({\dx*0.0400},{\dy*24.5863}) + -- ({\dx*0.0600},{\dy*16.3331}) + -- ({\dx*0.0800},{\dy*12.2453}) + -- ({\dx*0.1000},{\dy*9.8225}) + -- ({\dx*0.1200},{\dy*8.2314}) + -- ({\dx*0.1400},{\dy*7.1145}) + -- ({\dx*0.1600},{\dy*6.2930}) + -- ({\dx*0.1800},{\dy*5.6676}) + -- ({\dx*0.2000},{\dy*5.1786}) + -- ({\dx*0.2200},{\dy*4.7879}) + -- ({\dx*0.2400},{\dy*4.4701}) + -- ({\dx*0.2600},{\dy*4.2074}) + -- ({\dx*0.2800},{\dy*3.9874}) + -- ({\dx*0.3000},{\dy*3.8006}) + -- ({\dx*0.3200},{\dy*3.6401}) + -- ({\dx*0.3400},{\dy*3.5005}) + -- ({\dx*0.3600},{\dy*3.3776}) + -- ({\dx*0.3800},{\dy*3.2680}) + -- ({\dx*0.4000},{\dy*3.1692}) + -- ({\dx*0.4200},{\dy*3.0790}) + -- ({\dx*0.4400},{\dy*2.9955}) + -- ({\dx*0.4600},{\dy*2.9173}) + -- ({\dx*0.4800},{\dy*2.8433}) + -- ({\dx*0.5000},{\dy*2.7725}) + -- ({\dx*0.5200},{\dy*2.7039}) + -- ({\dx*0.5400},{\dy*2.6369}) + -- ({\dx*0.5600},{\dy*2.5709}) + -- ({\dx*0.5800},{\dy*2.5055}) + -- ({\dx*0.6000},{\dy*2.4402}) + -- ({\dx*0.6200},{\dy*2.3748}) + -- ({\dx*0.6400},{\dy*2.3090}) + -- ({\dx*0.6600},{\dy*2.2425}) + -- ({\dx*0.6800},{\dy*2.1752}) + -- ({\dx*0.7000},{\dy*2.1071}) + -- ({\dx*0.7200},{\dy*2.0380}) + -- ({\dx*0.7400},{\dy*1.9679}) + -- ({\dx*0.7600},{\dy*1.8969}) + -- ({\dx*0.7800},{\dy*1.8249}) + -- ({\dx*0.8000},{\dy*1.7520}) + -- ({\dx*0.8200},{\dy*1.6783}) + -- ({\dx*0.8400},{\dy*1.6039}) + -- ({\dx*0.8600},{\dy*1.5289}) + -- ({\dx*0.8800},{\dy*1.4534}) + -- ({\dx*0.9000},{\dy*1.3776}) + -- ({\dx*0.9200},{\dy*1.3017}) + -- ({\dx*0.9400},{\dy*1.2258}) + -- ({\dx*0.9600},{\dy*1.1501}) + -- ({\dx*0.9800},{\dy*1.0747}) + -- ({\dx*1.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*1.0200},{\dy*0.9261}) + -- ({\dx*1.0400},{\dy*0.8531}) + -- ({\dx*1.0600},{\dy*0.7814}) + -- ({\dx*1.0800},{\dy*0.7110}) + -- ({\dx*1.1000},{\dy*0.6423}) + -- ({\dx*1.1200},{\dy*0.5755}) + -- ({\dx*1.1400},{\dy*0.5106}) + -- ({\dx*1.1600},{\dy*0.4480}) + -- ({\dx*1.1800},{\dy*0.3879}) + -- ({\dx*1.2000},{\dy*0.3304}) + -- ({\dx*1.2200},{\dy*0.2757}) + -- ({\dx*1.2400},{\dy*0.2240}) + -- ({\dx*1.2600},{\dy*0.1754}) + -- ({\dx*1.2800},{\dy*0.1302}) + -- ({\dx*1.3000},{\dy*0.0885}) + -- ({\dx*1.3200},{\dy*0.0503}) + -- ({\dx*1.3400},{\dy*0.0159}) + -- ({\dx*1.3600},{\dy*-0.0146}) + -- ({\dx*1.3800},{\dy*-0.0412}) + -- ({\dx*1.4000},{\dy*-0.0638}) + -- ({\dx*1.4200},{\dy*-0.0822}) + -- ({\dx*1.4400},{\dy*-0.0965}) + -- ({\dx*1.4600},{\dy*-0.1065}) + -- ({\dx*1.4800},{\dy*-0.1123}) + -- ({\dx*1.5000},{\dy*-0.1138}) + -- ({\dx*1.5200},{\dy*-0.1110}) + -- ({\dx*1.5400},{\dy*-0.1039}) + -- ({\dx*1.5600},{\dy*-0.0926}) + -- ({\dx*1.5800},{\dy*-0.0772}) + -- ({\dx*1.6000},{\dy*-0.0575}) + -- ({\dx*1.6200},{\dy*-0.0339}) + -- ({\dx*1.6400},{\dy*-0.0062}) + -- ({\dx*1.6600},{\dy*0.0254}) + -- ({\dx*1.6800},{\dy*0.0607}) + -- ({\dx*1.7000},{\dy*0.0996}) + -- ({\dx*1.7200},{\dy*0.1421}) + -- ({\dx*1.7400},{\dy*0.1879}) + -- ({\dx*1.7600},{\dy*0.2368}) + -- ({\dx*1.7800},{\dy*0.2888}) + -- ({\dx*1.8000},{\dy*0.3436}) + -- ({\dx*1.8200},{\dy*0.4010}) + -- ({\dx*1.8400},{\dy*0.4609}) + -- ({\dx*1.8600},{\dy*0.5229}) + -- ({\dx*1.8800},{\dy*0.5869}) + -- ({\dx*1.9000},{\dy*0.6527}) + -- ({\dx*1.9200},{\dy*0.7201}) + -- ({\dx*1.9400},{\dy*0.7887}) + -- ({\dx*1.9600},{\dy*0.8584}) + -- ({\dx*1.9800},{\dy*0.9289}) + -- ({\dx*2.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*2.0200},{\dy*1.0714}) + -- ({\dx*2.0400},{\dy*1.1429}) + -- ({\dx*2.0600},{\dy*1.2142}) + -- ({\dx*2.0800},{\dy*1.2852}) + -- ({\dx*2.1000},{\dy*1.3555}) + -- ({\dx*2.1200},{\dy*1.4249}) + -- ({\dx*2.1400},{\dy*1.4933}) + -- ({\dx*2.1600},{\dy*1.5603}) + -- ({\dx*2.1800},{\dy*1.6258}) + -- ({\dx*2.2000},{\dy*1.6896}) + -- ({\dx*2.2200},{\dy*1.7514}) + -- ({\dx*2.2400},{\dy*1.8111}) + -- ({\dx*2.2600},{\dy*1.8685}) + -- ({\dx*2.2800},{\dy*1.9234}) + -- ({\dx*2.3000},{\dy*1.9757}) + -- ({\dx*2.3200},{\dy*2.0253}) + -- ({\dx*2.3400},{\dy*2.0719}) + -- ({\dx*2.3600},{\dy*2.1155}) + -- ({\dx*2.3800},{\dy*2.1560}) + -- ({\dx*2.4000},{\dy*2.1932}) + -- ({\dx*2.4200},{\dy*2.2272}) + -- ({\dx*2.4400},{\dy*2.2578}) + -- ({\dx*2.4600},{\dy*2.2851}) + -- ({\dx*2.4800},{\dy*2.3089}) + -- ({\dx*2.5000},{\dy*2.3293}) + -- ({\dx*2.5200},{\dy*2.3463}) + -- ({\dx*2.5400},{\dy*2.3599}) + -- ({\dx*2.5600},{\dy*2.3701}) + -- ({\dx*2.5800},{\dy*2.3770}) + -- ({\dx*2.6000},{\dy*2.3807}) + -- ({\dx*2.6200},{\dy*2.3812}) + -- ({\dx*2.6400},{\dy*2.3786}) + -- ({\dx*2.6600},{\dy*2.3731}) + -- ({\dx*2.6800},{\dy*2.3647}) + -- ({\dx*2.7000},{\dy*2.3537}) + -- ({\dx*2.7200},{\dy*2.3402}) + -- ({\dx*2.7400},{\dy*2.3242}) + -- ({\dx*2.7600},{\dy*2.3062}) + -- ({\dx*2.7800},{\dy*2.2861}) + -- ({\dx*2.8000},{\dy*2.2643}) + -- ({\dx*2.8200},{\dy*2.2409}) + -- ({\dx*2.8400},{\dy*2.2162}) + -- ({\dx*2.8600},{\dy*2.1903}) + -- ({\dx*2.8800},{\dy*2.1637}) + -- ({\dx*2.9000},{\dy*2.1364}) + -- ({\dx*2.9200},{\dy*2.1087}) + -- ({\dx*2.9400},{\dy*2.0810}) + -- ({\dx*2.9600},{\dy*2.0535}) + -- ({\dx*2.9800},{\dy*2.0264}) + -- ({\dx*3.0000},{\dy*2.0000}) + -- ({\dx*3.0200},{\dy*1.9746}) + -- ({\dx*3.0400},{\dy*1.9505}) + -- ({\dx*3.0600},{\dy*1.9280}) + -- ({\dx*3.0800},{\dy*1.9072}) + -- ({\dx*3.1000},{\dy*1.8886}) + -- ({\dx*3.1200},{\dy*1.8723}) + -- ({\dx*3.1400},{\dy*1.8587}) + -- ({\dx*3.1600},{\dy*1.8480}) + -- ({\dx*3.1800},{\dy*1.8404}) + -- ({\dx*3.2000},{\dy*1.8362}) + -- ({\dx*3.2200},{\dy*1.8356}) + -- ({\dx*3.2400},{\dy*1.8390}) + -- ({\dx*3.2600},{\dy*1.8464}) + -- ({\dx*3.2800},{\dy*1.8581}) + -- ({\dx*3.3000},{\dy*1.8744}) + -- ({\dx*3.3200},{\dy*1.8954}) + -- ({\dx*3.3400},{\dy*1.9213}) + -- ({\dx*3.3600},{\dy*1.9523}) + -- ({\dx*3.3800},{\dy*1.9885}) + -- ({\dx*3.4000},{\dy*2.0301}) + -- ({\dx*3.4200},{\dy*2.0773}) + -- ({\dx*3.4400},{\dy*2.1301}) + -- ({\dx*3.4600},{\dy*2.1886}) + -- ({\dx*3.4800},{\dy*2.2530}) + -- ({\dx*3.5000},{\dy*2.3234}) + -- ({\dx*3.5200},{\dy*2.3997}) + -- ({\dx*3.5400},{\dy*2.4821}) + -- ({\dx*3.5600},{\dy*2.5706}) + -- ({\dx*3.5800},{\dy*2.6652}) + -- ({\dx*3.6000},{\dy*2.7660}) + -- ({\dx*3.6200},{\dy*2.8729}) + -- ({\dx*3.6400},{\dy*2.9859}) + -- ({\dx*3.6600},{\dy*3.1051}) + -- ({\dx*3.6800},{\dy*3.2303}) + -- ({\dx*3.7000},{\dy*3.3616}) + -- ({\dx*3.7200},{\dy*3.4989}) + -- ({\dx*3.7400},{\dy*3.6421}) + -- ({\dx*3.7600},{\dy*3.7911}) + -- ({\dx*3.7800},{\dy*3.9459}) + -- ({\dx*3.8000},{\dy*4.1064}) + -- ({\dx*3.8200},{\dy*4.2724}) + -- ({\dx*3.8400},{\dy*4.4440}) + -- ({\dx*3.8600},{\dy*4.6209}) + -- ({\dx*3.8800},{\dy*4.8030}) + -- ({\dx*3.9000},{\dy*4.9903}) + -- ({\dx*3.9200},{\dy*5.1826}) + -- ({\dx*3.9400},{\dy*5.3799}) + -- ({\dx*3.9600},{\dy*5.5819}) + -- ({\dx*3.9800},{\dy*5.7887}) + -- ({\dx*4.0000},{\dy*6.0000}) + -- ({\dx*4.0200},{\dy*6.2158}) + -- ({\dx*4.0400},{\dy*6.4359}) + -- ({\dx*4.0600},{\dy*6.6603}) + -- ({\dx*4.0800},{\dy*6.8889}) + -- ({\dx*4.0810},{\dy*6.9005})} +\def\gammasinone{({\dx*-0.9810},{\dy*-53.1410}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9800},{\dy*-50.5140}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9600},{\dy*-25.6055}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9400},{\dy*-17.3637}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9200},{\dy*-13.2884}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9000},{\dy*-10.8796}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8800},{\dy*-9.3036}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8600},{\dy*-8.2033}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8400},{\dy*-7.3999}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8200},{\dy*-6.7941}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8000},{\dy*-6.3263}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7800},{\dy*-5.9586}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7600},{\dy*-5.6655}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7400},{\dy*-5.4296}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7200},{\dy*-5.2384}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7000},{\dy*-5.0827}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6800},{\dy*-4.9557}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6600},{\dy*-4.8523}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6400},{\dy*-4.7685}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6200},{\dy*-4.7012}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6000},{\dy*-4.6480}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5800},{\dy*-4.6072}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5600},{\dy*-4.5773}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5400},{\dy*-4.5573}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5200},{\dy*-4.5467}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5000},{\dy*-4.5449}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4800},{\dy*-4.5519}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4600},{\dy*-4.5677}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4400},{\dy*-4.5928}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4200},{\dy*-4.6279}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4000},{\dy*-4.6740}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3800},{\dy*-4.7325}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3600},{\dy*-4.8052}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3400},{\dy*-4.8944}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3200},{\dy*-5.0033}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3000},{\dy*-5.1359}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2800},{\dy*-5.2972}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2600},{\dy*-5.4942}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2400},{\dy*-5.7359}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2200},{\dy*-6.0350}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2000},{\dy*-6.4089}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1800},{\dy*-6.8830}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1600},{\dy*-7.4952}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1400},{\dy*-8.3052}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1200},{\dy*-9.4124}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1000},{\dy*-10.9953}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0800},{\dy*-13.4114}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0600},{\dy*-17.4941}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0400},{\dy*-25.7436}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0200},{\dy*-50.6602}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0190},{\dy*-53.2876})} +\def\gammasintwo{({\dx*-1.9810},{\dy*26.8549}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9800},{\dy*25.5432}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9600},{\dy*13.1254}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9400},{\dy*9.0411}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9200},{\dy*7.0402}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9000},{\dy*5.8725}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8800},{\dy*5.1211}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8600},{\dy*4.6073}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8400},{\dy*4.2416}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8200},{\dy*3.9745}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8000},{\dy*3.7759}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7800},{\dy*3.6268}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7600},{\dy*3.5146}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7400},{\dy*3.4305}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7200},{\dy*3.3681}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7000},{\dy*3.3229}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6800},{\dy*3.2916}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6600},{\dy*3.2715}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6400},{\dy*3.2607}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6200},{\dy*3.2578}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6000},{\dy*3.2616}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5800},{\dy*3.2715}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5600},{\dy*3.2868}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5400},{\dy*3.3072}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5200},{\dy*3.3327}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5000},{\dy*3.3633}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4800},{\dy*3.3993}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4600},{\dy*3.4412}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4400},{\dy*3.4896}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4200},{\dy*3.5456}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4000},{\dy*3.6103}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3800},{\dy*3.6854}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3600},{\dy*3.7727}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3400},{\dy*3.8749}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3200},{\dy*3.9951}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3000},{\dy*4.1374}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2800},{\dy*4.3070}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2600},{\dy*4.5109}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2400},{\dy*4.7583}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2200},{\dy*5.0617}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2000},{\dy*5.4387}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1800},{\dy*5.9148}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1600},{\dy*6.5279}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1400},{\dy*7.3376}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1200},{\dy*8.4433}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1000},{\dy*10.0238}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0800},{\dy*12.4364}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0600},{\dy*16.5145}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0400},{\dy*24.7583}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0200},{\dy*49.6681}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0190},{\dy*52.2951})} +\def\gammasinthree{({\dx*-2.9810},{\dy*-9.0483}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9800},{\dy*-8.6133}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9600},{\dy*-4.5173}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9400},{\dy*-3.1989}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9200},{\dy*-2.5746}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9000},{\dy*-2.2274}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8800},{\dy*-2.0184}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8600},{\dy*-1.8878}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8400},{\dy*-1.8057}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8200},{\dy*-1.7552}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8000},{\dy*-1.7264}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7800},{\dy*-1.7127}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7600},{\dy*-1.7099}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7400},{\dy*-1.7149}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7200},{\dy*-1.7255}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7000},{\dy*-1.7401}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6800},{\dy*-1.7575}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6600},{\dy*-1.7768}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6400},{\dy*-1.7972}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6200},{\dy*-1.8183}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6000},{\dy*-1.8397}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5800},{\dy*-1.8612}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5600},{\dy*-1.8825}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5400},{\dy*-1.9036}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5200},{\dy*-1.9245}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5000},{\dy*-1.9453}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4800},{\dy*-1.9663}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4600},{\dy*-1.9877}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4400},{\dy*-2.0099}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4200},{\dy*-2.0335}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4000},{\dy*-2.0591}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3800},{\dy*-2.0876}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3600},{\dy*-2.1200}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3400},{\dy*-2.1578}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3200},{\dy*-2.2024}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3000},{\dy*-2.2561}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2800},{\dy*-2.3216}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2600},{\dy*-2.4024}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2400},{\dy*-2.5032}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2200},{\dy*-2.6303}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2000},{\dy*-2.7928}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1800},{\dy*-3.0032}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1600},{\dy*-3.2809}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1400},{\dy*-3.6556}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1200},{\dy*-4.1772}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1000},{\dy*-4.9351}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0800},{\dy*-6.1082}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0600},{\dy*-8.1132}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0400},{\dy*-12.2003}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0200},{\dy*-24.6199}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0190},{\dy*-25.9316})} +\def\gammasinfour{({\dx*-3.9950},{\dy*8.4124}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9800},{\dy*2.2112}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9600},{\dy*1.2344}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9400},{\dy*0.9517}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9200},{\dy*0.8420}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9000},{\dy*0.8009}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8800},{\dy*0.7935}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8600},{\dy*0.8045}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8400},{\dy*0.8265}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8200},{\dy*0.8550}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8000},{\dy*0.8874}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7800},{\dy*0.9219}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7600},{\dy*0.9573}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7400},{\dy*0.9926}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7200},{\dy*1.0272}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7000},{\dy*1.0607}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6800},{\dy*1.0925}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6600},{\dy*1.1223}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6400},{\dy*1.1500}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6200},{\dy*1.1752}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6000},{\dy*1.1979}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5800},{\dy*1.2179}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5600},{\dy*1.2351}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5400},{\dy*1.2496}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5200},{\dy*1.2612}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5000},{\dy*1.2701}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4800},{\dy*1.2763}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4600},{\dy*1.2798}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4400},{\dy*1.2810}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4200},{\dy*1.2800}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4000},{\dy*1.2769}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3800},{\dy*1.2723}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3600},{\dy*1.2665}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3400},{\dy*1.2600}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3200},{\dy*1.2534}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3000},{\dy*1.2475}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2800},{\dy*1.2434}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2600},{\dy*1.2423}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2400},{\dy*1.2458}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2200},{\dy*1.2563}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2000},{\dy*1.2768}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1800},{\dy*1.3117}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1600},{\dy*1.3676}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1400},{\dy*1.4544}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1200},{\dy*1.5890}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1000},{\dy*1.8013}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0800},{\dy*2.1511}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0600},{\dy*2.7775}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0400},{\dy*4.0974}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0200},{\dy*8.1943}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0050},{\dy*33.1416})} +\def\gammasinfive{({\dx*-4.9990},{\dy*-8.3507}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9800},{\dy*-0.4942}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9600},{\dy*-0.3489}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9400},{\dy*-0.3421}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9200},{\dy*-0.3693}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9000},{\dy*-0.4094}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8800},{\dy*-0.4553}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8600},{\dy*-0.5037}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8400},{\dy*-0.5530}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8200},{\dy*-0.6021}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8000},{\dy*-0.6502}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7800},{\dy*-0.6969}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7600},{\dy*-0.7418}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7400},{\dy*-0.7846}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7200},{\dy*-0.8249}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7000},{\dy*-0.8626}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6800},{\dy*-0.8973}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6600},{\dy*-0.9291}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6400},{\dy*-0.9577}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6200},{\dy*-0.9829}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6000},{\dy*-1.0047}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5800},{\dy*-1.0230}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5600},{\dy*-1.0377}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5400},{\dy*-1.0488}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5200},{\dy*-1.0563}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5000},{\dy*-1.0600}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4800},{\dy*-1.0601}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4600},{\dy*-1.0566}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4400},{\dy*-1.0496}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4200},{\dy*-1.0390}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4000},{\dy*-1.0251}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3800},{\dy*-1.0080}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3600},{\dy*-0.9878}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3400},{\dy*-0.9647}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3200},{\dy*-0.9390}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3000},{\dy*-0.9110}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2800},{\dy*-0.8810}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2600},{\dy*-0.8495}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2400},{\dy*-0.8169}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2200},{\dy*-0.7841}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2000},{\dy*-0.7518}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1800},{\dy*-0.7215}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1600},{\dy*-0.6947}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1400},{\dy*-0.6742}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1200},{\dy*-0.6644}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1000},{\dy*-0.6730}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0800},{\dy*-0.7150}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0600},{\dy*-0.8253}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0400},{\dy*-1.1085}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0200},{\dy*-2.0855}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0010},{\dy*-41.6072})} +\def\gammasinsix{({\dx*-5.9998},{\dy*6.9477}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9800},{\dy*0.1349}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9600},{\dy*0.1629}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9400},{\dy*0.2134}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9200},{\dy*0.2691}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9000},{\dy*0.3260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8800},{\dy*0.3829}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8600},{\dy*0.4391}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8400},{\dy*0.4940}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8200},{\dy*0.5472}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8000},{\dy*0.5985}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7800},{\dy*0.6477}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7600},{\dy*0.6945}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7400},{\dy*0.7387}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7200},{\dy*0.7800}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7000},{\dy*0.8184}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6800},{\dy*0.8537}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6600},{\dy*0.8856}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6400},{\dy*0.9142}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6200},{\dy*0.9392}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6000},{\dy*0.9606}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5800},{\dy*0.9783}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5600},{\dy*0.9923}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5400},{\dy*1.0024}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5200},{\dy*1.0086}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5000},{\dy*1.0109}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4800},{\dy*1.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4600},{\dy*1.0039}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4400},{\dy*0.9947}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4200},{\dy*0.9816}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4000},{\dy*0.9648}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3800},{\dy*0.9443}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3600},{\dy*0.9203}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3400},{\dy*0.8929}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3200},{\dy*0.8621}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3000},{\dy*0.8283}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2800},{\dy*0.7914}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2600},{\dy*0.7519}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2400},{\dy*0.7098}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2200},{\dy*0.6655}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2000},{\dy*0.6193}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1800},{\dy*0.5717}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1600},{\dy*0.5230}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1400},{\dy*0.4741}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1200},{\dy*0.4260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1000},{\dy*0.3804}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0800},{\dy*0.3405}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0600},{\dy*0.3135}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0400},{\dy*0.3204}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0200},{\dy*0.4657}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0002},{\dy*41.6531})} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c195f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a68f0a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +% +% gammaplot.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\input{gammapaths.tex} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink + +\draw[->] (-6.1,0) -- (5.3,0) coordinate[label={$z$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-5.1) -- (0,6.4) coordinate[label={right:$\Gamma(z)$}]; + +\foreach \x in {-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6}{ + \draw (\x,-0.1) -- (\x,0.1); + \draw[line width=0.1pt] (\x,-5) -- (\x,6.2); +} +\foreach \x in {1,2,3,4,5}{ + \draw (\x,-0.1) -- (\x,0.1); + \node at (\x,0) [below] {$\x$}; +} +\foreach \y in {-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4,5,6}{ + \draw (-0.1,\y) -- (0.1,\y); +} +\foreach \y in {1,2,3,4,5,6}{ + \node at (0,\y) [left] {$\y$}; +} +\foreach \y in {-1,-2,-3,-4,-5}{ + \node at (0,\y) [right] {$\y$}; +} +\foreach \x in {-1,-3,-5}{ + \node at (\x,0) [below left] {$\x$}; +} +\foreach \x in {-2,-4,-6}{ + \node at (\x,0) [above left] {$\x$}; +} + +\def\dx{1} +\def\dy{1} + +\begin{scope} +\clip (-6.1,-5) rectangle (4.3,6.2); + +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinplus; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinone; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasintwo; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinthree; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinfour; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinfive; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinsix; + +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammaplus; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammaone; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammatwo; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammathree; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammafour; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammafive; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammasix; + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..76be412 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fe7a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f31d81d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_complex.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_complex.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7bb37a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_complex.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a27d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb8a2d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7e72dc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0072d28 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc61c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex index 1fe0f8b..133d686 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex @@ -8,13 +8,35 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Patrik Müller} -Hier kommt eine Einleitung. +{\parindent0pt Die} Laguerre\--Polynome, +benannt nach Edmond Laguerre (1834 -- 1886), +sind Lösungen der ebenfalls nach %Laguerre +ihm +benannten Differentialgleichung. +Laguerre entdeckte diese Polynome, als er Approximations\-methoden +für das Integral +% $\int_0^\infty \exp(-x) / x \, dx $ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty \frac{e^{-x}}{x} \, dx +\end{align*} +suchte. +Darum möchten wir uns in diesem Kapitel, +ganz im Sinne des Entdeckers, +den Laguerre-Polynomen für Approximationen von Integralen mit +exponentiell abfallenden Funktionen widmen. +Namentlich werden wir versuchen, mittels Laguerre-Polynomen und +der Gauss-Quadratur eine geeignete Approximation für die Gamma-Funktion zu +finden. + +Laguerre-Polynome tauchen zudem auch in der Quantenmechanik im radialen Anteil +der Lösung für die Schrödinger-Gleichung eines Wasserstoffatoms auf. \input{papers/laguerre/definition} \input{papers/laguerre/eigenschaften} \input{papers/laguerre/quadratur} -\input{papers/laguerre/transformation} -\input{papers/laguerre/wasserstoff} +\input{papers/laguerre/gamma} +% \input{papers/laguerre/transformation} +% \input{papers/laguerre/wasserstoff} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex index ab55228..a80d091 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex @@ -6,5 +6,4 @@ % if your paper needs special packages, add package commands as in the % following example -\usepackage{derivative} - +\DeclareMathOperator{\real}{Re}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3db69f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169, xcolor={rgb}]{beamer} + +% style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{booktabs} %toprule midrule bottomrue in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} +\usepackage{textgreek} +\usepackage[rgb]{xcolor} + +\usepackage{ marvosym } % \Lightning + +\usepackage{multimedia} % embedded videos + +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{pgf} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + +%math font +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{Laguerre-Polynome} +\subtitle{Anwendung: Approximation der Gamma-Funktion} +\author{Patrik Müller} +% \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} +% \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} +\date{\today} + +\input{../packages.tex} + +\newcommand*{\QED}{\hfill\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}% + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc,shapes.geometric, fadings} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{frame} + \titlepage +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Inhaltsverzeichnis} + \tableofcontents +\end{frame} + +\input{sections/laguerre} + +\input{sections/gaussquad} + +\input{sections/gamma} + +\input{sections/gamma_approx} + +\appendix +\begin{frame} + % \centering + % \Large + % \textbf{Vielen Dank für die Aufmerksamkeit} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7dca39b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +\section{Gamma-Funktion} + +\begin{frame}{Gamma-Funktion} +\begin{columns} + +\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] +\vspace{-16pt} +\centering +% \scalebox{0.51}{\input{../images/gammaplot.pdf}} +\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{../images/gammaplot.pdf} +% \caption{Gamma-Funktion} +\end{figure} +\end{column} + +\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth} +Verallgemeinerung der Fakultät +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(n) = (n-1)! +\end{align*} + +Integralformel +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) += +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +,\quad +\operatorname{Re} z > 0 +\end{align*} + +Funktionalgleichung +\begin{align*} +z \Gamma(z) += +\Gamma(z + 1) +\end{align*} + +Reflektionsformel +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) \Gamma(1 - z) += +\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi z} +, \quad +\text{für } +z \notin \mathbb{Z} +\end{align*} + +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5e1131 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +\section{Approximieren der Gamma-Funktion} + +\begin{frame}{Anwenden der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur auf $\Gamma(z)$} + +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) + & = +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +\uncover<2->{ +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i) A_i +} +\uncover<3->{ += +\sum_{i=1}^{n} x^{z-1} A_i +} +\\\\ +\uncover<4->{ + & \text{wobei } +A_i = \frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} +\text{ und $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$} +} +\end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Fehlerabschätzung} +\begin{align*} +R_n(\xi) + & = +\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) +\\ + & = +(z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z - 2n - 1} +,\quad +0 < \xi < \infty +\end{align*} + +% \textbf{Probleme:} +\begin{itemize} +\item Funktion ist unbeschränkt +\item Maximum von $R_n$ gibt oberes Limit des Fehlers an +\uncover<2->{\item[$\Rightarrow$] Schwierig ein Maximum von $R_n(\xi)$ zu finden} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Einfacher Ansatz} + +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/rel_error_simple.pgf}} +% \resizebox{!}{0.72\textheight}{\input{../images/rel_error_simple.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.77\textwidth]{../images/rel_error_simple.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des einfachen Ansatzes für verschiedene reelle Werte +von $z$ und Grade $n$ der Laguerre-Polynome} +\end{figure} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Wieso sind die Resultate so schlecht?} + +\textbf{Beobachtungen} +\begin{itemize} +\item Wenn $z \in \mathbb{Z}$ relativer Fehler $\rightarrow 0$ +\item Gewisse Periodizität zu erkennen +\item Für grosse und kleine $z$ ergibt sich ein schlechter relativer Fehler +\item Es gibt Intervalle $[a,a+1]$ mit minimalem relativem Fehler +\item $a$ ist abhängig von $n$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<2->{ +\textbf{Ursache?} +\begin{itemize} +\item Vermutung: Integrand ist problematisch +} +\uncover<3->{ +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Analysieren von $f(x)$ und dem Integranden +} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{$f(x) = x^z$} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/integrand.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{../images/integrand.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Integrand $x^z e^{-x}$} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/integrand_exp.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{../images/integrand_exp.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Neuer Ansatz?} + +\textbf{Vermutung} +\begin{itemize} +\item Es gibt Intervalle $[a(n), a(n)+1]$ in denen der relative Fehler minimal +ist +\item $a(n) > 0$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<2->{ +\textbf{Idee} +\begin{itemize} +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Berechnen von $\Gamma(z)$ im geeigneten Intervall und dann +mit Funktionalgleichung zurückverschieben +\end{itemize} +} + +\uncover<3->{ +\textbf{Wie finden wir $\boldsymbol{a(n)}$?} +\begin{itemize} +\item Minimieren des Fehlerterms mit zusätzlichem Verschiebungsterm +} +\uncover<4->{$\Rightarrow$ Schwierig das Maximum des Fehlerterms zu bestimmen} +\uncover<5->{\item Empirisch $a(n)$ bestimmen} +\uncover<6->{$\Rightarrow$ Sinnvoll, +da Gauss-Quadratur nur für kleine $n$ praktischen Nutzen hat} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Verschiebungsterm} +\begin{columns} +\begin{column}{0.625\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{../images/targets.pdf} +\caption{Optimaler Verschiebungsterm $m^*$ in Abhängigkeit von $z$ und $n$} +\end{figure} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.375\textwidth} +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +\frac{1}{(z-m)_{m}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i^{z + m - 1} A_i +\end{align*} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Schätzen von $m^*$} +\begin{columns} +\begin{column}{0.65\textwidth} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\vspace{-12pt} +% \scalebox{0.7}{\input{../images/estimates.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{../images/estimates.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.34\textwidth} +\begin{align*} +\hat{m} +&= +\alpha n + \beta +\\ +&\approx +1.34154 n + 0.848786 +\\ +m^* +&= +\lceil \hat{m} - \operatorname{Re}z \rceil +\end{align*} +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/rel_error_shifted.pgf}} +\includegraphics{../images/rel_error_shifted.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler mit $n=8$, unterschiedlichen Verschiebungstermen $m$ und $z\in(0, 1)$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/rel_error_range.pgf}} +\includegraphics{../images/rel_error_range.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler mit $n=8$, Verschiebungsterm $m^*$ und $z\in(-5, 5)$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Vergleich mit Lanczos-Methode} +Maximaler relativer Fehler für $n=6$ +\begin{itemize} + \item Lanczos-Methode $< 10^{-12}$ + \item Unsere Methode $\approx 10^{-6}$ +\end{itemize} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d973b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +\section{Gauss-Quadratur} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Quadratur} +\textbf{Idee} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Polynome können viele Funktionen approximieren +\item Wenn Verfahren gut für Polynome funktioniert, +sollte es auch für andere Funktionen funktionieren +\item Integrieren eines Interpolationspolynom +\item Interpolationspolynom ist durch Funktionswerte $f(x_i)$ bestimmt +$\Rightarrow$ Integral kann durch Funktionswerte berechnet werden +\item Evaluation der Funktionswerte an geeigneten Stellen +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Quadratur} +\begin{align*} +\int_{-1}^{1} f(x) \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\end{align*} + +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Exakt für Polynome mit Grad $2n-1$ +\item Interpolationspolynome müssen orthogonal sein +\item Stützstellen $x_i$ sind Nullstellen des Polynoms +\item Fehler: +\begin{align*} +E += +\frac{f^{(2n)}(\xi)}{(2n)!} \int_{-1}^{1} l(x)^2 \, dx +,\quad +\text{wobei } +l(x) = \prod_{i=1}^n (x-x_i) +\end{align*} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Erweiterung des Integrationsintervall von $[-1, 1]$ auf $(a, b)$ +\item Hinzufügen einer Gewichtsfunktion +\item Bei uneigentlichen Integralen muss Gewichtsfunktion schneller als jedes +Integrationspolynom gegen $0$ gehen +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Für Laguerre-Polynome haben wir den Definitionsbereich +$(0, \infty)$ und die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty & f(x) e^{-x} \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\\ + & \text{wobei } +A_i = \frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} +\text{ und $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$} +\end{align*} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Fehler der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\begin{align*} +R_n += +\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) +,\quad +0 < \xi < \infty +\end{align*} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f99214e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +\section{Laguerre-Polynome} + +\begin{frame}{Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Benannt nach Edmond Nicolas Laguerre (1834-1886) +\item Aus Artikel von 1879, +in dem er $\int_0^\infty \exp(-x)/x \, dx$ analysierte +\end{itemize} + +\begin{align*} +x y''(x) + (1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) + & = +0 +, \quad +n \in \mathbb{N}_0 +, \quad +x \in \mathbb{R} +\end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Lösen der Differentialgleichung} + +\begin{align*} +x y''(x) + (1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) + & = +0 +\\ +\end{align*} + +\uncover<2->{ +\centering +\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay] +%% use here too +\path[draw=mainColor, very thick,->](0, 1.1) to +node[anchor=west]{Potenzreihenansatz} (0, -0.8); +\end{tikzpicture} +} + +\begin{align*} +\uncover<3->{ +L_n(x) + & = +\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k +} +\end{align*} +\uncover<4->{ +\begin{itemize} + \item Die Lösungen der DGL sind die Laguerre-Polynome +\end{itemize} +} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \resizebox{0.74\textwidth}{!}{\input{../images/laguerre_poly.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{../images/laguerre_poly.pdf} +\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Orthogonalität} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Beweis: Umformen in Sturm-Liouville-Problem (siehe Paper) +\begin{alignat*}{5} +((p(x) &y'(x)))' + q(x) &y(x) +&= +\lambda &w(x) &y(x) +\\ +((x e^{-x} &y'(x)))' + 0 &y(x) +&= +n &e^{-x} &y(x) +\end{alignat*} +\item Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ +\item Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<4->{ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty e^{-x} L_n(x) L_m(x) \, dx += +0 +,\quad +n \neq m +,\quad +n, m \in \mathbb{N} +\end{align*} +} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex index 8ab1af5..0e32012 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex @@ -3,27 +3,214 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Gauss-Laguerre Quadratur -\label{laguerre:section:quadratur}} - +\section{Gauss-Quadratur% + \label{laguerre:section:quadratur}} +\rhead{Gauss-Quadratur}% +Die Gauss-Quadratur ist ein numerisches Integrationsverfahren, +welches die Eigenschaften von orthogonalen Polynomen verwendet. +Herleitungen und Analysen der Gauss-Quadratur können im +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:orthogonal:section:gauss-quadratur} gefunden werden. +Als grundlegende Idee wird die Beobachtung, +dass viele Funktionen sich gut mit Polynomen approximieren lassen, +verwendet. +Stellt man also sicher, +dass ein Verfahren gut für Polynome funktioniert, +sollte es auch für andere Funktionen angemessene Resultate liefern. +Es wird ein Interpolationspolynom verwendet, +welches an den Punkten $x_0 < x_1 < \ldots < x_n$ +die Funktionwerte~$f(x_i)$ annimmt. +Als Resultat kann das Integral via einer gewichteten Summe der Form \begin{align} - \int_a^b f(x) w(x) - \approx - \sum_{i=1}^N f(x_i) A_i - \label{laguerre:gaussquadratur} +\int_a^b f(x) w(x) \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\label{laguerre:gaussquadratur} \end{align} +berechnet werden. +Die Gauss-Quadratur ist exakt für Polynome mit Grad $2n -1$, +wenn ein Interpolationspolynom von Grad $n$ gewählt wurde. +\subsection{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur% +\label{laguerre:subsection:gausslag-quadratur}} +Wir möchten nun die Gauss-Quadratur auf die Berechnung +von uneigentlichen Integralen erweitern, +spezifisch auf das Intervall~$(0, \infty)$. +Mit dem vorher beschriebenen Verfahren ist dies nicht direkt möglich. +% Mit einer Transformation +% \begin{align*} +% x +% = +% % a + +% \frac{1 - t}{t} +% \end{align*} +% die das unendliche Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ +% auf das Intervall~$[0, 1]$ transformiert, +% kann dies behoben werden. +% % Für unseren Fall gilt $a = 0$. +Das Integral eines Polynomes in diesem Intervall ist immer divergent. +Es ist also nötig, +den Integranden durch Funktionen zu approximieren, +die genügend schnell gegen $0$ gehen. +Man kann Polynome beliebigen Grades verwenden, +wenn sie mit einer Funktion multipliziert werden, +die schneller gegen $0$ geht als jedes Polynom. +Damit stellen wir sicher, +dass das Integral immer noch konvergiert. +% Darum müssen wir das Polynom mit einer Funktion multiplizieren, +% die schneller als jedes Polynom gegen $0$ geht, +% damit das Integral immer noch konvergiert. +Die Laguerre-Polynome $L_n$ schaffen hier Abhilfe, +da ihre Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ schneller +gegen $0$ konvergiert als jedes Polynom. +% In unserem Falle möchten wir die Gauss Quadratur auf die Laguerre-Polynome +% $L_n$ ausweiten. +% Diese sind orthogonal im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ bezüglich +% der Gewichtsfunktion $e^{-x}$. +Um also das Integral einer Funktion $g(x)$ im Intervall~$(0,\infty)$ zu +berechen, +formt man das Integral wie folgt um: +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty g(x) \, dx += +\int_0^\infty f(x) e^{-x} \, dx +\end{align*} +Wir approximieren dann $f(x)$ durch ein Interpolationspolynom +wie bei der Gauss-Quadratur. +% Die Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:gaussquadratur} lässt sich daher wie folgt +% umformulieren: +Die Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:gaussquadratur} wird also +für die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur zu \begin{align} - \int_{0}^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} dx - \approx - \sum_{i=1}^{N} f(x_i) A_i - \label{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} +\int_{0}^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i) A_i +\label{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} +. \end{align} +\subsubsection{Stützstellen und Gewichte} +Nach der Definition der Gauss-Quadratur müssen als Stützstellen die Nullstellen +des Approximationspolynoms genommen werden. +Für das Laguerre-Polynom $L_n(x)$ müssen demnach dessen Nullstellen $x_i$ und +als Gewichte $A_i$ die Integrale von $l_i(x) e^{-x}$ verwendet werden. +Dabei sind +\begin{align*} +l_i(x_j) += +\delta_{ij} += +\begin{cases} +1 & i=j \\ +0 & \text{sonst} +\end{cases} +% . +\end{align*} +die Lagrangeschen Interpolationspolynome. +Laut \cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction} können die Gewichte mit +\begin{align*} +A_i + & = +-\frac{C_{n+1} \gamma_n}{C_n \phi'_n(x_i) \phi_{n+1} (x_i)} +\end{align*} +berechnet werden. +$C_i$ entspricht dabei dem Koeffizienten von $x^i$ +des orthogonalen Polynoms $\phi_n(x)$, $\forall i =0,\ldots,n$ und +\begin{align*} +\gamma_n += +\int_0^\infty w(x) \phi_n^2(x)\,dx +\end{align*} +dem Normalisierungsfaktor. + +Wir setzen nun $\phi_n(x) = L_n(x)$ und +nutzen den Vorzeichenwechsel der Laguerre-Koeffizienten +(ersichtlich am Term $(-1)^k$ in \eqref{laguerre:polynom}) +aus, +damit erhalten wir +\begin{align*} +A_i + & = +-\frac{C_{n+1} \gamma_n}{C_n L'_n(x_i) L_{n+1} (x_i)} +\\ + & = \frac{C_n}{C_{n-1}} \frac{\gamma_{n-1}}{L_{n-1}(x_i) L'_n(x_i)} +. +\end{align*} +Für Laguerre-Polynome gilt +\begin{align*} +\frac{C_n}{C_{n-1}} += +-\frac{1}{n} +\quad \text{und} \quad +\gamma_n += +1 +. +\end{align*} +Daraus folgt +\begin{align} +A_i + & = +- \frac{1}{n L_{n-1}(x_i) L'_n(x_i)} +\label{laguerre:gewichte_lag_temp} +. +\end{align} +Nun kann die Rekursionseigenschaft der Laguerre-Polynome +\cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction} +% (siehe \cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction}) +\begin{align*} +x L'_n(x) + & = +n L_n(x) - n L_{n-1}(x) +\\ + & = (x - n - 1) L_n(x) + (n + 1) L_{n+1}(x) +\end{align*} +umgeformt werden und da $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$ sind, +vereinfacht sich die Gleichung zu +\begin{align*} +x_i L'_n(x_i) + & = +- n L_{n-1}(x_i) +\\ + & = +(n + 1) L_{n+1}(x_i) +. +\end{align*} +Setzen wir diese Beziehung nun in \eqref{laguerre:gewichte_lag_temp} ein, +ergibt sich \begin{align} - A_i - = - \frac{x_i}{(n + 1)^2 \left[ L_{n + 1}(x_i)\right]^2} - \label{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} +\nonumber +A_i + & = +\frac{1}{x_i \left[ L'_n(x_i) \right]^2} +\\ + & = +\frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} +. +\label{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} \end{align} +\subsubsection{Fehlerterm} +Die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur mit $n$ Stützstellen berechnet Integrale +von Polynomen bis zum Grad $2n - 1$ exakt. +Für beliebige Funktionen kann eine Fehlerabschätzung angegeben werden. +Der Fehlerterm $R_n$ folgt direkt aus der Approximation +\begin{align*} +\int_0^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} \, dx += +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i + R_n +\end{align*} +und \cite{laguerre:abramowitz+stegun} gibt ihn als +\begin{align} +R_n + & = +\frac{f^{(2n)}(\xi)}{(2n)!} \int_0^\infty l(x)^2 e^{-x}\,dx +\\ + & = +\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) +,\quad +0 < \xi < \infty +\label{laguerre:lag_error} +\end{align} +an. +Der Fehler ist also abhängig von der $2n$-ten Ableitung +der zu integrierenden Funktion. diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib b/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib index caf270f..1a4a903 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib @@ -3,33 +3,46 @@ % % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % - -@online{laguerre:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@book{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction, + title={Introduction to Numerical Analysis: Second Edition}, + author={Hildebrand, F.B.}, + isbn={9780486318554}, + series={Dover Books on Mathematics}, + year={2013}, + publisher={Dover Publications}, + pages = {389-392} } -@book{laguerre:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} +@book{laguerre:abramowitz+stegun, + added-at = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, + address = {New York}, + author = {Abramowitz, Milton and Stegun, Irene A.}, + edition = {ninth Dover printing, tenth GPO printing}, + interhash = {d4914a420f489f7c5129ed01ec3cf80c}, + intrahash = {23ec744709b3a776a1af0a3fd65cd09f}, + keywords = {Handbook}, + publisher = {Dover}, + pages = {890}, + timestamp = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, + title = {Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables}, + year = 1972 } -@article{laguerre:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@article{laguerre:Cassity1965AbcissasCA, + title={Abcissas, coefficients, and error term for the generalized Gauss-Laguerre quadrature formula using the zero ordinate}, + author={C. Ronald Cassity}, + journal={Mathematics of Computation}, + year={1965}, + volume={19}, + pages={287-296} } +@online{laguerre:lanczos, + title = {Lanczos Approximation}, + author={Eric W. Weisstein}, + url = {https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LanczosApproximation.html}, + date = {2022-07-18}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {18} +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1acd7f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + import gamma_approx as ga + import targets + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 200 + ns = np.arange(1, 13) + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + + bests = targets.find_best_loc(N, ns=ns) + mean_m = np.mean(bests, -1) + + intercept, bias = np.polyfit(ns, mean_m, 1) + fig, axs = plt.subplots( + 2, num=1, sharex=True, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4.5, 3.6) + ) + xl = np.array([ns[0] - 0.5, ns[-1] + 0.5]) + axs[0].plot(xl, intercept * xl + bias, label=r"$\hat{m}$") + axs[0].plot(ns, mean_m, "x", label=r"$\overline{m}$") + axs[1].plot( + ns, ((intercept * ns + bias) - mean_m), "-x", label=r"$\hat{m} - \overline{m}$" + ) + axs[0].set_xlim(*xl) + axs[0].set_xticks(ns) + axs[0].set_yticks(np.arange(np.floor(mean_m[0]), np.ceil(mean_m[-1]) + 0.1, 2)) + # axs[0].set_title("Schätzung von Mittelwert") + # axs[1].set_title("Fehler") + axs[-1].set_xlabel(r"$n$") + for ax in axs: + ax.grid(1) + ax.legend() + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/estimates.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/estimates.pdf") + + print(f"Intercept={intercept:.6g}, Bias={bias:.6g}") + predicts = np.ceil(intercept * ns[:, None] + bias - np.real(x)) + print(f"Error: {np.mean(np.abs(bests - predicts))}") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b09e59 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +from pathlib import Path + +import numpy as np +import scipy.special + +EPSILON = 1e-7 +root = str(Path(__file__).parent) +img_path = f"{root}/../images" +fontsize = "medium" +cmap = "plasma" + + +def _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n): + if x is None or w is None: + return np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n) + return x, w + + +def drop_imag(z): + if abs(z.imag) <= EPSILON: + z = z.real + return z + + +def pochhammer(z, n): + return np.prod(z + np.arange(n)) + + +def find_optimal_shift(z, n): + mhat = 1.34093 * n + 0.854093 + steps = int(np.floor(mhat - np.real(z))) + return steps + + +def get_shifting_factor(z, steps): + factor = 1.0 + if steps > 0: + factor = 1 / pochhammer(z, steps) + elif steps < 0: + factor = pochhammer(z + steps, -steps) + return factor + + +def laguerre_gamma_shifted(z, x=None, w=None, n=8, target=11): + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + n = len(x) + + z += 0j + steps = int(np.floor(target - np.real(z))) + z_shifted = z + steps + correction_factor = get_shifting_factor(z, steps) + + res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w) + res *= correction_factor + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_opt_shifted(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + n = len(x) + + z += 0j + opt_shift = find_optimal_shift(z, n) + correction_factor = get_shifting_factor(z, opt_shift) + z_shifted = z + opt_shift + + res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w) + res *= correction_factor + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_simple(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + z += 0j + res = np.sum(x ** (z - 1) * w) + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_mirror(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + z += 0j + if z.real < 1e-3: + return np.pi / ( + np.sin(np.pi * z) * laguerre_gamma_simple(1 - z, x, w) + ) # Reflection formula + return laguerre_gamma_simple(z, x, w) + + +def eval_laguerre_gamma(z, x=None, w=None, n=8, func="simple", **kwargs): + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + if func == "simple": + f = laguerre_gamma_simple + elif func == "mirror": + f = laguerre_gamma_mirror + elif func == "optimal_shifted": + f = laguerre_gamma_opt_shifted + else: + f = laguerre_gamma_shifted + return np.array([f(zi, x, w, n, **kwargs) for zi in z]) + + +def calc_rel_error(x, y): + mask = np.abs(x) != np.infty + rel_error = np.zeros_like(y) + rel_error[mask] = (y[mask] - x[mask]) / x[mask] + rel_error[~mask] = 0.0 + return rel_error diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e970721 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +"""Plot for integrand of gamma function with shifting terms.""" + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + EPSILON = 1e-12 + xlims = np.array([-3, 3]) + + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + t = np.logspace(*xlims, 1001)[:, None] + + z = np.array([-4.5, -2, -1, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4.5]) + r = t ** z + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4, 2.4)) + ax.semilogx(t, r) + ax.set_xlim(*(10.0 ** xlims)) + ax.set_ylim(1e-3, 40) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$") + # ax.set_ylabel(r"$x^z$") + ax.grid(1, "both") + labels = [f"$z={zi: 3.1f}$" for zi in np.squeeze(z)] + ax.legend(labels, ncol=2, loc="upper left", fontsize="small") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e649b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +"""Plot for integrand of gamma function with shifting terms.""" + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + EPSILON = 1e-12 + xlims = np.array([-3, 3]) + + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + t = np.logspace(*xlims, 1001)[:, None] + + z = np.array([-1, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5]) + e = np.exp(-t) + r = t ** z * e + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=2, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4, 2.4)) + ax.semilogx(t, r) + # ax.plot(t,np.exp(-t)) + ax.set_xlim(10 ** (-2), 20) + ax.set_ylim(1e-3, 10) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$") + # ax.set_ylabel(r"$x^z e^{-x}$") + ax.grid(1, "both") + labels = [f"$z={zi: 3.1f}$" for zi in np.squeeze(z)] + ax.legend(labels, ncol=2, loc="upper left", fontsize="small") + # fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand_exp.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand_exp.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05db5d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +import numpy as np + + +def get_ticks(start, end, step=1): + ticks = np.arange(start, end, step) + return ticks[ticks != 0] + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import scipy.special as ss + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 1000 + step = 5 + t = np.linspace(-1.05, 10.5, N)[:, None] + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + # fig = plt.figure(num=1, clear=True, tight_layout=True, figsize=(5.5, 3.7)) + # ax = fig.add_subplot(axes_class=AxesZero) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(6, 4)) + for n in np.arange(0, 8): + k = np.arange(0, n + 1)[None] + L = np.sum((-1) ** k * ss.binom(n, k) / ss.factorial(k) * t ** k, -1) + ax.plot(t, L, label=f"$n={n}$") + + ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(int(t[0]), t[-1]), minor=True) + ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(0, t[-1], step)) + ax.set_xlim(t[0], t[-1] + 0.1 * (t[1] - t[0])) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$", x=1.0, labelpad=-10, rotation=0, fontsize="large") + + ylim = 13 + ax.set_yticks(get_ticks(-ylim, ylim), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(get_ticks(-step * (ylim // step), ylim, step)) + ax.set_ylim(-ylim, ylim) + ax.set_ylabel(r"$y$", y=0.95, labelpad=-14, rotation=0, fontsize="large") + + ax.legend(ncol=2, loc=(0.125, 0.01), fontsize="large") + + # set the x-spine + ax.spines[["left", "bottom"]].set_position("zero") + ax.spines[["right", "top"]].set_visible(False) + ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom") + hlx = 0.4 + dx = t[-1, 0] - t[0, 0] + dy = 2 * ylim + hly = dy / dx * hlx + dps = fig.dpi_scale_trans.inverted() + bbox = ax.get_window_extent().transformed(dps) + width, height = bbox.width, bbox.height + + # manual arrowhead width and length + hw = 1.0 / 60.0 * dy + hl = 1.0 / 30.0 * dx + lw = 0.5 # axis line width + ohg = 0.0 # arrow overhang + + # compute matching arrowhead length and width + yhw = hw / dy * dx * height / width + yhl = hl / dx * dy * width / height + + # draw x and y axis + ax.arrow( + t[-1, 0] - hl, + 0, + hl, + 0.0, + fc="k", + ec="k", + lw=lw, + head_width=hw, + head_length=hl, + overhang=ohg, + length_includes_head=True, + clip_on=False, + ) + + ax.arrow( + 0, + ylim - yhl, + 0.0, + yhl, + fc="k", + ec="k", + lw=lw, + head_width=yhw, + head_length=yhl, + overhang=ohg, + length_includes_head=True, + clip_on=False, + ) + + # fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_poly.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_poly.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a714fa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + xmax = 4 + vals = np.linspace(-xmax + ga.EPSILON, xmax, 100) + x, y = np.meshgrid(vals, vals) + mesh = x + 1j * y + input = mesh.flatten() + + lanczos = scipy.special.gamma(mesh) + lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(input, n=8, func="optimal_shifted").reshape(mesh.shape) + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(lanczos, lag)) + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(3.5, 2.1)) + _c = ax.pcolormesh( + x, y, rel_error, shading="gouraud", cmap=ga.cmap, norm=mpl.colors.LogNorm() + ) + cbr = fig.colorbar(_c, ax=ax) + cbr.minorticks_off() + # ax.set_title("Relative Error") + ax.set_xlabel("Re($z$)") + ax.set_ylabel("Im($z$)") + minor_ticks = np.arange(-xmax, xmax + ga.EPSILON) + ticks = np.arange(-xmax, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 2) + ax.set_xticks(ticks) + ax.set_xticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(ticks) + ax.set_yticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_complex.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7348d5e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + xmin = -15 + xmax = 15 + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, 1]) + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, 400) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.5)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="mirror") + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 5)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=1, loc="upper left", fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_mirror.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_mirror.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ece3b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + N = 1201 + xmax = 6 + xmin = -xmax + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, -1.2]) + + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, N) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="optimal_shifted") + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 2)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 1), "", minor=True) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=1, loc="upper left", fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_range.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_range.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f53c89b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + n = 8 # order of Laguerre polynomial + N = 200 # number of points in interval + + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + targets = np.arange(10, 14) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.1)) + for target in targets: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, target=target, n=n, func="shifted") + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag)) + ax.semilogy(x, rel_error, label=f"$m={target}$", linewidth=3) + gamma_lgo = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="optimal_shifted") + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lgo)) + ax.semilogy(x, rel_error, "m", linestyle=":", label="$m^*$", linewidth=3) + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(5e-9, 5e-8) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 1, 6)) + ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 1, 11), minor=True) + ax.grid(1, "both") + ax.legend(ncol=1, fontsize=ga.fontsize) + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_shifted.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_shifted.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1ea36a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + # mpl.rc("text", usetex=True) + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + # mpl.rcParams.update({"font.family": "serif", "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes"}) + + # Simple / naive + xmin = -5 + xmax = 25 + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, 6]) + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, 400) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.5)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n) + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 5)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=3, fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_simple.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_simple.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69f94ba --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +import numpy as np +import scipy.special + +import gamma_approx as ga + + +def find_best_loc(N=200, a=1.375, b=0.5, ns=None): + if ns is None: + ns = np.arange(2, 13) + bests = [] + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + for n in ns: + zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n) + est = np.ceil(b + a * n) + targets = np.arange(max(est - 2, 0), est + 3) + rel_error = [] + for target in targets: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, target=target, x=zeros, w=weights, func="shifted") + rel_error.append(np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag))) + rel_error = np.stack(rel_error, -1) + best = np.argmin(rel_error, -1) + targets[0] + bests.append(best) + return np.stack(bests, 0) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 200 + ns = np.arange(1, 13) + + bests = find_best_loc(N, ns=ns) + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(3.5, 2.1)) + v = ax.imshow(bests, cmap=ga.cmap, aspect="auto", interpolation="nearest") + plt.colorbar(v, ax=ax, label=r"$m^*$") + ticks = np.arange(0, N + 1, N // 5) + ax.set_xlim(0, 1) + ax.set_xticks(ticks) + ax.set_xticklabels([f"{v:.2f}" for v in ticks / N]) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(0, N + 1, N // 20), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(np.arange(len(ns))) + ax.set_yticklabels(ns) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + ax.set_ylabel(r"$n$") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/targets.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/targets.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/transformation.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/transformation.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 4de86b6..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/transformation.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -% -% transformation.tex -% -% (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule -% -\section{Laguerre Transformation -\label{laguerre:section:transformation}} -\begin{align} - L \left\{ f(x) \right\} - = - \tilde{f}_\alpha(n) - = - \int_0^\infty e^{-x} x^\alpha L_n^\alpha(x) f(x) dx - \label{laguerre:transformation} -\end{align} - -\begin{align} - L^{-1} \left\{ \tilde{f}_\alpha(n) \right\} - = - f(x) - = - \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} - \begin{pmatrix} - n + \alpha \\ - n - \end{pmatrix}^{-1} - \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha + 1)} - \tilde{f}_\alpha(n) - L_n^\alpha(x) - \label{laguerre:inverse_transformation} -\end{align}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/wasserstoff.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/wasserstoff.tex deleted file mode 100644 index caaa6af..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/wasserstoff.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ -% -% wasserstoff.tex -% -% (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule -% -\section{Radialer Schwingungsanteil eines Wasserstoffatoms -\label{laguerre:section:radial_h_atom}} - -\begin{align} - \nonumber - - \frac{\hbar^2}{2m} - & - \left( - \frac{1}{r^2} \pdv{}{r} - \left( r^2 \pdv{}{r} \right) - + - \frac{1}{r^2 \sin \vartheta} \pdv{}{\vartheta} - \left( \sin \vartheta \pdv{}{\vartheta} \right) - + - \frac{1}{r^2 \sin^2 \vartheta} \pdv[2]{}{\varphi} - \right) - u(r, \vartheta, \varphi) - \\ - & - - \frac{e^2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} u(r, \vartheta, \varphi) - = - E u(r, \vartheta, \varphi) - \label{laguerre:pdg_h_atom} -\end{align} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Abstand.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Abstand.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d787c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Abstand.py @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Sat Jul 30 23:09:33 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +phi = np.pi/2 +t = np.linspace(0, 10, 10**5) +x0 = 1 + +def D(t): + return np.sqrt(x0**2+2*x0*t*np.cos(phi)+2*t**2-2*t**2*np.sin(phi)) + +plt.plot(t, D(t)) diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..964b348 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..42cae0d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e78abd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f09edfb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Fri Jul 29 09:40:11 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" +import pylatex + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + + + + +N = np.array([0, 0]) +V = np.array([1, 4]) +Z = np.array([5, 5]) +VZ = Z-V +vzScale = 0.4 + + +a = [N, N, V] +b = [V, Z, vzScale*VZ] + +X = np.array([i[0] for i in a]) +Y = np.array([i[1] for i in a]) +U = np.array([i[0] for i in b]) +W = np.array([i[1] for i in b]) + +xlim = 6 +ylim = 6 +fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1) +ax.set_xlim([0, xlim]) #<-- set the x axis limits +ax.set_ylim([0, ylim]) #<-- set the y axis limits +#plt.figure(figsize=(xlim, ylim)) +ax.quiver(X, Y, U, W, angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=1, headwidth=5, headlength=7, headaxislength=5.5) + +ax.plot([V[0], (VZ+V)[0]], [V[1], (VZ+V)[1]], 'k--') +ax.plot(np.vstack([V, Z])[:, 0], np.vstack([V, Z])[:,1], 'bo', markersize=10) + +ax.tick_params(labelsize=15) +plt.xticks(ticks=range(0, 7)) +plt.yticks(ticks=range(0, 7)) +ax.text(2.5, 4.5, "Visierlinie", size=20, rotation=10) + +plt.rcParams.update({ + "text.usetex": True, + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": ["New Century Schoolbook"], +}) + +ax.text(1.6, 4.3, r"$\dot{v}$", size=20) +ax.text(0.65, 3.9, r"$V$", size=20, c='b') +ax.text(5.15, 4.85, r"$Z$", size=20, c='b') +ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$", size=20) +ax.set_ylabel(r"$y$", size=20) + + diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc4720a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/konvergenz.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/konvergenz.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dac99a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/konvergenz.py @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Sun Jul 31 14:34:13 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +t = 0 +phi = np.linspace(np.pi/2, 3*np.pi/2, 10**5) +x0 = 1 +y0 = -2 + +def D(t): + return (x0+t*np.cos(phi))*np.cos(phi)+(y0+t*(np.sin(phi)-1))*(np.sin(phi)-1)/(np.sqrt((x0+t*np.cos(phi))**2+(y0+t*(np.sin(phi)-1))**2)) + + +plt.plot(phi, D(t))
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/lambertAbstandBauchgefühl.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/lambertAbstandBauchgefühl.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73b322c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/lambertAbstandBauchgefühl.py @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Sun Jul 31 13:32:53 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import scipy.special as sci + +W = sci.lambertw + + +t = np.linspace(0, 1.2, 1000) +x0 = 1 +y0 = 1 + +r0 = np.sqrt(x0**2+y0**2) +chi = (r0+y0)/(r0-y0) + +x = x0*np.sqrt(1/chi*W(chi*np.exp(chi-4*t/(r0-y0)))) +eta = (x/x0)**2 +y = 1/4*((y0+r0)*eta+(y0-r0)*np.log(eta)-r0+3*y0) + +ymin= (min(y)).real +xmin = (x[np.where(y == ymin)][0]).real + + +#Verfolger +plt.plot(x, y, 'r--') +plt.plot(xmin, ymin, 'bo', markersize=10) + +#Ziel +plt.plot(np.zeros_like(t), t, 'g--') +plt.plot(0, ymin, 'bo', markersize=10) + + +plt.plot([0, xmin], [ymin, ymin], 'k--') +#plt.xlim(-0.1, 1) +#plt.ylim(1, 2) + +plt.grid(True) +plt.tick_params(labelsize=15) +#plt.xticks(ticks=range(0, 7)) +#plt.yticks(ticks=range(0, 7)) +plt.quiver(xmin, ymin, -0.2, 0, scale=1) + +plt.text(xmin+0.1, ymin-0.1, "Verfolgungskurve", size=20, rotation=20, color='r') +plt.text(0.01, 0.02, "Fluchtkurve", size=20, rotation=90, color='g') + +plt.rcParams.update({ + "text.usetex": True, + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": ["New Century Schoolbook"], +}) + +plt.text(xmin-0.11, ymin-0.08, r"$\dot{v}$", size=20) +plt.text(xmin-0.02, ymin+0.05, r"$V$", size=20, c='b') +plt.text(0.02, ymin+0.05, r"$Z$", size=20, c='b') +plt.ylabel(r"$y$", size=20) +plt.xlabel(r"$x$", size=20)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..754563d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 20 JUL 2022 18:38 +entering extended mode +**./main.tex +(main.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \chapter + {Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.6 \chapter{V + erfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.7 \lhead + {Thema} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Environment refsection undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.8 \begin{refsection} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.9 \chapterauthor + {David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: File `papers/lambertw/teil0.tex' not found. + +Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, +or enter new name. (Default extension: tex) + +Enter file name: +! Emergency stop. +<read *> + +l.30 \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} + +*** (cannot \read from terminal in nonstop modes) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 22 strings out of 478927 + 609 string characters out of 2852535 + 290175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17980 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 16i,0n,26p,94b,28s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index c125c33..394963f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,35 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:lambertw}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +\lhead{Verfolgungskurven} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - +\chapterauthor{David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} +% +%Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes +%\begin{itemize} +%\item +%Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. +%Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. +%\item +%Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende +%Optionen werden gelöscht. +%Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. +%\item +%Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. +%Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen +%in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt +%anzuwenden. +%\item +%Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren +%Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. +%\end{itemize} +% \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/lambertw/teil4.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} - +% \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex index 6581a5a..366de78 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{float}
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+Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00003pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.13 \subsection + {Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.13 \subsection{V + erfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no M in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Environment table undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.17 \begin{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 \begin{tabular} + {|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 18. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 18. + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +! Undefined control sequence. +<recently read> \text + +l.20 \text + {}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text + {Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text + {Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 ...text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text + {Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +<recently read> \text + +l.22 \text + {Strategie 1} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 \text + {Strategie 2} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text + {-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text + {konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.28 \text + {Strategie 3} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 3 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{table}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.33 \end{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.00006pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 18--34 +[][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.42 I + n der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.42 In der Tabelle \eqref + {lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.45 In der Grafik \eqref + {lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.51 \quad|A\in\mathbb + {R}>0 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +Overfull \hbox (122.89459pt too wide) detected at line 52 +\OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 konst \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML +/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j\OML/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 2 \OML/cmm +/m/it/10 R > \/cmr/m/n/10 0 + [] + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (81.8452pt too wide) detected at line 58 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = [] + [] + +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Environment align undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.65 \begin{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +\frac #1#2->{\begingroup #1\endgroup \over #2} + +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.69 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.73 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{align}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.75 \end{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the <inserted text> above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +! Missing } inserted. +<inserted text> + } +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the <inserted text> above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 + $[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (152.45233pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +[][]$[]$ + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.79 \subsection + {Ziel +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 \subsection{Z + iel +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 79--85 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 79--85 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 79--85 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.55557pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 79--85 +\/cmr/m/n/10 u + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Environment Bmatrix undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.88 \begin{Bmatrix} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{equation} on input line 85 ended by \end{Bmatrix}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.91 \end{Bmatrix} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +Overfull \hbox (38.12263pt too wide) detected at line 92 +[]\/cmr/m/n/10 (\OML/cmm/m/it/10 t\/cmr/m/n/10 ) = 0[] \OML/cmm/m/it/10 t + [] + +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil0.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 34 strings out of 478927 + 671 string characters out of 2852535 + 298175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17993 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 23i,13n,32p,801b,95s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 2b83d59..baee9ea 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,126 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{lambertw:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{lambertw:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. +\section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? +\label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} +\rhead{Was sind Verfolgungskurven?} +% +Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie ``Welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt?''. +Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. +Der Verfolger verfolgt sein Ziel, das versucht zu entkommen. +Der Pfad, den der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. +Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als Differentialgleichung formuliert werden. +Diese Differentialgleichung entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. +% +\subsection{Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +\label{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger}} +Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. +Wir nehmen an, dass sich der Verfolger stur an eine Verfolgungsstrategie hält. +Dabei gibt es viele mögliche Strategien, die der Verfolger wählen könnte. +Die möglichen Strategien entstehen durch Festlegung einzelner Parameter, die der Verfolger kontrollieren kann. +Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. +Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. +Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. +Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. +% +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|>{$}l<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + \hline + \text{Strategie}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ + \hline + \text{Jagd} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel zu}\\ + + \text{Beschattung} + & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel zu}\\ + + \text{Vorhalt} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{mögliche Verfolgungsstrategien} + \label{lambertw:table:Strategien} +\end{table} +% +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf} + \caption{Vektordarstellung Jagdstrategie} + \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} +\end{figure} +% +In der Tabelle \ref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. +Im Folgenden wird nur noch auf die Jagdstrategie eingegangen. +Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel zu. +Der Verfolger und sein Ziel werden als Punkte $V$ und $Z$ modelliert. +In der Abbildung \ref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, +wobei $v$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $z$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{v}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. +Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor entspricht dem Richtungsvektors des Verfolgers. +Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit +% +\begin{equation} + |\dot{v}| + = \operatorname{const} = A + \text{,}\quad A\in\mathbb{R}^+ +\end{equation} +% +darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor muss auf das Ziel zeigen, woraus folgt +\begin{equation} + \dot{v} + \quad||\quad + z-v + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Um den Richtungsvektor zu konstruieren kann der Einheitsvektor parallel zu $z-v$ um $|\dot{v}|$ gestreckt werden, was zu +\begin{equation} + \dot{v} + = + |\dot{v}|\cdot (z-v)^\circ + = + |\dot{v}|\cdot\frac{z-v}{|z-v|} + \label{lambertw:richtungsvektor} +\end{equation} +führt. +Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. +Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. + +Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{v}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergibt sich +\begin{align} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}|\cdot\dot{v} + &= + |\dot{v}|^2 + \text{,} +\end{align} +was algebraisch zu +\begin{align} + \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot \frac{\dot{v}}{|\dot{v}|} + &= + 1 +\end{align} +umgeformt werden kann. +Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, sofern der Verfolger die Jagdstrategie verwendet. +% +\subsection{Ziel +\label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} +Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. +Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. +Als Strategie eignet sich eine definierte Fluchtkurve oder ähnlich wie beim Verfolger ein Verhalten, das vom Verfolger abhängig ist. +Ein vom Verfolger abhängiges Verhalten führt zu einem gekoppeltem DGL-System, das schwierig zu lösen sein wird. +Eine definierte Fluchtkurve kann mit einer Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. +Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung +% +\begin{equation} + z(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +beschrieben werden könnte. +Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. +Für die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form gewählt werden, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung für die Verfolgungskurve komplexer. + -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. 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+Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 20--24 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.55559pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 20--24 +\/cmr/m/n/10 u + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 20--24 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.25 U + m die DGL dieses Problems herzuleiten wird der Sachverhalt in der Graf... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 ... wird der Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref + {pursuer_grafik1} aufgezeigt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.25 ... Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_ + grafik1} aufgezeigt. +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 25. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 25. +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +l.25 ...halt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_grafik1} + aufgezeigt. +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.27 + +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (332.97824pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[]\OML/cmm/m/it/10 rafik\/cmr/m/n/10 1\OML/cmm/m/it/10 aufgezeigt:DerPunktPistd +erVerfolgerundderPunktAistseinZiel:$ + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.28 U + m dies mathematisch beschreiben zu können, wird der Richtungsvektor +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 28--29 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 28--29 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (64.58458pt too wide) detected at line 33 +[] \/cmr/m/n/10 = [] + [] + +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.49 \subsection + {Beispiel} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.49 \subsection{B + eispiel} +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.50 ...ieses Problem wurde bereits die DGL \eqref + {eq:PursuerDGL} hergeleitet. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 49--52 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.55557pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 49--52 +\/cmr/m/n/10 u + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.55557pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 49--52 +\/cmr/m/n/10 u + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.53 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 53--53 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (135.67946pt too wide) detected at line 57 +[]\/cmr/m/n/10 (\OML/cmm/m/it/10 t\/cmr/m/n/10 )[][] = [][][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.59 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 59--59 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (61.57726pt too wide) detected at line 65 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 [] \/cmr/m/n/10 = 1 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 v[] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 S + ed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 79--86 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (134.08229pt too wide) detected at line 93 +[][] \OML/cmm/m/it/10 x[] dx \/cmr/m/n/10 = [][] = []\OML/cmm/m/it/10 :[] + [] + +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.98 U + t enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.104 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.104 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.110 animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref + {000tempmlate:equation1}. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.112 E + t harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +<write> ...ertw:section:loesung' on page \thepage + \space undefined\on@line . +l.113 \ref{lambertw:section:loesung} + . +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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Undefined control sequence. +<write> ...tw:section:folgerung' on page \thepage + \space undefined\on@line . +l.117 \ref{lambertw:section:folgerung} + . +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +LaTeX Warning: Reference `lambertw:section:folgerung' on page undefined on inp +ut line 117. + +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil1.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 35 strings out of 478927 + 720 string characters out of 2852535 + 294175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17993 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403738 words of font info for 28 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 23i,12n,32p,307b,98s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 7b545c3..c4b2d05 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -3,53 +3,343 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 -\label{lambertw:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{lambertw:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? +\section{Wird das Ziel erreicht? +\label{lambertw:section:Wird_das_Ziel_erreicht}} +\rhead{Wird das Ziel erreicht?} +% +Sehr oft kommt es vor, dass bei Verfolgungsproblemen die Frage auftaucht, ob das Ziel überhaupt erreicht wird. +Wenn zum Beispiel die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers kleiner ist als diejenige des Ziels, gibt es Anfangsbedingungen bei denen das Ziel nie erreicht wird. +Im Anschluss dieser Frage stellt sich meist die nächste Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. +Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und am Beispiel aus \ref{lambertw:section:teil4} betrachtet. +Das Beispiel wird bei dieser Betrachtung noch etwas erweitert, indem alle Punkte auf der gesamtem $xy$-Ebene als Startwerte zugelassen werden. -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. +Nun gilt es zu definieren, wann das Ziel erreicht wird. +Da sowohl Ziel und Verfolger als Punkte modelliert wurden, gilt das Ziel als erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. +Somit gilt es +% +\begin{equation} + z(t_1)=v(t_1) + \label{bedingung_treffer} +\end{equation} +% +zu lösen. +Die Parametrisierung von $z(t)$ ist im Beispiel definiert als +\begin{equation} + z(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right)\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Die Parametrisierung von $v(t)$ ist von den Startbedingungen abhängig. Deshalb wird die Bedingung \eqref{bedingung_treffer} jeweils für die unterschiedlichen Startbedingungen separat analysiert. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung im ersten Quadranten} +% +Wenn der Verfolger im ersten Quadranten startet, dann kann $v(t)$ mit den Gleichungen aus \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}, welche +\begin{align} + x\left(t\right) + &= + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) \right)} \text{,}\\ + y(t) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\biggl(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\biggl(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\biggr)-r_0+3y_0\biggr) \text{,}\\ + \chi + &= + \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}\text{,} \quad + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 \quad\text{und}\quad + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} +\end{align} +% +sind, +beschrieben werden. +Der Verfolger ist durch +\begin{equation} + v(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ y(t) \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +parametrisiert, wobei $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$. +Daher wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt, wodurch die Bedingung der $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden müssen. Es entstehen daher die Bedingungen +% +\begin{align} + 0 + &= + x(t) + = + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} + \\ + t + &= + y(t) + = + \frac{1}{4}\biggl(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\biggl(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\biggr)-r_0+3y_0\biggr) + \text{,} +\end{align} +% +welche beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. +Zuerst wird die Bedingung der $x$-Koordinate betrachtet. +Da $x_0 \neq 0$ und $\chi \neq 0$ kann +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} +\end{equation} +algebraisch zu +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) +\end{equation} +umgeformt werden. +Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Mit der einzigen Nullstelle der Lambert W-Funktion bei +\begin{equation*} + W(0)=0 + \text{,} +\end{equation*} +kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + \chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste, damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +Somit kann unter den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% +% +% +%Diese kann durch dividieren durch $x_0$, anschliessendes quadrieren und multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Daraus folgt +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) +% \text{.} +%5\end{equation} +% +%Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +%Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +% +%\begin{equation*} +% W(0)=0 +%\end{equation*} +% +%besitzt, kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu +% +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% \chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) +% \text{.} +%\end{equation} +% +%Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +%Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +%Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +%Somit kann nach den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung $y_0<0$} +Da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und des Ziels übereinstimmen, kann der Verfolger niemals das Ziel einholen. +Dies kann veranschaulicht werden anhand +% +\begin{equation} + v(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + \leq + z(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + = + 1\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Da der $y$-Anteil der Geschwindigkeit des Ziels mindestens so gross wie die des Verfolgers ist, können die $y$-Koordinaten nie übereinstimmen. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung auf positiven $y$-Achse} +Wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet, befindet er sich direkt auf der Fluchtgeraden des Ziels. +Dies führt dazu, dass der Verfolger und das Ziel sich direkt aufeinander zu bewegen, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt. +Die Folge ist, dass das Ziel zwingend erreicht wird. +Um $t_1$ zu bestimmen, kann die Verfolgungskurve in diesem Fall mit +% +\begin{equation} + v(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ y_0-t \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +parametrisiert werden. +Nun kann der Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel leicht bestimmt und nach 0 aufgelöst werden. +Woraus folgt +% +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + |v(t_1)-z(t_1)| + = + y_0-2t_1\text{,} +\end{equation} +% +was aufgelöst zu +% +\begin{equation} + t_1 + = + \frac{y_0}{2} +\end{equation} +% +führt. +Somit wird das Ziel immer erreicht bei $t_1$, wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet. +\subsection{Fazit} +Durch die Symmetrie der Fluchtkurve an der $y$-Achse führen die Anfangsbedingungen im ersten und zweiten Quadranten zu den gleichen Ergebnissen. Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven $y$-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. +Bei allen anderen Anfangspunkten wird der Verfolger das Ziel nie erreichen. -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{lambertw:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{lambertw:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden, während in der Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. +Somit wird in einer nächsten Betrachtung untersucht, ob der Verfolger dem Ziel näher kommt als ein definierter Trefferradius. +Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. +Mathematisch kann dies mit +% +\begin{equation} + |v-z|<a_{\text{min}} \text{,}\quad a_{\text{min}}\in\mathbb{R}^+ +\end{equation} +% +beschrieben werden, wobei $a_{\text{min}}$ dem Trefferradius entspricht. +Durch Quadrieren verschwindet die Wurzel des Betrages, womit +% +\begin{equation} + |v-z|^2<a_{\text{min}}^2 \text{,}\quad a_{\text{min}}\in \mathbb{R}^+ + \label{lambertw:minimumAbstand} +\end{equation} +% +die neue Bedingung ist. +Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_{\text{min}}$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage unverändert. +% +\subsection{Trügerische Intuition}%verleitende/trügerische/verführerisch +In der Grafik \ref{lambertw:grafic:intuition} ist eine mögliche Verfolgungskurve dargestellt, wobei für die Startbedingung der erste-Quadrant verwendet wurde. +Als erste Intuition für den Punkt bei dem $|v-z|$ minimal ist bietet sich der tiefste Punkt der Verfolgungskurve an, bei dem der y-Anteil des Richtungsvektors null entspricht. +Es kann argumentiert werden, dass weil die Geschwindigkeiten gleich gross sind und $\dot{v}$ sich aus einem $y$- als auch einem $x$-Anteil zusammensetzt und $\dot{z}$ nur ein $y$-Anteil besitzt, der Abstand nur grösser werden kann, wenn $e_y\cdot z>e_y\cdot v$. +Aus diesem Argument würde folgen, dass beim tiefsten Punkt der Verfolgungskurve im Beispiel den minimalen Abstand befindet. +% +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/Intuition.pdf} + \caption{Intuition} + \label{lambertw:grafic:intuition} +\end{figure} +% +Dieses Argument kann leicht überprüft werden, indem lokal alle relevanten benachbarten Punkte betrachtet und das Vorzeichen der Änderung des Abstandes überprüft wird. +Dafür wird ein Ausdruck benötigt, der den Abstand und die benachbarten Punkte beschreibt. +$\dot{v}$ wird allgemein mit dem Winkel $\alpha \in[ 0, 2\pi)$ beschrieben, um alle unmittelbar benachbarten Punkte prüfen zu können. +Die Ortsvektoren der Punkte können wiederum mit +\begin{align} + v + &= + t\cdot\left(\begin{array}{c} \cos (\alpha) \\ \sin (\alpha) \end{array}\right) +\left(\begin{array}{c} x_0 \\ 0 \end{array}\right) + \\ + z + &= + \left(\begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array}\right) +\end{align} +beschrieben werden. +$x_0$ ist der Abstand bei $t=0$, damit alle möglichen Fälle untersucht werden können. +Da der Abstand allgemein +\begin{equation} + a + = + |v-z| + \geq + 0 +\end{equation} +ist, kann durch Quadrieren ohne Informationsverlust die Rechnung vereinfacht werden zu +\begin{equation} + a^2 + = + |v-z|^2 + = + (t\cdot\cos(\alpha)+x_0)^2+t^2(\sin(\alpha)-1)^2 + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Der Abstand im Quadrat abgeleitet nach der Zeit ist +\begin{equation} + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + = + 2(t\cdot\cos (\alpha)+x_0)\cdot\cos(\alpha)+2t(\sin(\alpha)-1)^2 + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Da nur die unmittelbar benachbarten Punkten von Interesse sind, wird die Ableitung für $t=0$ untersucht. Dabei kann die Ableitung in +\begin{align} + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &= + 2x_0\cos(\alpha) + \\ + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &< + 0\Leftrightarrow\alpha\in\left( \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right) + \\ + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &> + 0\Leftrightarrow\alpha\in\left[0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\cup\left(\frac{3\pi}{2}, 2\pi\right) + \\ + \frac{d a^2}{d t} + &= + 0\Leftrightarrow\alpha\in\left\{ \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right\} +\end{align} +unterteilt werden. +Von Interesse ist lediglich das Intervall $\alpha\in\left( \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right)$, da der Verfolger sich stets in die negative $y$-Richtung bewegt. +In diesem Intervall ist die Ableitung negativ, woraus folgt, dass jeglicher unmittelbar benachbarte Punkt, den der Verfolger als nächstes begehen könnte, stets näher am Ziel ist als zuvor. +Dies bedeutet, dass der Scheitelpunkt der Verfolgungskurve nie ein lokales Minimum bezüglich des Abstandes sein kann. +% +\subsection{Wo ist der Abstand minimal?} +Damit der Verfolger das Ziel erreicht muss die Bedingung \eqref{lambertw:minimumAbstand} erfüllt sein. +Somit ist es ausreichend zu zeigen, dass +\begin{equation} + \operatorname{min}(|z-v|)<a_\text{min} + \label{lambertw:Bedingung:abstandMinimal} +\end{equation} +erfüllt ist. +Für folgende Betrachtung wurde für den Verfolger die Jagdstrategie mit $|\dot{v}|=|\dot{z}|$ gewählt. +Das Minimum des Abstandes kann mit +\begin{equation} + 0=\frac{d|z-v|}{dt} +\end{equation} +gefunden werden. +Mithilfe $(z-v)(z-v)=|z-v|^2$ kann die Gleichung umgeformt werden zu +\begin{equation} + 0=\frac{d(\sqrt{(z-v)(z-v)})}{dt} + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Jetzt kann die Ableitung leicht ausgeführt werden, womit +\begin{equation} + 0=(\dot{z}-\dot{v})\frac{z-v}{\sqrt{(z-v)(z-v)}} +\end{equation} +entsteht. +In dieser Gleichung kann $(z-v)(z-v)=|z-v|^2$ nochmals angewendet werden, wodurch die Gleichung zu +\begin{equation} + 0=(\dot{z}-\dot{v})\frac{z-v}{|z-v|} +\end{equation} +umgeformt werden kann. +Nun ist die Struktur der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:richtungsvektor} erkennbar. +Wird dies ausgenutzt folgt +\begin{equation} + 0=(\dot{z}-\dot{v})\frac{\dot{v}}{|\dot{v}|} + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Durch algebraische Umwandlung kann die Gleichung in die Form +\begin{equation} + \dot{z}\dot{v}=|\dot{v}|^2 +\end{equation} +gebracht werden. +Wenn für den Winkel zwischen den Richtungsvektoren $\alpha$ und die Eigenschaft $|\dot{z}|=|\dot{v}|$ verwendet wird entsteht +\begin{equation} + \cos(\alpha)=1 + \text{.} +\end{equation} +Jetzt ist klar, dass nur bei $\alpha=0$, wenn $\alpha \in [0,2\pi)$, ein lokales als auch globales Minimum vorhanden sein kann. +$\alpha=0$ bedeutet, dass $\dot{v}=\dot{z}$ sein muss. +Da die Richtungsvektoren bei $t\rightarrow\infty$ immer in die gleiche Richtung zeigen ist dort die Bedingung immer erfüllt. +Dies entspricht gerade dem einen Rand von $t$, der andere Rand bei $t=0$ muss auch auf lokales bzw. globales Minimum untersucht werden. +Daraus folgt, dass die Bedingung \eqref{lambertw:Bedingung:abstandMinimal} lediglich für den Abstand bei $t=\{0, \infty\}$ überprüft werden muss.
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+Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\subsection{Strategie 1 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie1}} + + +\subsection{Strategie 2 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie2}} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..018dcba --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log @@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 5 APR 2022 21:53 +entering extended mode +**./teil3.tex +(teil3.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Teil 3 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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+Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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+Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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+Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! 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Emergency stop. +<*> teil4.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 16 strings out of 478371 + 382 string characters out of 5852527 + 296836 words of memory out of 5000000 + 18226 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 13i,0n,12p,83b,18s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36fb7e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,446 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve +\label{lambertw:section:teil4}} +\rhead{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve} +In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie ``Jagd'' beschrieben. Dafür werden zuerst Bewegungsraum, Anfangspositionen und Bewegungsverhalten definiert, in einem nächsten Schritt soll eine Differentialgleichung dafür aufgestellt und anschliessend gelöst werden. + +\subsection{Anfangsbedingungen definieren und einsetzen + \label{lambertw:subsection:Anfangsbedingungen}} +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(Z\) bewegt sich entlang der \(y\)-Achse mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{z}| = 1\), beginnend beim Ursprung des kartesischen Koordinatensystems. Der Verfolger \(V\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadranten und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{v}| = 1\) in Richtung Ziel. Aus diesen Bedingungen ergibt sich den ersten Quadranten als Bewegungsraum für \(V\). Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +\begin{equation} + Z + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ |\dot{z}| \cdot t \end{array} \right) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) + ,\: + V + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) + \:\text{und}\:\: + |\dot{v}| + = + 1. + \label{lambertw:Anfangsbed} +\end{equation} +Wir haben nun die Anfangsbedingungen definiert, jetzt fehlt nur noch eine DGL, welche die fortlaufende Änderung der Position und Bewegungsrichtung des Verfolgers beschreibt. +Diese DGL haben wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger} definiert, und zwar Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL}. Wenn man die Startpunkte einfügt, ergibt sich der Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + \frac{\left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right)}{\sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}} + \cdot + \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) + = + 1. + \label{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Differentialgleichung vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach}} +Nun haben wir eine Gleichung, es stellt sich aber die Frage, ob es überhaupt eine geschlossene Lösung dafür gibt. Eine Funktion welche die Beziehung \(y(x)\) beschreibt oder sogar \(x(t)\) und \(y(t)\) liefert. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt mag es nicht trivial scheinen, aber mit den gewählten Anfangsbedingungen \eqref{lambertw:Anfangsbed} ist es möglich, eine geschlossene Lösung für die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} zu finden. + +Auf dem Weg dahin muss die definierte DGL zuerst wesentlich vereinfacht werden, sei es mittels algebraischer Umformungen oder mit den Tools aus der Analysis. Da die nächsten Schritte sehr algebralastig sind und sie das Lesen dieses Papers träge machen würden, werden wir uns hier nur auf die wesentlichsten Schritte konzentrieren, welche notwendig sind, um den Lösungsweg nachvollziehen zu können. + +\subsubsection{Skalarprodukt auflösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:SkalProdAufl}} +Zuerst müssen wir den Bruch und das Skalarprodukt in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} wegbringen, damit wir eine viel handlichere Differentialgleichung erhalten. Dies führt zu +\begin{equation} + -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}. + \label{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} +\end{equation} +Im letzten Schritt, fällt die Nützlichkeit des Skalarproduktes in der Verfolgungsgleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} markant auf. Anstatt zwei gekoppelte Differentialgleichungen zu erhalten, eine für die \(x\)- und die andere für die \(y\)-Komponente, erhält man einen einzigen Ausdruck, was in der Regel mit weniger Lösungsaufwand verbunden ist. + +\subsubsection{Quadrieren und Gruppieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:QuadUndGrup}} +Mit der Quadratwurzel in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} kann man nichts anfangen, sie steht nur im Weg, also muss man sie loswerden. Wenn man dies macht, kann \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} auf die Form +\begin{equation} + \left(\dot{x}^2-1\right) \cdot x^2 -2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \left(\dot{y}^2-1\right) \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0 + \label{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} +\end{equation} +gebracht werden. +Diese Form mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade nützlich sein, aber man kann sie mit einer Substitution weiter vereinfachen. + +\subsubsection{Wichtige Substitution + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:WichtSubst}} +Wenn man beachtet, dass die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers konstant und gleich 1 ist, dann ergibt sich die Beziehung +\begin{equation} + \dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 + = 1. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} +\end{equation} +Umformungen der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} können in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} erkannt werden. Wenn man sie ersetzt, erhält man +\begin{equation} + \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 +2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \dot{x}^2 \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} +\end{equation} +Diese unscheinbare Substitution führt dazu, dass weitere Vereinfachungen durchgeführt werden können. + +\subsubsection{Binom erkennen und vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:BinomVereinfach}} +Versteckt im Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} befindet sich die erste binomische Formel, wobei +\begin{equation} + (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 + = 0 + \label{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +die faktorisierte Darstellung davon ist. +Da der linke Term gleich Null ist, muss auch die Basis des Quadrates in \eqref{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht} gleich Null sein. Es ergibt sich eine weitere Vereinfachung, welche zu der im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} wesentlich einfacheren DGL +\begin{equation} + x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} + = 0 + \label{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +führt. +Kompakt, ohne Wurzelterme und Quadrate, nur elementare Operationen und Ableitungen. + +Nun stellt sich die Frage wie es weiter gehen soll, bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} scheinen keine weiteren Vereinfachungen möglich zu sein. Wir brauchen einen neuen Ansatz, um unser Ziel einer möglichen Lösung zu verfolgen. + +\subsection{Zeitabhängigkeit loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}} +Der nächste logische Schritt scheint irgendwie die Zeitabhängigkeit in der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} loszuwerden, aber wieso? Nun, wie am Anfang von Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach} beschrieben, suchen wir eine Lösung der Art \(y(x)\), dies ist natürlich erst möglich wenn wir die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) eliminieren können. + +\subsubsection{Zeitliche Ableitungen loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitAbleit}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur Funktion \(y(x)\) ist, die zeitlichen Ableitungen los zu werden, dafür wird \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} beidseitig durch \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, was erlaubt ist, weil diese Änderung ungleich Null ist: +\begin{equation} + x \frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} + (t-y) \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{x}} + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +Der Grund dafür ist, dass +\begin{equation} + \frac{\displaystyle\dot{y}}{\displaystyle\dot{x}} + = \frac{\displaystyle\frac{dy}{dt}}{\displaystyle\frac{dx}{dt}} + = \frac{dy}{dx} + = y^{\prime}, + \label{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +und somit kann der Quotient dieser zeitlichen Ableitungen in eine Ableitung nach \(x\) umgewandelt werden. +Nachdem die Eigenschaft \eqref{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} in \eqref{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} eingesetzt wurde, entsteht beim Vereinfachen die neue Gleichung +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLmitT} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Variable \(t\) eliminieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:VarTelimin}} +Hier wäre es natürlich passend, wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte, aber wie? +Wir wissen, dass sich der Verfolger mit Geschwindigkeit 1 bewegt, also legt er in der Zeit \(t\) die Strecke \(1\cdot t = t\) zurück. Längen und Strecken können auch mit der Bogenlänge repräsentiert werden, somit kann Zeit und zurückgelegte Strecke in der Gleichung +\begin{equation} + s + = + |\dot{v}| \cdot t + = + 1 \cdot t + = + t + = + \int_{\displaystyle x_0}^{\displaystyle x_{\text{end}}}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx + \label{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} +\end{equation} +verbunden werden. + +Nicht gerade auffällig ist die Richtung, in welche hier integriert wird. Wenn der Verfolger sich wie vorgesehen am Anfang im ersten Quadranten befindet, dann muss sich dieser nach links bewegen, was nicht der üblichen Integrationsrichtung entspricht. Um eine Integration wie üblich von links nach rechts ausführen zu können, müssen die Integrationsgrenzen vertauscht werden, was in einem Vorzeichenwechsel resultiert. + +Wenn man nun \eqref{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT} einfügt, dann ergibt sich der neue Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} - \int\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLohneT} +\end{equation} +Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab und erhält die DGL zweiter Ordnung +\begin{align} + y^{\prime}+ xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} - y^{\prime} + &= 0, \\ + xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} + &= 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLohneInt} +\end{align} +Nun sind wir unserem Ziel einen weiteren Schritt näher. Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade einfach sein, aber im nächsten Abschnitt werden wir sehen, dass sie relativ einfach zu lösen ist. + +\subsection{Differentialgleichung lösen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLloes}} +Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} ist eine DGL zweiter Ordnung, in der \(y\) nicht vorkommt. Sie kann mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) in die DGL +\begin{equation} + xu^{\prime} - \sqrt{1+u^2} + = 0 + \label{lambertw:DGLmitU} +\end{equation} +erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden. +Diese Gleichung ist separierbar, was sie viel handlicher macht. In der separierten Form +\begin{equation} + \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}\:du} + = + \int{\frac{1}{x}\:dx}, +\end{equation} +lässt sich die Gleichung mittels einer Integrationstabelle sehr rasch lösen. +Das Ergebnis ist +\begin{align} + \operatorname{arsinh}(u) + &= + \operatorname{ln}(x) + C, \\ + u + &= + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} +\end{align} +Wenn man in \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man die DGL +\begin{equation} + y^{\prime} + = + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C) + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitY} +\end{equation} +erster Ordnung, die bereits separiert ist. +Ersetzt man den \(\operatorname{sinh}\) durch seine exponentielle Definition \(\operatorname{sinh}(x)=\frac{1}{2}(e^x-e^{-x})\), so resultiert auf sehr einfache Art die Lösung +\begin{equation} + y + = + C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x)}{8 \cdot C_2} +\end{equation} +für \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitY}. + +Nun haben wir eine Lösung, aber wie es immer mit Lösungen ist, stellt sich die Frage, ob sie überhaupt plausibel ist. + +\subsection{Lösung analysieren + \label{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys}} + +\definecolor{applegreen}{rgb}{0.55, 0.71, 0.0} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} + \caption[Graph der Verfolgungskurve]{Graph der Verfolgungskurve wobei, ({\color{red}rot}) die Funktion \ensuremath{y(x)} ist, ({\color{applegreen}grün}) der quadratische Teil und ({\color{blue}blau}) dem \ensuremath{\operatorname{ln}(x)}-Teil entspricht. + \label{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} + } +\end{figure} + +Das Resultat, wie ersichtlich, ist die Funktion +\begin{equation} + {\color{red}{y(x)}} + = + C_1 + C_2 {\color{applegreen}{x^2}} {\color{blue}{-}} \frac{\color{blue}{\operatorname{ln}(x)}}{8 \cdot C_2}, + \label{lambertw:funkLoes} +\end{equation} +für welche die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) aus den Anfangsbedingungen bestimmt werden können. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(y(x)\) geschaffen werden: +\begin{itemize} + \item + Für grosse \(x\)-Werte, welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} dominant. + \item + Für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse, wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. Irgendwann werden Verfolger und Ziel auf gleicher Höhe sein, also gleiche \(y\)- aber verschiedene \(x\)-Koordinate besitzen. + In diesem Punkt findet ein Monotoniewechsel in der Kurve \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} statt, was zu einem Minimum führt. + \item + Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn, da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger ihm nachgeht. +\end{itemize} +Alle diese Eigenschaften stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, welche durch die Grafik \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} repräsentiert wurde. + +\subsection{Anfangswertproblem + \label{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes}} +In diesem Abschnitt soll eine Parameterfunktion hergeleitet werden, bei der jeder beliebige Anfangspunkt im ersten Quadranten eingesetzt werden kann, ausser der Ursprung im Koordinatensystem. Diese Aufgabe ist ein Anfangswertproblem für \(y(x)\). + +Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Analysis, auf welches hier nicht explizit eingegangen wird. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit, wird aber das Gleichungssystem präsentiert, welches notwendig ist, um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen. + +\subsubsection{Anfangswerte bestimmen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:Anfangswerte}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur gesuchten Parameterfunktion ist, die Anfangswerte +\begin{equation} + y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} + = + y(x_0) + = + y_0 + \label{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} + \frac{dy}{dx}\bigg \vert_{t=0} + = + y^{\prime}(x_0) + = + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + \label{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} +\end{equation} +zu definieren. +Der zweite Anfangswert \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} mag nicht grade offensichtlich sein. Die Erklärung dafür ist aber simpel: Der Verfolger wird sich zum Zeitpunkt \(t=0\) in Richtung Koordinatenursprung bewegen wollen, wo sich das Ziel befindet. Somit entsteht das Steigungsdreieck mit \(\Delta x = x_0\) und \(\Delta y = y_0\). + +\subsubsection{Gleichungssystem aufstellen und lösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:GlSys}} +Wenn man die Anfangswerte \eqref{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} und \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}(x)\) einsetzt, dann ergibt sich das Gleichungssystem +\begin{subequations} + \label{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} + \begin{align} + y_0 + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2}, \\ + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + &= + 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{1}{8 \cdot C_2 \cdot x_0}. + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +Damit die gesuchte Funktion im ersten Quadranten bleibt, werden nur die positiven Lösungen +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff1} + C_1 + &= + \frac{2\cdot\operatorname{ln}(x_0)\left(\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} - y_0 \right) - \sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + 3 y_0}{4}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff2} + C_2 + &= + \frac{\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + y_0}{4x_0^2} + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +des Gleichungssystems gewählt. +\subsubsection{Gesuchte Parameterfunktion aufstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ParamFunk}} +Wenn man die Koeffizienten \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff1} und \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff2} in die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} einsetzt, dann ergibt sich beim Vereinfachen die gesuchte Parameterfunktion +\begin{equation} + y(x) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(y_0-r_0\right) + \operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right). + \label{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} +\end{equation} +Damit die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} trotzdem übersichtlich bleibt, wurden Anfangssteigung \(\eta\) und Anfangsentfernung \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert: +\begin{equation} + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \:\:\text{und}\:\: + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2}. +\end{equation} +Diese neue allgemeine Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} weist immer noch die selbe Struktur wie die vorher hergeleitete Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} auf. Sie enthält einerseits einen quadratischen Teil, der in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, anderseits den \(\operatorname{ln}\)-Teil. Aus dieser Ähnlichkeit kann geschlossen werden, dass sich \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} auf eine ähnliche Art verhalten wird. + +Nun sind wir soweit, dass wir eine \(y(x)\)-Beziehung für beliebige Anfangswerte darstellen können, unser erstes Ziel wurde erreicht. Wir können aber einen Schritt weiter gehen und uns Fragen: Ist es analytisch möglich herauszufinden, wo sich Verfolger und Ziel zu jedem Zeitpunkt befinden? Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. + +\subsection{Funktion nach der Zeit + \label{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT}} +In diesem Abschnitt werden algebraische Umformungen ein wenig detaillierter als zuvor beschrieben. Dies hat auch einen bestimmten Grund: Den Einsatz einer speziellen Funktion aufzeigen, sowie auch wann und wieso diese vorkommt. Welche spezielle Funktion? Fragt man sich wahrscheinlich in diesem Moment. Nun, um diese Frage kurz zu beantworten, es ist ``YouTube's favorite special function'' laut dem Mathematiker Michael Penn, die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) welche im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:lambertw} bereits beschrieben wurde. + +\subsubsection{Zeitabhängigkeit wiederherstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitabhWiederherst}} +Der erste Schritt ist es herauszufinden, wie die Zeitabhängigkeit wieder hineingebracht werden kann. Dafür greifen wir auf die letzte Gleichung zu, in welcher \(t\) noch enthalten war, und zwar DGL +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0 + \label{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} +\end{equation} +aus dem Abschnitt \eqref{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}, welche zur Übersichtlichkeit hier nochmals aufgeführt wurde. +Wie in \eqref{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} zu sehen ist, werden \(y\) und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}\) benötigt, diese sind: +\begin{subequations} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} + y + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right), \\ + y^\prime + &= + \frac{1}{2}\biggl(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{x}{x_0^2}+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\frac{1}{x}\biggr). + \end{align} +\end{subequations} + +Wenn man diese Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} einfügt, vereinfacht und nach \(t\) auflöst, dann ergibt sich der Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + -4t + = + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Umformungen die zur Funktion nach der Zeit führen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:UmformBisZumZiel}} +Mit dem Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt}, welcher Terme mit \(x\) und \(t\) verbindet, kann nun nach der gesuchten Variable \(x\) aufgelöst werden. + +In einem nächsten Schritt wird alles mit \(x\) auf die eine Seite gebracht, der Rest auf die andere Seite und anschliessend beidseitig exponenziert, sodass man +\begin{equation} + -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right) + = + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right) +\end{equation} +und anschliessend +\begin{equation} + e^{\displaystyle -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right)} + = + e^{\displaystyle \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta}\cdot\eta^{\displaystyle \left(r_0-y_0\right)} + \label{lambertw:eqMitExp} +\end{equation} +erhält. +Auf dem rechten Term von \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} beginnen wir langsam eine ähnliche Struktur wie \(\eta e^\eta\) zu erkennen, dies schreit nach der Struktur, die benötigt wird, um \(\eta\) mittels der Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) zu erhalten. Dies macht durchaus Sinn, wenn wir die Funktion \(x(t)\) finden wollen und \(W(x)\) die Umkehrfunktion von \(x e^x\) ist. + +Die erste Sache, die uns in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} stört ist, dass \(\eta\) als Potenz da steht. Dieses Problem können wir loswerden, indem wir beidseitig mit \(\:1 / (r_0-y_0)\:\) potenzieren: +\begin{equation} + \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\right) + = + \eta\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Eine essenzielle Substitution + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:SubstChi}} +Das nächste Problem, auf welches wir in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} treffen, ist, dass \(\eta\) nicht alleine im Exponent steht. Dies kann elegant mit der Substitution +\begin{equation} + \chi + = + \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0} + \label{lambertw:eqChiSubst} +\end{equation} +gelöst werden. +Es gäbe natürlich andere Substitutionen wie z.B. +\[\displaystyle \chi=\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\cdot\eta,\] +die auf dasselbe Ergebnis führen würden, aber \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} liefert in einem Schritt die kompakteste Lösung. Also fahren wir mit der Substitution \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} weiter, setzen diese in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} ein und multiplizieren beidseitig mit \(\chi\). Daraus erhalten wir die Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) + = + \chi\eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi\eta}. + \label{lambertw:eqNachSubst} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Funktion nach der Zeit dank Lambert-\(W\) + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:LambertWundFvonT}} +Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) einsetzen können. Wenn wir beidseitig \(W(x)\) anwenden, dann erhalten wir den Ausdruck +\begin{equation} + W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) + = + \chi\eta. +\end{equation} +Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir die gesuchte \(x(t)\)-Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}. Dieses \(x(t)\) in Kombination mit \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} liefert die Position des Verfolgers zu jedem Zeitpunkt. Das Gleichungspaar besteht also aus den Gleichungen +\begin{subequations} + \label{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} + x(t) + &= + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)}{\chi}}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqFunkYNachT} + y(x(t)) + = + y(t) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\biggl(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(y_0-r_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\biggl(\biggl(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\biggr)^2\biggr)-r_0+3y_0\biggr). + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +Nun haben wir unser letztes Ziel erreicht und sind in der Lage eine Verfolgung rechnerisch sowie graphisch zu repräsentieren. + +\subsubsection{Hinweise zur Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:HinwLambertW}} +Wir sind aber noch nicht ganz fertig, eine Frage muss noch beantwortet werden. Und zwar wieso man schon bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} weiss, dass die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion zum Einsatz kommen wird. +Nun, der Grund dafür ist die Struktur +\begin{equation} + y + = + p(x) +\operatorname{ln}(x), + \label{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} +\end{equation} +bei welcher \(p(x)\) eine beliebige Potenz von \(x\) darstellt. + +Jedes Mal wenn \(x\) gesucht ist und in einer Struktur der Art \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} vorkommt, dann kann mit ein paar Umformungen die Struktur \(f(x)e^{f(x)}\) erzielt werden. Wie bereits in diesem Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT} gezeigt wurde, kann \(x\) nun mittels der \(W(x)\)-Funktion aufgelöst werden. Erstaunlicherweise ist \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} eine Struktur die oft vorkommt, was die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion so wichtig macht.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/nav/Makefile.inc index b30377e..5e86543 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/nav/Makefile.inc @@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ dependencies-nav = \ papers/nav/packages.tex \ papers/nav/main.tex \ - papers/nav/references.bib \ - papers/nav/teil0.tex \ - papers/nav/teil1.tex \ - papers/nav/teil2.tex \ - papers/nav/teil3.tex + papers/nav/einleitung.tex \ + papers/nav/flatearth.tex \ + papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex \ + papers/nav/sincos.tex \ + papers/nav/trigo.tex \ + papers/nav/references.bib diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/beispiel.txt b/buch/papers/nav/beispiel.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8716fc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/beispiel.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Datum: 28. 5. 2022 +Zeit: 15:29:49 UTC +Sternzeit: 7h 54m 26.593s 7.90738694h + +Deneb + +RA 20h 42m 12.14s 20.703372h +DEC 45 21' 40.3" 45.361194 + +H 50g 15' 17.1" 50.254750 +Azi 59g 36' 02.0" 59.600555 + +Spica + +RA 13h 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Rektaszensionen sind von einem vergangenen Datum und die Höhe der Gestirne und die Sternzeit wurden von unserem Dozenten digital in einer Stadt in Japan mit den Koordinaten 35.716672 N, 140.233336 E bestimmt. +Wir werden rechnerisch beweisen, dass wir mit diesen Ergebnissen genau auf diese Koordinaten kommen. +\subsection{Vorgehen} + +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{l l l} + 1. & Koordinaten der Bildpunkte der Gestirne bestimmen \\ + 2. & Dreiecke aufzeichnen und richtig beschriften\\ + 3. & Dreieck ABC bestimmmen\\ + 4. & Dreieck BPC bestimmen \\ + 5. & Dreieck ABP bestimmen \\ + 6. & Geographische Breite bestimmen \\ + 7. & Geographische Länge bestimmen \\ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\subsection{Ausgangslage} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position1.pdf} + \caption{Ausgangslage} +\end{wrapfigure} +Die Rektaszension und die Sternzeit sind in der Regeln in Stunden angegeben. +Für die Umrechnung in Grad kann folgender Zusammenhang verwendet werden: +\[ Stunden \cdot 15 = Grad\]. +Dies wurde hier bereits gemacht. +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{l l l} + Sternzeit $s$ & $118.610804^\circ$ \\ + Deneb&\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{Deneb}$& $310.55058^\circ$ \\ + & Deklination $DEC_{Deneb}$& $45.361194^\circ$ \\ + & Höhe $h_c$ & $50.256027^\circ$ \\ + Arktur &\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{Arktur}$& $214.17558^\circ$ \\ + & Deklination $DEC_{Arktur}$& $19.063222^\circ$ \\ + & Höhe $h_b$ & $47.427444^\circ$ \\ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} +\subsection{Koordinaten der Bildpunkte} +Als erstes benötigen wir die Koordinaten der Bildpunkte von Arktur und Deneb. +$\delta$ ist die Breite, $\lambda$ die Länge. +\begin{align} +\delta_{Deneb}&=DEC_{Deneb} = \underline{\underline{45.361194^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{Deneb}&=RA_{Deneb} - s = 310.55058^\circ -118.610804^\circ =\underline{\underline{191.939776^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\delta_{Arktur}&=DEC_{Arktur} = \underline{\underline{19.063222^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{Arktur}&=RA_{Arktur} - s = 214.17558^\circ -118.610804^\circ = \underline{\underline{5.5647759^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + + +\subsection{Dreiecke definieren} +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele1.pdf} + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele2.pdf} + \caption{Arktur-Deneb; Spica-Altiar} +\end{center} +\end{figure} +Das Festlegen der Dreiecke ist essenziell für die korrekten Berechnungen. +Ein Problem, welches in der Theorie nicht berücksichtigt wurde ist, dass der Punkt $P$ nicht zwingend unterhalb der Seite $a$ sein muss. +Wenn man das nicht berücksichtigt, erhält man falsche oder keine Ergebnisse. +In der Realität weiss man jedoch ungefähr auf welchem Breitengrad man ist, so kann man relativ einfach entscheiden, ob der eigene Standort über $a$ ist oder nicht. +Beim unserem genutzten Paar Arktur-Deneb ist dies kein Problem, da der Punkt unterhalb der Seite $a$ liegt. +Würde man aber das Paar Altair-Spica nehmen, liegt $P$ über $a$ (vgl. Abbildung 21.11) und man müsste trigonometrisch anders vorgehen. + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABC$} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position2.pdf} + \caption{Dreieck ABC} +\end{wrapfigure} +Nun berechnen wir alle Seitenlängen $a$, $b$, $c$ und die Innnenwinkel $\alpha$, $\beta$ und $\gamma$ +Wir können $b$ und $c$ mit den geltenten Zusammenhängen des nautischen Dreiecks wie folgt bestimmen: +\begin{align} + b=90^\circ-DEC_{Deneb} = 90^\circ - 45.361194^\circ = \underline{\underline{44.638806^\circ}}\nonumber \\ + c=90^\circ-DEC_{Arktur} = 90^\circ - 19.063222^\circ = \underline{\underline{70.936778^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Um $a$ zu bestimmen, benötigen wir zuerst den Winkel \[\alpha= RA_{Deneb} - RA_{Arktur} = 310.55058^\circ -214.17558^\circ = \underline{\underline{96.375^\circ}}.\] +Danach nutzen wir den sphärischen Winkelkosinussatz, um $a$ zu berechnen: +\begin{align} + a &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(b) \cdot \cos(c) + \sin(b) \cdot \sin(c) \cdot \cos(\alpha)) \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(44.638806) \cdot \cos(70.936778) + \sin(44.638806) \cdot \sin(70.936778) \cdot \cos(96.375)) \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{80.8707801^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Für $\beta$ und $\gamma$ nutzen wir den sphärischen Seitenkosinussatz: +\begin{align} + \beta &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(c)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(44.638806)-\cos(80.8707801) \cdot \cos(70.936778)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(70.936778)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{45.0115314^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + + \begin{align} + \gamma &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(c)-\cos(b) \cdot \cos(a)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(b)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(70.936778)-\cos(44.638806) \cdot \cos(80.8707801)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(44.638806)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{72.0573328^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\subsection{Dreieck $BPC$} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position3.pdf} + \caption{Dreieck BPC} +\end{wrapfigure} +Als nächstes berechnen wir die Seiten $h_b$, $h_c$ und die Innenwinkel $\beta_1$ und $\gamma_1$. +\begin{align} + h_b&=90^\circ - h_b \nonumber \\ + &= 90^\circ - 47.42744^\circ \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{42.572556^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + h_c &= 90^\circ - h_c \nonumber \\ + &= 90^\circ - 50.256027^\circ \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{39.743973^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + \beta_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_c)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_b)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_b)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(39.743973)-\cos(80.8707801) \cdot \cos(42.572556)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(42.572556)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{12.5211127^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + \gamma_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_c)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556)-\cos(80.8707801) \cdot \cos(39.743973)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(39.743973)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{13.2618475^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABP$} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position4.pdf} + \caption{Dreieck ABP} +\end{wrapfigure} +Als erster müssen wir den Winkel $\beta_2$ berechnen: +\begin{align} + \beta_2 &= \beta + \beta_1 = 45.011513^\circ + 12.5211127^\circ \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Danach können wir mithilfe von $\beta_2$, $c$ und $h_b$ die Seite $l$ berechnen: +\begin{align} + l &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(c) \cdot \cos(h_b) + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(h_b) \cdot \cos(\beta_2)) \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(70.936778) \cdot \cos(42.572556) + \sin(70.936778) \cdot \sin(42.572556) \cdot \cos(57.5326442)) \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{54.2833404^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Damit wir gleich den Längengrad berechnen können, benötigen wir noch den Winkel $\omega$: +\begin{align} + \omega &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_b)-\cos(c) \cdot \cos(l)}{\sin(c) \cdot \sin(l)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556)-\cos(70.936778) \cdot \cos(54.2833404)}{\sin(70.936778) \cdot \sin(54.2833404)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + +\subsection{Längengrad und Breitengrad bestimmen} + +\begin{align} + \delta &= 90^\circ - l \nonumber \\ + &= 90^\circ - 54.2833404 \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{35.7166596^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + \lambda &= \lambda_{Arktur} + \omega \nonumber \\ + &= 95.5647759^\circ + 44.6687451^\circ \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{140.233521^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Wie wir sehen, stimmen die berechneten Koordinaten mit den Koordinaten des Punktes, an welchem gemessen wurde überein. + +\subsection{Fazit} +Die theoretische Anleitung im Abschnitt 21.6 scheint grundsätzlich zu funktionieren. +Allerdings gab es zwei interessante Probleme. + +Einerseits das Problem, ob der Punkt P sich oberhalb oder unterhalb von $a$ befindet. +Da wir eigentlich wussten, wo der gesuchte Punkt P ist, konnten wir das Dreieck anhand der Koordinaten der Bildpunkte richtig aufstellen. +In der Praxis muss man aber schon wissen, auf welchem Breitengrad man ungefähr ist. +Dies weis man in der Regeln aber, da die eigene Breite die Höhe des Polarsterns ist. +Diese Höhe wird mit dem Sextant gemessen. + +Andererseits ist da noch ein Problem mit dem Sinussatz. +Beim Sinussatz gibt es immer zwei Lösungen, weil \[ \sin(\pi-a)=\sin(a).\] +Da kann es sein (und war in unserem Fall auch so), dass man das falsche Ergebnis erwischt. +Durch diese Erkenntnis haben wir nur Kosinussätze verwendet und dies ebenfalls im Abschnitt 21.6 abgeändert, da es für den Leser auch relevant sein kann, wenn er es Probieren möchte. + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bsp2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/bsp2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d9083b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bsp2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +\section{Beispielrechnung} +\rhead{Beispielrechnung} + +\subsection{Einführung} +In diesem Abschnitt wird die Theorie vom Abschnitt \ref{sta} in einem Praxisbeispiel angewendet. +Wir haben die Deklination, Rektaszension, Höhe der beiden Planeten Deneb und Arktur und die Sternzeit von Greenwich als Ausgangslage. +Die Deklinationen und Rektaszensionen sind von einem vergangenen Datum und die Höhe der Gestirne und die Sternzeit wurden digital in einer Stadt in Japan mit den Koordinaten 35.716672 N, 140.233336 E bestimmt. +Wir werden nachrechnen, dass wir mit unserer Methode genau auf diese Koordinaten kommen. +\subsection{Vorgehen} +Unser Vorgehen erschliesst sich aus unserer Methode, die wir im Abschnitt \ref{p} theoretisch erklärt haben. +\begin{compactenum} +\item +Koordinaten der Bildpunkte der Gestirne bestimmen +\item +Dreiecke aufzeichnen und richtig beschriften +\item +Dreieck ABC bestimmmen +\item +Dreieck BPC bestimmen +\item +Dreieck ABP bestimmen +\item +Geographische Breite bestimmen +\item +Geographische Länge bestimmen +\end{compactenum} + +\subsection{Ausgangslage} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm} +Die Rektaszension und die Sternzeit sind in der Regel in Stunden angegeben. +Für die Umrechnung in Grad kann folgender Zusammenhang verwendet werden: +\[ +\text{Stunden} \cdot 15 = \text{Grad}. +\] +Dies wurde hier bereits gemacht. +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{l l >{$}l<{$}} +Sternzeit $s$ & $118.610804^\circ$ \\ +Deneb &\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{\text{Deneb}}$ & 310.55058^\circ\\ + & Deklination $DEC_{\text{Deneb}}$ & \phantom{0}45.361194^\circ \\ + & Höhe $h_c$ & \phantom{0}50.256027^\circ \\ +Arktur &\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{\text{Arktur}}$& 214.17558^\circ \\ + & Deklination $DEC_{\text{Arktur}}$ & \phantom{0}19.063222^\circ \\ + & Höhe $h_b$ & \phantom{0}47.427444^\circ \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position1.pdf}}% +} +\medskip + +\subsection{Koordinaten der Bildpunkte} +Als erstes benötigen wir die Koordinaten der Bildpunkte von Arktur und Deneb. +$\delta$ ist die Breite, $\lambda$ die Länge. +\begin{align} +\delta_{\text{Deneb}}&=DEC_{\text{Deneb}} = \underline{\underline{45.361194^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{\text{Deneb}}&=RA_{\text{Deneb}} - s = 310.55058^\circ -118.610804^\circ =\underline{\underline{191.939776^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\delta_{\text{Arktur}}&=DEC_{\text{Arktur}} = \underline{\underline{19.063222^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{\text{Arktur}}&=RA_{\text{Arktur}} - s = 214.17558^\circ -118.610804^\circ = \underline{\underline{5.5647759^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + + +\subsection{Dreiecke definieren} +\begin{figure} +\hbox{% +\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele1.pdf}% +\hfill% +\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele2.pdf}} +\caption{Arktur-Deneb; Spica-Altiar +\label{nav:beispiele}} +\end{figure} +Das Festlegen der Dreiecke ist essenziell für die korrekten Berechnungen. +Ein Problem, welches in der Theorie nicht berücksichtigt wurde ist, dass der Punkt $P$ nicht zwingend unterhalb der Seite $a$ sein muss. +Wenn man das nicht berücksichtigt, erhält man falsche oder keine Ergebnisse. +In der Realität weiss man jedoch ungefähr auf welchem Breitengrad man ist, so kann man relativ einfach entscheiden, ob der eigene Standort über $a$ ist oder nicht. +Beim unserem genutzten Paar Arktur-Deneb ist dies kein Problem, da der Punkt unterhalb der Seite $a$ liegt. +Würde man aber das Paar Altair-Spica nehmen, liegt $P$ über $a$ +(vgl. Abbildung\ref{nav:beispiele}) und man müsste trigonometrisch +anders vorgehen. + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABC$} +\vspace*{-3mm} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm}% +Nun berechnen wir alle Seitenlängen $a$, $b$, $c$ und die +Innnenwinkel $\alpha$, $\beta$ und $\gamma$. +Wir können $b$ und $c$ mit den geltenten Zusammenhängen des nautischen Dreiecks wie folgt bestimmen: +\begin{align*} +b +&= +90^\circ-DEC_{\text{Deneb}} += +90^\circ - 45.361194^\circ +\\ +&= +\underline{\underline{44.638806^\circ}} +\\ +c +&= +90^\circ-DEC_{\text{Arktur}} += +90^\circ - 19.063222^\circ +\\ +&= +\underline{\underline{70.936778^\circ}} +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2.4cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position2.pdf}}% +} +Um $a$ zu bestimmen, benötigen wir zuerst den Winkel +\begin{align*} +\alpha +&= +RA_{\text{Deneb}} - RA_{\text{Arktur}} += +310.55058^\circ -214.17558^\circ +\\ +&= +\underline{\underline{96.375^\circ}}. +\end{align*} +Danach nutzen wir den sphärischen Winkelkosinussatz, um $a$ zu berechnen: +\begin{align*} + a &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(b) \cdot \cos(c) + \sin(b) \cdot \sin(c) \cdot \cos(\alpha)) \\ + &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(44.638806^\circ) \cdot \cos(70.936778^\circ) + \sin(44.638806^\circ) \cdot \sin(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \cos(96.375^\circ)) \\ + &= \underline{\underline{80.8707801^\circ}} +\end{align*} +Für $\beta$ und $\gamma$ nutzen wir den sphärischen Seitenkosinussatz: +\begin{align*} + \beta &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(c)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(44.638806^\circ)-\cos(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \cos(70.936778^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(70.936778^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &= \underline{\underline{45.0115314^\circ}} +\\ +\gamma &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(c)-\cos(b) \cdot \cos(a)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(b)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(70.936778^\circ)-\cos(44.638806^\circ) \cdot \cos(80.8707801^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(44.638806^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &=\underline{\underline{72.0573328^\circ}} +\end{align*} + + + +\subsection{Dreieck $BPC$} +\vspace*{-4mm} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm}% +Als nächstes berechnen wir die Seiten $h_B$, $h_B$ und die Innenwinkel $\beta_1$ und $\gamma_1$. +\begin{align*} +h_B&=90^\circ - pbb + = 90^\circ - 47.42744^\circ \\ + &= \underline{\underline{42.572556^\circ}} +\\ + h_C &= 90^\circ - pc + = 90^\circ - 50.256027^\circ \\ + &= \underline{\underline{39.743973^\circ}} +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2.8cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position3.pdf}}% +} +\begin{align*} +\beta_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_c)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_B)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_B)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(39.743973^\circ)-\cos(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \cos(42.572556^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(42.572556^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &=\underline{\underline{12.5211127^\circ}} +\\ +\gamma_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_C)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_C)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556^\circ)-\cos(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \cos(39.743973^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(39.743973^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &=\underline{\underline{13.2618475^\circ}} +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABP$} +\vspace*{-2mm} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm}% +Als erstes müssen wir den Winkel $\beta_2$ berechnen: +\begin{align*} + \beta_2 &= \beta + \beta_1 = 45.011513^\circ + 12.5211127^\circ \\ + &=\underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} +\end{align*} +Danach können wir mithilfe von $\beta_2$, $c$ und $h_B$ die Seite $l$ berechnen: +\begin{align*} +l +&= +\cos^{-1}(\cos(c) \cdot \cos(h_B) + + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(h_B) \cdot \cos(\beta_2)) \\ +&= +\cos^{-1}(\cos(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \cos(42.572556^\circ)\\ +&\qquad + \sin(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \sin(42.572556^\circ) \cdot \cos(57.5326442^\circ)) \\ +&= \underline{\underline{54.2833404^\circ}} +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2.0cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position4.pdf}}% +} + +\medskip + +Damit wir gleich den Längengrad berechnen können, benötigen wir noch den Winkel $\omega$: +\begin{align*} + \omega &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_B)-\cos(c) \cdot \cos(l)}{\sin(c) \cdot \sin(l)}\bigg] \\ + &=\cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556^\circ)-\cos(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \cos(54.2833404^\circ)}{\sin(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \sin(54.2833404^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &= \underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Längengrad und Breitengrad bestimmen} + +\begin{align*} +\delta &= 90^\circ - l & + \lambda &= \lambda_{\text{Arktur}} + \omega \\ +&= 90^\circ - 54.2833404 & + &= 95.5647759^\circ + 44.6687451^\circ \\ +&= \underline{\underline{35.7166596^\circ}} & + &= \underline{\underline{140.233521^\circ}} +\end{align*} +Wie wir sehen, stimmen die berechneten Koordinaten mit den Koordinaten des Punktes, an welchem gemessen wurde überein. + +\subsection{Fazit} +Die theoretische Anleitung im Abschnitt \ref{sta} scheint grundsätzlich zu funktionieren. +Allerdings gab es zwei interessante Probleme. + +Einerseits das Problem, ob der Punkt $P$ sich oberhalb oder unterhalb von $a$ befindet. +Da wir eigentlich wussten, wo der gesuchte Punkt $P$ ist, konnten wir das Dreieck anhand der Koordinaten der Bildpunkte richtig aufstellen. +In der Praxis muss man aber schon wissen, auf welchem Breitengrad man ungefähr ist. +Dies weis man in der Regeln aber, da die eigene Breite die Höhe des Polarsterns ist. +Diese Höhe wird mit dem Sextant gemessen. + +Andererseits ist da noch ein Problem mit dem Sinussatz. +Beim Sinussatz gibt es immer zwei Lösungen, weil \[ \sin(\pi-a)=\sin(a).\] +Da kann es sein (und war in unserem Fall auch so), dass man das falsche Ergebnis erwischt. +Wegen dieser Erkenntnis haben wir nur Kosinussätze verwendet und dies ebenfalls im Abschnitt \ref{sta} abgeändert, da es für den Leser auch relevant sein kann, wenn er es Probieren möchte. + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/nav/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c778d5c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + +\section{Einleitung} +\rhead{Einleitung} +Heutzutage ist die Navigation ein Teil des Lebens. +Man sendet dem Kollegen seinen eigenen Standort, um sich das ewige Erklären zu sparen oder gibt die Adresse des Ziels ein, damit man seinen Aufenthaltsort zum Beispiel auf einer riesigen Wiese am See findet. +Dies wird durch Technologien wie Funknavigation, welches ein auf Laufzeitmessung beruhendes Hyperbelverfahren mit Langwellen ist, oder die verbreitete Satellitennavigation, welche vier Satelliten für eine Messung zur Standortbestimmung nutzt. +Vor all diesen technologischen Fortschritten gab es lediglich die Astronavigation, welche heute noch auf Schiffen verwendet wird im Falle eines Stromausfalls. +Aber wie funktioniert die Navigation mit den Sternen? Welche Hilfsmittel benötigt man, welche Rolle spielt die Mathematik und weshalb kann die Erde nicht flach sein? +In diesem Kapitel werden genau diese Fragen mithilfe des nautischen Dreiecks, der sphärischen Trigonometrie und einigen Hilfsmitteln und Messgeräten beantwortet.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/flatearth.tex b/buch/papers/nav/flatearth.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9745cdc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/flatearth.tex @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + +\section{Warum ist die Erde nicht flach?} +\rhead{Warum ist die Erde nicht flach?} +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=10cm]{papers/nav/bilder/projektion.png} + \caption[Mercator Projektion]{Mercator Projektion} + \label{merc} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +Es gibt heutzutage viele Beweise dafür, dass die Erde eine Kugel ist. +Die Fotos von unserem Planeten oder die Berichte der Astronauten. +Aber schon vor ca. 2300 Jahren hat Aristoteles bemerkt, dass Schiffe im Horizont verschwinden und die einzige Erklärung dafür die Kugelgestalt der Erde ist. +Auch der Erdschatten bei einer Mondfinsternis ist immer rund. +Eratosthenes konnte etwa 100 Jahre später den Erdumfang berechnen. +Er beobachtete, dass die Sonne in Syene mittags im Zenit steht und gleichzeitig in Alexandria unter einem Winkel einfällt. +Mithilfe der Trigonometrie konnte er mit dem Abstand der Städte und dem Einfallswinkel den Umfang berechnen. + +Der Kartograph Gerhard Mercator projizierte die Erdkugel wie in Abbildung \ref{merc} dargestellt auf ein Papier und erstellte so eine winkeltreue Karte. +Jedoch wurden die Länder, die einen grösseren Abstand zum Äquator haben vergrössert, damit die Winkel stimmen können. +Wurde man also nun davon ausgehen, dass die Erde flach ist so würden wir nie dort ankommen wo wir es wollen. +Dies sieht man zum Beispiel sehr gut, wenn man die Anwendung Google Earth und eine Weltkarte vergleicht. +Grönland ist auf der Weltkarte so gross wie Afrika. +In der Anwendung Google Earth jedoch ist Grönland etwa so gross wie Algerien. +Das liegt daran, das man die 3D – Weltkarte nicht einfach auslegen kann. + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/2k_earth_daymap.png b/buch/papers/nav/images/2k_earth_daymap.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d55da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/2k_earth_daymap.png diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/nav/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39bfbcf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +# +# Makefile to build images +# +# (c) 2022 +# +all: dreiecke3d + +dreieck.pdf: dreieck.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck.tex + +dreieckdata.tex: pk.m + octave pk.m + +DREIECKE = \ + dreieck1.pdf \ + dreieck2.pdf \ + dreieck3.pdf \ + dreieck4.pdf \ + dreieck5.pdf \ + dreieck6.pdf \ + dreieck7.pdf + +dreiecke: $(DREIECKE) + +dreieck1.pdf: dreieck1.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck1.tex + +dreieck2.pdf: dreieck2.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck2.tex + +dreieck3.pdf: dreieck3.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck3.tex + +dreieck4.pdf: dreieck4.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck4.tex + +dreieck5.pdf: dreieck5.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck5.tex + +dreieck6.pdf: dreieck6.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck6.tex + +dreieck7.pdf: dreieck7.tex dreieckdata.tex macros.tex + pdflatex dreieck7.tex + +DREIECKE3D = \ + dreieck3d1.pdf \ + dreieck3d2.pdf \ + dreieck3d3.pdf \ + dreieck3d4.pdf \ + dreieck3d5.pdf \ + dreieck3d6.pdf \ + dreieck3d7.pdf \ + dreieck3d8.pdf + +dreiecke3d: $(DREIECKE3D) + +POVRAYOPTIONS = -W1080 -H1080 +#POVRAYOPTIONS = -W480 -H480 + +dreieck3d1.png: dreieck3d1.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d1.png dreieck3d1.pov +dreieck3d1.jpg: dreieck3d1.png + convert dreieck3d1.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d1.jpg +dreieck3d1.pdf: dreieck3d1.tex dreieck3d1.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d1.tex + +dreieck3d2.png: dreieck3d2.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d2.png dreieck3d2.pov +dreieck3d2.jpg: dreieck3d2.png + convert dreieck3d2.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d2.jpg +dreieck3d2.pdf: dreieck3d2.tex dreieck3d2.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d2.tex + +dreieck3d3.png: dreieck3d3.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d3.png dreieck3d3.pov +dreieck3d3.jpg: dreieck3d3.png + convert dreieck3d3.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d3.jpg +dreieck3d3.pdf: dreieck3d3.tex dreieck3d3.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d3.tex + +dreieck3d4.png: dreieck3d4.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d4.png dreieck3d4.pov +dreieck3d4.jpg: dreieck3d4.png + convert dreieck3d4.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d4.jpg +dreieck3d4.pdf: dreieck3d4.tex dreieck3d4.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d4.tex + +dreieck3d5.png: dreieck3d5.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d5.png dreieck3d5.pov +dreieck3d5.jpg: dreieck3d5.png + convert dreieck3d5.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d5.jpg +dreieck3d5.pdf: dreieck3d5.tex dreieck3d5.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d5.tex + +dreieck3d6.png: dreieck3d6.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d6.png dreieck3d6.pov +dreieck3d6.jpg: dreieck3d6.png + convert dreieck3d6.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d6.jpg +dreieck3d6.pdf: dreieck3d6.tex dreieck3d6.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d6.tex + +dreieck3d7.png: dreieck3d7.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d7.png dreieck3d7.pov +dreieck3d7.jpg: dreieck3d7.png + convert dreieck3d7.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d7.jpg +dreieck3d7.pdf: dreieck3d7.tex dreieck3d7.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d7.tex + +dreieck3d8.png: dreieck3d8.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d8.png dreieck3d8.pov +dreieck3d8.jpg: dreieck3d8.png + convert dreieck3d8.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d8.jpg +dreieck3d8.pdf: dreieck3d8.tex dreieck3d8.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d8.tex + +dreieck3d9.png: dreieck3d9.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d9.png dreieck3d9.pov +dreieck3d9.jpg: dreieck3d9.png + convert dreieck3d9.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d9.jpg +dreieck3d9.pdf: dreieck3d9.tex dreieck3d9.jpg + pdflatex dreieck3d9.tex + +dreieck3d10.png: dreieck3d10.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d10.png dreieck3d10.pov +dreieck3d10.jpg: dreieck3d10.png + convert dreieck3d10.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d10.jpg +dreieck3d10.pdf: dreieck3d10.tex dreieck3d10.jpg macros.inc + pdflatex dreieck3d10.tex + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/2k_earth_daymap.png b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/2k_earth_daymap.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d55da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/2k_earth_daymap.png diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/Makefile b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9546c8e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# +# Makefile to build images +# +# (c) 2022 +# +all: beispiele + +POSITION = \ + beispiele1.pdf \ + beispiele2.pdf \ + beispiele3.pdf + +beispiele: $(POSITION) + +POVRAYOPTIONS = -W1080 -H1080 +#POVRAYOPTIONS = -W480 -H480 + +beispiele1.png: beispiele1.pov common.inc geometrie.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Obeispiele1.png beispiele1.pov +beispiele1.jpg: beispiele1.png + convert beispiele1.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch beispiele1.jpg +beispiele1.pdf: beispiele1.tex common.tex beispiele1.jpg + pdflatex beispiele1.tex + +beispiele2.png: beispiele2.pov common.inc geometrie.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Obeispiele2.png beispiele2.pov +beispiele2.jpg: beispiele2.png + convert beispiele2.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch beispiele2.jpg +beispiele2.pdf: beispiele2.tex common.tex beispiele2.jpg + pdflatex beispiele2.tex + +beispiele3.png: beispiele3.pov common.inc geometrie.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Obeispiele3.png beispiele3.pov +beispiele3.jpg: beispiele3.png + convert beispiele3.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch beispiele3.jpg +beispiele3.pdf: beispiele3.tex common.tex beispiele3.jpg + pdflatex beispiele3.tex + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f91809 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7fb3de2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pov @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// +// beispiele1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +#declare Stern1 = Deneb; +#declare Stern2 = Arktur; + +#include "geometrie.inc" + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dfae2f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +% +% beispiele1.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.8125] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{beispiele1.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelP +\labelDeneb +\labelArktur +\labelhDeneb +\labelhArktur +\labellone +\labeldDeneb +\labeldArktur + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b28f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b69f0f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pov @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// +// beispiele1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +#declare Stern1 = Altair; +#declare Stern2 = Spica; + +#include "geometrie.inc" + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04c1e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% beispiele2.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.8125] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{beispiele2.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelP +\labelAltair +\labelSpica +\labelhAltair +\labelhSpica +\labelltwo +\labeldAltair +\labeldSpica + + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..049ccdf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af9a468 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pov @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// +// beispiele1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +#declare Stern1 = Deneb; +#declare Stern2 = Altair; + +#include "geometrie.inc" + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2573199 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +% +% beispiele3.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{beispiele3.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelP +\labelDeneb +\labelAltair +\labelhDeneb +\labelhAltair +\labellone +%\labeldDeneb +%\labeldAltair + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51fbd1f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.inc @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// +// common.inc -- 3d Darstellung +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" +#include "../macros.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.034; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <30, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +erde(0) +achse(fein, White) +koordinatennetz(gitterfarbe, 9, 0.001) + +union { + punkt(Sakura, fett) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81dc037 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.tex @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +% +% common.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% + +\def\labelA{\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$};} + +\def\labelSpica{ + \node at (-3.6,-2.8) {Spica}; +} +\def\labelAltair{ + \node at (3.0,-2.3) {Altair}; +} +\def\labelArktur{ + \node at (-3.3,-0.7) {Arktur}; +} +\def\labelDeneb{ + \node at (3.4,0.9) {Deneb}; +} + +\def\labelP{\node at (0,-0.2) {$P$};} + +\def\labellone{\node at (0.1,1.9) {$l$};} +\def\labelltwo{\node at (0.1,2.0) {$l$};} + +\def\labelhSpica{ + \coordinate (Spica) at (-1.8,-0.3); + \node at (Spica) {$h_{\text{Spica}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labelhAltair{ + \coordinate (Altair) at (1.1,-1.0); + \node at (Altair) {$h_{\text{Altair}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labelhArktur{ + \coordinate (Arktur) at (-1.3,-0.3); + \node at (Arktur) {$h_{\text{Arktur}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labelhDeneb{ + \coordinate (Deneb) at (1.6,0.45); + \node at (Deneb) {$h_{\text{Deneb}}\mathstrut$}; +} + +\def\labeldSpica{ + \coordinate (dSpica) at (-1.5,2.6); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dSpica)+(-1.8,0.13)$) + rectangle + ($(dSpica)+(-0.06,0.60)$); + \node at (dSpica) [above left] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Spica}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labeldAltair{ + \coordinate (dAltair) at (2.0,2.1); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dAltair)+(0.10,0.10)$) + rectangle + ($(dAltair)+(2.0,0.60)$); + \node at (dAltair) [above right] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Altair}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labeldArktur{ + \coordinate (dArktur) at (-1.2,2.5); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dArktur)+(-1.8,0.10)$) + rectangle + ($(dArktur)+(-0.06,0.55)$); + \node at (dArktur) [above left] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Arktur}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labeldDeneb{ + \coordinate (dDeneb) at (2.0,2.8); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dDeneb)+(0.05,0.60)$) + rectangle + ($(dDeneb)+(1.87,0.10)$); + \node at (dDeneb) [above right] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Deneb}}\mathstrut$}; +} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/geometrie.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/geometrie.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f6084e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/geometrie.inc @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(Stern1, fein) + punkt(Stern2, fein) + seite(Stern1, Stern2, fein) + pigment { + color kugelfarbe + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + +union { + seite(A, Stern1, fein) + seite(A, Stern2, fein) + seite(Stern1, Sakura, fein) + seite(Stern2, Sakura, fein) + winkel(A, Stern1, Stern2, 0.5*fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + +union { + seite(A, Sakura, fein) + winkel(A, Sakura, Stern1, 0.5*fett, klein) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/common.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/common.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b861de --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/common.inc @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// +// common.inc -- 3d Darstellung +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" +#include "macros.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.034; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <30, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55f6a81 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck.tex @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +% +% dreieck.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +\def\punktbeschriftung{ + \node at (A) [above] {$A$}; + \node at (B) [left] {$B$}; + \node at (C) [right] {$C$}; + \node at (P) [below] {$P$}; +} + +\winkelKappa{gray} + +\winkelAlpha{red} +\winkelGamma{blue} +\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +\winkelOmega{gray} +\winkelBetaEins{brown} + +\seiteC{black} +\seiteB{black} +\seiteA{black} + +\seiteL{gray} +\seitePB{gray} +\seitePC{gray} + +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAB; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAC; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteAP; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteBP; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{black}; +\punkt{(B)}{black}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{gray}; + +\punktbeschriftung + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5bdf23d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck1.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..436314c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +% +% dreieck.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +\winkelAlpha{red} +\winkelGamma{blue} +\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +\seiteC{black} +\seiteB{black} +\seiteA{black} + +%\seiteL{gray} +\seitePB{gray} +\seitePC{gray} + +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAB; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAC; +%\draw[color=gray] \kanteAP; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteBP; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{black}; +\punkt{(B)}{black}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{gray}; + +\node at (A) [above] {$A$}; +\node at (B) [left] {$B$}; +\node at (C) [right] {$C$}; +\node[color=gray] at (P) [below] {$P$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a872b25 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99aabb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +% +% dreieck2.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +%\winkelAlpha{red} +%\winkelGamma{blue} +%\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +\seiteC{black} +\seiteB{black} +%\seiteA{black} + +%\seiteL{gray} +\seitePB{gray} +\seitePC{gray} + +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAB; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAC; +%\draw[color=gray] \kanteAP; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteBP; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{black}; +\punkt{(B)}{black}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{gray}; + +\node at (A) [above] {$A$}; +\node at (B) [left] {$B$}; +\node at (C) [right] {$C$}; +\node[color=gray] at (P) [below] {$P$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..65070c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cf5363 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +% +% dreieck.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +\winkelAlpha{red} +%\winkelGamma{blue} +%\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +\seiteC{black} +\seiteB{black} +%\seiteA{black} + +%\seiteL{gray} +\seitePB{gray} +\seitePC{gray} + +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAB; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteAC; +%\draw[color=gray] \kanteAP; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteBP; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{black}; +\punkt{(B)}{black}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{gray}; + +\node at (A) [above] {$A$}; +\node at (B) [left] {$B$}; +\node at (C) [right] {$C$}; +\node[color=gray] at (P) [below] {$P$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fecaece --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..336161c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pov @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +kugel(kugeldunkel) + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fein) + seite(B, P, fein) + seite(C, P, fein) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, C, fein, gross) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, C, A, fein, gross) + pigment { + color gruen + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(C, A, B, fein, gross) + pigment { + color blau + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..799b21a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% dreieck3d1.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d1.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +\node at (0.7,3) {$\alpha$}; +\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$}; +\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d10.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d10.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2dd7c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d10.pov @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d10.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +erde() + +#declare Stern1 = Deneb; +#declare Stern2 = Spica; + +koordinatennetz(gitterfarbe, 9, 0.001) + +union { + seite(A, Stern1, 0.5*fein) + seite(A, Stern2, 0.5*fein) + seite(A, Sakura, 0.5*fein) + seite(Stern1, Sakura, 0.5*fein) + seite(Stern2, Sakura, 0.5*fein) + seite(Stern1, Stern2, 0.5*fein) + + punkt(A, fein) + punkt(Sakura, fett) + punkt(Deneb, fein) + punkt(Spica, fein) + punkt(Altair, fein) + punkt(Arktur, fein) + pigment { + color Red + } +} + +//arrow(<-1.3,0,0>, <1.3,0,0>, fein, White) +arrow(<0,-1.3,0>, <0,1.3,0>, fein, White) +//arrow(<0,0,-1.3>, <0,0,1.3>, fein, White) + +#declare imagescale = 0.044; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..28af5fe --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e57d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pov @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +kugel(kugeldunkel) + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fein) + seite(B, P, fein) + seite(C, P, fein) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f6e10c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% dreieck3d2.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d2.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +%\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +%\node at (0.7,3) {$\alpha$}; +%\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$}; +%\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fc4fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bde780b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pov @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +kugel(kugeldunkel) + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fein) + seite(B, P, fein) + seite(C, P, fein) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, C, fein, gross) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a047b1b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% dreieck3d3.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d3.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +%\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +\node at (0.7,3) {$\alpha$}; +%\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$}; +%\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d57fc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08f266b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pov @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +kugel(kugelfarbe) + +union { + seite(A, B, fein) + seite(A, C, fein) + punkt(A, fein) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, C, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color rgb<0.6,0.4,0.2> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d49fb66 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +% +% dreieck3d4.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d4.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +%\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +%\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +%\node at (0.7,3) {$\alpha$}; +%\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$}; +%\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; +\node at (-2.3,-1.5) {$\beta_1$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5dd0ae --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1aac0dc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pov @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +kugel(kugeldunkel) + +union { + seite(A, B, fein) + seite(A, C, fein) + punkt(A, fein) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8011b37 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% dreieck3d5.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d5.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +%\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +%\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +%\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +%\node at (0.7,3) {$\alpha$}; +%\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$}; +%\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bbd1a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.pov @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +kugel(kugeldunkel) + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + seite(A, P, fett) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, A, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color rgb<0.6,0.2,0.6> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbca2ca --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.tex @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +% +% dreieck3d6.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d6.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +%\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; +\node at (-0.7,0.3) {$l$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +%\node at (0.7,3) {$\alpha$}; +%\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$}; +%\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; +\node at (-2.4,-0.6) {$\kappa$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..45dc5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.pov @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +kugel(kugeldunkel) + +union { + seite(A, C, fett) + seite(A, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + + seite(A, B, fein) + seite(B, C, fein) + seite(B, P, fein) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + punkt(B, fein) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, P, C, fein, gross) + pigment { + color rgb<0.4,0.4,1> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4027a8b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.tex @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +% +% dreieck3d7.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d7.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; +\node at (-0.7,0.3) {$l$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +%\node at (0.7,3) {$\alpha$}; +%\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$}; +%\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; +\node at (0.8,3.1) {$\omega$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.jpg b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f24ea33 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.jpg diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..da3b110 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dae7f67 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pov @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d8.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + seite(A, P, fein) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, C, fein, klein) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, C, A, fein, klein) + pigment { + color gruen + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(C, A, B, fein, gross) + pigment { + color blau + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, P, C, fein/2, gross) + pigment { + color rgb<0.8,0,0.8> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, P, C, fein, klein) + pigment { + color rgb<1,0.8,0> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, P, A, fein/2, gross) + pigment { + color rgb<0.4,0.6,0.8> + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +dreieck(A, B, C, White) + +kugel(kugeldunkel) + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c59c7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.tex @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +% +% dreieck3d8.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{dreieck3d8.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$}; +\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$}; +\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$}; +\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$}; + +\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$}; +\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$}; +\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$}; +\node at (-0.8,0) {$l$}; + +\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$p_b$}; +\node at (1,-2.9) {$p_c$}; + +\node at (0.7,3.3) {$\alpha$}; +\node at (0.8,2.85) {$\omega$}; +\node at (-2.6,-0.6) {$\beta$}; +\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$}; +\node at (-2.6,-1.3) {$\beta_1$}; +\node at (-2.1,-0.8) {$\kappa$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d9.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d9.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24d3843 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d9.pov @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d8.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +//union { +// seite(A, B, fein) +// seite(B, C, fein) +// seite(A, C, fein) +// seite(A, P, fein) +// seite(B, P, fett) +// seite(C, P, fett) +// punkt(A, fein) +// punkt(B, fett) +// punkt(C, fett) +// punkt(P, fett) +// pigment { +// color dreieckfarbe +// } +// finish { +// specular 0.95 +// metallic +// } +//} + +//dreieck(A, B, C, White) + +kugel(kugeltransparent) + +ebenerwinkel(O, C, P, 0.01, 1.001, rot) +ebenerwinkel(P, C, P, 0.01, 0.3, rot) +komplement(P, C, P, 0.01, 0.3, Yellow) + +ebenerwinkel(O, B, P, 0.01, 1.001, blau) +ebenerwinkel(P, B, P, 0.01, 0.3, blau) +komplement(P, B, P, 0.01, 0.3, Green) + +arrow(B, 1.5 * B, 0.015, White) +arrow(C, 1.5 * C, 0.015, White) +arrow(P, 1.5 * P, 0.015, White) + +union { + cylinder { O, P, 0.7 * fein } + + cylinder { P, P + 3 * B, 0.7 * fein } + cylinder { O, B + 3 * B, 0.7 * fein } + + cylinder { P, P + 3 * C, 0.7 * fein } + cylinder { O, C + 3 * C, 0.7 * fein } + + pigment { + color White + } +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.044; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck4.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck4.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4871a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck4.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19a7d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +% +% dreieck4.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +%\winkelKappa{gray} + +%\winkelAlpha{red} +%\winkelGamma{blue} +%\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +%\winkelOmega{gray} +\winkelBetaEins{brown} + +%\seiteC{gray} +%\seiteB{gray} +%\seiteL{gray} + +\seiteA{black} +\seitePB{black} +\seitePC{black} + +\draw[color=gray] \kanteAB; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteAC; +%\draw[color=gray] \kanteAP; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteBP; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{gray}; +\punkt{(B)}{black}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{black}; + +\node[color=gray] at (A) [above] {$A$}; +\node at (B) [left] {$B$}; +\node at (C) [right] {$C$}; +\node at (P) [below] {$P$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck5.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck5.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf686e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck5.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck5.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck5.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1117d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck5.tex @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +% +% dreieck4.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +%\winkelKappa{gray} + +%\winkelAlpha{red} +%\winkelGamma{blue} +%\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +%\winkelOmega{gray} +%\winkelBetaEins{brown} + +%\seiteC{gray} +%\seiteB{gray} +%\seiteL{gray} + +%\seiteA{black} +\seitePB{black} +\seitePC{black} + +\draw[color=gray] \kanteAB; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteAC; +%\draw[color=gray] \kanteAP; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteBP; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{gray}; +\punkt{(B)}{black}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{black}; + +\node[color=gray] at (A) [above] {$A$}; +\node at (B) [left] {$B$}; +\node at (C) [right] {$C$}; +\node at (P) [below] {$P$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck6.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck6.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7efd673 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck6.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck6.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck6.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87db1c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck6.tex @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +% +% dreieck6.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +\winkelKappa{gray} + +%\winkelAlpha{red} +%\winkelGamma{blue} +%\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +%\winkelOmega{gray} +%\winkelBetaEins{brown} + +\seiteC{black} +\seiteB{black} +%\seiteA{gray} + +\seiteL{black} +\seitePB{black} +\seitePC{black} + +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteAB; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteAC; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteAP; +%\draw[color=gray] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteBP; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{black}; +\punkt{(B)}{black}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{black}; + +\node at (A) [above] {$A$}; +\node at (B) [left] {$B$}; +\node at (C) [right] {$C$}; +\node at (P) [below] {$P$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck7.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck7.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa83e28 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck7.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck7.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck7.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f084708 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck7.tex @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +% +% dreieck.tex -- sphärische Dreiecke für Positionsbestimmung +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\begin{document} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + +\def\skala{1} + +\def\punkt#1#2{ + \fill[color=#2] #1 circle[radius=0.08]; +} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\input{dreieckdata.tex} +\input{macros.tex} + +%\winkelKappa{gray} + +%\winkelAlpha{red} +%\winkelGamma{blue} +%\winkelBeta{darkgreen} + +\winkelOmega{gray} +%\winkelBetaEins{brown} + +\seiteC{black} +\seiteB{black} +\seiteA{gray} + +\seiteL{black} +\seitePB{gray} +\seitePC{black} + +\draw[color=gray] \kanteAB; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteAC; +\draw[color=black,line width=1.4pt] \kanteAP; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteBC; +\draw[color=gray] \kanteBP; +\draw[line width=1.4pt] \kanteCP; + +\punkt{(A)}{black}; +\punkt{(B)}{gray}; +\punkt{(C)}{black}; +\punkt{(P)}{black}; + +\node at (A) [above] {$A$}; +\node[color=gray] at (B) [left] {$B$}; +\node at (C) [right] {$C$}; +\node at (P) [below] {$P$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieckdata.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieckdata.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0fb720 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieckdata.tex @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +\coordinate (P) at (0.0000,0.0000); +\coordinate (A) at (1.0000,8.0000); +\coordinate (B) at (-3.0000,3.0000); +\coordinate (C) at (4.0000,4.0000); +\def\kanteAB{(1.0000,8.0000) arc (114.77514:167.90524:7.1589)} +\def\kanteBA{(-3.0000,3.0000) arc (167.90524:114.77514:7.1589)} +\def\kanteAC{(1.0000,8.0000) arc (63.43495:10.30485:5.5902)} +\def\kanteCA{(4.0000,4.0000) arc (10.30485:63.43495:5.5902)} +\def\kanteAP{(1.0000,8.0000) arc (146.30993:199.44003:9.0139)} +\def\kantePA{(0.0000,0.0000) arc (199.44003:146.30993:9.0139)} +\def\kanteBC{(-3.0000,3.0000) arc (-95.90614:-67.83365:14.5774)} +\def\kanteCB{(4.0000,4.0000) arc (-67.83365:-95.90614:14.5774)} +\def\kanteBP{(-3.0000,3.0000) arc (-161.56505:-108.43495:4.7434)} +\def\kantePB{(0.0000,0.0000) arc (-108.43495:-161.56505:4.7434)} +\def\kanteCP{(4.0000,4.0000) arc (-30.96376:-59.03624:11.6619)} +\def\kantePC{(0.0000,0.0000) arc (-59.03624:-30.96376:11.6619)} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20cb2ff --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.inc @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +// +// macros.inc -- 3d Darstellung +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" + +// +// Dimensions +// +#declare fett = 0.015; +#declare fein = 0.010; + +#declare klein = 0.3; +#declare gross = 0.4; + +// +// colors +// +#declare dreieckfarbe = rgb<0.6,0.6,0.6>; +#declare rot = rgb<0.8,0.2,0.2>; +#declare gruen = rgb<0,0.6,0>; +#declare blau = rgb<0.2,0.2,0.8>; + +#declare bekannt = rgb<0.2,0.6,1>; +#declare unbekannt = rgb<1.0,0.6,0.8>; + +#declare kugelfarbe = rgb<0.8,0.8,0.8>; +#declare kugeldunkel = rgb<0.4,0.4,0.4>; +#declare kugeltransparent = rgbt<0.8,0.8,0.8,0.5>; + +#declare gitterfarbe = rgb<0.2,0.6,1>; +#declare gitterfarbe = rgb<1.0,0.8,0>; + +// +// Points Points +// +#declare O = <0, 0, 0>; +#declare Nordpol = vnormalize(< 0, 1, 0>); +#declare A = vnormalize(< 0, 1, 0>); +#declare B = vnormalize(< 1, 2, -8>); +#declare C = vnormalize(< 5, 1, 0>); +#declare P = vnormalize(< 5, -1, -7>); + +// +// \brief convert spherical coordinates to recctangular coordinates +// +// \param phi +// \param theta +// +#macro kugelpunkt(phi, theta) + < sin(theta) * cos(phi - pi), cos(theta), sin(theta) * sin(phi - pi) > +#end + +#declare Sakura = kugelpunkt(radians(140.2325498), radians(90 - 35.71548014)); +#declare Deneb = kugelpunkt(radians(191.9397759), radians(90 - 45.361194)); +#declare Spica = kugelpunkt(radians(82.9868559), radians(90 - (-11.279666))); +#declare Altair = kugelpunkt(radians(179.3616609), radians(90 - 8.928416)); +#declare Arktur = kugelpunkt(radians(95.5647759), radians(90 - 19.063222)); + +// +// draw an arrow from <from> to <to> with thickness <arrowthickness> with +// color <c> +// +#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c) +#declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from); +#declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from); +union { + sphere { + from, 1.1 * arrowthickness + } + cylinder { + from, + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + arrowthickness + } + cone { + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + 2 * arrowthickness, + to, + 0 + } + pigment { + color c + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +#end + +#declare ntsteps = 100; + +// +// \brief Draw a circle +// +// \param b1 basis vector for a coordinate system of the plane containing +// the circle +// \param b2 the other basis vector +// \param o center of the circle +// \param thick diameter of the circular tube +// +#macro kreis(b1, b2, o, thick, maxwinkel) + #declare tpstep = pi / ntsteps; + #declare tp = tpstep; + #declare p1 = b1 + o; + sphere { p1, thick } + #declare tpstep = pi/ntsteps; + #while (tp < (maxwinkel - tpstep/2)) + #declare p2 = cos(tp) * b1 + sin(tp) * b2 + o; + cylinder { p1, p2, thick } + sphere { p2, thick } + #declare p1 = p2; + #declare tp = tp + tpstep; + #end + #if ((tp - tpstep) < maxwinkel) + #declare p2 = cos(maxwinkel) * b1 + sin(maxwinkel) * b2 + o; + cylinder { p1, p2, thick } + sphere { p2, thick } + #end +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a great circle +// +// \param normale the normal of the plane containing the great circle +// \param thick diameter +// +#macro grosskreis(normale, thick) + #declare other = < normale.y, -normale.x, normale.z >; + #declare b1 = vnormalize(vcross(other, normale)); + #declare b2 = vnormalize(vcross(normale, b1)); + kreis(b1, b2, <0,0,0>, thick, 2*pi) +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a circle of latitude +// +// \param theta latitude +// \param thick diameter +// +#macro breitenkreis(theta, thick) + #declare b1 = sin(theta) * kugelpunkt(0, pi/2); + #declare b2 = sin(theta) * kugelpunkt(pi/2, pi/2); + #declare o = < 0, cos(theta), 0 >; + kreis(b1, b2, o, thick, 2*pi) +#end + +// +// \brief Draw the great circle connecting the two points +// +// \param p first point +// \param q second point +// \param staerke diameter +// + +#macro seite(p, q, staerke) + #declare s1 = vnormalize(p); + #declare s2 = vnormalize(q); + #declare w = acos(vdot(s1, s2)); + #declare n = vnormalize(vcross(p, q)); + #declare s2 = vnormalize(vcross(n, s1)); + kreis(s1, s2, O, staerke, w) +#end + +// +// \brief Draw an angle +// +// \param w the edge where the angle is located +// \param p point on the first leg +// \param q point on the second leg +// \param r diameter of the angle +// +#macro winkel(w, p, q, staerke, r) + #declare n = vnormalize(w); + #declare pp = vnormalize(p - vdot(n, p) * n); + #declare qq = vnormalize(q - vdot(n, q) * n); + intersection { + sphere { O, 1 + staerke } + cone { O, 0, 1.2 * vnormalize(w), r } + plane { -vcross(n, qq) * vdot(vcross(n, qq), pp), 0 } + plane { -vcross(n, pp) * vdot(vcross(n, pp), qq), 0 } + } +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a point on the sphere as a circle +// +// \param p the point +// \param staerke the diameter of the point +// +#macro punkt(p, staerke) + sphere { p, 1.5 * staerke } +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a circle as a part of the differently colored cutout from +// the sphere +// +// \param p first point of the triangle +// \param q second point of the triangle +// \param r third point of the triangle +// \param farbe color +// +#macro dreieck(p, q, r, farbe) + #declare n1 = vnormalize(vcross(p, q)); + #declare n2 = vnormalize(vcross(q, r)); + #declare n3 = vnormalize(vcross(r, p)); + intersection { + plane { n1, 0 } + plane { n2, 0 } + plane { n3, 0 } + sphere { <0, 0, 0>, 1 + 0.001 } + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.4 + } + } +#end + +// +// \brief +// +// \param a axis of the angle +// \param p first leg +// \param q second leg +// \param s thickness of the angle disk +// \param r radius of the angle disk +// \param farbe color +// +#macro ebenerwinkel(a, p, q, s, r, farbe) + #declare n = vnormalize(-vcross(p, q)); + #declare np = vnormalize(-vcross(p, n)); + #declare nq = -vnormalize(-vcross(q, n)); +// arrow(a, a + n, 0.02, White) +// arrow(a, a + np, 0.01, Red) +// arrow(a, a + nq, 0.01, Blue) + intersection { + cylinder { a - (s/2) * n, a + (s/2) * n, r } + plane { np, vdot(np, a) } + plane { nq, vdot(nq, a) } + pigment { + farbe + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.5 + } + } +#end + +// +// \brief Show the complement angle +// +// +#macro komplement(a, p, q, s, r, farbe) + #declare n = vnormalize(-vcross(p, q)); +// arrow(a, a + n, 0.015, Orange) + #declare m = vnormalize(-vcross(q, n)); +// arrow(a, a + m, 0.015, Pink) + ebenerwinkel(a, p, m, s, r, farbe) +#end + +// +// \brief Show a coordinate grid on the sphere +// +// \param farbe the color of the grid +// \param thick the line thickness +// +#macro koordinatennetz(farbe, netzschritte, thick) +union { + // circles of latitude + #declare theta = pi/(2*netzschritte); + #declare thetastep = pi/(2*netzschritte); + #while (theta < pi - thetastep/2) + breitenkreis(theta, thick) + #declare theta = theta + thetastep; + #end + // cirles of longitude + #declare phi = 0; + #declare phistep = pi/(2*netzschritte); + #while (phi < pi-phistep/2) + grosskreis(kugelpunkt(phi, pi/2), thick) + #declare phi = phi + phistep; + #end + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +#end + +// +// \brief Display a color of given color +// +// \param farbe the color +// +#macro kugel(farbe) +sphere { + <0, 0, 0>, 1 + pigment { + color farbe + } +} +#end + +// +// \brief Display the earth +// +#macro erde(winkel) +sphere { + <0, 0, 0>, 1 + pigment { + image_map { + png "2k_earth_daymap.png" gamma 1.0 + map_type 1 + } + } + rotate <0,winkel,0> +} +#end + +// +// achse +// +#macro achse(durchmesser, farbe) + cylinder { + < 0, -1.2, 0 >, <0, 1.2, 0 >, durchmesser + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } + } +#end diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69a620d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.tex @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +\def\winkelAlpha#1{ + \begin{scope} + \clip (A) circle[radius=1.1]; + \fill[color=#1!20] \kanteAB -- \kanteCA -- cycle; + \end{scope} + \node[color=#1] at ($(A)+(222:0.82)$) {$\alpha$}; +} + +\def\winkelOmega#1{ + \begin{scope} + \clip (A) circle[radius=0.7]; + \fill[color=#1!20] \kanteAP -- \kanteCA -- cycle; + \end{scope} + \node[color=#1] at ($(A)+(285:0.50)$) {$\omega$}; +} + +\def\winkelGamma#1{ + \begin{scope} + \clip (C) circle[radius=1.0]; + \fill[color=#1!20] \kanteCA -- \kanteBC -- cycle; + \end{scope} + \node[color=#1] at ($(C)+(155:0.60)$) {$\gamma$}; +} + +\def\winkelKappa#1{ + \begin{scope} + \clip (B) circle[radius=1.2]; + \fill[color=#1!20] \kanteBP -- \kanteAB -- cycle; + \end{scope} + \node[color=#1] at ($(B)+(15:1.00)$) {$\kappa$}; +} + +\def\winkelBeta#1{ + \begin{scope} + \clip (B) circle[radius=0.8]; + \fill[color=#1!20] \kanteBC -- \kanteAB -- cycle; + \end{scope} + \node[color=#1] at ($(B)+(35:0.40)$) {$\beta$}; +} + +\def\winkelBetaEins#1{ + \begin{scope} + \clip (B) circle[radius=0.8]; + \fill[color=#1!20] \kanteBP -- \kanteCB -- cycle; + \end{scope} + \node[color=#1] at ($(B)+(330:0.60)$) {$\beta_1$}; +} + +\def\seiteC#1{ \node[color=#1] at (-1.9,5.9) {$c$}; } +\def\seiteB#1{ \node[color=#1] at (3.2,6.5) {$b$}; } +\def\seiteL#1{ \node[color=#1] at (-0.2,4.5) {$l$}; } +\def\seiteA#1{ \node[color=#1] at (2,3) {$a$}; } +\def\seitePB#1{ \node[color=#1] at (-2.1,1) {$p_b$}; } +\def\seitePC#1{ \node[color=#1] at (2.5,1.5) {$p_c$}; } diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/pk.m b/buch/papers/nav/images/pk.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e89e9a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/pk.m @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +# +# pk.m -- Punkte und Kanten für sphärisches Dreieck +# +# (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +# + +A = [ 1, 8 ]; +B = [ -3, 3 ]; +C = [ 4, 4 ]; +P = [ 0, 0 ]; + +global fn; +fn = fopen("dreieckdata.tex", "w"); + +fprintf(fn, "\\coordinate (P) at (%.4f,%.4f);\n", P(1,1), P(1,2)); +fprintf(fn, "\\coordinate (A) at (%.4f,%.4f);\n", A(1,1), A(1,2)); +fprintf(fn, "\\coordinate (B) at (%.4f,%.4f);\n", B(1,1), B(1,2)); +fprintf(fn, "\\coordinate (C) at (%.4f,%.4f);\n", C(1,1), C(1,2)); + +function retval = seite(A, B, l, nameA, nameB) + global fn; + d = fliplr(B - A); + d(1, 2) = -d(1, 2); + # Zentrum + C = 0.5 * (A + B) + l * d; + # Radius: + r = hypot(C(1,1)-A(1,1), C(1,2)-A(1,2)) + # Winkel von + winkelvon = atan2(A(1,2)-C(1,2),A(1,1)-C(1,1)); + # Winkel bis + winkelbis = atan2(B(1,2)-C(1,2),B(1,1)-C(1,1)); + if (abs(winkelvon - winkelbis) > pi) + if (winkelbis < winkelvon) + winkelbis = winkelbis + 2 * pi + else + winkelvon = winkelvon + 2 * pi + end + end + # Kurve + fprintf(fn, "\\def\\kante%s%s{(%.4f,%.4f) arc (%.5f:%.5f:%.4f)}\n", + nameA, nameB, + A(1,1), A(1,2), winkelvon * 180 / pi, winkelbis * 180 / pi, r); + fprintf(fn, "\\def\\kante%s%s{(%.4f,%.4f) arc (%.5f:%.5f:%.4f)}\n", + nameB, nameA, + B(1,1), B(1,2), winkelbis * 180 / pi, winkelvon * 180 / pi, r); +endfunction + +seite(A, B, -1, "A", "B"); +seite(A, C, 1, "A", "C"); +seite(A, P, -1, "A", "P"); +seite(B, C, -2, "B", "C"); +seite(B, P, -1, "B", "P"); +seite(C, P, 2, "C", "P"); + +fclose(fn); diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/2k_earth_daymap.png b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/2k_earth_daymap.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d55da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/2k_earth_daymap.png diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/Makefile b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eed2e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +# +# Makefile to build images +# +# (c) 2022 +# +all: position + +POSITION = \ + position1.pdf position1-small.pdf \ + position2.pdf position2-small.pdf \ + position3.pdf position3-small.pdf \ + position4.pdf position4-small.pdf \ + position5.pdf position5-small.pdf + +position: $(POSITION) + +POVRAYOPTIONS = -W1080 -H1080 +#POVRAYOPTIONS = -W480 -H480 + +position1.png: position1.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition1.png position1.pov +position1.jpg: position1.png + convert position1.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position1.jpg +position1.pdf: position1.tex common.tex position1.jpg + pdflatex position1.tex + +position2.png: position2.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition2.png position2.pov +position2.jpg: position2.png + convert position2.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position2.jpg +position2.pdf: position2.tex common.tex position2.jpg + pdflatex position2.tex + +position3.png: position3.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition3.png position3.pov +position3.jpg: position3.png + convert position3.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position3.jpg +position3.pdf: position3.tex common.tex position3.jpg + pdflatex position3.tex + +position4.png: position4.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition4.png position4.pov +position4.jpg: position4.png + convert position4.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position4.jpg +position4.pdf: position4.tex common.tex position4.jpg + pdflatex position4.tex + +position5.png: position5.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition5.png position5.pov +position5.jpg: position5.png + convert position5.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position5.jpg +position5.pdf: position5.tex common.tex position5.jpg + pdflatex position5.tex + +position1-small.pdf: position1-small.tex common.tex position1.jpg + pdflatex position1-small.tex +position2-small.pdf: position2-small.tex common.tex position2.jpg + pdflatex position2-small.tex +position3-small.pdf: position3-small.tex common.tex position3.jpg + pdflatex position3-small.tex +position4-small.pdf: position4-small.tex common.tex position4.jpg + pdflatex position4-small.tex +position5-small.pdf: position5-small.tex common.tex position5.jpg + pdflatex position5-small.tex + +test: test.pdf + +test.pdf: test.tex $(POSITION) + pdflatex test.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9430608 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +% +% common.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% + +\def\labelA{\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$};} +\def\labelB{\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$};} +\def\labelC{\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$};} +\def\labelP{\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$};} + +\def\labelc{\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$};} +\def\labela{\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$};} +\def\labelb{\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$};} + +\def\labelhb{\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$h_B$};} +\def\labelhc{\node at (1,-2.9) {$h_C$};} +\def\labell{\node at (-0.7,0.3) {$l$};} + +\def\labelalpha{\node at (0.6,2.85) {$\alpha$};} +\def\labelbeta{\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$};} +\def\labelgamma{\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$};} +\def\labelomega{\node at (0.85,3.3) {$\omega$};} + +\def\labelgammaone{\node at (2.1,-2.0) {$\gamma_1$};} +\def\labelgammatwo{\node at (2.3,-1.3) {$\gamma_2$};} +\def\labelbetaone{\node at (-2.4,-1.4) {$\beta_1$};} +\def\labelbetatwo{\node at (-2.5,-0.8) {$\beta_2$};} + +\def\labelomegalinks{\node at (0.25,3.25) {$\omega$};} +\def\labelomegarechts{\node at (0.85,3.1) {$\omega$};} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56e2836 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.inc @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// +// common.inc -- 3d Darstellung +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" +#include "../macros.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.034; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <30, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +//kugel(kugeldunkel) +erde(-100) +koordinatennetz(gitterfarbe, 9, 0.001) +achse(fein, White) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9430608 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +% +% common.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% + +\def\labelA{\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$};} +\def\labelB{\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$};} +\def\labelC{\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$};} +\def\labelP{\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$};} + +\def\labelc{\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$};} +\def\labela{\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$};} +\def\labelb{\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$};} + +\def\labelhb{\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$h_B$};} +\def\labelhc{\node at (1,-2.9) {$h_C$};} +\def\labell{\node at (-0.7,0.3) {$l$};} + +\def\labelalpha{\node at (0.6,2.85) {$\alpha$};} +\def\labelbeta{\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$};} +\def\labelgamma{\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$};} +\def\labelomega{\node at (0.85,3.3) {$\omega$};} + +\def\labelgammaone{\node at (2.1,-2.0) {$\gamma_1$};} +\def\labelgammatwo{\node at (2.3,-1.3) {$\gamma_2$};} +\def\labelbetaone{\node at (-2.4,-1.4) {$\beta_1$};} +\def\labelbetatwo{\node at (-2.5,-0.8) {$\beta_2$};} + +\def\labelomegalinks{\node at (0.25,3.25) {$\omega$};} +\def\labelomegarechts{\node at (0.85,3.1) {$\omega$};} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba7755f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05fad44 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +% +% position1-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position1.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb +\labell + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelalpha +\labelomega + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc4f760 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a79a9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pov @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +// +// position1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +union { + seite(B, C, fett) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, P, fett) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, C, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, P, C, fett, klein) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6c21c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +% +% dreieck3d1.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position1.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb +\labell + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelalpha +\labelomega + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3333dd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5c33cf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% position2-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position2.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb + +\begin{scope}[yshift=0.3cm,xshift=0.1cm] +\labelalpha +\end{scope} +\labelbeta +\labelgamma + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbd2ea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2abcd94 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pov @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +// +// position3.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(A, B, C, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(B, C, fett) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, C, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + winkel(B, C, A, fein, gross) + winkel(C, A, B, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..339592c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% position2.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position2.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb + +\begin{scope}[yshift=0.3cm,xshift=0.1cm] +\labelalpha +\end{scope} +\labelbeta +\labelgamma + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fae0b85 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f7b0e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +% +% position3-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position3.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labela + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelbetaone +\labelgammaone + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c940d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6823eb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pov @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// +// position3.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(B, P, C, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + winkel(B, P, C, fein, gross) + winkel(C, B, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5480da --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +% +% dreieck3d1.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position3.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labela + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelbetaone +\labelgammaone + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac80c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e06523b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position4-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position4.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelP + +\labelc +\labell +\labelhb + +\labelomegalinks +\labelbetatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8eeeaac --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80628f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pov @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +// +// position4.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(A, B, P, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, P, fett) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, P, A, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27c1757 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position4.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position4.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelP + +\labelc +\labell +\labelhb + +\labelomegalinks +\labelbetatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..afe120e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a0e229 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position5-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position5.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelb +\labell +\labelhc + +\labelomegarechts +\labelgammatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..05a64cb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ed33c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pov @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +// +// position5.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(A, P, C, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, P, fett) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + +union { + seite(A, C, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(C, P, A, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, C, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b234429 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position5.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position5.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelb +\labell +\labelhc + +\labelomegarechts +\labelgammatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/test.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/test.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3247ed1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/test.tex @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +% +% test.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[12pt]{article} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{etex} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amsthm} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{wrapfig} +\begin{document} + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} +\includegraphics{position1-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. +Aenean +commodo ligula eget dolor. +Aenean massa. +Cum sociis natoque penatibus +et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. +Donec quam +felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. +Nulla +consequat massa quis enim. +Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet +nec, vulputate eget, arcu. +In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, +venenatis vitae, justo. +Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. +Integer tincidunt. +Cras dapibus. +Vivamus elementum semper nisi. +Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. +Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, +consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. +Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, +viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position2-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper +libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, +blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec +odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis +faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus +tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec +sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, +augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce +vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, +mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras +ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum +primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; + +\pagebreak + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position3-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. +Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc +nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. +Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, +ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. +Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque +facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus +leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi. Curabitur +ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, +leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus +turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan +cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus +et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor +congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. +Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position4-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. +Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque +posuere. Praesent turpis. Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, +nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. +Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. +Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, +sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. +Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices +posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. +Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut +neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et +malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In dui magna, posuere eget, +vestibulum et, tempor auctor, justo. In ac felis quis tortor malesuada +pretium. Pellentesque auctor neque nec urna. + +\pagebreak + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position5-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Proin sapien ipsum, porta a, auctor quis, euismod ut, mi. Aenean +viverra rhoncus pede. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus +et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut non enim eleifend +felis pretium feugiat. Vivamus quis mi. Phasellus a est. Phasellus +magna. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit +ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. +Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. +Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt +eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, +augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada +velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, +dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc +nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. +Donec venenatis vulputate lorem. Morbi nec metus. Phasellus blandit +leo ut odio. Maecenas ullamcorper, dui et placerat feugiat, eros +pede varius nisi, condimentum viverra felis nunc et lorem. Sed magna +purus, fermentum eu, tincidunt eu, varius ut, felis. In auctor +lobortis lacus. Quisque libero metus, condimentum nec, tempor a, +commodo mollis, magna. Vestibulum ullamcorper mauris at ligula. +Fusce fermentum. Nullam cursus lacinia erat. Praesent blandit laoreet +nibh. Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque +egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend +augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt +tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus +nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas +neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam +ut purus mattis mauris + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/main.tex b/buch/papers/nav/main.tex index e11e2c0..f993559 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,21 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:nav}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Sphärische Navigation\label{chapter:nav}} +\lhead{Sphärische Navigation} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{Enez Erdem und Marc Kühne} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} -\input{papers/nav/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/nav/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/nav/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/nav/teil3.tex} + +\input{papers/nav/einleitung.tex} +\input{papers/nav/flatearth.tex} +\input{papers/nav/sincos.tex} +\input{papers/nav/trigo.tex} +\input{papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex} +\input{papers/nav/bsp2.tex} + \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex b/buch/papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32d1b8b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +\section{Das Nautische Dreieck} +\rhead{Das nautische Dreieck} +\subsection{Definition des Nautischen Dreiecks} +Die Himmelskugel ist eine gedachte Kugel, welche die Erde und dessen Beobachter umgibt und als Rechenfläche für Koordinaten in der Astronomie und Geodäsie dient. +Der Zenit ist jener Punkt, der vom Erdmittelpunkt durch denn eigenen Standort an die Himmelskugel verlängert wird. +Als Gestirne kommen Sterne und Planeten in Frage, zu welchen in diversen Jahrbüchern die für die Navigation nötigen Daten publiziert sind. +Der Himmelspol ist der Nordpol an die Himmelskugel projiziert. +Das nautische Dreieck hat die Ecken Zenit, Gestirn und Himmelspol, wie man in der Abbildung \ref{naut} sehen kann. + +Ursprünglich ist das nautische Dreieck ein Hilfsmittel der sphärischen Astronomie um die momentane Position eines Fixsterns oder Planeten an der Himmelskugel zu bestimmen. + +\subsection{Das Bilddreieck} +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=8cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel3.png} + \caption[Nautisches Dreieck]{Nautisches Dreieck} + \label{naut} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + Man kann das nautische Dreieck auf die Erdkugel projizieren. +Dieses Dreieck nennt man dann Bilddreieck. +Als Bildpunkt wird in der astronomischen Navigation der Punkt bezeichnet, an dem eine gedachte Linie vom Mittelpunkt eines beobachteten Gestirns zum Mittelpunkt der Erde die Erdoberfläche schneidet. +Die Projektion des nautischen Dreiecks auf die Erdkugel hat die Ecken Nordpol, Standort und Bildpunkt. + +\section{Standortbestimmung ohne elektronische Hilfsmittel} +\label{sta} +Um den eigenen Standort herauszufinden, wird in diesem Kapitel die Projektion des nautische Dreiecks auf die Erdkugel zur Hilfe genommen. +Mithilfe eines Sextanten, einem Jahrbuch und der sphärischen Trigonometrie kann man dann die Längen- und Breitengrade des eigenen Standortes bestimmen. +Was ein Sextant und ein Jahrbuch ist, wird im Abschnitt \ref{ephe} erklärt. +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=10cm]{papers/nav/bilder/dreieck.pdf} + \caption[Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung]{Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung} + \label{d1} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + + + + +\subsection{Ecke $P$ und $A$} +Unser eigener Standort ist der gesuchte Ecke $P$ und die Ecke $A$ ist in unserem Fall der Nordpol. +Der Vorteil an der Idee des nautischen Dreiecks ist, dass eine Ecke immer der Nordpol ist. +Somit ist diese Ecke immer bekannt und nur deswegen sind die Zusammenhänge von Rektaszension, Sternzeit und Deklination so einfach. + +\subsection{Ecke $B$ und $C$ - Bildpunkt von $X$ und $Y$} +Für die Standortermittlung benötigt man als weiteren Punkt ein Gestirn bzw. seinen Bildpunkt auf der Erdkugel. +Damit das trigonometrische Rechnen einfacher wird, werden hier zwei Gestirne zur Hilfe genommen. +Es gibt diverse Gestirne, die man nutzen kann wie zum Beispiel die Sonne, der Mond oder die vier Navigationsplaneten Venus, Mars, Jupiter und Saturn. + +Die Bildpunkte von den beiden Gestirnen $X$ und $Y$ bilden die beiden Ecken $B$ und $C$ im Dreieck der Abbildung \ref{d1}. +\subsection{Ephemeriden} +\label{ephe} +Zu all diesen Gestirnen gibt es Ephemeridentabellen. +Diese Tabellen enthalten die Rektaszensionen und Deklinationen in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit. + +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{papers/nav/bilder/ephe.png} + \caption[Nautical Almanac Mai 2002]{Nautical Almanac Mai 2002} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Deklination} +Die Deklination $\delta$ beschreibt den Winkel zwischen dem Himmelsäquator und Gestirn und entspricht dem Breitengrad des Gestirns. + +\subsubsection{Rektaszension und Sternzeit} +Die Rektaszension $\alpha$ gibt an, in welchem Winkel das Gestirn zum Frühlingspunkt, welcher der Nullpunkt auf dem Himmelsäquator ist, steht und geht vom Koordinatensystem der Himmelskugel aus. + +Die Tatsache, dass sich die Himmelskugel ca. vier Minuten schneller um die eigene Achse dreht als die Erdkugel, stellt hier ein kleines Problem dar. +Die Lösung ist die Sternzeit $\theta$. +Mit dieser können wir die schnellere Drehung der Himmelskugel ausgleichen. +Die Sternzeit geht vom Frühlungspunkt aus, an welchem die Sonne den Himmelsäquator schneidet und $\theta=0$ ist. +Für die Standortermittlung auf der Erdkugel ist es am einfachsten, wenn man die Sternzeit von Greenwich berechnet. +Für die Sternzeit von Greenwich $\theta$ braucht man als erstes das Julianische Datum $T$ vom aktuellen Tag, welches sich leicht nachschlagen lässt. +Im Anschluss berechnet man die Sternzeit von Greenwich + +\[\theta = 6^h 41^m 50^s.54841 + 8640184^s.812866 \cdot T + 0^s.093104 \cdot T^2 - 0^s.0000062 \cdot T^3.\] + +Wenn man die Sternzeit von Greenwich ausgerechnet hat, kann man den Längengrad des Gestirns $\lambda = \theta - \alpha$ bestimmen, wobei $\alpha$ die Rektaszension und $\theta$ die Sternzeit von Greenwich ist. +Dies gilt analog auch für das zweite Gestirn. +\subsubsection{Sextant} +Ein Sextant ist ein nautisches Messinstrument, mit dem man den Winkel zwischen der Blickrichtung zu weit entfernten Objekten bestimmen kann. Es wird vor allem der Winkelabstand vom Horizont zum Gestirn gemessen. +Man benutzt ihn vor allem für die astronomische Navigation auf See. + +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=10cm]{papers/nav/bilder/sextant.jpg} + \caption[Sextant]{Sextant} + \end{center} +\end{figure} +\subsection{Bestimmung des eigenen Standortes $P$} \label{p} +Wir nehmen die Abbildung \ref{d2} zur Hilfe. +Nun hat man die Koordinaten der beiden Gestirne und man weiss die Koordinaten des Nordpols. +Damit wir unseren Standort bestimmen können, bilden wir zuerst das Dreieck $ABC$, dann das Dreieck $BPC$ und zum Schluss noch das Dreieck $ABP$. +Auf diese Dreiecke können wir die einfachen Sätze der sphärischen Trigonometrie anwenden und benötigen lediglich ein Ephemeride zu den Gestirnen und einen Sextant. + +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=8cm]{papers/nav/bilder/dreieck.pdf} + \caption[Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung]{Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung} + \label{d2} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Dreieck $ABC$} + +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ l l l } + Ecke && Name \\ + \hline + $A$ && Nordpol \\ + $B$ && Bildpunkt des Gestirns $X$ \\ + $C$&& Bildpunkt des Gestirns $Y$ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + +Mit unserem erlangten Wissen können wir nun alle Seiten des Dreiecks $ABC$ berechnen. +Dazu sind die folgenden vorbereiteten Berechnungen nötigt: + +\begin{enumerate} + \item Die Seite vom Nordpol zum Bildpunkt $X$ sei $c$, dann ist $c = \frac{\pi}{2} - \delta_1$. + \item Die Seite vom Nordpol zum Bildpunkt $Y$ sei $b$, dann ist $b = \frac{\pi}{2} - \delta_2$. + \item Der Innenwinkel bei der Ecke, wo der Nordpol ist sei $\alpha$, dann ist $ \alpha = |\lambda_1 - \lambda_2|$. +\end{enumerate} + +mit +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ l l l } + Ecke && Name \\ + \hline + $\delta_1$ && Deklination vom Bildpunkt $X$ \\ + $\delta_2$ && Deklination vom Bildpunk $Y$ \\ + $\lambda_1 $&& Längengrad vom Bildpunkt $X$\\ + $\lambda_2$ && Längengrad vom Bildpunkt $Y$ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + +Nun haben wir die beiden Seiten $c$ und $b$ und den Winkel $\alpha$, der sich zwischen diesen Seiten befindet. +Mithilfe des Seiten-Kosinussatzes +$\cos(a) = \cos(b)\cdot \cos(c) + \sin(b) \cdot \sin(c)\cdot \cos(\alpha)$ +können wir nun die dritte Seitenlänge bestimmen. +Es ist darauf zu achten, dass hier natürlich die Seitenlängen in Bogenmass sind und dementsprechend der Kosinus und Sinus verwendet wird. + +Jetzt fehlen noch die beiden anderen Innenwinkel $\beta$ und\ $\gamma$. +Diese bestimmen wir mithilfe des Kosinussatzes: \[\beta=\cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(c)}\bigg]\] und \[\gamma = \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(c)-\cos(b) \cdot \cos(a)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(b)}\bigg]\]. + +Schlussendlich haben wir die Seiten $a$, $b$ und $c$, die Ecken $A$,$B$ und $C$ und die Winkel $\alpha$, $\beta$ und $\gamma$ bestimmt und somit das ganze Kugeldreieck $ABC$ berechnet. + +\subsubsection{Dreieck $BPC$} +Wir bilden nun ein zweites Dreieck, welches die Ecken $B$ und $C$ des ersten Dreiecks besitzt. +Die dritte Ecke ist der eigene Standort $P$. +Unser Standort definiere sich aus einer geographischen Breite $\delta$ und einer geographischen Länge $\lambda$. + +Die Seite von $P$ zu $B$ sei $pb$ und die Seite von $P$ zu $C$ sei $pc$. +Die beiden Seitenlängen kann man mit dem Sextant messen und durch eine einfache Formel bestimmen, nämlich $pb=\frac{\pi}{2} - h_{B}$ und $pc=\frac{\pi}{2} - h_{C}$ +mit $h_B=$ Höhe von Gestirn in $B$ und $h_C=$ Höhe von Gestirn in $C$ mit Sextant gemessen. + +Zum Schluss müssen wir noch den Winkel $\beta_1$ mithilfe des Seiten-Kosinussatzes \[\cos(pb)=\cos(pc)\cdot\cos(a)+\sin(pc)\cdot\sin(a)\cdot\cos(\beta_1)\] mit den bekannten Seiten $pc$, $pb$ und $a$ bestimmen. +\subsubsection{Dreieck $ABP$} +Nun muss man eine Verbindungslinie des Standorts zwischen $P$ und $A$ ziehen. Die Länge $l$ dieser Linie entspricht der gesuchten geographischen Breite $\delta$. Diese lässt sich mithilfe des Dreiecks $ABP$, den bekannten Seiten $c$ und $pb$ und des Seiten-Kosinussatzes berechnen. +Für den Seiten-Kosinussatz benötigt es noch $\kappa=\beta + \beta_1$. +Somit ist \[\cos(l) = \cos(c)\cdot \cos(pb) + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(pb) \cdot \cos(\kappa)\] +und +\[ +\delta =\cos^{-1} [\cos(c) \cdot \cos(pb) + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(pb) \cdot \cos(\kappa)]. +\] + +Für die geographische Länge $\lambda$ des eigenen Standortes nutzt man den Winkel $\omega$, welcher sich im Dreieck $ACP$ in der Ecke bei $A$ befindet. +Mithilfe des Kosinussatzes können wir \[\omega = \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(pb)-\cos(c) \cdot \cos(l)}{\sin(c) \cdot \sin(l)}\bigg]\] berechnen und bekommen schlussendlich die geographische Länge +\[\lambda=\lambda_1 - \omega,\] +wobei $\lambda_1$ die Länge des Bildpunktes $X$ von $C$ ist. diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex b/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex index 9faa48d..bedaccd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{cancel} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/references.bib b/buch/papers/nav/references.bib index 236323b..c67aaac 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/nav/references.bib @@ -32,4 +32,10 @@ pages = {607--627}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@online{nav:winkel, + editor={Unbekannt}, + title = {Sphärische Trigonometrie}, + year={2022}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphärische_Trigonometrie} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/sincos.tex b/buch/papers/nav/sincos.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b64d100 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/sincos.tex @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + + + +\section{Sphärische Navigation und Winkelfunktionen} +\rhead{Sphärische Navigation und Winkelfunktionen} +Es gibt Hinweise, dass sich schon die Babylonier und Ägypter vor 4000 Jahren mit Problemen der sphärischen Trigonometrie beschäftigt haben, um den Lauf von Gestirnen zu berechnen. +Jedoch konnten sie dieses Problem nicht lösen. +Die Geschichte der sphärischen Trigonometrie ist daher eng mit der Astronomie verknüpft. Ca. 350 BCE dachten die Griechen über Kugelgeometrie nach, sie wurde damit zu einer Hilfswissenschaft der Astronomen. + +Zwischen 190 v. Chr. und 120 v. Chr. lebte ein griechischer Astronom namens Hipparchos. +Dieser entwickelte unter anderem die Chordentafeln, welche die Chordfunktionen, auch Chord genannt, beinhalten. +Chord ist der Vorgänger der Sinusfunktion und galt damals als wichtigste Grundlage der Trigonometrie. +In dieser Zeit wurden auch die ersten Sternenkarten angefertigt. Damals kannte man die Sinusfunktionen noch nicht. + +Die Definition der trigonometrischen Funktionen aus Griechenland ermöglicht nur, rechtwinklige Dreiecke zu berechnen. +Aus Indien stammten die ersten Ansätze zu den Kosinussätzen. +Aufbauend auf den indischen und griechischen Forschungen entwickeln die Araber um das 9. Jahrhundert den Sinussatz. +Die Beziehung zwischen Seiten und Winkeln sind komplizierter und als Sinus- und Kosinussätze bekannt. +Doch ein paar weitere Jahrhunderte vergingen bis zu diesem Thema wieder verstärkt Forschung betrieben wurde, da im 15. Jahrhundert grosse Entdeckungsreisen, hauptsächlich per Schiff, erfolgten und die Orientierung mit Sternen vermehrt an Wichtigkeit gewann. +Man nutzte für die Kartographie nun die Kugelgeometrie, um die Genauigkeit zu erhöhen. +Der Sinussatz, die Tangensfunktion und der neu entwickelte Seitenkosinussatz wurden in dieser Zeit bereits verwendet und im darauffolgenden Jahrhundert folgte der Winkelkosinussatz. + +Durch weitere mathematische Entwicklungen wie den Logarithmus wurden im Laufe des nächsten Jahrhunderts viele neue Methoden und kartographische Anwendungen der Kugelgeometrie entdeckt. +Im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert wurden weitere nicht-euklidische Geometrien entwickelt und die sphärische Trigonometrie fand auch ihre Anwendung in der Relativitätstheorie.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/nav/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index f3323a9..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/nav/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{nav:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{nav:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/nav/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 996202f..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/nav/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{nav:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{nav:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{nav:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{nav:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{nav:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 5a52e03..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/nav/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{nav:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{nav:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/nav/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 2b5d2d5..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/nav/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{nav:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{nav:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/trigo.tex b/buch/papers/nav/trigo.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..483b612 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/trigo.tex @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ + +\section{Sphärische Trigonometrie} +\rhead{Sphärische Trigonometrie} + +\subsection{Das Kugeldreieck} +Damit man die Definition des Kugeldreiecks versteht, müssen wir zuerst Begriffe wie Grosskreisebene und Grosskreisbögen verstehen. +Ein Grosskreis ist ein grösstmöglicher Kreis auf einer Kugeloberfläche. +Sein Mittelpunkt fällt immer mit dem Mittelpunkt der Kugel zusammen und ein Schnitt auf dem Großkreis teilt die Kugel in jedem Fall in zwei gleich grosse Hälften. +Da es unendlich viele Möglichkeiten gibt, eine Kugel so zu zerschneiden, dass die Schnittebene den Kugelmittelpunkt trifft, gibt es auch unendlich viele Grosskreise. +Grosskreisbögen sind die kürzesten Verbindungslinien zwischen zwei Punkten auf der Kugel. + +Da die Länge der Grosskreisbögen wegen der Abhängigkeit vom Kugelradius ungeeignet ist, wird die Grösse einer Seite mit dem zugehörigen Mittelpunktwinkel des Grosskreisbogens angegeben. +Laut dieser Definition ist die Seite $c$ der Winkel $AMB$, wobei der Punkt $M$ die Erdmitte ist. + +Man kann bei Kugeldreiecken nicht so einfach unterscheiden, was Innen oder Aussen ist. +Wenn man drei Eckpunkte miteinander verbindet, ergeben sich immer 16 Kugeldreiecke. + +Werden drei voneinander verschiedene Punkte, die sich nicht auf derselben Grosskreisebene befinden, mit Grosskreisbögen verbunden werden, so entsteht ein Kugeldreieck $ABC$. +Für ein Kugeldreieck gilt, dass die Summe der drei Seiten kleiner als $3\pi$ aber grösser als 0 ist. +$A$, $B$ und $C$ sind die Ecken des Dreiecks und dessen Seiten sind die Grosskreisbögen zwischen den Eckpunkten (siehe Abbildung \ref{kugel}). + +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel1.png} + \caption[Das Kugeldreieck]{Das Kugeldreieck} + \label{kugel} + \end{center} + +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Rechtwinkliges Dreieck und rechtseitiges Dreieck} +In der sphärischen Trigonometrie gibt es eine Symmetrie zwischen Seiten und Winkeln, also zu jedem Satz über Seiten und Winkel gibt es einen entsprechenden Satz, mit dem man Winkel durch Seiten und Seiten durch Winkel ersetzt hat. + +Wie auch im ebenen Dreieck gibt es beim Kugeldreieck auch ein rechtwinkliges Kugeldreieck, bei dem ein Winkel $\frac{\pi}{2}$ ist. +Ein rechtseitiges Dreieck gibt es jedoch nur beim Kugeldreieck, weil dort eine Seitenlänge $\frac{\pi}{2}$ lang sein muss, wie man in der Abbildung \ref{recht} sehen kann. + +\begin{figure} + + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/nav/bilder/recht.jpg} + \caption[Rechtseitiges und rechtwinkliges Kugeldreieck]{Rechtseitiges und rechtwinkliges Kugeldreieck} + \label{recht} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Winkelsumme und Flächeninhalt} +\label{trigo} +%\begin{figure} ----- Brauche das Bild eigentlich nicht! + +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=8cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel2.png} +% \caption[Winkelangabe im Kugeldreieck]{Winkelangabe im Kugeldreieck} +% \end{center} +%\end{figure} + + +Die Winkel eines Kugeldreiecks sind die, welche die Halbtangenten in den Eckpunkten einschliessen. +Für die Summe der Innenwinkel gilt +\begin{align} + \alpha+\beta+\gamma &= \frac{F}{r^2} + \pi \quad \text{und} \quad \alpha+\beta+\gamma > \pi, \nonumber +\end{align} +wobei $F$ der Flächeninhalt des Kugeldreiecks ist. +\subsubsection{Sphärischer Exzess} +Der sphärische Exzess +\begin{align} + \epsilon = \alpha+\beta+\gamma - \pi \nonumber +\end{align} +beschreibt die Abweichung der Innenwinkelsumme von $\pi$ und ist proportional zum Flächeninhalt des Kugeldreiecks. + +\subsubsection{Flächeninnhalt} +Mithilfe des Radius $r$ und dem sphärischen Exzess $\epsilon$ gilt für den Flächeninhalt +\[ F=\frac{\pi \cdot r^2}{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cdot \epsilon = 2 \cdot r^2 \cdot \epsilon.\] + +In diesem Kapitel sind keine Begründungen für die erhaltenen Resultate im Abschnitt \ref{trigo} zu erwarten und können in der Referenz \cite{nav:winkel} nachgeschlagen werden. +\subsection{Seiten und Winkelberechnung} +Es gibt in der sphärischen Trigonometrie eigentlich gar keinen Satz des Pythagoras, wie man ihn aus der zweidimensionalen Geometrie kennt. +Es gibt aber einen Satz, der alle drei Seiten eines rechtwinkligen Kugeldreiecks in eine Beziehung bringt. Dieser Satz gilt jedoch nicht für das rechtseitige Kugeldreieck. +Die Approximation im nächsten Abschnitt wird erklären, warum man dies als eine Form des Satzes des Pythagoras sehen kann. +Es gilt nämlich: +\begin{align} + \cos c = \cos a \cdot \cos b \quad \text{wenn} \nonumber & + \quad \alpha = \frac{\pi}{2}. \nonumber +\end{align} + +\subsubsection{Approximation von kleinen Dreiecken} +Die Sätze in der ebenen Trigonometrie sind eigentlich Approximationen der sphärischen Trigonometrie. +So ist der Sinussatz in der Ebene nur eine Annäherung des sphärischen Sinussatzes. Das Gleiche gilt für den Kosinussatz und dem Satz des Pythagoras. +So kann mit dem Taylorpolynom 2. Grades den Sinus und den Kosinus vom Sphärischen in die Ebene approximieren: +\begin{align} + \sin(a) &\approx a \nonumber \intertext{und} + \cos(a)&\approx 1-\frac{a^2}{2}.\nonumber +\end{align} +Es gibt ebenfalls folgende Approximierung der Seiten von der Sphäre in die Ebene: +\begin{align} + a &\approx \sin(a) \nonumber \intertext{und} + \frac{a^2}{2} &\approx 1-\cos(a). \nonumber +\end{align} +Die Korrespondenzen zwischen der ebenen und sphärischen Trigonometrie werden in den kommenden Abschnitten erläutert. + +\subsubsection{Sphärischer Satz des Pythagoras} +Die Korrespondenz \[ a^2 \approx 1- \cos(a)\] liefert unter anderem einen entsprechenden Satz des Pythagoras, nämlich + +\begin{align*} + \cos(a)\cdot \cos(b) &= \cos(c), \\ + \bigg[1-\frac{a^2}{2}\bigg] \cdot \bigg[1-\frac{b^2}{2}\bigg] &= 1-\frac{c^2}{2}. + \intertext{Höhere Potenzen vernachlässigen:} + \xcancel{1}- \frac{a^2}{2} - \frac{b^2}{2} + \xcancel{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}}&= \xcancel{1}- \frac{c^2}{2} \\ + -a^2-b^2 &=-c^2\\ + a^2+b^2&=c^2. +\end{align*} +Dies ist der wohlbekannte ebene Satz des Pythagoras. + +\subsubsection{Sphärischer Sinussatz} +Den sphärischen Sinussatz +\begin{align} + \frac{\sin (a)}{\sin (\alpha)} =\frac{\sin (b)}{\sin (\beta)} = \frac{\sin (c)}{\sin (\gamma)} \nonumber +\end{align} +kann man ebenfalls mit der Korrespondenz \[a \approx \sin(a) \] zum entsprechenden ebenen Sinussatz \[\frac{a}{\sin (\alpha)} =\frac{b}{\sin (\beta)} = \frac{c}{\sin (\gamma)}\] approximieren. + + +\subsubsection{Sphärische Kosinussätze} +In der sphärischen Trigonometrie gibt es den Seitenkosinussatz +\begin{align} + \cos \ a = \cos b \cdot \cos c + \sin b \cdot \sin c \cdot \cos \alpha \nonumber +\end{align} %Seitenkosinussatz +und den Winkelkosinussatz +\begin{align} + \cos \gamma = -\cos \alpha \cdot \cos \beta + \sin \alpha \cdot \sin \beta \cdot \cos c, \nonumber +\end{align} der nur in der sphärischen Trigonometrie vorhanden ist. + +Analog gibt es auch beim Seitenkosinussatz eine Korrespondenz zu \[ a^2 \leftrightarrow 1-\cos(a),\] die den ebenen Kosinussatz herleiten lässt, nämlich +\begin{align} + \cos(a)&= \cos(b)\cdot \cos(c) + \sin(b) \cdot \sin(c)\cdot \cos(\alpha) \\ + 1-\frac{a^2}{2} &= \bigg[1-\frac{b^2}{2}\bigg]\bigg[1-\frac{c^2}{2}\bigg]+bc\cdot\cos(\alpha). \intertext{Höhere Potenzen vernachlässigen:} + \xcancel{1}-\frac{a^2}{2} &= \xcancel{1}-\frac{b^2}{2}-\frac{c^2}{2} \xcancel{+\frac{b^2c^2}{4}}+bc \cdot \cos(\alpha)\\ + a^2&=b^2+c^2-2bc \cdot \cos(\alpha). +\end{align} + + +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bd13ec --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# +# Makefile to build 3d images +# +# (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller +# + +all: halfplane.pdf + +halfplane.pdf: halfplane.tex halfplane.jpg + pdflatex halfplane.tex +halfplane.png: halfplane.pov + povray +A0.1 -W1920 -H1080 -Ohalfplane.png halfplane.pov +halfplane.jpg: halfplane.png Makefile + convert -extract 1280x1080+340+0 halfplane.png \ + -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch halfplane.jpg + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/images/common.inc b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/common.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28aed2b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/common.inc @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +// +// common.inc -- some common useful tools for drawing 3d images +// +// (c) 2018 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +// + +// +// draw a right angle quarter circle at point <o> with legs <v1> and <v2> and +// color <c> +// +#declare rechterwinkelradius = 0.5; +#declare rechterwinkelthickness = 0.01; +#macro rechterwinkel(o, v1, v2, c) +intersection { + sphere { o, rechterwinkelradius } + #declare rnormale = vnormalize(vcross(v1, v2)); + plane { rnormale, vdot(o, rnormale) + rechterwinkelthickness * rechterwinkelradius / 0.5 } + plane { -rnormale, -vdot(o, rnormale) + rechterwinkelthickness * rechterwinkelradius / 0.5 } + plane { -v1, -vdot(o, v1) } + plane { -v2, -vdot(o, v2) } + pigment { + color c + } +} +sphere { o + 0.45 * (vnormalize(v1) +vnormalize(v2)) * rechterwinkelradius, + 0.05 * rechterwinkelradius / 0.5 + pigment { + color c + } +} +#end + +// +// draw an arrow from <from> to <to> with thickness <arrowthickness> with +// color <c> +// +#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c) + #declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from); + #declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from); + union { + sphere { + from, 1.1 * arrowthickness + } + cylinder { + from, + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + arrowthickness + } + cone { + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + 2 * arrowthickness, + to, + 0 + } + pigment { + color c + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } + } +#end + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.jpg b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8cb5ae3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.jpg diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.pdf b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7275810 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.png b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5beefa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.png diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.pov b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..419bb67 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.pov @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +// +// 3dimage.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" +#include "skies.inc" +#include "common.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.63; +#declare ar = 0.02; + +#declare Cameracenter = <5,3,-4>; +#declare Worldpoint = <0,-0.80, 0>; +#declare Lightsource = < 7,10,-3>; +#declare Lightdirection = vnormalize(Lightsource - Worldpoint); +#declare Lightaxis1 = vnormalize(vcross(Lightdirection, <0,1,0>)); +#declare Lightaxis2 = vnormalize(vcross(Lightaxis1, Lightdirection)); + +camera { + location Cameracenter + look_at Worldpoint + right 16/9 * x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + Lightsource color White + area_light Lightaxis1 Lightaxis2, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color White + } +} + +arrow( <-2.1, 0, 0 >, < 2.2, 0, 0 >, ar, White) +arrow( < 0, -1.1, 0 >, < 0, 1.3, 0 >, ar, White) +arrow( < 0, 0, -2 >, < 0, 0, 2.2 >, ar, White) + +#declare planecolor = rgb<0.2,0.6,1.0>; +#declare r = 0.01; + +#macro planebox() + box { <-2.1,-1.1,-2.1>, <0,1.1,2.1> } +#end + +intersection { + plane { <0, 0, 1>, 0.001 } + plane { <0, 0, -1>, 0.001 } + planebox() + pigment { + color planecolor transmit 0.3 + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.95 + } +} + +#declare Xstep = 0.2; + +intersection { + union { + #declare X = 0; + #while (X > -2.5) + cylinder { <X,-3,0>, <X,+3,0>, r } + #declare X = X - Xstep; + #end + + #declare Y = Xstep; + #while (Y < 2.5) + cylinder { <-3, Y, 0>, <0, Y, 0>, r } + cylinder { <-3, -Y, 0>, <0, -Y, 0>, r } + #declare Y = Y + Xstep; + #end + } + planebox() + pigment { + color planecolor + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.95 + } +} + +#declare parammin = -4; +#declare parammax = 4; +#declare paramsteps = 100; +#declare paramstep = (parammax - parammin) / paramsteps; + +#macro punkt(sigma, tau, Z) + < + 0.5 * (tau*tau - sigma*sigma) + Z, + sigma * tau, + > +#end + +#macro sigmasurface(sigma, farbe) + #declare taumin1 = 2/sigma; + #declare taumin2 = sqrt(4+sigma*sigma); + #if (taumin1 > taumin2) + #declare taumin = -taumin2; + #else + #declare taumin = -taumin1; + #end + + mesh { + #declare tau = taumin; + #declare taumax = -taumin; + #declare taustep = (taumax - taumin) / paramsteps; + #while (tau < taumax - taustep/2) + triangle { + punkt(sigma, tau, -1), + punkt(sigma, tau, 0), + punkt(sigma, tau + taustep, -1) + } + triangle { + punkt(sigma, tau + taustep, -1), + punkt(sigma, tau + taustep, 0), + punkt(sigma, tau, 0) + } + #declare tau = tau + taustep; + #end + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } + } + + union { + #declare tau = taumin; + #declare taumax = -taumin; + #declare taustep = (taumax - taumin) / paramsteps; + #while (tau < taumax - taustep/2) + sphere { punkt(sigma, tau, 0), r } + cylinder { + punkt(sigma, tau, 0), + punkt(sigma, tau + taustep, 0), + r + } + #declare tau = tau + taustep; + #end + sphere { punkt(sigma, tau, 0), r } + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } + + } +#end + +#declare greensurfacecolor = rgb<0.6,1.0,0.6>; +#declare redsurfacecolor = rgb<1.0,0.6,0.6>; + +sigmasurface(0.25, greensurfacecolor) +sigmasurface(0.5, greensurfacecolor) +sigmasurface(0.75, greensurfacecolor) +sigmasurface(1, greensurfacecolor) +sigmasurface(1.25, greensurfacecolor) +sigmasurface(1.5, greensurfacecolor) +sigmasurface(1.75, greensurfacecolor) +sigmasurface(2, greensurfacecolor) + +union { + sigmasurface(0.25, redsurfacecolor) + sigmasurface(0.5, redsurfacecolor) + sigmasurface(0.75, redsurfacecolor) + sigmasurface(1.00, redsurfacecolor) + sigmasurface(1.25, redsurfacecolor) + sigmasurface(1.5, redsurfacecolor) + sigmasurface(1.75, redsurfacecolor) + sigmasurface(2, redsurfacecolor) + rotate <0, 180, 0> +} + +box { <-2,-1,-2>, <2,-0.99,2> + pigment { + color rgb<1.0,0.8,0.6> transmit 0.8 + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e470057 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/images/halfplane.tex @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +% +% halfplane.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{5} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=10cm]{halfplane.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\node at (0,3.7) {$z$}; +\node at (3.3,-0.3) {$x$}; +\node at (2.7,2.5) {$y$}; + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/img/D_plot.png b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/D_plot.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c61eea --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/D_plot.png diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ee582d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/img/plane.pdf b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/plane.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c52c336 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/plane.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/img/v_plot.png b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/v_plot.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7cd5455 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/v_plot.png diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex index ff21c9f..fd2aea7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex @@ -6,31 +6,13 @@ \chapter{Parabolische Zylinderfunktionen\label{chapter:parzyl}} \lhead{Parabolische Zylinderfunktionen} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Thierry Schwaller, Alain Keller} +\chapterauthor{Alain Keller und Thierry Schwaller} + -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} \input{papers/parzyl/teil0.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/teil1.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/teil2.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/teil3.tex} - \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/references.bib b/buch/papers/parzyl/references.bib index 494ff7c..390d5ed 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/references.bib @@ -33,3 +33,36 @@ url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@book{parzyl:whittaker, + place={Cambridge}, + edition={4}, + series={Cambridge Mathematical Library}, + title={A Course of Modern Analysis}, + DOI={10.1017/CBO9780511608759}, + publisher={Cambridge University Press}, + author={Whittaker, E. T. and Watson, G. N.}, + year={1996}, + collection={Cambridge Mathematical Library}} + +@book{parzyl:abramowitz-stegun, + added-at = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, + address = {New York}, + author = {Abramowitz, Milton and Stegun, Irene A.}, + edition = {ninth Dover printing, tenth GPO printing}, + interhash = {d4914a420f489f7c5129ed01ec3cf80c}, + intrahash = {23ec744709b3a776a1af0a3fd65cd09f}, + keywords = {Handbook}, + publisher = {Dover}, + timestamp = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, + title = {Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables}, + year = 1972 +} + +@online{parzyl:coordinates, + title = {Parabolic cylindrical coordinates}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_cylindrical_coordinates}, + date = {2022-08-17}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {17} +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex index 09b4024..8be936d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,249 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{parzyl:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{parzyl:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. +\section{Einleitung\label{parzyl:section:teil0}} +\rhead{Einleitung} +%Die Laplace-Gleichung ist eine wichtige Gleichung in der Physik. +%Mit ihr lässt sich zum Beispiel das elektrische Feld in einem ladungsfreien Raum bestimmen. +%In diesem Kapitel wird die Lösung der Laplace-Gleichung im +%parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem genauer untersucht. +Die Helmholtz-Gleichung ist eine wichtige Gleichung in der Physik. +Mit ihr lässt sich zum Beispiel das Verhalten von elektromagnetischen Wellen beschreiben. +In diesem Kapitel werden die Lösungen der Helmholtz-Gleichung im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem, +die parabolischen Zylinderfunktionen, genauer untersucht. + +\subsection{Helmholtz-Gleichung} +Die partielle Differentialgleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = \lambda f +\end{equation} +ist als Helmholtz-Gleichung bekannt und beschreibt das Eigenwert Problem für den Laplace-Operator. +Sie ist eine der Gleichungen welche auftritt wenn die Wellengleichung +\begin{equation} + \left ( \nabla^2 - \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \right ) u(\textbf{r},t) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +mit Hilfe von Separation +\begin{equation} + u(\textbf{r},t) = A(\textbf{r})T(t) +\end{equation} +in zwei Differentialgleichungen aufgeteilt wird. Die Helmholtz-Gleichung ist der Teil, +welcher zeitunabhängig ist +\begin{equation} + \nabla^2 A(\textbf{r}) = \lambda A(\textbf{r}). +\end{equation} + +%\subsection{Laplace Gleichung} +%Die partielle Differentialgleichung +%\begin{equation} +% \Delta f = 0 +%\end{equation} +%ist als Laplace-Gleichung bekannt. +%Sie ist eine spezielle Form der Poisson-Gleichung +%\begin{equation} +% \Delta f = g +%\end{equation} +%mit $g$ als beliebiger Funktion. +%In der Physik hat die Laplace-Gleichung in verschiedenen Gebieten +%verwendet, zum Beispiel im Elektromagnetismus. +%Das Gaussche Gesetz in den Maxwellgleichungen +%\begin{equation} +% \nabla \cdot E = \frac{\varrho}{\epsilon_0} +%\label{parzyl:eq:max1} +%\end{equation} +%besagt, dass die Divergenz eines elektrischen Feldes an einem +%Punkt gleich der Ladungsdichte an diesem Punkt ist. +%Das elektrische Feld ist hierbei der Gradient des elektrischen +%Potentials +%\begin{equation} +% \nabla \phi = E. +%\end{equation} +%Eingesetzt in \eqref{parzyl:eq:max1} resultiert +%\begin{equation} +% \nabla \cdot \nabla \phi = \Delta \phi = \frac{\varrho}{\epsilon_0}, +%\end{equation} +%was eine Poisson-Gleichung ist. +%An ladungsfreien Stellen ist der rechte Teil der Gleichung $0$. +\subsection{Parabolische Zylinderkoordinaten +\label{parzyl:subsection:finibus}} +Das parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem \cite{parzyl:coordinates} ist ein krummliniges Koordinatensystem, +bei dem parabolische Zylinder die Koordinatenflächen bilden. +Die Koordinate $(\sigma, \tau, z)$ sind in kartesischen Koordinaten ausgedrückt mit +\begin{align} + x & = \sigma \tau \\ + \label{parzyl:coordRelationsa} + y & = \frac{1}{2}\left(\tau^2 - \sigma^2\right) \\ + z & = z. + \label{parzyl:coordRelationse} +\end{align} +Wird $\tau$ oder $\sigma$ konstant gesetzt, resultieren die Parabeln +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{x^2}{\sigma^2} - \sigma^2 \right) +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2} \left( -\frac{x^2}{\tau^2} + \tau^2 \right). +\end{equation} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png} + \caption{Das parabolische Koordinatensystem. Die roten Parabeln haben ein + konstantes $\sigma$ und die grünen ein konstantes $\tau$.} + \label{parzyl:fig:cordinates} +\end{figure} +Abbildung \ref{parzyl:fig:cordinates} zeigt das Parabolische Koordinatensystem. +Das parabolische Zylinderkoordinatensystem entsteht wenn die Parabeln aus der +Ebene gezogen werden. + +Um in diesem Koordinatensystem integrieren und differenzieren zu +können braucht es die Skalierungsfaktoren $h_{\tau}$, $h_{\sigma}$ und $h_{z}$. + +Eine infinitessimal kleine Distanz $ds$ zwischen zwei Punkten +kann im kartesischen Koordinatensystem mit +\begin{equation} + \left(ds\right)^2 = \left(dx\right)^2 + \left(dy\right)^2 + + \left(dz\right)^2 + \label{parzyl:eq:ds} +\end{equation} +ausgedrückt werden. +Die Skalierungsfaktoren werden in einem orthogonalen Koordinatensystem so bestimmt, dass +\begin{equation} + \left(ds\right)^2 = \left(h_{\sigma}d\sigma\right)^2 + + \left(h_{\tau}d\tau\right)^2 + \left(h_z dz\right)^2 +\label{parzyl:eq:dspara} +\end{equation} +gilt. +Dafür werden $dx$, $dy$, und $dz$ in \eqref{parzyl:eq:ds} mit den Beziehungen +von \eqref{parzyl:coordRelationsa} - \eqref{parzyl:coordRelationse} als +\begin{align} + dx &= \frac{\partial x }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial x }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial x }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = \tau d\sigma + \sigma d \tau \\ + dy &= \frac{\partial y }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial y }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial y }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = \tau d\tau - \sigma d \sigma \\ + dz &= \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = d \tilde{z} +\end{align} +substituiert. +Wird diese Gleichung in der Form von \eqref{parzyl:eq:dspara} +geschrieben, resultiert +\begin{equation} + \left(d s\right)^2 = + \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right)\left(d\sigma\right)^2 + + \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right)\left(d\tau\right)^2 + + \left(d \tilde{z}\right)^2. +\end{equation} +Daraus ergeben sich die Skalierungsfaktoren +\begin{align} + h_{\sigma} &= \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}\\ + h_{\tau} &= \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}\\ + h_{z} &= 1. +\end{align} +\subsection{Differentialgleichung} +Möchte man eine Differentialgleichung im parabolischen +Zylinderkoordinatensystem aufstellen, müssen die Skalierungsfaktoren +mitgerechnet werden. +Der Laplace Operator wird dadurch zu +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} + \left( + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \sigma ^2} + + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \tau ^2} + \right) + + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial z^2}. + \label{parzyl:eq:laplaceInParZylCor} +\end{equation} +\subsubsection{Lösung der Helmholtz-Gleichung im parabolischen Zylinderfunktion} +Die Differentialgleichungen, welche zu den parabolischen Zylinderfunktionen führen, tauchen +%, wie bereits erwähnt, +dann auf, wenn die Helmholtz-Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(x,y,z) = \lambda f(x,y,z) +\end{equation} +im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(\sigma,\tau,z) = \lambda f(\sigma,\tau,z) +\end{equation} +gelöst wird. +%Wobei der Laplace Operator $\Delta$ im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem gegeben ist als +%\begin{equation} +% \Delta +% = +% \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} +% \left ( +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \sigma^2} +% + +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \tau^2} +% \right ) +% + +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}. +%\end{equation} +Mit dem Laplace Operator aus \eqref{parzyl:eq:laplaceInParZylCor} lautet die Helmholtz Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(\sigma, \tau, z) + = + \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} + \left ( + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial \sigma^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial \tau^2} + \right ) + + + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial z^2} + = + \lambda f(\sigma,\tau,z). +\end{equation} +Diese partielle Differentialgleichung kann mit Hilfe von Separation gelöst werden, dazu wird +\begin{equation} + f(\sigma,\tau,z) = g(\sigma)h(\tau)i(z) +\end{equation} +gesetzt, was dann schlussendlich zu den Differentialgleichungen +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} + g''(\sigma) + - + \left ( + \lambda\sigma^2 + + + \mu + \right ) + g(\sigma) + = + 0, +\end{equation} +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} + h''(\tau) + - + \left ( + \lambda\tau^2 + - + \mu + \right ) + h(\tau) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_3} + i''(z) + + + \left ( + \lambda + + + \mu + \right ) + i(z) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +führt. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex index 9ea60e2..13d8109 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex @@ -3,53 +3,182 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 +\section{Lösung \label{parzyl:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt +\rhead{Lösung} + +\eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_3} beschriebt einen ungedämpften harmonischen Oszillator. +Die Lösung ist somit \begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{parzyl:equation1} + i(z) + = + A\cos{ + \left ( + \sqrt{\lambda + \mu}z + \right )} + + + B\sin{ + \left ( + \sqrt{\lambda + \mu}z + \right )}. \end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{parzyl:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{parzyl:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{parzyl:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +Die Differentialgleichungen \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} werden in \cite{parzyl:whittaker} +mit Hilfe der Whittaker Gleichung gelöst. +\begin{definition} + Die Funktionen + \begin{equation*} + M_{k,m}(x) = + e^{-x/2} x^{m+1/2} \, + {}_{1} F_{1} + ( + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} + + m - k, 1 + 2m; x) \qquad x \in \mathbb{C} + \end{equation*} + und + \begin{equation*} + W_{k,m}(x) = \frac{ + \Gamma \left( -2m\right) + }{ + \Gamma \left( {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} - m - k\right) + } + M_{-k, m} \left(x\right) + + + \frac{ + \Gamma \left( 2m\right) + }{ + \Gamma \left( {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} + m - k\right) + } + M_{k, -m} \left(x\right) + \end{equation*} + gehören zu den Whittaker Funktionen und sind Lösungen + von der Whittaker Differentialgleichung + \begin{equation} + \frac{d^2W}{d x^2} + + \biggl( -\frac{1}{4} + \frac{k}{x} + \frac{\frac{1}{4} - m^2}{x^2} \biggr) W = 0. + \label{parzyl:eq:whitDiffEq} + \end{equation} +\end{definition} +Es wird nun die Differentialgleichung bestimmt, welche +\begin{equation} + w = x^{-1/2} W_{k,-1/4} \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} x^2\right) +\end{equation} +als Lösung hat. +Dafür wird $w$ in \eqref{parzyl:eq:whitDiffEq} eingesetzt, woraus +\begin{equation} + \frac{d^2 w}{dx^2} - \left(\frac{1}{4} x^2 - 2k\right) w = 0 +\label{parzyl:eq:weberDiffEq} +\end{equation} +resultiert. Diese Differentialgleichung ist dieselbe wie +\eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_2}, welche somit +$w$ als Lösung haben. +%Da es sich um eine Differentialgleichung zweiter Ordnung handelt, hat sie nicht nur +%eine sondern zwei Lösungen. +%Die zweite Lösung der Whittaker-Gleichung ist $W_{k,-m} (z)$. +%Somit hat \eqref{parzyl:eq:weberDiffEq} +%\begin{align} +% w_1(k, z) & = z^{-1/2} W_{k,-1/4} \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} z^2\right)\\ +% w_2(k, z) & = z^{-1/2} W_{k,1/4} \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} z^2\right) +%\end{align} +%als Lösungen. +%Mit der Hypergeometrischen Funktion ausgeschrieben ergeben sich die Lösungen +%\begin{align} +% \label{parzyl:eq:solution_dgl} +% w_1(k,z) &= e^{-z^2/4} \, +% {}_{1} F_{1} +% ( +% {\textstyle \frac{1}{4}} +% - k, {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} ; {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}z^2) \\ +% w_2(k,z) & = z e^{-z^2/4} \, +% {}_{1} F_{1} +% ({\textstyle \frac{3}{4}} +% - k, {\textstyle \frac{3}{2}} ; {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}z^2). +%\end{align} +In der Literatur gibt es verschiedene Standartlösungen für +\eqref{parzyl:eq:weberDiffEq}, wobei die Differentialgleichung jeweils +unterschiedlich geschrieben wird. +Whittaker und Watson zeigen in \cite{parzyl:whittaker} die Lösung +\begin{equation} + D_n(x) = 2^{\frac{1}{2}n + \frac{1}{2}} x^{-\frac{1}{2}} W_{n/2 + 1/4, -1/4}\left(\frac{1}{2}x^2\right), +\end{equation} +welche die Differentialgleichung +\begin{equation} + \frac{d^2D_n(x)}{dx^2} + \left(n + \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4} x^2\right)D_n(x) = 0 +\end{equation} +löst. +Mit $M_{k,m}(x)$ geschrieben resultiert +\begin{equation} + D_n(x) = \frac{ + \Gamma \left( {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}\right) 2^{\frac{1}{2}n + \frac{1}{4}} x^{-\frac{1}{2}} + }{ + \Gamma \left( {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} - {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} n \right) + } + M_{\frac{1}{2} n + \frac{1}{4}, - \frac{1}{4}} \left(\frac{1}{2}x^2\right) + + + \frac{ + \Gamma\left(-{\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}\right) 2^{\frac{1}{2}n + \frac{1}{4}} x^{-\frac{1}{2}} + }{ + \Gamma\left(- {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} n\right) + } + M_{\frac{1}{2} n + \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{4}} \left(\frac{1}{2}x^2\right). +\end{equation} +In \cite{parzyl:abramowitz-stegun} sind zwei Lösungen $U(a, x)$ und $V(a,x)$ +\begin{align} + U(a,x) &= + \cos\left[\pi \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{4}} + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} a\right)\right] Y_1 + - \sin\left[\pi \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{4}} + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} a\right)\right] Y_2 + \label{parzyl:eq:Uaz} + \\ + V(a,x) &= \frac{1}{\Gamma \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{2} - a}\right)} \left\{ + \sin\left[\pi \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{4}} + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} a\right)\right] Y_1 + + \cos\left[\pi \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{4}} + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} a\right)\right] Y_2 + \right\} + \label{parzyl:eq:Vaz} +\end{align} +mit +\begin{align} + Y_1 &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} + \frac{\Gamma\left({\textstyle \frac{1}{4} - + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}a}\right)} + {2^{\frac{1}{2} a + \frac{1}{4}}} + e^{-x^2/4} + {}_{1} F_{1} + \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}a + {\textstyle \frac{1}{4}}, + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} ; + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}x^2\right)\\ + Y_2 &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} + \frac{\Gamma\left({\textstyle \frac{3}{4} - + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}a}\right)} + {2^{\frac{1}{2} a - \frac{1}{4}}} + x e^{-x^2/4} + {}_{1} F_{1} + \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}a + {\textstyle \frac{3}{4}}, + {\textstyle \frac{3}{2}} ; + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}x^2\right) +\end{align} +der Differentialgleichung +\begin{equation} + \frac{d^2 y}{d x^2} - \left(\frac{1}{4} x^2 + a\right) y = 0 +\end{equation} +beschrieben. Die Lösungen $U(a,z)$ und $V(a, z)$ können auch mit $D_n(z)$ +ausgedrückt werden +\begin{align} + U(a,x) &= D_{-a-1/2}(x) \\ + V(a,x) &= \frac{\Gamma \left({\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} + a\right)}{\pi} + \left[\sin\left(\pi a\right) D_{-a-1/2}(x) + D_{-a-1/2}(-x)\right]. +\end{align} +In den Abbildungen \ref{parzyl:fig:dnz} und \ref{parzyl:fig:Vnz} sind +die Funktionen $D_n(x)$ und $V(a,x)$ mit verschiedenen Werten für $a$ abgebildet. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{papers/parzyl/img/D_plot.png} + \caption{$D_n(x)$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $n$.} + \label{parzyl:fig:dnz} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{papers/parzyl/img/v_plot.png} + \caption{$V(a,x)$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $a$.} + \label{parzyl:fig:Vnz} +\end{figure}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex index 75ba259..573432a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,102 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 +\section{Anwendung in der Physik \label{parzyl:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{parzyl:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - +\rhead{Anwendung in der Physik} +Die parabolischen Zylinderkoordinaten tauchen auf, wenn man das elektrische Feld einer semi-infiniten Platte, wie in Abbildung \ref{parzyl:fig:leiterplatte} gezeigt, finden will. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{papers/parzyl/img/plane.pdf} + \caption{Semi-infinite Leiterplatte} + \label{parzyl:fig:leiterplatte} +\end{figure} +Das dies so ist kann im zwei Dimensionalen mit Hilfe von komplexen Funktionen gezeigt werden. Die Platte ist dann nur eine Linie, was man in Abbildung TODO sieht. +Jede komplexe Funktion $F(z)$ kann geschrieben werden als +\begin{equation} + F(s) = U(x,y) + iV(x,y) \qquad s \in \mathbb{C}; x,y \in \mathbb{R}. +\end{equation} +Dabei müssen, falls die Funktion differenzierbar ist, die Cauchy-Riemann Differentialgleichungen +\begin{equation} + \frac{\partial U(x,y)}{\partial x} + = + \frac{\partial V(x,y)}{\partial y} + \qquad + \frac{\partial V(x,y)}{\partial x} + = + -\frac{\partial U(x,y)}{\partial y} +\end{equation} +gelten. +Aus dieser Bedingung folgt +\begin{equation} + \label{parzyl_e_feld_zweite_ab} + \underbrace{ + \frac{\partial^2 U(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 U(x,y)}{\partial y^2} + = + 0 + }_{\displaystyle{\nabla^2U(x,y)=0}} + \qquad + \underbrace{ + \frac{\partial^2 V(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 V(x,y)}{\partial y^2} + = + 0 + }_{\displaystyle{\nabla^2V(x,y) = 0}}. +\end{equation} +Zusätzlich kann auch gezeigt werden, dass die Funktion $F(z)$ eine winkeltreue Abbildung ist. +Der Zusammenhang zum elektrischen Feld ist jetzt, dass das Potential an einem quellenfreien Punkt gegeben ist als +\begin{equation} + \nabla^2\phi(x,y) = 0. +\end{equation} +Dies ist eine Bedingung welche differenzierbare Funktionen, wie in Gleichung \eqref{parzyl_e_feld_zweite_ab} gezeigt wird, bereits besitzen. +Nun kann zum Beispiel $U(x,y)$ als das Potential angeschaut werden +\begin{equation} + \phi(x,y) = U(x,y). +\end{equation} +Orthogonal zum Potential ist das elektrische Feld +\begin{equation} + E(x,y) = V(x,y). +\end{equation} +Um nun zu den parabolische Zylinderkoordinaten zu gelangen muss nur noch eine geeignete +komplexe Funktion $F(s)$ gefunden werden, +welche eine semi-infinite Platte beschreiben kann. +Die gesuchte Funktion in diesem Fall ist +\begin{equation} + F(s) + = + \sqrt{s} + = + \sqrt{x + iy}. +\end{equation} +Dies kann umgeformt werden zu +\begin{equation} + F(s) + = + \underbrace{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} + x}{2}}}_{U(x,y)} + + + i\underbrace{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} - x}{2}}}_{V(x,y)} + . +\end{equation} +Die Äquipotentialflächen können nun betrachtet werden, +indem man die Funktion, welche das Potential beschreibt, gleich eine Konstante setzt, +\begin{equation} + \sigma = U(x,y) = \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} + x}{2}}. +\end{equation} +Die Flächen mit der gleichen elektrischen Feldstärke können als +\begin{equation} + \tau = V(x,y) = \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} - x}{2}} +\end{equation} +beschrieben werden. Diese zwei Gleichungen zeigen nun, wie man vom +kartesischen Koordinatensystem ins parabolische Zylinderkoordinatensystem kommt. +Werden diese Formeln nun nach $x$ und $y$ aufgelöst +\begin{equation} + x = \sigma \tau, +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2}\left ( \tau^2 - \sigma^2 \right ), +\end{equation} +so beschreibe sie, wie man aus dem parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem zurück ins kartesische rechnen kann.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex index 72c23ca..166eebf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex @@ -3,38 +3,102 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 3 -\label{parzyl:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{parzyl:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\section{Eigenschaften +\label{parzyl:section:Eigenschaften}} +\rhead{Eigenschaften} +\subsection{Potenzreihenentwicklung + \label{parzyl:potenz}} +%Die parabolischen Zylinderfunktionen, welche in Gleichung \ref{parzyl:eq:solution_dgl} gegeben sind, +%können auch als Potenzreihen geschrieben werden +Die parabolischen Zylinderfunktionen können auch als Potenzreihen geschrieben werden. +Im folgenden Abschnitt werden die Terme welche nur von $n$ oder $a$ abhängig sind vernachlässigt. +Die parabolischen Zylinderfunktionen sind Linearkombinationen aus einem geraden Teil $w_1(\alpha, x)$ +und einem ungeraden Teil $w_2(\alpha, x)$, welche als Potenzreihe +\begin{align} + w_1(\alpha,x) + &= + e^{-x^2/4} \, + {}_{1} F_{1} + ( + \alpha, {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} ; {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}x^2) + = + e^{-\frac{x^2}{4}} + \sum^{\infty}_{n=0} + \frac{\left ( \alpha \right )_{n}}{\left ( \frac{1}{2}\right )_{n}} + \frac{\left ( \frac{1}{2} x^2\right )^n}{n!} \\ + &= + e^{-\frac{x^2}{4}} + \left ( + 1 + + + \left ( 2\alpha \right )\frac{x^2}{2!} + + + \left ( 2\alpha \right )\left ( 2 + 2\alpha \right )\frac{x^4}{4!} + + + \dots + \right ) +\end{align} +und +\begin{align} + w_2(\alpha,x) + &= + xe^{-x^2/4} \, + {}_{1} F_{1} + ( + {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} + + \alpha, {\textstyle \frac{3}{2}} ; {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}x^2) + = + xe^{-\frac{x^2}{4}} + \sum^{\infty}_{n=0} + \frac{\left ( \frac{3}{4} - k \right )_{n}}{\left ( \frac{3}{2}\right )_{n}} + \frac{\left ( \frac{1}{2} x^2\right )^n}{n!} \\ + &= + e^{-\frac{x^2}{4}} + \left ( + x + + + \left ( 1 + 2\alpha \right )\frac{x^3}{3!} + + + \left ( 1 + 2\alpha \right )\left ( 3 + 2\alpha \right )\frac{x^5}{5!} + + + \dots + \right ) +\end{align} +sind. +Die Potenzreihen sind in der regel unendliche Reihen. +Es gibt allerdings die Möglichkeit für bestimmte $\alpha$ das die Terme in der Klammer gleich null werden +und die Reihe somit eine endliche Anzahl $n$ Summanden hat. +Dies geschieht bei $w_1(\alpha,x)$ falls +\begin{equation} + \alpha = -n \qquad n \in \mathbb{N}_0 +\end{equation} +und bei $w_2(\alpha,x)$ falls +\begin{equation} + \alpha = -\frac{1}{2} - n \qquad n \in \mathbb{N}_0. +\end{equation} +Der Wert des von $\alpha$ ist abhängig, ob man $D_n(x)$ oder $U(a,x)$ / $V(a,x)$ verwendet. +Bei $D_n(x)$ gilt $\alpha = -{\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} n$ und bei $U(a,z)$ oder $V(a,x)$ gilt +$\alpha = {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}} a + {\textstyle \frac{1}{4}}$. +\subsection{Ableitung} +Die Ableitungen $\frac{\partial w_1(\alpha, x)}{\partial x}$ und $\frac{\partial w_2(\alpha, x)}{\partial x}$ +können mit den Eigenschaften der hypergeometrischen Funktionen in Abschnitt +\ref{buch:rekursion:hypergeometrisch:stammableitung} berechnet werden. +Zusammen mit der Produktregel ergeben sich die Ableitungen +\begin{equation} + \frac{\partial w_1(\alpha,x)}{\partial x} = 2\alpha w_2(\alpha + \frac{1}{2}, x) - \frac{1}{2} x w_1(\alpha, x), +\end{equation} +und +%\begin{equation} +% \frac{\partial w_2(z,k)}{\partial z} = w_1(z, k -\frac{1}{2}) - \frac{1}{2} z w_2(z,k). +%\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + \frac{\partial w_2(\alpha,x)}{\partial x} = e^{-x^2/4} \left( + x^{-1} w_2(\alpha, x) - \frac{x}{2} w_2(\alpha, x) + 2 x^2 \left(\frac{\alpha + 1}{3}\right) + {}_{1} F_{1} ( + {\textstyle \frac{3}{2}} + + \alpha, {\textstyle \frac{5}{2}} ; {\textstyle \frac{1}{2}}x^2) + \right) +\end{equation} +Nach dem selben Vorgehen können weitere Ableitungen berechnet werden. diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/.gitignore b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f08278d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +*.pdf
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile index da902e7..8d3e0af 100644 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile @@ -1,9 +1,37 @@ # -# Makefile -- make file for the paper sturmliouville +# Makefile -- make file for the paper fm # # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # -images: - @echo "no images to be created in sturmliouville" +SOURCES := \ + einleitung.tex\ + eigenschaften.tex \ + beispiele.tex \ + main.tex +#TIKZFIGURES := \ + tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex \ + +#FIGURES := $(patsubst tikz/%.tex, figures/%.pdf, $(TIKZFIGURES)) + +#.PHONY: images +#images: $(FIGURES) + +#figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex +# mkdir -p figures +# pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< + +.PHONY: standalone +standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) #$(FIGURES) + mkdir -p standalone + cd ../..; \ + pdflatex \ + --halt-on-error \ + --shell-escape \ + --output-directory=papers/sturmliouville/standalone \ + --extra-mem-top=10000000 \ + papers/sturmliouville/standalone.tex; + cd standalone; \ + bibtex standalone; \ + makeindex standalone;
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile.inc index e2039ce..7ffdad2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/Makefile.inc @@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ # # (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule # -dependencies-sturmliouville = \ +dependencies-sturmliouville = \ papers/sturmliouville/packages.tex \ - papers/sturmliouville/main.tex \ + papers/sturmliouville/main.tex \ papers/sturmliouville/references.bib \ - papers/sturmliouville/teil0.tex \ - papers/sturmliouville/teil1.tex \ - papers/sturmliouville/teil2.tex \ - papers/sturmliouville/teil3.tex - + papers/sturmliouville/einleitung.tex \ + papers/sturmliouville/eigenschaften.tex \ + papers/sturmliouville/beispiele.tex \ + papers/sturmliouville/waermeleitung_beispiel.tex \ + papers/sturmliouville/tschebyscheff_beispiel.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/beispiele.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/beispiele.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94082cf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/beispiele.tex @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +% +% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Beispiele +\label{sturmliouville:section:examples}} +\rhead{Beispiele} + +% Fourier: Erik work +\input{papers/sturmliouville/waermeleitung_beispiel.tex} + +% Tschebyscheff +\input{papers/sturmliouville/tschebyscheff_beispiel.tex}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/eigenschaften.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/eigenschaften.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bef8a39 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/eigenschaften.tex @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +% +% eigenschaften.tex -- Eigenschaften der Lösungen +% Author: Erik Löffler +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Eigenschaften von Lösungen +\label{sturmliouville:section:solution-properties}} +\rhead{Eigenschaften von Lösungen} + +Im weiteren werden nun die Eigenschaften der Lösungen eines +Sturm-Liouville-Problems diskutiert und aufgezeigt, wie diese Eigenschaften +zustande kommen. + +Dazu wird der Operator $L_0$ welcher bereits in +Kapitel~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem} betrachtet +wurde, noch etwas genauer angeschaut. +Es wird also im Folgenden +\[ + L_0 + = + -\frac{d}{dx}p(x)\frac{d}{dx} +\] +zusammen mit den Randbedingungen +\[ + \begin{aligned} + k_a y(a) + h_a p(a) y'(a) &= 0 \\ + k_b y(b) + h_b p(b) y'(b) &= 0 + \end{aligned} +\] +verwendet. +Wie im Kapitel~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem} bereits +gezeigt, resultieren die Randbedingungen aus der Anforderung den Operator $L_0$ +selbsadjungiert zu machen. +Es wurde allerdings noch nicht darauf eingegangen, welche Eigenschaften dies +für die Lösungen des Sturm-Liouville-Problems zur Folge hat. + +\subsubsection{Exkurs zum Spektralsatz} + +Um zu verstehen welche Eigenschaften der selbstadjungierte Operator $L_0$ in +den Lösungen hervorbringt, wird der Spektralsatz benötigt. + +Dieser wird in der linearen Algebra oft verwendet um zu zeigen, dass eine Matrix +diagonalisierbar ist, beziehungsweise dass eine Orthonormalbasis existiert. + +Im Fall einer gegebenen $n\times n$-Matrix $A$ mit reellen Einträgen wird dazu +zunächst gezeigt, dass $A$ selbstadjungiert ist, also dass +\[ + \langle Av, w \rangle + = + \langle v, Aw \rangle +\] +für $ v, w \in \mathbb{R}^n$ gilt. +Ist dies der Fall, kann die Aussage des Spektralsatzes +\cite{sturmliouville:spektralsatz-wiki} verwended werden. +Daraus folgt dann, dass eine Orthonormalbasis aus Eigenvektoren existiert, +wenn $A$ nur Eigenwerte aus $\mathbb{R}$ besitzt. + +Dies ist allerdings nicht die Einzige Version des Spektralsatzes. +Unter anderen gibt es den Spektralsatz für kompakte Operatoren +\cite{sturmliouville:spektralsatz-wiki}, welcher für das +Sturm-Liouville-Problem von Bedeutung ist. +Welche Voraussetzungen erfüllt sein müssen, um diese Version des +Satzes verwenden zu können, wird hier aber nicht diskutiert und kann bei den +Beispielen in diesem Kapitel als gegeben betrachtet werden. +Grundsätzlich ist die Aussage in dieser Version dieselbe, wie bei den Matrizen, +also dass für ein Operator eine Orthonormalbasis aus Eigenvektoren existiert, +falls er selbstadjungiert ist. + +\subsubsection{Anwendung des Spektralsatzes auf $L_0$} + +Der Spektralsatz besagt also, dass, weil $L_0$ selbstadjungiert ist, eine +Orthonormalbasis aus Eigenvektoren existiert. +Genauer bedeutet dies, dass alle Eigenvektoren, beziehungsweise alle Lösungen +des Sturm-Liouville-Problems orthogonal zueinander sind bezüglich des +Skalarprodukts, in dem $L_0$ selbstadjungiert ist. + +Erfüllt also eine Differenzialgleichung die in +Abschnitt~\ref{sturmliouville:section:teil0} präsentierten Eigenschaften und +erfüllen die Randbedingungen der Differentialgleichung die Randbedingungen +des Sturm-Liouville-Problems, kann bereits geschlossen werden, dass die +Lösungsfunktion des Problems eine Linearkombination aus orthogonalen +Basisfunktionen ist.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d497622 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Was ist das Sturm-Liouville-Problem\label{sturmliouville:section:teil0}} +\rhead{Einleitung} +Das Sturm-Liouville-Problem wurde benannt nach dem schweizerisch-französischen Mathematiker und Physiker Jacques Charles Fran\c{c}ois Sturm und dem französischen Mathematiker Joseph Liouville. +Gemeinsam haben sie in der mathematischen Physik die Sturm-Liouville-Theorie entwickelt und gilt für die Lösung von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen, jedoch verwendet man die Theorie öfters bei der Lösung von partiellen Differentialgleichungen. +Normalerweise betrachtet man für das Strum-Liouville-Problem eine gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung 2. Ordnung, und wenn es sich um eine partielle Differentialgleichung handelt, kann man sie in mehrere gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen umwandeln. Wie z. B. den Separationsansatz, die partielle Differentialgleichung mit mehreren Variablen. + +\begin{definition} + \index{Sturm-Liouville-Gleichung}% +Wenn die lineare homogene Differentialgleichung +\begin{equation} + \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + a(x)\frac{dy}{dx} + b(x)y = 0 +\end{equation} +als +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:sturm-liouville-equation} + \frac{d}{dx}\lbrack p(x) \frac{dy}{dx} \rbrack + \lbrack q(x) + \lambda w(x) \rbrack y = 0 +\end{equation} +geschrieben werden kann, dann wird diese Gleichung als Sturm-Liouville-Gleichung bezeichnet. +\end{definition} +Alle homogene 2. Ordnung lineare gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen können in die Form der Gleichung \ref{eq:sturm-liouville-equation} umgeformt werden. + +\subsection{Randbedingungen\label{sub:was-ist-das-slp-randbedingungen}} +Wenn von der Funktion $y(x)$ die Werte $x$ des jeweiligen Randes des Definitionsbereiches anzunehmen sind, also +\begin{equation} + y(a) = y(b) = 0, +\end{equation} +so spricht man von einer Dirichlet-Randbedingung\footnote{Die Dirichlet-Randbedingung oder auch Randbedingung des ersten Typs genannt ist nach dem deutschen Mathematiker Peter Gstav Lejeune Dirichlet benannt. Sie findet Anwendung auf gewöhnliche oder patielle Differentialgleichungen und gibt mit der Bedingung die Werte an, die für die abgeleitete Lösung innerhalb der Domänengrenze gelten.}, und von einer Neumann-Randbedingung\footnote{Die Neumann-Randbedingung oder auch Randbedingung des zweiten Typs genannt, ist nach dem deutschen Mathematiker Carl Neumann benannt. Sie legt die Werte fest, die eine Lösung entlang der Domänengrenze annehmen muss, wenn eine gewöhnliche oder partielle Differentialgleichung gestellt wird.} spricht man, wenn +\begin{equation} + y'(a) = y'(b) = 0 +\end{equation} +ergibt. + +Die Sturm-Liouville-Theorie besagt, dass, wenn man die Sturm-Liouville-Gleichung mit den homogenen Randbedingungen des dritten Typs\footnote{Die Randbedingung des dritten Typs, oder Robin-Randbedingungen (benannt nach dem französischen mathematischen Analytiker und angewandten Mathematiker Victor Gustave Robin), wird genannt, wenn sie einer gewöhnlichen oder partiellen Differentialgleichung auferlegt wird, so sind die Spezifikationen einer Linearkombination der Werte einer Funktion sowie die Werte ihrer Ableitung am Rande des Bereichs} +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} + \label{eq:randbedingungen} + k_a y(a) + h_a p(a) y'(a) &= 0 \\ + k_b y(b) + h_b p(b) y'(b) &= 0 +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} +kombiniert, dann bekommt man das klassische Sturm-Liouville-Problem. + +\subsection{Eigenwertproblem} +Die Gleichungen \ref{eq:sturm-liouville-equation} hat die Form eines Eigenwertproblems +Wenn bei der Sturm-Liouville-Gleichung \ref{eq:sturm-liouville-equation} alles konstant bleibt, aber der Wert von $\lambda$ sich ändert, erhält man eine andere Eigenfunktion, weil man eine andere gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung löst; +der Parameter $\lambda$ wird als Eigenwert bezeichnet. +Es ist genau das gleiche Prinzip wie bei den Matrizen, andere Eigenwerte ergeben andere Eigenvektoren. +Es besteht eine Korrespondenz zwischen den Eigenwerten und den Eigenvektoren. +Das gleiche gilt auch beim Sturm-Liouville-Problem, und zwar +\begin{equation} + \lambda \overset{Korrespondenz}\leftrightarrow y. +\end{equation} + +Die Theorie besagt, wenn $y_m$, $y_n$ Eigenfuktionen des Sturm-Liouville-Problems sind, die verschiedene Eigenwerte $\lambda_m$, $\lambda_n$ ($\lambda_m \neq \lambda_n$) entsprechen, so sind $y_m$, $y_n$ orthogonal zu y - +dies gilt für das Intervall (a,b). +Somit ergibt die Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:skalar-sturm-liouville} + \int_{a}^{b} w(x)y_m y_n = 0. +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Koeffizientenfunktionen} +Die Funktionen $p(x)$, $q(x)$ und $w(x)$ werden als Koeffizientenfunktionen mit ihren freien Variablen $x$ bezeichnet. +Die Funktion $w(x)$ (manchmal auch $r(x)$ genannt) wird als Gewichtsfunktion oder Dichtefunktion bezeichnet. +Es gibt zwei verschiedene Sturm-Liouville-Probleme: das reguläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem und das singuläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem. +Die Funktionen für das reguläre und das singuläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem sind nicht dieselben. + +% +%Kapitel mit "Das reguläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem" +% + +\subsection{Das reguläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem\label{sub:reguläre_sturm_liouville_problem}} +Damit es sich um ein reguläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem handelt, müssen einige Bedingungen beachtet werden. +\begin{definition} + \label{def:reguläres_sturm-liouville-problem} + \index{regläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem} + Die Bedingungen für ein reguläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem sind: + \begin{itemize} + \item Die Funktionen $p(x), p'(x), q(x)$ und $w(x)$ müssen stetig und reell sein. + \item sowie müssen in einem endlichen Intervall $[a,b]$ integrierbar sein. + \item $p(x)$ und $w(x)$ sind $>0$. + \item Es gelten die Randbedingungen \ref{eq:randbedingungen}, wobei $|k_i|^2 + |h_i|^2\ne 0$ mit $i=a,b$. + \end{itemize} +\end{definition} +Bei einem regulären Sturm-Liouville-Problem geht es darum, wichtige Eigenschaften der Eigenfunktionen beschreiben zu können, ohne sie genau zu kennen. + + +% +%Kapitel mit "Das singuläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem" +% + + +\subsection{Das singuläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem\label{sub:singuläre_sturm_liouville_problem}} +Von einem singulären Sturm-Liouville-Problem spricht man, wenn die Bedingungen des regulärem Problem nicht erfüllt sind. +\begin{definition} + \label{def:singulär_sturm-liouville-problem} + \index{singuläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem} +Es handelt sich um ein singuläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem, wenn: + \begin{itemize} + \item wenn sein Definitionsbereich auf dem Intervall $[ \ a,b] \ $ unbeschränkt ist oder + \item wenn die Koeffizienten an den Randpunkten Singularitäten haben. + \end{itemize} +\end{definition} +Allerdings kann nur eine der Bedingungen nicht erfüllt sein, so dass es sich bereits um ein singuläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem handelt. + +\begin{beispiel} + Das Randwertproblem + \begin{equation} + \begin{aligned} + x^2y'' + xy' + (\lambda^2x^2 - m^2)y &= 0, 0<x<a,\\ + y(a) &= 0 + \end{aligned} + \end{equation} + ist kein reguläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem. + Wenn man die Gleichung in die Sturm-Liouville Form umformen, dann ergeben die Koeffizientenfunktionen $p(x) = w(x) = x$ und $q(x) = -m^2/x$. + Schaut man jetzt die Bedingungen im Kapitel \ref{sub:reguläre_sturm_liouville_problem} an und vergleicht diese unseren Koeffizientenfunktionen, so erkennt man einige Probleme: + \begin{itemize} + \item $p(x)$ und $w(x)$ sind nicht positiv, wenn $x = 0$ ist. + \item $q(x)$ ist nicht kontinuierlich, wenn $x = 0$ ist. + \item Die Randbedingung bei $x = 0$ fehlt. + \end{itemize} +\end{beispiel} + +Verwendet man das reguläre Sturm-Liouville-Problem, obwohl eine oder beide Bedingungen nicht erfüllt sind, dann ist es schwierig zu sagen, ob die Lösung eindeutige Ergebnisse hat. +Es ist schwierig, Kriterien anzuwenden, da die Formulierungen z. B. in der Lösungsfunktion liegen. +Ähnlich wie bei der Fourier-Reihe gegenüber der Fourier-Transformation gibt es immer noch eine zugehörige Eigenfunktionsentwicklung, und zwar die Integraltransformation sowie gibt es weiterhin verallgemeinerte Eigenfunktionen. + + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/main.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/main.tex index a7d2857..4b5b8af 100644 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,20 @@ +% !TeX root = ../../buch.tex % % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <sturmliouville> % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:sturmliouville}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Sturm-Liouville-Problem\label{chapter:sturmliouville}} +\lhead{Sturm-Liouville-Problem} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{Réda Haddouche und Erik Löffler} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/sturmliouville/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/sturmliouville/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/sturmliouville/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/sturmliouville/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/sturmliouville/einleitung.tex} +%einleitung "was ist das sturm-liouville-problem" +\input{papers/sturmliouville/eigenschaften.tex} +%Eigenschaften von Lösungen eines solchen Problems +\input{papers/sturmliouville/beispiele.tex} +%Beispiele sind: Wärmeleitung in einem Stab, Tschebyscheff-Polynome \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/references.bib b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/references.bib index f66a74d..0c4724b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/references.bib @@ -4,6 +4,19 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % +@online{sturmliouville:spektralsatz-wiki, + title = {Spektralsatz}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektralsatz}, + date = {2020-08-15}, + year = {2020}, + month = {8}, + day = {15} +} + +% +% examples (not referenced in book) +% + @online{sturmliouville:bibtex, title = {BibTeX}, url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index ffcb8f3..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{sturmliouville:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{sturmliouville:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index c23c1d6..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{sturmliouville:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{sturmliouville:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{sturmliouville:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{sturmliouville:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{sturmliouville:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 7fc3d2c..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{sturmliouville:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{sturmliouville:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 3aa1b40..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{sturmliouville:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{sturmliouville:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/tschebyscheff_beispiel.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/tschebyscheff_beispiel.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3817dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/tschebyscheff_beispiel.tex @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +% +% tschebyscheff_beispiel.tex +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% + +\subsection{Sind Tschebyscheff-Polynome orthogonal zueinander?\label{sub:tschebyscheff-polynome}} +\subsubsection*{Definition der Koeffizientenfunktion} +Im Kapitel \ref{sub:beispiele_sturm_liouville_problem} sind die Koeffizientenfunktionen, die man braucht, schon aufgeliste, und zwar mit +\begin{align*} + w(x) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \\ + p(x) &= \sqrt{1-x^2} \\ + q(x) &= 0 +\end{align*}. +Da die Sturm-Liouville-Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:sturm-liouville-equation-tscheby} + \frac{d}{dx} (\sqrt{1-x^2} \frac{dy}{dx}) + (0 + \lambda \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}) y = 0 +\end{equation} +nun mit den Koeffizientenfunktionen aufgestellt werden kann, bleibt die Frage, ob es sich um ein reguläres oder singuläres Sturm-Liouville-Problem handelt. + +\subsubsection*{regulär oder singulär?} +Für das reguläre Problem laut der Definition \ref{def:reguläres_sturm-liouville-problem} muss die funktion $p(x) = \sqrt{1-x^2}$, $p'(x) = -2x$, $q(x) = 0$ und $w(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$ stetig und reell sein --- und sie sind es auch. +Auf dem Intervall $(-1,1)$ sind die Tschebyscheff-Polynome erster Art mit Hilfe von Hyperbelfunktionen +\begin{equation} + T_n(x) = \cos n (\arccos x) +\end{equation}. +Für $x>1$ und $x<-1$ sehen die Polynome wie folgt aus: +\begin{equation} + T_n(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{ll} \cosh (n \arccos x), & x > 1\\ + (-1)^n \cosh (n \arccos (-x)), & x<-1 \end{array}\right. +\end{equation}, +jedoch ist die Orthogonalität nur auf dem Intervall $[ -1, 1]$ sichergestellt. +Die nächste Bedingung beinhaltet, dass die Funktion $p(x)$ und $w(x)>0$ sein müssen. +Die Funktion +\begin{equation*} + p(x)^{-1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} +\end{equation*} +ist die gleiche wie $w(x)$ und erfüllt die Bedingung. + +\subsubsection*{Randwertproblem} +Für die Verifizierung der Randbedingungen benötigt man erneut $p(x)$. +Da sich die Polynome nur auf dem Intervall $[ -1,1 ]$ orthogonal verhalten, sind $a = -1$ und $b = 1$ gesetzt. +Beim einsetzen in die Randbedingung \ref{eq:randbedingungen}, erhält man +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} + k_a y(-1) + h_a y'(-1) &= 0 + k_b y(-1) + h_b y'(-1) &= 0. +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} +Die Funktion $y(x)$ und $y'(x)$ sind in diesem Fall die Tschebyscheff Polynome (siehe \label{sub:definiton_der_tschebyscheff-Polynome}). +Es gibt zwei Arten von Tschebyscheff Polynome: die erste Art $T_n(x)$ und die zweite Art $U_n(x)$. +Jedoch beachtet man in diesem Kapitel nur die Tschebyscheff Polynome erster Art (\ref{eq:tschebyscheff-polynome}). +Die Funktion $y(x)$ wird nun mit der Funktion $T_n(x)$ ersetzt und für die Verifizierung der Randbedingung wählt man $n=2$. +Somit erhält man +\begin{equation} + \begin{aligned} + k_a T_2(-1) + h_a T_{2}'(-1) &= k_a = 0\\ + k_b T_2(1) + h_b T_{2}'(1) &= k_b = 0. +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} +Ähnlich wie beim Beispiel der Wärmeleitung in einem homogenen Stab kann man, damit die Bedingung $|k_i|^2 + |h_i|^2\ne 0$ erfüllt ist, können beliebige $h_a \ne 0$ und $h_b \ne 0$ gewählt werden. +Somit ist erneut gezeigt, dass die Randbedingungen der Tschebyscheff-Polynome auf die Sturm-Liouville-Randbedingungen erfüllt und alle daraus resultierenden Lösungen orthogonal sind. + +\begin{beispiel} + Die Gleichung \ref{eq:skalar-sturm-liouville} mit $y_m = T_1(x)$ und $y_n(x) = T_2(x)$ eingesetzt sowie $a=-1$ und $b = 1$ ergibt + \[ + \int_{-1}^{1} w(x) x (2x^2-1) dx = 0. + \] +\end{beispiel} + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/sturmliouville/waermeleitung_beispiel.tex b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/waermeleitung_beispiel.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a72c562 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/sturmliouville/waermeleitung_beispiel.tex @@ -0,0 +1,675 @@ +% +% waermeleitung_beispiel.tex -- Beispiel Wärmeleitung in homogenem Stab. +% Author: Erik Löffler +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% + +\subsection{Wärmeleitung in einem Homogenen Stab} + +In diesem Abschnitt wird das Problem der Wärmeleitung in einem homogenen Stab +betrachtet und wie das Sturm-Liouville-Problem bei der Beschreibung dieses +physikalischen Phänomenes auftritt. + +Zunächst wird ein eindimensionaler homogener Stab der Länge $l$ und +Wärmeleitkoeffizient $\kappa$ betrachtet. +Es ergibt sich für das Wärmeleitungsproblem +die partielle Differentialgleichung +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-heat-equation} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = + \kappa \frac{\partial^{2}u}{{\partial x}^{2}}, +\end{equation} +wobei der Stab in diesem Fall auf der $X$-Achse im Intervall $[0,l]$ liegt. + +Da diese Differentialgleichung das Problem allgemein für einen homogenen +Stab beschreibt, werden zusätzliche Bedingungen benötigt, um beispielsweise +die Lösung für einen Stab zu finden, bei dem die Enden auf konstanter +Tempreatur gehalten werden. + +% +% Randbedingungen für Stab mit konstanten Endtemperaturen +% +\subsubsection{Randbedingungen für Stab mit Enden auf konstanter Temperatur} + +Die Enden des Stabes auf konstanter Temperatur zu halten bedeutet, dass die +Lösungsfunktion $u(t,x)$ bei $x = 0$ und $x = l$ nur die vorgegebene +Temperatur zurückgeben darf. Diese wird einfachheitshalber als $0$ angenomen. +Es folgt nun +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-boundary-condition-ends-constant} + u(t,0) + = + u(t,l) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +als Randbedingungen. + +% +% Randbedingungen für Stab mit isolierten Enden +% + +\subsubsection{Randbedingungen für Stab mit isolierten Enden} + +Bei isolierten Enden des Stabes können beliebige Temperaturen für $x = 0$ und +$x = l$ auftreten. In diesem Fall ist es nicht erlaubt, dass Wärme vom Stab +an die Umgebung oder von der Umgebung an den Stab abgegeben wird. + +Aus der Physik ist bekannt, dass Wärme immer von der höheren zur tieferen +Temperatur fliesst. Um Wärmefluss zu unterdrücken, muss also dafür gesorgt +werden, dass am Rand des Stabes keine Temperaturdifferenz existiert oder +dass die partiellen Ableitungen von $u(t,x)$ nach $x$ bei $x = 0$ und $x = l$ +verschwinden. +Somit folgen +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-boundary-condition-ends-isolated} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x} u(t, 0) + = + \frac{\partial}{\partial x} u(t, l) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +als Randbedingungen. + +% +% Lösung der Differenzialgleichung mittels Separation +% + +\subsubsection{Lösung der Differenzialgleichung} + +Da die Lösungsfunktion von zwei Variablen abhängig ist, wird als Lösungsansatz +die Separationsmethode verwendet. +Dazu wird +\[ + u(t,x) + = + T(t)X(x) +\] +in die partielle +Differenzialgleichung~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-heat-equation} +eingesetzt. +Daraus ergibt sich +\[ + T^{\prime}(t)X(x) + = + \kappa T(t)X^{\prime \prime}(x) +\] +als neue Form. + +Nun können alle von $t$ abhängigen Ausdrücke auf die linke Seite, sowie alle +von $x$ abhängigen Ausdrücke auf die rechte Seite gebracht werden und mittels +der neuen Variablen $\mu$ gekoppelt werden: +\[ + \frac{T^{\prime}(t)}{\kappa T(t)} + = + \frac{X^{\prime \prime}(x)}{X(x)} + = + \mu +\] +Durch die Einführung von $\mu$ kann das Problem nun in zwei separate +Differenzialgleichungen aufgeteilt werden: +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-x} + X^{\prime \prime}(x) - \mu X(x) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-t} + T^{\prime}(t) - \kappa \mu T(t) + = + 0 +\end{equation} + +% +% Überprüfung Orthogonalität der Lösungen +% + +Es ist an dieser Stelle zu bemerken, dass die Gleichung in $x$ in +Sturm-Liouville-Form ist. +Erfüllen die Randbedingungen des Stab-Problems auch die Randbedingungen des +Sturm-Liouville-Problems, kann bereits die Aussage getroffen werden, dass alle +Lösungen für die Gleichung in $x$ orthogonal sein werden. + +Da die Bedingungen des Stab-Problem nur Anforderungen an $x$ stellen, können +diese direkt für $X(x)$ übernomen werden. Es gilt also $X(0) = X(l) = 0$. +Damit die Lösungen von $X$ orthogonal sind, müssen also die Gleichungen +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-randbedingungen} + k_a X(a) + h_a p(a) X'(a) &= 0 \\ + k_b X(b) + h_b p(b) X'(b) &= 0 +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} +erfüllt sein und es muss ausserdem +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-coefficient-constraints} + |k_a|^2 + |h_a|^2 &\neq 0\\ + |k_b|^2 + |h_b|^2 &\neq 0\\ +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} +gelten. + +Um zu verifizieren, ob die Randbedingungen erfüllt sind, wird zunächst +$p(x)$ +benötigt. +Dazu wird die Gleichung~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-x} +mit der +Sturm-Liouville-Form~\eqref{eq:sturm-liouville-equation} verglichen, was zu +$p(x) = 1$ führt. + +Werden nun $p(x)$ und die +Randbedingungen~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-boundary-condition-ends-constant} +in \eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-randbedingungen} eigesetzt, erhält +man +\[ +\begin{aligned} + k_a y(0) + h_a y'(0) &= h_a y'(0) = 0 \\ + k_b y(l) + h_b y'(l) &= h_b y'(l) = 0. +\end{aligned} +\] +Damit die Gleichungen erfüllt sind, müssen $h_a = 0$ und $h_b = 0$ sein. +Zusätzlich müssen aber die +Bedingungen~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-coefficient-constraints} +erfüllt sein und da $y(0) = 0$ und $y(l) = 0$ sind, können belibige $k_a \neq 0$ +und $k_b \neq 0$ gewählt werden. + +Somit ist gezeigt, dass die Randbedingungen des Stab-Problems für Enden auf +konstanter Temperatur auch die Sturm-Liouville-Randbedingungen erfüllen und +alle daraus reultierenden Lösungen orthogonal sind. +Analog dazu kann gezeit werden, dass die Randbedingungen für einen Stab mit +isolierten Enden ebenfalls die Sturm-Liouville-Randbedingungen erfüllen und +somit auch zu orthogonalen Lösungen führen. + +% +% Lösung von X(x), Teil mu +% + +\subsubsection{Lösund der Differentialgleichung in $x$} +Als erstes wird auf die +Gleichung~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-x} eingegangen. +Aufgrund der Struktur der Gleichung +\[ + X^{\prime \prime}(x) - \mu X(x) + = + 0 +\] +wird ein trigonometrischer Ansatz gewählt. +Die Lösungen für $X(x)$ sind also von der Form +\[ + X(x) + = + A \cos \left( \alpha x\right) + B \sin \left( \beta x\right). +\] + +Dieser Ansatz wird nun solange differenziert, bis alle in +Gleichung~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-x} enthaltenen +Ableitungen vorhanden sind. +Man erhält also +\[ + X^{\prime}(x) + = + - \alpha A \sin \left( \alpha x \right) + + \beta B \cos \left( \beta x \right) +\] +und +\[ + X^{\prime \prime}(x) + = + -\alpha^{2} A \cos \left( \alpha x \right) - + \beta^{2} B \sin \left( \beta x \right). +\] + +Eingesetzt in Gleichung~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-x} +ergibt dies +\[ + -\alpha^{2}A\cos(\alpha x) - \beta^{2}B\sin(\beta x) - + \mu\left(A\cos(\alpha x) + B\sin(\beta x)\right) + = + 0 +\] +und durch umformen somit +\[ + -\alpha^{2}A\cos(\alpha x) - \beta^{2}B\sin(\beta x) + = + \mu A\cos(\alpha x) + \mu B\sin(\beta x). +\] + +Mittels Koeffizientenvergleich von +\[ +\begin{aligned} + -\alpha^{2}A\cos(\alpha x) + &= + \mu A\cos(\alpha x) + \\ + -\beta^{2}B\sin(\beta x) + &= + \mu B\sin(\beta x) +\end{aligned} +\] +ist schnell ersichtlich, dass $ \mu = -\alpha^{2} = -\beta^{2} $ gelten muss für +$ A \neq 0 $ oder $ B \neq 0 $. +Zur Berechnung von $ \mu $ bleiben also noch $ \alpha $ und $ \beta $ zu +bestimmen. +Dazu werden nochmals die +Randbedingungen~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-boundary-condition-ends-constant} +und \eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-boundary-condition-ends-isolated} +benötigt. + +Da die Koeffizienten $A$ und $B$, sowie die Parameter $\alpha$ uns $\beta$ im +allgemeninen ungleich $0$ sind, müssen die Randbedingungen durch die +trigonometrischen Funktionen erfüllt werden. + +Es werden nun die +Randbedingungen~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-boundary-condition-ends-constant} +für einen Stab mit Enden auf konstanter Temperatur in die +Gleichung~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-x} eingesetzt. +Betrachten wir zunächst die Bedingung für $x = 0$. +Dies fürht zu +\[ + X(0) + = + A \cos(0 \alpha) + B \sin(0 \beta) + = + 0. +\] +Da $\cos(0) \neq 0$ ist, muss in diesem Fall $A = 0$ gelten. +Für den zweiten Summanden ist wegen $\sin(0) = 0$ die Randbedingung erfüllt. + +Wird nun die zweite Randbedingung für $x = l$ mit $A = 0$ eingesetzt, ergibt +sich +\[ + X(l) + = + 0 \cos(\alpha l) + B \sin(\beta l) + = + B \sin(\beta l) + = 0. +\] + +$\beta$ muss also so gewählt werden, dass $\sin(\beta l) = 0$ gilt. +Es bleibt noch nach $\beta$ aufzulösen: +\[ +\begin{aligned} + \sin(\beta l) &= 0 \\ + \beta l &= n \pi \qquad n \in \mathbb{N} \\ + \beta &= \frac{n \pi}{l} \qquad n \in \mathbb{N} +\end{aligned} +\] + +Es folgt nun wegen $\mu = -\beta^{2}$, dass +\[ + \mu_1 = -\beta^{2} = -\frac{n^{2}\pi^{2}}{l^{2}} +\] +sein muss. +Ausserdem ist zu bemerken, dass dies auch gleich $-\alpha^{2}$ ist. +Da aber $A = 0$ gilt und der Summand mit $\alpha$ verschwindet, ist dies keine +Verletzung der Randbedingungen. + +Durch alanoges Vorgehen kann nun auch das Problem mit isolierten Enden gelöst +werden. +Setzt man nun die +Randbedingungen~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-boundary-condition-ends-isolated} +in $X^{\prime}$ ein, beginnend für $x = 0$. Es ergibt sich +\[ + X^{\prime}(0) + = + -\alpha A \sin(0 \alpha) + \beta B \cos(0 \beta) + = 0. +\] +In diesem Fall muss $B = 0$ gelten. +Zusammen mit der Bedignung für $x = l$ +folgt nun +\[ + X^{\prime}(l) + = + - \alpha A \sin(\alpha l) + 0 \beta \cos(\beta l) + = + - \alpha A \sin(\alpha l) + = 0. +\] + +Wiedrum muss über die $\sin$-Funktion sicher gestellt werden, dass der +Ausdruck den Randbedingungen entspricht. +Es folgt nun +\[ +\begin{aligned} + \sin(\alpha l) &= 0 \\ + \alpha l &= n \pi \qquad n \in \mathbb{N} \\ + \alpha &= \frac{n \pi}{l} \qquad n \in \mathbb{N} +\end{aligned} +\] +und somit +\[ + \mu_2 = -\alpha^{2} = -\frac{n^{2}\pi^{2}}{l^{2}}. +\] + +Es ergibt sich also sowohl für einen Stab mit Enden auf konstanter Temperatur +wie auch mit isolierten Enden +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-mu-solution} + \mu + = + -\frac{n^{2}\pi^{2}}{l^{2}}. +\end{equation} + +% +% Lösung von X(x), Teil: Koeffizienten a_n und b_n mittels skalarprodukt. +% + +Bisher wurde über die Koeffizienten $A$ und $B$ noch nicht viel ausgesagt. +Zunächst ist wegen vorhergehender Rechnung ersichtlich, dass es sich bei +$A$ und $B$ nicht um einzelne Koeffizienten handelt. +Stattdessen können die Koeffizienten für jedes $n \in \mathbb{N}$ +unterschiedlich sein. +Die Lösung $X(x)$ wird nun umgeschrieben zu +\[ + X(x) + = + a_0 + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} a_n\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} b_n\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right). +\] + +Um eine eindeutige Lösung für $X(x)$ zu erhalten werden noch weitere +Bedingungen benötigt. +Diese sind die Startbedingungen oder $u(0, x) = X(x)$ für $t = 0$. +Es gilt also nun die Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-initial-conditions} + u(0, x) + = + a_0 + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} a_n\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} b_n\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) +\end{equation} +nach allen $a_n$ und $b_n$ aufzulösen. +Da aber $a_n$ und $b_n$ jeweils als Faktor zu einer trigonometrischen Funktion +gehört, von der wir wissen, dass sie orthogonal zu allen anderen +trigonometrischen Funktionen der Lösung ist, kann direkt das Skalarprodukt +verwendet werden um die Koeffizienten $a_n$ und $b_n$ zu bestimmen. +Es wird also die Tatsache ausgenutzt, dass die Gleichheit in +\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-initial-conditions} nach Anwendung des +Skalarproduktes immernoch gelten muss und dass das Skalaprodukt mit einer +Basisfunktion sämtliche Summanden auf der rechten Seite auslöscht. + +Zur Berechnung von $a_m$ mit $ m \in \mathbb{N} $ wird beidseitig das +Skalarprodukt mit der Basisfunktion $ \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)$ +gebildet: +\begin{equation} + \label{sturmliouville:eq:dot-product-cosine} + \langle u(0, x), \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right) \rangle + = + \langle a_0 + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} a_n\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} b_n\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right), + \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)\rangle +\end{equation} + +Bevor diese Form in die Integralform umgeschrieben werden kann, muss überlegt +sein, welche Integralgrenzen zu verwenden sind. +In diesem Fall haben die $\sin$ und $\cos$ Terme beispielsweise keine ganze +Periode im Intervall $x \in [0, l]$ für ungerade $n$ und $m$. +Um die Skalarprodukte aber korrekt zu berechnen, muss über ein ganzzahliges +Vielfaches der Periode der trigonometrischen Funktionen integriert werden. +Dazu werden die Integralgrenzen $-l$ und $l$ verwendet und es werden ausserdem +neue Funktionen $\hat{u}_c(0, x)$ für die Berechnung mit Cosinus und +$\hat{u}_s(0, x)$ für die Berechnung mit Sinus angenomen, welche $u(0, t)$ +gerade, respektive ungerade auf $[-l, l]$ fortsetzen: +\[ +\begin{aligned} + \hat{u}_c(0, x) + &= + \begin{cases} + u(0, -x) & -l \leq x < 0 + \\ + u(0, x) & 0 \leq x \leq l + \end{cases} + \\ + \hat{u}_s(0, x) + &= + \begin{cases} + -u(0, -x) & -l \leq x < 0 + \\ + u(0, x) & 0 \leq x \leq l + \end{cases}. +\end{aligned} +\] + +Die Konsequenz davon ist, dass nun das Resultat der Integrale um den Faktor zwei +skalliert wurde, also gilt nun +\[ +\begin{aligned} + \int_{-l}^{l}\hat{u}_c(0, x)\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + &= + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + \\ + \int_{-l}^{l}\hat{u}_s(0, x)\sin\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + &= + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)\sin\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx. +\end{aligned} +\] + +Zunächst wird nun das Skalaprodukt~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:dot-product-cosine} +berechnet: +\[ +\begin{aligned} + \int_{-l}^{l}\hat{u}_c(0, x)\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + =& + \int_{-l}^{l} \left[a_0 + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} a_n\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} b_n\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right)\right] + \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right) dx + \\ + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + =& + a_0 \int_{-l}^{l}\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right) dx + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}\left[a_n\int_{-l}^{l}\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx\right] + \\ + &+ + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}\left[b_n\int_{-l}^{l}\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx\right]. +\end{aligned} +\] + +Betrachtet man nun die Summanden auf der rechten Seite stellt man fest, dass +nahezu alle Terme verschwinden, denn +\[ + \int_{-l}^{l}\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right) dx + = + 0, +\] +da hier über ein ganzzahliges Vielfaches der Periode integriert wird, +\[ + \int_{-l}^{l}\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + = + 0 +\] +für $m\neq n$, da Cosinus-Funktionen mit verschiedenen Kreisfrequenzen +orthogonal zueinander stehen und +\[ + \int_{-l}^{l}\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + \cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + = + 0 +\] +da Sinus- und Cosinus-Funktionen ebenfalls orthogonal zueinander sind. + +Es bleibt also lediglich der Summand für $a_m$ stehen, was die Gleichung zu +\[ + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + = + a_m\int_{-l}^{l}\cos^2\left(\frac{m\pi}{l}x\right)dx +\] +vereinfacht. Im nächsten Schritt wird nun das Integral auf der rechten Seite +berechnet und dann nach $a_m$ aufgelöst. Am einnfachsten geht dies, wenn zuerst +mit $u = \frac{m \pi}{l}x$ substituiert wird: +\[ + \begin{aligned} + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + &= + a_m\frac{l}{m\pi}\int_{-m\pi}^{m\pi}\cos^2\left(u\right)du + \\ + &= + a_m\frac{l}{m\pi}\left[\frac{u}{2} + + \frac{\sin\left(2u\right)}{4}\right]_{u=-m\pi}^{m\pi} + \\ + &= + a_m\frac{l}{m\pi}\biggl(\frac{m\pi}{2} + + \underbrace{\frac{\sin\left(2m\pi\right)}{4}}_{\displaystyle = 0} - + \frac{-m\pi}{2} - + \underbrace{\frac{\sin\left(-2m\pi\right)}{4}}_{\displaystyle = 0}\biggr) + \\ + &= + a_m l + \\ + a_m + &= + \frac{2}{l} \int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)\cos\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx + \end{aligned} +\] + +Analog dazu kann durch das Bilden des Skalarproduktes mit +$ \sin\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right) $ gezeigt werden, dass +\[ + b_m + = + \frac{2}{l} \int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)\sin\left(\frac{m \pi}{l}x\right)dx +\] +gilt. + +Etwas anders ist es allerdings bei $a_0$. +Wie der Name bereits suggeriert, handelt es sich hierbei um den Koeffizienten +zur Basisfunktion $\cos\left(\frac{0 \pi}{l}x\right)$ beziehungsweise der +konstanten Funktion $1$. +Um einen Ausdruck für $a_0$ zu erhalten, wird wiederum auf beiden Seiten +der Gleichung~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-initial-conditions} das +Skalarprodukt mit der konstanten Basisfunktion $1$ gebildet: +\[ +\begin{aligned} + \int_{-l}^{l}\hat{u}_c(0, x)dx + &= + \int_{-l}^{l} a_0 + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} a_n\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} b_n\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right)dx + \\ + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)dx + &= + a_0 \int_{-l}^{l}dx + + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}\left[a_n\int_{-l}^{l}\cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + dx\right] + + \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty}\left[b_n\int_{-l}^{l}\sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + dx\right]. +\end{aligned} +\] + +Hier fallen nun alle Terme, die $\sin$ oder $\cos$ beinhalten weg, da jeweils +über ein Vielfaches der Periode integriert wird. +Es bleibt also noch +\[ + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)dx + = + a_0 \int_{-l}^{l}dx +\] +, was sich wie folgt nach $a_0$ auflösen lässt: +\[ +\begin{aligned} + 2\int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)dx + &= + a_0 \int_{-l}^{l}dx + \\ + &= + a_0 \left[x\right]_{x=-l}^{l} + \\ + &= + a_0(l - (-l)) + \\ + &= + a_0 \cdot 2l + \\ + a_0 + &= + \frac{1}{l} \int_{0}^{l}u(0, x)dx +\end{aligned} +\] + +% +% Lösung von T(t) +% + +\subsubsection{Lösung der Differentialgleichung in $t$} +Zuletzt wird die zweite Gleichung der +Separation~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-separated-t} betrachtet. +Diese wird über das charakteristische Polynom +\[ + \lambda - \kappa \mu + = + 0 +\] +gelöst. + +Es ist direkt ersichtlich, dass $\lambda = \kappa \mu$ gelten muss, was zur +Lösung +\[ + T(t) + = + e^{\kappa \mu t} +\] +führt und mit dem Resultat~\eqref{sturmliouville:eq:example-fourier-mu-solution} +\[ + T(t) + = + e^{-\frac{n^{2}\pi^{2}\kappa}{l^{2}}t} +\] +ergibt. + +Dieses Resultat kann nun mit allen vorhergehenden Resultaten zusammengesetzt +werden um die vollständige Lösung für das Stab-Problem zu erhalten. + +\subsubsection{Lösung für einen Stab mit Enden auf konstanter Temperatur} +\[ +\begin{aligned} + u(t,x) + &= + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}b_{n}e^{-\frac{n^{2}\pi^{2}\kappa}{l^{2}}t} + \sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + \\ + b_{n} + &= + \frac{2}{l}\int_{0}^{l}u(0,x)sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) dx +\end{aligned} +\] + +\subsubsection{Lösung für einen Stab mit isolierten Enden} +\[ +\begin{aligned} + u(t,x) + &= + a_{0} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{n}e^{-\frac{n^{2}\pi^{2}\kappa}{l^{2}}t} + \cos\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) + \\ + a_{0} + &= + \frac{1}{l}\int_{0}^{l}u(0,x) dx + \\ + a_{n} + &= + \frac{2}{l}\int_{0}^{l}u(0,x)sin\left(\frac{n\pi}{l}x\right) dx +\end{aligned} +\] diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/zeta/Makefile.inc index 11c7697..14babe2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/Makefile.inc @@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ dependencies-zeta = \ papers/zeta/packages.tex \ papers/zeta/main.tex \ papers/zeta/references.bib \ - papers/zeta/teil0.tex \ - papers/zeta/teil1.tex \ - papers/zeta/teil2.tex \ - papers/zeta/teil3.tex + papers/zeta/einleitung.tex \ + papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex \ + papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex \ diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d45a6ae --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,537 @@ +\section{Analytische Fortsetzung} \label{zeta:section:analytische_fortsetzung} +\rhead{Analytische Fortsetzung} + +Die analytische Fortsetzung der Riemannschen Zetafunktion ist äusserst interessant. +Sie ermöglicht die Berechnung von $\zeta(-1)$ und weiterer spannender Werte. +So liegen zum Beispiel unendlich viele Nullstellen der Zetafunktion bei $\Re(s) = \frac{1}{2}$. +Wie bereits erwähnt sind diese Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung. + +Es werden zwei verschiedene Fortsetzungen benötigt. +Die erste erweitert die Zetafunktion auf $\Re(s) > 0$. +Die zweite verwendet eine Spiegelung an der $\Re(s) = \frac{1}{2}$ Geraden und erschliesst damit die ganze komplexe Ebene. +Eine grafische Darstellung dieses Plans ist in Abbildung \ref{zeta:fig:continuation_overview} zu sehen. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/zeta/images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex} + \caption{ + Die verschiedenen Abschnitte der Riemannschen Zetafunktion. + Die originale Definition von \eqref{zeta:equation1} ist im grünen Bereich gültig. + Für den blauen Bereich gilt \eqref{zeta:equation:fortsetzung1}. + Um den roten Bereich zu bekommen verwendet die Funktionalgleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:functional} eine Spiegelung an $\Re(s) = 0.5$. + } + \label{zeta:fig:continuation_overview} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} \label{zeta:subsection:auf_bereich_ge_0} +Zuerst definieren wir die Dirichletsche Etafunktion als +\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:eta} + \eta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n^s}, +\end{equation} +wobei die Reihe bis auf die alternierenden Vorzeichen die selbe wie in der Zetafunktion ist. +Diese Etafunktion konvergiert gemäss dem Leibnitz-Kriterium im Bereich $\Re(s) > 0$, da dann die einzelnen Glieder monoton fallend sind. + +Wenn wir es nun schaffen, die sehr ähnliche Zetafunktion durch die Etafunktion auszudrücken, dann haben die gesuchte Fortsetzung. +Zuerst wiederholen wir zweimal die Definition der Zetafunktion \eqref{zeta:equation1}, wobei wir sie einmal durch $2^{s-1}$ teilen +\begin{align} + \color{red} + \zeta(s) + &= + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \color{red} + \frac{1}{n^s} \label{zeta:align1} + \\ + \color{blue} + \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} + \zeta(s) + &= + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \color{blue} + \frac{2}{(2n)^s}. \label{zeta:align2} +\end{align} +Durch Subtraktion der beiden Gleichungen \eqref{zeta:align1} minus \eqref{zeta:align2}, ergibt sich +\begin{align} + \left({\color{red}1} - {\color{blue}\frac{1}{2^{s-1}}} \right) + \zeta(s) + &= + {\color{red}\frac{1}{1^s}} + \underbrace{ + - + {\color{blue}\frac{2}{2^s}} + + + {\color{red}\frac{1}{2^s}} + }_{\displaystyle{-\frac{1}{2^s}}} + + + {\color{red}\frac{1}{3^s}} + \underbrace{- + {\color{blue}\frac{2}{4^s}} + + + {\color{red}\frac{1}{4^s}} + }_{\displaystyle{-\frac{1}{4^s}}} + \ldots + \\ + &= \eta(s). +\end{align} +Dies ist die Fortsetzung auf den noch unbekannten Bereich $0 < \Re(s) < 1$ +\begin{equation} \label{zeta:equation:fortsetzung1} + \zeta(s) + := + \left(1 - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} \right)^{-1} \eta(s). +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Fortsetzung auf ganz $\mathbb{C}$} \label{zeta:subsection:auf_ganz} +Für die Fortsetzung auf den Rest von $\mathbb{C}$, verwenden wir den Zusammenhang von Gamma- und Zetafunktion aus \ref{zeta:section:zusammenhang_mit_gammafunktion}. +Wir beginnen damit, die Gammafunktion für den halben Funktionswert zu berechnen als +\begin{equation} + \Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right) + = + \int_0^{\infty} t^{\frac{s}{2}-1} e^{-t} dt. +\end{equation} +Nun substituieren wir $t = \pi n^2 x$ und $dt=\pi n^2 dx$ und erhalten +\begin{equation} + \Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right) + = + \int_0^{\infty} + (\pi n^2)^{\frac{s}{2}} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + \,dx. +\end{equation} +Analog zum Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:zusammenhang_mit_gammafunktion} teilen wir durch $(\pi n^2)^{\frac{s}{2}}$ +\begin{equation} + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} + \frac{1}{n^s} + = + \int_0^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + \,dx, +\end{equation} +und finden $\zeta(s)$ durch die Summenbildung über alle $n$ +\begin{align} + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} + \zeta(s) + &= + \int_0^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + \,dx\label{zeta:equation:integral1} + \\ + &= + \int_0^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx, +\end{align} +wobei die Summe $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} e^{-\pi n^2 x}$ als $\psi(x)$ abgekürzt wird. +Zunächst teilen wir nun das Integral auf in zwei Teile +\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:integral2} + \int_0^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + = + \underbrace{ + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + }_{\displaystyle{I_1}} + + + \underbrace{ + \int_1^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + }_{\displaystyle{I_2}} + = + I_1 + I_2. +\end{equation} +Abschnitt \ref{zeta:subsubsec:intcal} beschreibt wie das Integral $I_1$ umgestellt werden kann um ebenfalls die Integrationsgrenzen $1$ und $\infty$ zu bekommen. +Die Lösung, beschrieben in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:intcal_res}, lautet +\begin{equation*} + I_1 + = + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + = + \int_{1}^{\infty} + x^{(-1) \left(\frac{s}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)} + \psi(x) + \,dx + + + \frac{1}{s(s-1)}. +\end{equation*} +Dieses Resultat setzen wir nun ein in \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2}, um schlussendlich +\begin{align} + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} + \zeta(s) + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + + + \int_1^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + \nonumber + \\ + &= + \frac{1}{s(s-1)} + + + \int_{1}^{\infty} + x^{(-1) \left(\frac{s}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)} + \psi(x) + \,dx + + + \int_1^{\infty} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + \\ + &= + \frac{1}{s(s-1)} + + + \int_{1}^{\infty} + \left( + x^{-\frac{s}{2}-\frac{1}{2}} + + + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \right) + \psi(x) + \,dx + \\ + &= + \frac{-1}{s(1-s)} + + + \int_{1}^{\infty} + \left( + x^{\frac{1-s}{2}} + + + x^{\frac{s}{2}} + \right) + \frac{\psi(x)}{x} + \,dx, +\end{align} +zu erhalten. +Wenn wir dieses Resultat genau anschauen, erkennen wir dass sich nichts verändert wenn $s$ mit $1-s$ ersetzt wird. +Somit haben wir die analytische Fortsetzung gefunden als +\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:functional} + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} + \zeta(s) + = + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{1-s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{1-s}{2}}} + \zeta(1-s), +\end{equation} +was einer Spiegelung an der $\Re(s) = \frac{1}{2}$ Geraden entspricht. +Eine ganz ähnliche Spiegelungseigenschaft wurde bereits in Abschnitt \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:gammareflektion} für die Gammafunktion gefunden. + +\subsection{Berechnung des Integrals $I_1 = \int_0^{1} x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} \psi(x) \,dx$} \label{zeta:subsubsec:intcal} + +Ziel dieses Abschnittes ist, zu zeigen wie das Integral $I_1$ aus Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2} durch ein neues Integral mit den Integrationsgrenzen $1$ und $\infty$ ersetzt werden kann. +Da dieser Schritt ziemlich aufwendig ist, wird er hier in einem eigenen Abschnitt behandelt. +Zunächst wird die poissonsche Summenformel hergeleitet \cite{zeta:online:poisson}, da diese verwendet werden kann um $\psi(x)$ zu berechnen. + +Um die poissonsche Summenformel zu beweisen, berechnen wir zunächst die Fourierreihe der Dirac Delta Funktion. + +\begin{lemma} + Die Fourierreihe der periodischen Dirac $\delta$ Funktion $\sum \delta(x - 2\pi k)$ ist + \begin{equation} \label{zeta:equation:fourier_dirac} + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + \delta(x - 2\pi k) + = + \frac{1}{2\pi} + \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} + e^{i n x}. + \end{equation} +\end{lemma} + +\begin{proof}[Beweis] + Eine Fourierreihe einer beliebigen periodischen Funktion $f(x)$ berechnet sich als + \begin{align} + f(x) + &= + \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} + c_n + e^{i n x} \\ + c_n + &= + \frac{1}{2\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} + f(x) + e^{-i n x} + \, dx. + \end{align} + Wenn $f(x)=\delta(x)$ eingesetz wird ergeben sich konstante Koeffizienten + \begin{equation} + c_n + = + \frac{1}{2\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} + \delta(x) + e^{-i n x} + \, dx + = + \frac{1}{2\pi}, + \end{equation} + womit die sehr einfache Fourierreihe der Dirac Delta Funktion berechnet wäre. +\end{proof} + +\begin{satz}[Poissonsche Summernformel] + Die Summe einer Funktion $f(n)$ über alle ganzen Zahlen $n$ ist äquivalent zur Summe ihrer Fouriertransformation $F(k)$ über alle ganzen Zahlen $k$ + \begin{equation} + \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} + f(n) + = + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + F(k). + \end{equation} +\end{satz} + +\begin{proof}[Beweis] + Wir schreiben die Summe über die Fouriertransformation aus + \begin{align} + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + F(k) + &= + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} + f(x) + e^{-i 2\pi x k} + \, dx + \\ + &= + \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} + f(x) + \underbrace{ + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + e^{-i 2\pi x k} + }_{\displaystyle{\text{\eqref{zeta:equation:fourier_dirac}}}} + \, dx, \label{zeta:equation:1934} + \end{align} + und verwenden die Fouriertransformation der Dirac Funktion aus \eqref{zeta:equation:fourier_dirac} + \begin{align} + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + e^{-i 2\pi x k} + &= + 2 \pi + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + \delta(-2\pi x - 2\pi k) + \\ + &= + \frac{2 \pi}{2 \pi} + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + \delta(x + k). + \end{align} + Wenn wir dies einsetzen in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:1934} erhalten wir + \begin{equation} + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + F(k) + = + \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} + f(x) + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + \delta(x + k) + \, dx + = + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} + f(x) + \delta(x + k) + \, dx + = + \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} + f(k), + \end{equation} + was der gesuchte Beweis für die poissonsche Summenformel ist. +\end{proof} + +Erinnern wir uns nochmals an unser Integral aus Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2} +\begin{align*} + I_1 + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + \,dx + \\ + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + . +\end{align*} + +Wir wenden nun diese poissonsche Summenformel $\sum f(n) = \sum F(n)$ an auf $\psi(x)$. +In unserem Problem ist also $f(n) = e^{-\pi n^2 x}$ und die zugehörige Fouriertransformation $F(n)$ ist +\begin{equation} + F(n) + = + \mathcal{F} + ( + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + ) + = + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}}. +\end{equation} +Dadurch ergibt sich +\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:psi} + \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + = + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} + e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}}, +\end{equation} +wobei wir die Summen so verändern müssen, dass sie bei $n=1$ beginnen und wir $\psi(x)$ erhalten als +\begin{align} + 2 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + e^{-\pi n^2 x} + + + 1 + &= + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \Biggl( + 2 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + e^{\frac{-n^2 \pi}{x}} + + + 1 + \Biggr) + \\ + 2 + \psi(x) + + + 1 + &= + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \left( + 2 + \psi\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) + + + 1 + \right) + \\ + \psi(x) + &= + - \frac{1}{2} + + \frac{\psi\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)}{\sqrt{x}} + + \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}}.\label{zeta:equation:psi} +\end{align} +Diese Form von $\psi(x)$ eingesetzt in $I_1$ ergibt +\begin{align} + I_1 + = + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \Biggl( + - \frac{1}{2} + + \frac{\psi\left(\frac{1}{x} \right)}{\sqrt{x}} + + \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}} + \Biggr) + \,dx + \\ + &= + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi \left( \frac{1}{x} \right) + + \frac{1}{2} + \biggl( + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + - + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \biggl) + \,dx + \\ + &= + \underbrace{ + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi \left( \frac{1}{x} \right) + \,dx + }_{\displaystyle{I_3}} + + + \underbrace{ + \frac{1}{2} + \int_0^1 + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + - + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \,dx + }_{\displaystyle{I_4}}. \label{zeta:equation:integral3} +\end{align} +Darin kann für das zweite Integral $I_4$ eine Lösung gefunden werden als +\begin{equation} + I_4 + = + \frac{1}{2} + \int_0^1 + x^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + - + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \,dx + = + \frac{1}{s(s-1)}. +\end{equation} +Das erste Integral $I_3$ aus \eqref{zeta:equation:integral3} mit $\psi \left(\frac{1}{x} \right)$ ist hingegen nicht lösbar in dieser Form. +Deshalb substituieren wir $x = \frac{1}{u}$ und $dx = -\frac{1}{u^2}du$. +Die untere Integralgrenze wechselt ebenfalls zu $x_0 = 0 \rightarrow u_0 = \infty$. +Dies ergibt +\begin{align} + I_3 + = + \int_{\infty}^{1} + \left( + \frac{1}{u} + \right)^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi(u) + \frac{-du}{u^2} + &= + \int_{1}^{\infty} + \left( + \frac{1}{u} + \right)^{\frac{s}{2}-\frac{3}{2}} + \psi(u) + \frac{du}{u^2} + \\ + &= + \int_{1}^{\infty} + x^{(-1) \left(\frac{s}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)} + \psi(x) + \,dx, +\end{align} +wobei wir durch Multiplikation mit $(-1)$ die Integralgrenzen tauschen dürfen. +Es ist zu beachten das diese Grenzen nun identisch mit den Grenzen des zweiten Integrals $I_2$ von \eqref{zeta:equation:integral2} sind. +Wir setzen beide Lösungen in Gleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:integral3} ein und erhalten +\begin{equation} + I_1 + = + \int_0^{1} + x^{\frac{s}{2}-1} + \psi(x) + \,dx + = + \int_{1}^{\infty} + x^{(-1) \left(\frac{s}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\right)} + \psi(x) + \,dx + + + \frac{1}{s(s-1)}. \label{zeta:equation:intcal_res} +\end{equation} +Diese Form des Integrals $I_1$ hat die gewünschten Integrationsgrenzen und ein essentieller Bestandteil des Beweises der Funktionalgleichung in Abschnitt \ref{zeta:subsection:auf_ganz}. diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/einleitung.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..828678d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/einleitung.tex @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +\section{Einleitung} \label{zeta:section:einleitung} +\rhead{Einleitung} + +Die Riemannsche Zetafunktion $\zeta(s)$ ist für alle komplexe $s$ mit $\Re(s) > 1$ definiert als +\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation1} + \zeta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^s}. +\end{equation} +Die Zetafunktion ist bekannt als Bestandteil der Riemannschen Vermutung, welche besagt das alle nichttrivialen Nullstellen der Zetafunktion einen Realteil von $\frac{1}{2}$ haben. +Mithilfe dieser Vermutung kann eine gute Annäherung an die Primzahlfunktion gefunden werden. +Die Primzahlfunktion steigt immer an, sobald eine Primzahl vorkommt. +Eine Darstellung davon ist in Abbildung \ref{fig:zeta:primzahlfunktion} zu finden. +Die Riemannsche Vermutung ist eines der ungelösten Millennium-Probleme der Mathematik, auf deren Lösung eine Belohnung von einer Million Dollar ausgesetzt ist \cite{zeta:online:millennium}. +Auf eine genauere Beschreibung der Riemannschen Vermutung wird im Rahmen dieses Papers nicht eingegangen. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex} + \caption{Die Primzahlfunktion von $0$ bis $30$.} + \label{fig:zeta:primzahlfunktion} +\end{figure} + +Der grundlegende Zusammenhang der Primzahlen und der Zetafunktion wird im ersten Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:eulerprodukt} über das Eulerprodukt gezeigt. +Danach folgt die Verbindung zur bereits bekannten Gammafunktion in Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:zusammenhang_mit_gammafunktion}. +Schlussendlich folgt die Beschreibung der analytischen Fortsetzung die gesamte komplexe Ebene in Abschnitt \ref{zeta:section:analytische_fortsetzung}. + +Diese analytische Fortsetzung wird für die Riemannsche Vermutung benötigt, ermöglicht aber auch andere interessante Aussagen. +So findet sich zum Beispiel immer wieder die aberwitzige Behauptung, das die Summe aller natürlichen Zahlen +\begin{equation*} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^{-1}} + = + -\frac{1}{12} +\end{equation*} +sei. +Obwohl diese Behauptung offensichtlich falsch ist, hat sie doch ihre Berechtigung, wie durch die analytische Fortsetzung gezeigt werden wird. + +Die folgenden mathematischen Herleitungen sind, sofern nicht anders gekennzeichnet, eigene Darstellungen basierend auf den überaus umfangreichen Wikipedia-Artikeln auf Deutsch \cite{zeta:online:wiki_de} und Englisch \cite{zeta:online:wiki_en} sowie einer Video-Playlist \cite{zeta:online:mryoumath}. diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/euler_product.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/euler_product.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c08dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/euler_product.tex @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +\section{Eulerprodukt} \label{zeta:section:eulerprodukt} +\rhead{Eulerprodukt} + +Das Eulerprodukt stellt die gesuchte Verbindung der Zetafunktion und der Primzahlen her. +Wie der Name bereits sagt, wurde das Eulerprodukt bereits 1727 von Euler entdeckt. +Um daraus die Riemannsche Vermutung herzuleiten, wäre aber noch einiges mehr nötig. + +\begin{satz} + Für alle Zahlen $s$ mit $\Re(s) > 1$ ist die Zetafunktion identisch mit dem unendlichen Eulerprodukt + \begin{equation}\label{zeta:eq:eulerprodukt} + \zeta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^\infty + \frac{1}{n^s} + = + \prod_{p \in P} + \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} + \end{equation} + wobei $P$ die Menge aller Primzahlen darstellt. +\end{satz} + +\begin{proof}[Beweis] + Der Beweis startet mit dem Eulerprodukt und stellt dieses so um, dass die Zetafunktion erscheint. + Als erstes ersetzen wir die Faktoren durch geometrische Reihen + \begin{equation} + \prod_{i=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} + = + \prod_{p \in P} + \sum_{k_i=0}^{\infty} + \biggl( + \frac{1}{p_i^s} + \biggr)^{k_i} + = + \prod_{p \in P} + \sum_{k_i=0}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{p_i^{s k_i}}, + \end{equation} + dabei iteriert der Index $i$ über alle Primzahlen $p_i$. + Durch Ausschreiben der Multiplikation und Ausklammern der Summen erhalten wir + \begin{align} + \prod_{p \in P} + \sum_{k_i=0}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{p_i^{s k_i}} + &= + \sum_{k_1=0}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{p_1^{s k_1}} + \sum_{k_2=0}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{p_2^{s k_2}} + \ldots + \nonumber \\ + &= + \sum_{k_1=0}^{\infty} + \sum_{k_2=0}^{\infty} + \ldots + \biggl( + \frac{1}{p_1^{k_1}} + \frac{1}{p_2^{k_2}} + \ldots + \biggr)^s. + \label{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} + \end{align} + Der Fundamentalsatz der Arithmetik (Primfaktorzerlegung) besagt, dass jede beliebige Zahl $n \in \mathbb{N}$ durch eine eindeutige Primfaktorzerlegung beschrieben werden kann + \begin{equation} + n = \prod_i p_i^{k_i} \quad \forall \quad n \in \mathbb{N}. + \end{equation} + Jeder Summand der Summen in \eqref{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} ist somit der Kehrwert genau einer natürlichen Zahl $n \in \mathbb{N}$. + Da die Summen alle möglichen Kombinationen von Exponenten und Primzahlen in \eqref{zeta:equation:eulerprodukt2} enthält, haben wir + \begin{equation} + \sum_{k_1=0}^{\infty} + \sum_{k_2=0}^{\infty} + \ldots + \biggl( + \frac{1}{p_1^{k_1}} + \frac{1}{p_2^{k_2}} + \ldots + \biggr)^s + = + \sum_{n=1}^\infty + \frac{1}{n^s} + = + \zeta(s), + \end{equation} + wodurch das Eulerprodukt bewiesen ist. +\end{proof} + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..027f324 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +\section{Der Wert $\zeta(-1)$} \label{zeta:section:fazit} +\rhead{Der Wert $\zeta(-1)$} + +Ganz zu Beginn dieses Papers wurde die Behauptung erwähnt, dass die Summe aller natürlichen Zahlen $-\frac{1}{12}$ sei. +Diese Summe ist nichts anderes als die Zetafunktion am Wert $s=-1$. +Da wir die analytische Fortsetzung mit der Funktionalgleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:functional} gefunden haben, können wir den Wert $s=-1$ einsetzen und erhalten +\begin{align*} + \zeta(s) + &= + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{1-s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{1-s}{2}}} + \zeta(1-s) + \frac{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)} + \\ + \zeta(-1) + &= + \frac{\Gamma(1)}{\pi} + \zeta(2) + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( -\frac{1}{2} \right)}. +\end{align*} +Also fehlen uns drei Werte, $\zeta(2)$, $\Gamma(1)$ und $\Gamma(-\frac{1}{2})$. + +Zunächst konzentrieren wir uns auf $\zeta(2)$, welches im konvergenten Bereich der Reihe liegt und auch bekannt ist als das Basler Problem. +Wir lösen das Basler Problem \cite{zeta:online:basel} mithilfe der parsevalschen Gleichung \cite{zeta:online:pars} +\begin{align} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} |f(x)|^2 dx + &= + 2\pi \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |c_n|^2 \\ + c_n + &= + \frac{1}{2\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(x)e^{-inx} dx, +\end{align} +welche besagt dass die Summe der quadrierten Fourierkoeffizienten einer Funktion identisch ist mit dem Integral der quadrierten Funktion. +Wenn wir dies für $f(x) = x$ auswerten erhalten wir +\begin{align} + c_n + &= + \begin{cases} + \frac{(-1)^n}{n} i, & \text{for } n\neq0, \\ + 0, & \text{for } n=0 + \end{cases} + \\ + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} x^2 dx + &= + 2\pi \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |c_n|^2 + = + 4\pi \underbrace{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2}}_{\displaystyle{\zeta(2)}}. +\end{align} +Durch einfaches Umstellen erhalten wir somit die Lösung des Basler Problems als +\begin{equation} + \zeta(2) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{1}{4\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} x^2 dx + = \frac{\pi^2}{6}. +\end{equation} + +Als nächstes berechnen wir $\Gamma(1)$ und $\Gamma(-\frac{1}{2})$ mithilfe der Integraldefinition der Gammafunktion (Definition \ref{buch:rekursion:def:gamma}). +Da das Integral für $\Gamma(-\frac{1}{2})$ nicht konvergiert, wird die Reflektionsformel aus \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:gammareflektion} verwendet, welche das konvergierende Integral von $\Gamma(\frac{3}{2})$ verwendet. +Es ergeben sich die Werte +\begin{align*} + \Gamma(1) + &= 1\\ + \Gamma\biggl(-\frac{1}{2}\biggr) + &= \frac{\pi}{\sin\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}\right) + \Gamma\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)} + = -\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}. +\end{align*} + +Wenn wir diese Werte in die Funktionalgleichung einsetzen, erhalten wir das gewünschte Ergebnis +\begin{align*} + \zeta(-1) + &= + \frac{\Gamma(1)}{\pi} + \zeta(2) + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( -\frac{1}{2} \right)} + \\ + &= + \frac{1}{\pi} + \frac{\pi^2}{6} + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{ + -\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}} + \\ + &= + -\frac{1}{12}. +\end{align*} + +Weiter wurde zu Beginn dieses Papers auf die Riemannsche Vermutung hingewiesen, wonach alle nichttrivialen Nullstellen der Zetafunktion auf der $\Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ Geraden liegen. +Abbildung \ref{zeta:fig:einzweitel} zeigt die Funktionswerte dieser Geraden. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex} + \caption{Die komplexen Werte der Zetafunktion für die kritische Gerade $\Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ im Bereich $\Im(s) = 0\dots40$. + Klar sichtbar sind die immer wiederkehrenden Nullstellen, wie sie Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung sind.} + \label{zeta:fig:einzweitel} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/zeta/images/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..611662d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# +# Makefile to build images +# +all: primzahlfunktion2.pdf zetaplot.pdf + +primzahlfunktion2.pdf: primzahlfunktion2.tex + pdflatex primzahlfunktion2.tex + +zetaplot.pdf: zetaplot.tex zetapath.tex + pdflatex zetaplot.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..836ab1d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth', auto, node distance=0.9cm, scale=2, + dot/.style={fill, circle, inner sep=0, minimum size=0.1cm}] + + \draw[->] (-2,0) -- (-1,0) node[dot]{} node[anchor=north]{$-1$} -- (0,0) node[anchor=north west]{$0$} -- (0.5,0) node[anchor=north west]{$0.5$}-- (1,0) node[anchor=north west]{$1$} -- (2,0) node[anchor=west]{$\Re(s)$}; + + \draw[->] (0,-1.2) -- (0,1.2) node[anchor=south]{$\Im(s)$}; + \begin{scope}[yscale=0.1] + \draw[] (1,-1) -- (1,1); + \end{scope} + \draw[dotted] (0.5,-1) -- (0.5,1); + + \begin{scope}[] + \fill[opacity=0.2, red] (-1.8,1) rectangle (0, -1); + \fill[opacity=0.2, blue] (0,1) rectangle (1, -1); + \fill[opacity=0.2, green] (1,1) rectangle (1.8, -1); + \end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d4f4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX 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a/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7425ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +% +% primzahlfunktion2.tex -- Primzahlfunktion, alternativer Vorschlag +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\def\dx{0.38} +\def\dy{0.5} + +\foreach \x in {1,...,30}{ + \draw[color=gray!20] ({\x*\dx},0) -- ({\x*\dx},{10.5*\dy}); +} +\foreach \y in {1,...,10}{ + \draw[color=gray!20] (0,{\y*\dy}) -- ({30.5*\dx},{\y*\dy}); +} + +\draw[->] (-0.1,0) -- ({30.8*\dx},0) coordinate[label={$x$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-0.1) -- (0,{10.9*\dy}) coordinate[label={right:$\pi(x)$}]; + +\def\segment#1#2#3{ + %\draw[line width=0.1pt] ({#3*\dx},0) -- ({#3*\dx},{#2*\dy}); + \draw[color=blue,line width=1.4pt] + ({#1*\dx},{#2*\dy}) -- ({#3*\dx},{#2*\dy}); + \draw[color=blue,line width=0.3pt] + ({#3*\dx},{#2*\dy}) -- ({#3*\dx},{(#2+1)*\dy}); + \draw ({#3*\dx},-0.1) -- ({#3*\dx},0.1); + \node at ({(#3)*\dx},-0.1) [below] {$#3\mathstrut$}; +} + +\foreach \y in {2,4,...,10}{ + \draw (-0.1,{\y*\dy}) -- (0.1,{\y*\dy}); + \node at (-0.1,{\y*\dy}) [left] {$\y\mathstrut$}; +} + +\begin{scope} +\clip (0,-0.5) rectangle ({30*\dx},{10.1*\dy}); + +\segment{0}{0}{2} +\segment{2}{1}{3} +\segment{3}{2}{5} +\segment{5}{3}{7} +\segment{7}{4}{11} +\segment{11}{5}{13} +\segment{13}{6}{17} +\segment{17}{7}{19} +\segment{19}{8}{23} +\segment{23}{9}{29} +\segment{29}{10}{31} +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion_paper.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion_paper.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9d67d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/primzahlfunktion_paper.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{5.440000in}{3.480000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.440000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.440000in}{3.480000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{3.480000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd15ba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44fffce --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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+\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.901754in}{1.492532in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.814316in}{1.437766in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.721361in}{1.387736in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.623415in}{1.342711in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.521035in}{1.302936in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.414799in}{1.268621in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.305307in}{1.239949in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.193179in}{1.217069in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{3.079047in}{1.200096in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.963554in}{1.189114in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.847352in}{1.184170in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.731094in}{1.185279in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{2.731094in}{1.185279in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{0.528000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetrectcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.803000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{0.000000,0.000000,0.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.800000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{5.760000in}{4.224000in}}% +\pgfusepath{stroke}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\end{pgfpicture}% +\makeatother% +\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75e1522 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex @@ -0,0 +1,2003 @@ +\def\zetapath{ + ({-1.4604*\dx},{0.0000*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4572*\dx},{-0.0783*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4476*\dx},{-0.1559*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4319*\dx},{-0.2320*\dy}) + -- ({-1.4104*\dx},{-0.3058*\dy}) + -- ({-1.3834*\dx},{-0.3769*\dy}) + -- ({-1.3514*\dx},{-0.4446*\dy}) + -- ({-1.3149*\dx},{-0.5085*\dy}) + -- ({-1.2745*\dx},{-0.5682*\dy}) + -- ({-1.2308*\dx},{-0.6235*\dy}) + -- ({-1.1843*\dx},{-0.6742*\dy}) + -- ({-1.1358*\dx},{-0.7202*\dy}) + -- ({-1.0856*\dx},{-0.7617*\dy}) + -- ({-1.0344*\dx},{-0.7985*\dy}) + -- ({-0.9826*\dx},{-0.8309*\dy}) + -- ({-0.9306*\dx},{-0.8591*\dy}) + -- ({-0.8788*\dx},{-0.8833*\dy}) + -- ({-0.8275*\dx},{-0.9037*\dy}) + -- ({-0.7770*\dx},{-0.9205*\dy}) + -- ({-0.7275*\dx},{-0.9341*\dy}) + -- ({-0.6792*\dx},{-0.9446*\dy}) + -- ({-0.6322*\dx},{-0.9525*\dy}) + -- ({-0.5867*\dx},{-0.9578*\dy}) + -- ({-0.5427*\dx},{-0.9609*\dy}) + -- ({-0.5002*\dx},{-0.9620*\dy}) + -- ({-0.4593*\dx},{-0.9613*\dy}) + -- ({-0.4200*\dx},{-0.9589*\dy}) + -- ({-0.3823*\dx},{-0.9552*\dy}) + -- ({-0.3462*\dx},{-0.9502*\dy}) + -- ({-0.3116*\dx},{-0.9441*\dy}) + -- ({-0.2785*\dx},{-0.9371*\dy}) + -- ({-0.2469*\dx},{-0.9292*\dy}) + -- ({-0.2167*\dx},{-0.9206*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1878*\dx},{-0.9114*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1603*\dx},{-0.9017*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1340*\dx},{-0.8916*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1089*\dx},{-0.8811*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0849*\dx},{-0.8703*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0621*\dx},{-0.8593*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0402*\dx},{-0.8481*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0194*\dx},{-0.8367*\dy}) + -- ({0.0004*\dx},{-0.8253*\dy}) + -- ({0.0194*\dx},{-0.8137*\dy}) + -- ({0.0375*\dx},{-0.8022*\dy}) + -- ({0.0549*\dx},{-0.7906*\dy}) + -- ({0.0714*\dx},{-0.7790*\dy}) + -- ({0.0872*\dx},{-0.7675*\dy}) + -- ({0.1024*\dx},{-0.7560*\dy}) + -- ({0.1168*\dx},{-0.7446*\dy}) + -- ({0.1307*\dx},{-0.7333*\dy}) + -- ({0.1439*\dx},{-0.7221*\dy}) + -- ({0.1566*\dx},{-0.7110*\dy}) + -- ({0.1688*\dx},{-0.7000*\dy}) + -- ({0.1805*\dx},{-0.6890*\dy}) + -- ({0.1917*\dx},{-0.6783*\dy}) + -- ({0.2024*\dx},{-0.6676*\dy}) + -- ({0.2127*\dx},{-0.6571*\dy}) + -- ({0.2226*\dx},{-0.6467*\dy}) + -- ({0.2321*\dx},{-0.6364*\dy}) + -- ({0.2412*\dx},{-0.6263*\dy}) + -- ({0.2500*\dx},{-0.6163*\dy}) + -- ({0.2585*\dx},{-0.6064*\dy}) + -- ({0.2666*\dx},{-0.5967*\dy}) + -- ({0.2745*\dx},{-0.5871*\dy}) + -- ({0.2820*\dx},{-0.5777*\dy}) + -- ({0.2893*\dx},{-0.5684*\dy}) + -- ({0.2963*\dx},{-0.5592*\dy}) + -- ({0.3031*\dx},{-0.5501*\dy}) + -- ({0.3096*\dx},{-0.5412*\dy}) + -- ({0.3159*\dx},{-0.5324*\dy}) + -- ({0.3220*\dx},{-0.5237*\dy}) + -- ({0.3279*\dx},{-0.5152*\dy}) + -- ({0.3336*\dx},{-0.5067*\dy}) + -- ({0.3391*\dx},{-0.4984*\dy}) + -- ({0.3445*\dx},{-0.4902*\dy}) + -- ({0.3496*\dx},{-0.4821*\dy}) + -- ({0.3546*\dx},{-0.4742*\dy}) + -- ({0.3595*\dx},{-0.4663*\dy}) + -- ({0.3642*\dx},{-0.4586*\dy}) + -- ({0.3687*\dx},{-0.4510*\dy}) + -- ({0.3732*\dx},{-0.4434*\dy}) + -- ({0.3774*\dx},{-0.4360*\dy}) + -- ({0.3816*\dx},{-0.4287*\dy}) + -- ({0.3857*\dx},{-0.4214*\dy}) + -- ({0.3896*\dx},{-0.4143*\dy}) + -- ({0.3934*\dx},{-0.4073*\dy}) + -- ({0.3972*\dx},{-0.4003*\dy}) + -- ({0.4008*\dx},{-0.3935*\dy}) + -- ({0.4043*\dx},{-0.3867*\dy}) + -- ({0.4078*\dx},{-0.3800*\dy}) + -- ({0.4111*\dx},{-0.3734*\dy}) + -- ({0.4144*\dx},{-0.3669*\dy}) + -- ({0.4176*\dx},{-0.3605*\dy}) + -- ({0.4207*\dx},{-0.3541*\dy}) + -- ({0.4237*\dx},{-0.3478*\dy}) + -- ({0.4267*\dx},{-0.3416*\dy}) + -- ({0.4296*\dx},{-0.3355*\dy}) + -- ({0.4324*\dx},{-0.3294*\dy}) + -- ({0.4352*\dx},{-0.3234*\dy}) + -- ({0.4379*\dx},{-0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({0.4405*\dx},{-0.3116*\dy}) + -- ({0.4431*\dx},{-0.3059*\dy}) + -- ({0.4457*\dx},{-0.3001*\dy}) + -- ({0.4482*\dx},{-0.2945*\dy}) + -- ({0.4506*\dx},{-0.2889*\dy}) + -- ({0.4530*\dx},{-0.2833*\dy}) + -- ({0.4554*\dx},{-0.2778*\dy}) + -- ({0.4577*\dx},{-0.2724*\dy}) + -- ({0.4599*\dx},{-0.2670*\dy}) + -- ({0.4622*\dx},{-0.2617*\dy}) + -- ({0.4643*\dx},{-0.2565*\dy}) + -- ({0.4665*\dx},{-0.2513*\dy}) + -- ({0.4686*\dx},{-0.2461*\dy}) + -- ({0.4707*\dx},{-0.2410*\dy}) + -- ({0.4727*\dx},{-0.2359*\dy}) + -- ({0.4747*\dx},{-0.2309*\dy}) + -- ({0.4767*\dx},{-0.2259*\dy}) + -- ({0.4787*\dx},{-0.2210*\dy}) + -- ({0.4806*\dx},{-0.2161*\dy}) + -- ({0.4825*\dx},{-0.2113*\dy}) + -- ({0.4844*\dx},{-0.2065*\dy}) + -- ({0.4862*\dx},{-0.2018*\dy}) + -- ({0.4880*\dx},{-0.1971*\dy}) + -- ({0.4898*\dx},{-0.1924*\dy}) + -- ({0.4916*\dx},{-0.1878*\dy}) + -- ({0.4934*\dx},{-0.1832*\dy}) + -- ({0.4951*\dx},{-0.1786*\dy}) + -- ({0.4968*\dx},{-0.1741*\dy}) + -- ({0.4985*\dx},{-0.1696*\dy}) + -- ({0.5002*\dx},{-0.1652*\dy}) + -- ({0.5019*\dx},{-0.1608*\dy}) + -- ({0.5035*\dx},{-0.1564*\dy}) + -- ({0.5052*\dx},{-0.1521*\dy}) + -- ({0.5068*\dx},{-0.1478*\dy}) + -- ({0.5084*\dx},{-0.1435*\dy}) + -- ({0.5100*\dx},{-0.1392*\dy}) + -- ({0.5116*\dx},{-0.1350*\dy}) + -- ({0.5132*\dx},{-0.1308*\dy}) + -- ({0.5147*\dx},{-0.1267*\dy}) + -- ({0.5163*\dx},{-0.1226*\dy}) + -- ({0.5178*\dx},{-0.1185*\dy}) + -- ({0.5193*\dx},{-0.1144*\dy}) + -- ({0.5208*\dx},{-0.1103*\dy}) + -- ({0.5224*\dx},{-0.1063*\dy}) + -- ({0.5239*\dx},{-0.1023*\dy}) + -- ({0.5254*\dx},{-0.0984*\dy}) + -- ({0.5268*\dx},{-0.0944*\dy}) + -- ({0.5283*\dx},{-0.0905*\dy}) + -- ({0.5298*\dx},{-0.0866*\dy}) + -- ({0.5313*\dx},{-0.0827*\dy}) + -- ({0.5327*\dx},{-0.0789*\dy}) + -- ({0.5342*\dx},{-0.0751*\dy}) + -- ({0.5357*\dx},{-0.0713*\dy}) + -- ({0.5371*\dx},{-0.0675*\dy}) + -- ({0.5386*\dx},{-0.0637*\dy}) + -- ({0.5400*\dx},{-0.0600*\dy}) + -- ({0.5414*\dx},{-0.0563*\dy}) + -- ({0.5429*\dx},{-0.0526*\dy}) + -- ({0.5443*\dx},{-0.0489*\dy}) + -- ({0.5458*\dx},{-0.0453*\dy}) + -- ({0.5472*\dx},{-0.0416*\dy}) + -- ({0.5486*\dx},{-0.0380*\dy}) + -- ({0.5501*\dx},{-0.0344*\dy}) + -- ({0.5515*\dx},{-0.0308*\dy}) + -- ({0.5529*\dx},{-0.0272*\dy}) + -- ({0.5544*\dx},{-0.0237*\dy}) + -- ({0.5558*\dx},{-0.0202*\dy}) + -- ({0.5572*\dx},{-0.0167*\dy}) + -- ({0.5587*\dx},{-0.0132*\dy}) + -- ({0.5601*\dx},{-0.0097*\dy}) + -- ({0.5615*\dx},{-0.0062*\dy}) + -- ({0.5630*\dx},{-0.0028*\dy}) + -- ({0.5644*\dx},{0.0006*\dy}) + -- ({0.5659*\dx},{0.0041*\dy}) + -- ({0.5673*\dx},{0.0075*\dy}) + -- ({0.5688*\dx},{0.0108*\dy}) + -- ({0.5702*\dx},{0.0142*\dy}) + -- ({0.5717*\dx},{0.0176*\dy}) + -- ({0.5731*\dx},{0.0209*\dy}) + -- ({0.5746*\dx},{0.0242*\dy}) + -- ({0.5761*\dx},{0.0275*\dy}) + -- ({0.5776*\dx},{0.0308*\dy}) + -- ({0.5790*\dx},{0.0341*\dy}) + -- ({0.5805*\dx},{0.0374*\dy}) + -- ({0.5820*\dx},{0.0407*\dy}) + -- ({0.5835*\dx},{0.0439*\dy}) + -- ({0.5850*\dx},{0.0471*\dy}) + -- ({0.5865*\dx},{0.0504*\dy}) + -- ({0.5880*\dx},{0.0536*\dy}) + -- ({0.5896*\dx},{0.0568*\dy}) + -- ({0.5911*\dx},{0.0599*\dy}) + -- ({0.5926*\dx},{0.0631*\dy}) + -- ({0.5942*\dx},{0.0663*\dy}) + -- ({0.5957*\dx},{0.0694*\dy}) + -- ({0.5973*\dx},{0.0725*\dy}) + -- ({0.5988*\dx},{0.0757*\dy}) + -- ({0.6004*\dx},{0.0788*\dy}) + -- ({0.6020*\dx},{0.0819*\dy}) + -- ({0.6036*\dx},{0.0850*\dy}) + -- ({0.6052*\dx},{0.0880*\dy}) + -- ({0.6068*\dx},{0.0911*\dy}) + -- ({0.6084*\dx},{0.0942*\dy}) + -- ({0.6100*\dx},{0.0972*\dy}) + -- ({0.6117*\dx},{0.1002*\dy}) + -- ({0.6133*\dx},{0.1033*\dy}) + -- ({0.6149*\dx},{0.1063*\dy}) + -- ({0.6166*\dx},{0.1093*\dy}) + -- ({0.6183*\dx},{0.1123*\dy}) + -- ({0.6200*\dx},{0.1152*\dy}) + -- ({0.6217*\dx},{0.1182*\dy}) + -- ({0.6234*\dx},{0.1212*\dy}) + -- ({0.6251*\dx},{0.1241*\dy}) + -- ({0.6268*\dx},{0.1271*\dy}) + -- ({0.6285*\dx},{0.1300*\dy}) + -- ({0.6303*\dx},{0.1329*\dy}) + -- ({0.6320*\dx},{0.1358*\dy}) + -- ({0.6338*\dx},{0.1387*\dy}) + -- ({0.6356*\dx},{0.1416*\dy}) + -- ({0.6374*\dx},{0.1445*\dy}) + -- ({0.6392*\dx},{0.1473*\dy}) + -- ({0.6410*\dx},{0.1502*\dy}) + -- ({0.6428*\dx},{0.1530*\dy}) + -- ({0.6446*\dx},{0.1559*\dy}) + -- ({0.6465*\dx},{0.1587*\dy}) + -- ({0.6484*\dx},{0.1615*\dy}) + -- ({0.6502*\dx},{0.1643*\dy}) + -- ({0.6521*\dx},{0.1671*\dy}) + -- ({0.6540*\dx},{0.1699*\dy}) + -- ({0.6560*\dx},{0.1727*\dy}) + -- ({0.6579*\dx},{0.1754*\dy}) + -- ({0.6598*\dx},{0.1782*\dy}) + -- ({0.6618*\dx},{0.1809*\dy}) + -- ({0.6638*\dx},{0.1837*\dy}) + -- ({0.6658*\dx},{0.1864*\dy}) + -- ({0.6678*\dx},{0.1891*\dy}) + -- ({0.6698*\dx},{0.1918*\dy}) + -- ({0.6718*\dx},{0.1945*\dy}) + -- ({0.6738*\dx},{0.1972*\dy}) + -- ({0.6759*\dx},{0.1998*\dy}) + -- ({0.6780*\dx},{0.2025*\dy}) + -- ({0.6801*\dx},{0.2052*\dy}) + -- ({0.6822*\dx},{0.2078*\dy}) + -- ({0.6843*\dx},{0.2104*\dy}) + -- ({0.6864*\dx},{0.2130*\dy}) + -- ({0.6886*\dx},{0.2156*\dy}) + -- ({0.6907*\dx},{0.2182*\dy}) + -- ({0.6929*\dx},{0.2208*\dy}) + -- ({0.6951*\dx},{0.2234*\dy}) + -- ({0.6973*\dx},{0.2260*\dy}) + -- ({0.6996*\dx},{0.2285*\dy}) + -- ({0.7018*\dx},{0.2310*\dy}) + -- ({0.7041*\dx},{0.2336*\dy}) + -- ({0.7064*\dx},{0.2361*\dy}) + -- ({0.7087*\dx},{0.2386*\dy}) + -- ({0.7110*\dx},{0.2411*\dy}) + -- ({0.7133*\dx},{0.2436*\dy}) + -- ({0.7156*\dx},{0.2460*\dy}) + -- ({0.7180*\dx},{0.2485*\dy}) + -- ({0.7204*\dx},{0.2509*\dy}) + -- ({0.7228*\dx},{0.2533*\dy}) + -- ({0.7252*\dx},{0.2558*\dy}) + -- ({0.7276*\dx},{0.2582*\dy}) + -- ({0.7301*\dx},{0.2606*\dy}) + -- ({0.7326*\dx},{0.2629*\dy}) + -- ({0.7350*\dx},{0.2653*\dy}) + -- ({0.7376*\dx},{0.2677*\dy}) + -- ({0.7401*\dx},{0.2700*\dy}) + -- ({0.7426*\dx},{0.2723*\dy}) + -- ({0.7452*\dx},{0.2746*\dy}) + -- ({0.7478*\dx},{0.2769*\dy}) + -- ({0.7504*\dx},{0.2792*\dy}) + -- ({0.7530*\dx},{0.2815*\dy}) + -- ({0.7556*\dx},{0.2837*\dy}) + -- ({0.7583*\dx},{0.2860*\dy}) + -- ({0.7609*\dx},{0.2882*\dy}) + -- ({0.7636*\dx},{0.2904*\dy}) + -- ({0.7663*\dx},{0.2926*\dy}) + -- ({0.7691*\dx},{0.2948*\dy}) + -- ({0.7718*\dx},{0.2969*\dy}) + -- ({0.7746*\dx},{0.2991*\dy}) + -- ({0.7774*\dx},{0.3012*\dy}) + -- ({0.7802*\dx},{0.3033*\dy}) + -- ({0.7830*\dx},{0.3054*\dy}) + -- ({0.7858*\dx},{0.3075*\dy}) + -- ({0.7887*\dx},{0.3096*\dy}) + -- ({0.7916*\dx},{0.3116*\dy}) + -- ({0.7945*\dx},{0.3137*\dy}) + -- ({0.7974*\dx},{0.3157*\dy}) + -- ({0.8004*\dx},{0.3177*\dy}) + -- ({0.8033*\dx},{0.3197*\dy}) + -- ({0.8063*\dx},{0.3216*\dy}) + -- ({0.8093*\dx},{0.3236*\dy}) + -- ({0.8123*\dx},{0.3255*\dy}) + -- ({0.8154*\dx},{0.3274*\dy}) + -- ({0.8184*\dx},{0.3293*\dy}) + -- ({0.8215*\dx},{0.3312*\dy}) + -- ({0.8246*\dx},{0.3330*\dy}) + -- ({0.8277*\dx},{0.3348*\dy}) + -- ({0.8309*\dx},{0.3367*\dy}) + -- ({0.8340*\dx},{0.3384*\dy}) + -- ({0.8372*\dx},{0.3402*\dy}) + -- ({0.8404*\dx},{0.3420*\dy}) + -- ({0.8437*\dx},{0.3437*\dy}) + -- ({0.8469*\dx},{0.3454*\dy}) + -- ({0.8502*\dx},{0.3471*\dy}) + -- ({0.8534*\dx},{0.3487*\dy}) + -- ({0.8567*\dx},{0.3504*\dy}) + -- ({0.8601*\dx},{0.3520*\dy}) + -- ({0.8634*\dx},{0.3536*\dy}) + -- ({0.8668*\dx},{0.3552*\dy}) + -- ({0.8702*\dx},{0.3567*\dy}) + -- ({0.8736*\dx},{0.3583*\dy}) + -- ({0.8770*\dx},{0.3598*\dy}) + -- ({0.8804*\dx},{0.3612*\dy}) + -- ({0.8839*\dx},{0.3627*\dy}) + -- ({0.8874*\dx},{0.3641*\dy}) + -- ({0.8909*\dx},{0.3655*\dy}) + -- ({0.8944*\dx},{0.3669*\dy}) + -- ({0.8980*\dx},{0.3683*\dy}) + -- ({0.9015*\dx},{0.3696*\dy}) + -- ({0.9051*\dx},{0.3709*\dy}) + -- ({0.9087*\dx},{0.3722*\dy}) + -- ({0.9124*\dx},{0.3734*\dy}) + -- ({0.9160*\dx},{0.3746*\dy}) + -- ({0.9197*\dx},{0.3758*\dy}) + -- ({0.9233*\dx},{0.3770*\dy}) + -- ({0.9271*\dx},{0.3781*\dy}) + -- ({0.9308*\dx},{0.3793*\dy}) + -- ({0.9345*\dx},{0.3803*\dy}) + -- ({0.9383*\dx},{0.3814*\dy}) + -- ({0.9421*\dx},{0.3824*\dy}) + -- ({0.9459*\dx},{0.3834*\dy}) + -- ({0.9497*\dx},{0.3844*\dy}) + -- ({0.9535*\dx},{0.3853*\dy}) + -- ({0.9574*\dx},{0.3862*\dy}) + -- ({0.9612*\dx},{0.3871*\dy}) + -- ({0.9651*\dx},{0.3879*\dy}) + -- ({0.9690*\dx},{0.3887*\dy}) + -- ({0.9730*\dx},{0.3895*\dy}) + -- ({0.9769*\dx},{0.3902*\dy}) + -- ({0.9809*\dx},{0.3910*\dy}) + -- ({0.9848*\dx},{0.3916*\dy}) + -- ({0.9888*\dx},{0.3923*\dy}) + -- ({0.9929*\dx},{0.3929*\dy}) + -- ({0.9969*\dx},{0.3935*\dy}) + -- ({1.0009*\dx},{0.3940*\dy}) + -- ({1.0050*\dx},{0.3945*\dy}) + -- ({1.0091*\dx},{0.3950*\dy}) + -- ({1.0132*\dx},{0.3954*\dy}) + -- ({1.0173*\dx},{0.3958*\dy}) + -- ({1.0214*\dx},{0.3962*\dy}) + -- ({1.0256*\dx},{0.3965*\dy}) + -- ({1.0297*\dx},{0.3968*\dy}) + -- ({1.0339*\dx},{0.3971*\dy}) + -- ({1.0381*\dx},{0.3973*\dy}) + -- ({1.0423*\dx},{0.3975*\dy}) + -- ({1.0465*\dx},{0.3976*\dy}) + -- ({1.0508*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0550*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0593*\dx},{0.3978*\dy}) + -- ({1.0636*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0679*\dx},{0.3977*\dy}) + -- ({1.0722*\dx},{0.3976*\dy}) + -- ({1.0765*\dx},{0.3974*\dy}) + -- ({1.0808*\dx},{0.3973*\dy}) + -- ({1.0851*\dx},{0.3970*\dy}) + -- ({1.0895*\dx},{0.3968*\dy}) + -- ({1.0938*\dx},{0.3965*\dy}) + -- ({1.0982*\dx},{0.3961*\dy}) + -- ({1.1026*\dx},{0.3957*\dy}) + -- ({1.1070*\dx},{0.3953*\dy}) + -- ({1.1114*\dx},{0.3948*\dy}) + -- ({1.1158*\dx},{0.3943*\dy}) + -- ({1.1202*\dx},{0.3937*\dy}) + -- ({1.1247*\dx},{0.3931*\dy}) + -- ({1.1291*\dx},{0.3924*\dy}) + -- ({1.1336*\dx},{0.3917*\dy}) + -- ({1.1380*\dx},{0.3909*\dy}) + -- ({1.1425*\dx},{0.3901*\dy}) + -- ({1.1469*\dx},{0.3893*\dy}) + -- ({1.1514*\dx},{0.3884*\dy}) + -- ({1.1559*\dx},{0.3875*\dy}) + -- ({1.1604*\dx},{0.3865*\dy}) + -- ({1.1649*\dx},{0.3854*\dy}) + -- ({1.1694*\dx},{0.3843*\dy}) + -- ({1.1739*\dx},{0.3832*\dy}) + -- ({1.1784*\dx},{0.3820*\dy}) + -- ({1.1829*\dx},{0.3808*\dy}) + -- ({1.1874*\dx},{0.3795*\dy}) + -- ({1.1919*\dx},{0.3782*\dy}) + -- ({1.1965*\dx},{0.3768*\dy}) + -- ({1.2010*\dx},{0.3753*\dy}) + -- ({1.2055*\dx},{0.3738*\dy}) + -- ({1.2100*\dx},{0.3723*\dy}) + -- ({1.2145*\dx},{0.3707*\dy}) + -- ({1.2190*\dx},{0.3691*\dy}) + -- ({1.2236*\dx},{0.3674*\dy}) + -- ({1.2281*\dx},{0.3656*\dy}) + -- ({1.2326*\dx},{0.3638*\dy}) + -- ({1.2371*\dx},{0.3620*\dy}) + -- ({1.2416*\dx},{0.3600*\dy}) + -- ({1.2461*\dx},{0.3581*\dy}) + -- ({1.2506*\dx},{0.3561*\dy}) + -- ({1.2551*\dx},{0.3540*\dy}) + -- ({1.2596*\dx},{0.3519*\dy}) + -- ({1.2641*\dx},{0.3497*\dy}) + -- ({1.2686*\dx},{0.3475*\dy}) + -- ({1.2730*\dx},{0.3452*\dy}) + -- ({1.2775*\dx},{0.3428*\dy}) + -- ({1.2819*\dx},{0.3404*\dy}) + -- ({1.2864*\dx},{0.3379*\dy}) + -- ({1.2908*\dx},{0.3354*\dy}) + -- ({1.2952*\dx},{0.3329*\dy}) + -- ({1.2996*\dx},{0.3302*\dy}) + -- ({1.3040*\dx},{0.3275*\dy}) + -- ({1.3084*\dx},{0.3248*\dy}) + -- ({1.3128*\dx},{0.3220*\dy}) + -- ({1.3171*\dx},{0.3191*\dy}) + -- ({1.3215*\dx},{0.3162*\dy}) + -- ({1.3258*\dx},{0.3132*\dy}) + -- ({1.3301*\dx},{0.3102*\dy}) + -- ({1.3344*\dx},{0.3071*\dy}) + -- ({1.3386*\dx},{0.3040*\dy}) + -- ({1.3429*\dx},{0.3008*\dy}) + -- ({1.3471*\dx},{0.2975*\dy}) + -- ({1.3513*\dx},{0.2942*\dy}) + -- ({1.3555*\dx},{0.2908*\dy}) + -- ({1.3597*\dx},{0.2874*\dy}) + -- ({1.3638*\dx},{0.2839*\dy}) + -- ({1.3680*\dx},{0.2803*\dy}) + -- ({1.3721*\dx},{0.2767*\dy}) + -- ({1.3761*\dx},{0.2730*\dy}) + -- ({1.3802*\dx},{0.2693*\dy}) + -- ({1.3842*\dx},{0.2655*\dy}) + -- ({1.3882*\dx},{0.2616*\dy}) + -- ({1.3922*\dx},{0.2577*\dy}) + -- ({1.3961*\dx},{0.2537*\dy}) + -- ({1.4000*\dx},{0.2497*\dy}) + -- ({1.4039*\dx},{0.2456*\dy}) + -- ({1.4077*\dx},{0.2414*\dy}) + -- ({1.4115*\dx},{0.2372*\dy}) + -- ({1.4153*\dx},{0.2329*\dy}) + -- ({1.4191*\dx},{0.2286*\dy}) + -- ({1.4228*\dx},{0.2242*\dy}) + -- ({1.4264*\dx},{0.2197*\dy}) + -- ({1.4301*\dx},{0.2152*\dy}) + -- ({1.4337*\dx},{0.2107*\dy}) + -- ({1.4372*\dx},{0.2060*\dy}) + -- ({1.4407*\dx},{0.2014*\dy}) + -- ({1.4442*\dx},{0.1966*\dy}) + -- ({1.4476*\dx},{0.1918*\dy}) + -- ({1.4510*\dx},{0.1869*\dy}) + -- ({1.4544*\dx},{0.1820*\dy}) + -- ({1.4577*\dx},{0.1770*\dy}) + -- ({1.4609*\dx},{0.1720*\dy}) + -- ({1.4642*\dx},{0.1669*\dy}) + -- ({1.4673*\dx},{0.1618*\dy}) + -- ({1.4704*\dx},{0.1566*\dy}) + -- ({1.4735*\dx},{0.1513*\dy}) + -- ({1.4765*\dx},{0.1460*\dy}) + -- ({1.4795*\dx},{0.1406*\dy}) + -- ({1.4824*\dx},{0.1352*\dy}) + -- ({1.4853*\dx},{0.1297*\dy}) + -- ({1.4881*\dx},{0.1241*\dy}) + -- ({1.4908*\dx},{0.1185*\dy}) + -- ({1.4935*\dx},{0.1129*\dy}) + -- ({1.4961*\dx},{0.1072*\dy}) + -- ({1.4987*\dx},{0.1014*\dy}) + -- ({1.5012*\dx},{0.0956*\dy}) + -- ({1.5037*\dx},{0.0897*\dy}) + -- ({1.5061*\dx},{0.0838*\dy}) + -- ({1.5084*\dx},{0.0778*\dy}) + -- ({1.5107*\dx},{0.0718*\dy}) + -- ({1.5129*\dx},{0.0657*\dy}) + -- ({1.5151*\dx},{0.0596*\dy}) + -- ({1.5172*\dx},{0.0534*\dy}) + -- ({1.5192*\dx},{0.0472*\dy}) + -- ({1.5211*\dx},{0.0409*\dy}) + -- ({1.5230*\dx},{0.0346*\dy}) + -- ({1.5248*\dx},{0.0282*\dy}) + -- ({1.5265*\dx},{0.0218*\dy}) + -- ({1.5282*\dx},{0.0153*\dy}) + -- ({1.5298*\dx},{0.0088*\dy}) + -- ({1.5313*\dx},{0.0023*\dy}) + -- ({1.5328*\dx},{-0.0043*\dy}) + -- ({1.5341*\dx},{-0.0110*\dy}) + -- ({1.5354*\dx},{-0.0177*\dy}) + -- ({1.5366*\dx},{-0.0244*\dy}) + -- ({1.5378*\dx},{-0.0312*\dy}) + -- ({1.5388*\dx},{-0.0380*\dy}) + -- ({1.5398*\dx},{-0.0448*\dy}) + -- ({1.5407*\dx},{-0.0517*\dy}) + -- ({1.5415*\dx},{-0.0586*\dy}) + -- ({1.5422*\dx},{-0.0656*\dy}) + -- ({1.5429*\dx},{-0.0726*\dy}) + -- ({1.5434*\dx},{-0.0796*\dy}) + -- ({1.5439*\dx},{-0.0867*\dy}) + -- ({1.5443*\dx},{-0.0938*\dy}) + -- ({1.5446*\dx},{-0.1010*\dy}) + -- ({1.5448*\dx},{-0.1081*\dy}) + -- ({1.5449*\dx},{-0.1153*\dy}) + -- ({1.5449*\dx},{-0.1226*\dy}) + -- ({1.5449*\dx},{-0.1298*\dy}) + -- ({1.5447*\dx},{-0.1371*\dy}) + -- ({1.5444*\dx},{-0.1444*\dy}) + -- ({1.5441*\dx},{-0.1518*\dy}) + -- ({1.5437*\dx},{-0.1591*\dy}) + -- ({1.5431*\dx},{-0.1665*\dy}) + -- ({1.5425*\dx},{-0.1740*\dy}) + -- ({1.5418*\dx},{-0.1814*\dy}) + -- ({1.5409*\dx},{-0.1888*\dy}) + -- ({1.5400*\dx},{-0.1963*\dy}) + -- ({1.5390*\dx},{-0.2038*\dy}) + -- ({1.5378*\dx},{-0.2113*\dy}) + -- ({1.5366*\dx},{-0.2188*\dy}) + -- ({1.5353*\dx},{-0.2264*\dy}) + -- ({1.5339*\dx},{-0.2339*\dy}) + -- ({1.5323*\dx},{-0.2415*\dy}) + -- ({1.5307*\dx},{-0.2491*\dy}) + -- ({1.5289*\dx},{-0.2566*\dy}) + -- ({1.5271*\dx},{-0.2642*\dy}) + -- ({1.5251*\dx},{-0.2718*\dy}) + -- ({1.5230*\dx},{-0.2794*\dy}) + -- ({1.5209*\dx},{-0.2870*\dy}) + -- ({1.5186*\dx},{-0.2946*\dy}) + -- ({1.5162*\dx},{-0.3022*\dy}) + -- ({1.5137*\dx},{-0.3098*\dy}) + -- ({1.5111*\dx},{-0.3174*\dy}) + -- ({1.5084*\dx},{-0.3250*\dy}) + -- ({1.5055*\dx},{-0.3326*\dy}) + -- ({1.5026*\dx},{-0.3402*\dy}) + -- ({1.4995*\dx},{-0.3477*\dy}) + -- ({1.4963*\dx},{-0.3553*\dy}) + -- ({1.4931*\dx},{-0.3628*\dy}) + -- ({1.4897*\dx},{-0.3704*\dy}) + -- ({1.4862*\dx},{-0.3779*\dy}) + -- ({1.4825*\dx},{-0.3854*\dy}) + -- ({1.4788*\dx},{-0.3929*\dy}) + -- ({1.4749*\dx},{-0.4003*\dy}) + -- ({1.4710*\dx},{-0.4078*\dy}) + -- ({1.4669*\dx},{-0.4152*\dy}) + -- ({1.4627*\dx},{-0.4226*\dy}) + -- ({1.4584*\dx},{-0.4300*\dy}) + -- ({1.4539*\dx},{-0.4373*\dy}) + -- ({1.4494*\dx},{-0.4446*\dy}) + -- ({1.4447*\dx},{-0.4519*\dy}) + -- ({1.4399*\dx},{-0.4591*\dy}) + -- ({1.4350*\dx},{-0.4663*\dy}) + -- ({1.4300*\dx},{-0.4735*\dy}) + -- ({1.4249*\dx},{-0.4806*\dy}) + -- ({1.4197*\dx},{-0.4877*\dy}) + -- ({1.4143*\dx},{-0.4947*\dy}) + -- ({1.4088*\dx},{-0.5017*\dy}) + -- ({1.4032*\dx},{-0.5086*\dy}) + -- ({1.3975*\dx},{-0.5155*\dy}) + -- ({1.3916*\dx},{-0.5224*\dy}) + -- ({1.3857*\dx},{-0.5292*\dy}) + -- ({1.3796*\dx},{-0.5359*\dy}) + -- ({1.3734*\dx},{-0.5426*\dy}) + -- ({1.3671*\dx},{-0.5492*\dy}) + -- ({1.3607*\dx},{-0.5558*\dy}) + -- ({1.3542*\dx},{-0.5623*\dy}) + -- ({1.3475*\dx},{-0.5687*\dy}) + -- ({1.3408*\dx},{-0.5751*\dy}) + -- ({1.3339*\dx},{-0.5814*\dy}) + -- ({1.3269*\dx},{-0.5876*\dy}) + -- ({1.3198*\dx},{-0.5937*\dy}) + -- ({1.3126*\dx},{-0.5998*\dy}) + -- ({1.3052*\dx},{-0.6058*\dy}) + -- ({1.2978*\dx},{-0.6117*\dy}) + -- ({1.2902*\dx},{-0.6176*\dy}) + -- ({1.2826*\dx},{-0.6233*\dy}) + -- ({1.2748*\dx},{-0.6290*\dy}) + -- ({1.2669*\dx},{-0.6346*\dy}) + -- ({1.2589*\dx},{-0.6401*\dy}) + -- ({1.2508*\dx},{-0.6455*\dy}) + -- ({1.2426*\dx},{-0.6508*\dy}) + -- ({1.2343*\dx},{-0.6560*\dy}) + -- ({1.2259*\dx},{-0.6611*\dy}) + -- ({1.2173*\dx},{-0.6662*\dy}) + -- ({1.2087*\dx},{-0.6711*\dy}) + -- ({1.2000*\dx},{-0.6759*\dy}) + -- ({1.1911*\dx},{-0.6806*\dy}) + -- ({1.1822*\dx},{-0.6852*\dy}) + -- ({1.1731*\dx},{-0.6897*\dy}) + -- ({1.1640*\dx},{-0.6941*\dy}) + -- ({1.1548*\dx},{-0.6984*\dy}) + -- ({1.1454*\dx},{-0.7025*\dy}) + -- ({1.1360*\dx},{-0.7065*\dy}) + -- ({1.1265*\dx},{-0.7105*\dy}) + -- ({1.1169*\dx},{-0.7143*\dy}) + -- ({1.1072*\dx},{-0.7179*\dy}) + -- ({1.0974*\dx},{-0.7215*\dy}) + -- ({1.0875*\dx},{-0.7249*\dy}) + -- ({1.0775*\dx},{-0.7282*\dy}) + -- ({1.0674*\dx},{-0.7313*\dy}) + -- ({1.0573*\dx},{-0.7344*\dy}) + -- ({1.0471*\dx},{-0.7373*\dy}) + -- ({1.0368*\dx},{-0.7400*\dy}) + -- ({1.0264*\dx},{-0.7426*\dy}) + -- ({1.0159*\dx},{-0.7451*\dy}) + -- ({1.0054*\dx},{-0.7474*\dy}) + -- ({0.9948*\dx},{-0.7496*\dy}) + -- ({0.9841*\dx},{-0.7517*\dy}) + -- ({0.9734*\dx},{-0.7536*\dy}) + -- ({0.9625*\dx},{-0.7553*\dy}) + -- ({0.9516*\dx},{-0.7569*\dy}) + -- ({0.9407*\dx},{-0.7584*\dy}) + -- ({0.9297*\dx},{-0.7596*\dy}) + -- ({0.9186*\dx},{-0.7608*\dy}) + -- ({0.9075*\dx},{-0.7617*\dy}) + -- ({0.8963*\dx},{-0.7626*\dy}) + -- ({0.8850*\dx},{-0.7632*\dy}) + -- ({0.8738*\dx},{-0.7637*\dy}) + -- ({0.8624*\dx},{-0.7640*\dy}) + -- ({0.8510*\dx},{-0.7642*\dy}) + -- ({0.8396*\dx},{-0.7642*\dy}) + -- ({0.8281*\dx},{-0.7640*\dy}) + -- ({0.8166*\dx},{-0.7636*\dy}) + -- ({0.8050*\dx},{-0.7631*\dy}) + -- ({0.7934*\dx},{-0.7624*\dy}) + -- ({0.7818*\dx},{-0.7615*\dy}) + -- ({0.7702*\dx},{-0.7605*\dy}) + -- ({0.7585*\dx},{-0.7593*\dy}) + -- ({0.7468*\dx},{-0.7579*\dy}) + -- ({0.7350*\dx},{-0.7563*\dy}) + -- ({0.7233*\dx},{-0.7545*\dy}) + -- ({0.7115*\dx},{-0.7526*\dy}) + -- ({0.6998*\dx},{-0.7504*\dy}) + -- ({0.6880*\dx},{-0.7481*\dy}) + -- ({0.6762*\dx},{-0.7456*\dy}) + -- ({0.6644*\dx},{-0.7429*\dy}) + -- ({0.6526*\dx},{-0.7401*\dy}) + -- ({0.6407*\dx},{-0.7370*\dy}) + -- ({0.6289*\dx},{-0.7337*\dy}) + -- ({0.6171*\dx},{-0.7303*\dy}) + -- ({0.6054*\dx},{-0.7267*\dy}) + -- ({0.5936*\dx},{-0.7229*\dy}) + -- ({0.5818*\dx},{-0.7188*\dy}) + -- ({0.5701*\dx},{-0.7146*\dy}) + -- ({0.5583*\dx},{-0.7102*\dy}) + -- ({0.5466*\dx},{-0.7056*\dy}) + -- ({0.5350*\dx},{-0.7008*\dy}) + -- ({0.5233*\dx},{-0.6959*\dy}) + -- ({0.5117*\dx},{-0.6907*\dy}) + -- ({0.5002*\dx},{-0.6853*\dy}) + -- ({0.4886*\dx},{-0.6797*\dy}) + -- ({0.4772*\dx},{-0.6740*\dy}) + -- ({0.4657*\dx},{-0.6680*\dy}) + -- ({0.4543*\dx},{-0.6618*\dy}) + -- ({0.4430*\dx},{-0.6555*\dy}) + -- ({0.4317*\dx},{-0.6489*\dy}) + -- ({0.4205*\dx},{-0.6422*\dy}) + -- ({0.4094*\dx},{-0.6352*\dy}) + -- ({0.3983*\dx},{-0.6281*\dy}) + -- ({0.3873*\dx},{-0.6208*\dy}) + -- ({0.3763*\dx},{-0.6132*\dy}) + -- ({0.3655*\dx},{-0.6055*\dy}) + -- ({0.3547*\dx},{-0.5976*\dy}) + -- ({0.3440*\dx},{-0.5894*\dy}) + -- ({0.3334*\dx},{-0.5811*\dy}) + -- ({0.3229*\dx},{-0.5726*\dy}) + -- ({0.3125*\dx},{-0.5639*\dy}) + -- ({0.3022*\dx},{-0.5550*\dy}) + -- ({0.2920*\dx},{-0.5459*\dy}) + -- ({0.2818*\dx},{-0.5367*\dy}) + -- ({0.2718*\dx},{-0.5272*\dy}) + -- ({0.2620*\dx},{-0.5175*\dy}) + -- ({0.2522*\dx},{-0.5077*\dy}) + -- ({0.2425*\dx},{-0.4977*\dy}) + -- ({0.2330*\dx},{-0.4875*\dy}) + -- ({0.2236*\dx},{-0.4771*\dy}) + -- ({0.2144*\dx},{-0.4665*\dy}) + -- ({0.2052*\dx},{-0.4557*\dy}) + -- ({0.1962*\dx},{-0.4448*\dy}) + -- ({0.1874*\dx},{-0.4337*\dy}) + -- ({0.1787*\dx},{-0.4224*\dy}) + -- ({0.1701*\dx},{-0.4109*\dy}) + -- ({0.1617*\dx},{-0.3992*\dy}) + -- ({0.1535*\dx},{-0.3874*\dy}) + -- ({0.1454*\dx},{-0.3754*\dy}) + -- ({0.1375*\dx},{-0.3633*\dy}) + -- ({0.1297*\dx},{-0.3509*\dy}) + -- ({0.1221*\dx},{-0.3384*\dy}) + -- ({0.1147*\dx},{-0.3258*\dy}) + -- ({0.1074*\dx},{-0.3130*\dy}) + -- ({0.1004*\dx},{-0.3000*\dy}) + -- ({0.0935*\dx},{-0.2869*\dy}) + -- ({0.0868*\dx},{-0.2736*\dy}) + -- ({0.0803*\dx},{-0.2602*\dy}) + -- ({0.0740*\dx},{-0.2466*\dy}) + -- ({0.0679*\dx},{-0.2329*\dy}) + -- ({0.0620*\dx},{-0.2190*\dy}) + -- ({0.0563*\dx},{-0.2050*\dy}) + -- ({0.0508*\dx},{-0.1908*\dy}) + -- ({0.0455*\dx},{-0.1766*\dy}) + -- ({0.0404*\dx},{-0.1622*\dy}) + -- ({0.0355*\dx},{-0.1476*\dy}) + -- ({0.0309*\dx},{-0.1330*\dy}) + -- ({0.0264*\dx},{-0.1182*\dy}) + -- ({0.0222*\dx},{-0.1033*\dy}) + -- ({0.0183*\dx},{-0.0882*\dy}) + -- ({0.0145*\dx},{-0.0731*\dy}) + -- ({0.0110*\dx},{-0.0579*\dy}) + -- ({0.0077*\dx},{-0.0425*\dy}) + -- ({0.0047*\dx},{-0.0271*\dy}) + -- ({0.0019*\dx},{-0.0115*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0006*\dx},{0.0041*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0030*\dx},{0.0199*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0050*\dx},{0.0357*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0068*\dx},{0.0516*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0084*\dx},{0.0676*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0097*\dx},{0.0836*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0107*\dx},{0.0998*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0115*\dx},{0.1160*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0120*\dx},{0.1322*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0122*\dx},{0.1486*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0122*\dx},{0.1649*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0119*\dx},{0.1813*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0114*\dx},{0.1978*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0105*\dx},{0.2143*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0094*\dx},{0.2309*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0080*\dx},{0.2475*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0064*\dx},{0.2641*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0044*\dx},{0.2807*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0022*\dx},{0.2973*\dy}) + -- ({0.0003*\dx},{0.3140*\dy}) + -- ({0.0031*\dx},{0.3307*\dy}) + -- ({0.0061*\dx},{0.3473*\dy}) + -- ({0.0095*\dx},{0.3640*\dy}) + -- ({0.0131*\dx},{0.3807*\dy}) + -- ({0.0171*\dx},{0.3973*\dy}) + -- ({0.0213*\dx},{0.4140*\dy}) + -- ({0.0258*\dx},{0.4306*\dy}) + -- ({0.0306*\dx},{0.4472*\dy}) + -- ({0.0357*\dx},{0.4637*\dy}) + -- ({0.0411*\dx},{0.4803*\dy}) + -- ({0.0467*\dx},{0.4967*\dy}) + -- ({0.0527*\dx},{0.5132*\dy}) + -- ({0.0590*\dx},{0.5296*\dy}) + -- ({0.0655*\dx},{0.5459*\dy}) + -- ({0.0724*\dx},{0.5621*\dy}) + -- ({0.0795*\dx},{0.5783*\dy}) + -- ({0.0869*\dx},{0.5945*\dy}) + -- ({0.0947*\dx},{0.6105*\dy}) + -- ({0.1027*\dx},{0.6264*\dy}) + -- ({0.1110*\dx},{0.6423*\dy}) + -- ({0.1196*\dx},{0.6581*\dy}) + -- ({0.1285*\dx},{0.6737*\dy}) + -- ({0.1376*\dx},{0.6893*\dy}) + -- ({0.1471*\dx},{0.7048*\dy}) + -- ({0.1569*\dx},{0.7201*\dy}) + -- ({0.1669*\dx},{0.7353*\dy}) + -- ({0.1772*\dx},{0.7504*\dy}) + -- ({0.1878*\dx},{0.7653*\dy}) + -- ({0.1987*\dx},{0.7801*\dy}) + -- ({0.2099*\dx},{0.7948*\dy}) + -- ({0.2214*\dx},{0.8093*\dy}) + -- ({0.2331*\dx},{0.8236*\dy}) + -- ({0.2451*\dx},{0.8378*\dy}) + -- ({0.2574*\dx},{0.8519*\dy}) + -- ({0.2700*\dx},{0.8657*\dy}) + -- ({0.2828*\dx},{0.8794*\dy}) + -- ({0.2959*\dx},{0.8929*\dy}) + -- ({0.3093*\dx},{0.9062*\dy}) + -- ({0.3229*\dx},{0.9193*\dy}) + -- ({0.3368*\dx},{0.9322*\dy}) + -- ({0.3509*\dx},{0.9449*\dy}) + -- ({0.3653*\dx},{0.9574*\dy}) + -- ({0.3800*\dx},{0.9697*\dy}) + -- ({0.3949*\dx},{0.9817*\dy}) + -- ({0.4100*\dx},{0.9936*\dy}) + -- ({0.4254*\dx},{1.0052*\dy}) + -- ({0.4411*\dx},{1.0165*\dy}) + -- ({0.4569*\dx},{1.0276*\dy}) + -- ({0.4730*\dx},{1.0385*\dy}) + -- ({0.4894*\dx},{1.0491*\dy}) + -- ({0.5059*\dx},{1.0595*\dy}) + -- ({0.5227*\dx},{1.0696*\dy}) + -- ({0.5397*\dx},{1.0795*\dy}) + -- ({0.5569*\dx},{1.0890*\dy}) + -- ({0.5743*\dx},{1.0983*\dy}) + -- ({0.5919*\dx},{1.1073*\dy}) + -- ({0.6098*\dx},{1.1160*\dy}) + -- ({0.6278*\dx},{1.1245*\dy}) + -- ({0.6460*\dx},{1.1326*\dy}) + -- ({0.6644*\dx},{1.1405*\dy}) + -- ({0.6830*\dx},{1.1480*\dy}) + -- ({0.7017*\dx},{1.1552*\dy}) + -- ({0.7206*\dx},{1.1622*\dy}) + -- ({0.7397*\dx},{1.1688*\dy}) + -- ({0.7590*\dx},{1.1750*\dy}) + -- ({0.7784*\dx},{1.1810*\dy}) + -- ({0.7979*\dx},{1.1866*\dy}) + -- ({0.8176*\dx},{1.1919*\dy}) + -- ({0.8375*\dx},{1.1969*\dy}) + -- ({0.8574*\dx},{1.2015*\dy}) + -- ({0.8775*\dx},{1.2058*\dy}) + -- ({0.8978*\dx},{1.2098*\dy}) + -- ({0.9181*\dx},{1.2133*\dy}) + -- ({0.9385*\dx},{1.2166*\dy}) + -- ({0.9591*\dx},{1.2195*\dy}) + -- ({0.9797*\dx},{1.2220*\dy}) + -- ({1.0005*\dx},{1.2242*\dy}) + -- ({1.0213*\dx},{1.2260*\dy}) + -- ({1.0422*\dx},{1.2274*\dy}) + -- ({1.0632*\dx},{1.2285*\dy}) + -- ({1.0842*\dx},{1.2292*\dy}) + -- ({1.1053*\dx},{1.2295*\dy}) + -- ({1.1264*\dx},{1.2294*\dy}) + -- ({1.1476*\dx},{1.2290*\dy}) + -- ({1.1688*\dx},{1.2282*\dy}) + -- ({1.1901*\dx},{1.2270*\dy}) + -- ({1.2114*\dx},{1.2254*\dy}) + -- ({1.2327*\dx},{1.2234*\dy}) + -- ({1.2540*\dx},{1.2211*\dy}) + -- ({1.2753*\dx},{1.2184*\dy}) + -- ({1.2965*\dx},{1.2152*\dy}) + -- ({1.3178*\dx},{1.2117*\dy}) + -- ({1.3391*\dx},{1.2078*\dy}) + -- ({1.3603*\dx},{1.2035*\dy}) + -- ({1.3815*\dx},{1.1988*\dy}) + -- ({1.4027*\dx},{1.1938*\dy}) + -- ({1.4238*\dx},{1.1883*\dy}) + -- ({1.4448*\dx},{1.1824*\dy}) + -- ({1.4658*\dx},{1.1762*\dy}) + -- ({1.4867*\dx},{1.1695*\dy}) + -- ({1.5076*\dx},{1.1625*\dy}) + -- ({1.5283*\dx},{1.1550*\dy}) + -- ({1.5489*\dx},{1.1472*\dy}) + -- ({1.5695*\dx},{1.1390*\dy}) + -- ({1.5899*\dx},{1.1304*\dy}) + -- ({1.6102*\dx},{1.1214*\dy}) + -- ({1.6304*\dx},{1.1120*\dy}) + -- ({1.6504*\dx},{1.1023*\dy}) + -- ({1.6703*\dx},{1.0921*\dy}) + -- ({1.6901*\dx},{1.0816*\dy}) + -- ({1.7097*\dx},{1.0707*\dy}) + -- ({1.7291*\dx},{1.0594*\dy}) + -- ({1.7484*\dx},{1.0477*\dy}) + -- ({1.7675*\dx},{1.0357*\dy}) + -- ({1.7864*\dx},{1.0233*\dy}) + -- ({1.8051*\dx},{1.0105*\dy}) + -- ({1.8235*\dx},{0.9974*\dy}) + -- ({1.8418*\dx},{0.9839*\dy}) + -- ({1.8599*\dx},{0.9700*\dy}) + -- ({1.8777*\dx},{0.9558*\dy}) + -- ({1.8953*\dx},{0.9412*\dy}) + -- ({1.9127*\dx},{0.9263*\dy}) + -- ({1.9298*\dx},{0.9110*\dy}) + -- ({1.9467*\dx},{0.8954*\dy}) + -- ({1.9632*\dx},{0.8795*\dy}) + -- ({1.9796*\dx},{0.8632*\dy}) + -- ({1.9956*\dx},{0.8466*\dy}) + -- ({2.0114*\dx},{0.8296*\dy}) + -- ({2.0269*\dx},{0.8124*\dy}) + -- ({2.0420*\dx},{0.7948*\dy}) + -- ({2.0569*\dx},{0.7770*\dy}) + -- ({2.0715*\dx},{0.7588*\dy}) + -- ({2.0857*\dx},{0.7403*\dy}) + -- ({2.0996*\dx},{0.7215*\dy}) + -- ({2.1132*\dx},{0.7025*\dy}) + -- ({2.1264*\dx},{0.6831*\dy}) + -- ({2.1393*\dx},{0.6635*\dy}) + -- ({2.1519*\dx},{0.6437*\dy}) + -- ({2.1641*\dx},{0.6235*\dy}) + -- ({2.1759*\dx},{0.6031*\dy}) + -- ({2.1874*\dx},{0.5825*\dy}) + -- ({2.1985*\dx},{0.5616*\dy}) + -- ({2.2092*\dx},{0.5404*\dy}) + -- ({2.2195*\dx},{0.5191*\dy}) + -- ({2.2295*\dx},{0.4975*\dy}) + -- ({2.2390*\dx},{0.4757*\dy}) + -- ({2.2481*\dx},{0.4537*\dy}) + -- ({2.2569*\dx},{0.4315*\dy}) + -- ({2.2652*\dx},{0.4091*\dy}) + -- ({2.2731*\dx},{0.3865*\dy}) + -- ({2.2806*\dx},{0.3638*\dy}) + -- ({2.2877*\dx},{0.3408*\dy}) + -- ({2.2943*\dx},{0.3177*\dy}) + -- ({2.3005*\dx},{0.2945*\dy}) + -- ({2.3063*\dx},{0.2711*\dy}) + -- ({2.3116*\dx},{0.2476*\dy}) + -- ({2.3165*\dx},{0.2239*\dy}) + -- ({2.3210*\dx},{0.2002*\dy}) + -- ({2.3249*\dx},{0.1763*\dy}) + -- ({2.3285*\dx},{0.1523*\dy}) + -- ({2.3316*\dx},{0.1283*\dy}) + -- ({2.3342*\dx},{0.1041*\dy}) + -- ({2.3364*\dx},{0.0799*\dy}) + -- ({2.3381*\dx},{0.0556*\dy}) + -- ({2.3393*\dx},{0.0312*\dy}) + -- ({2.3401*\dx},{0.0068*\dy}) + -- ({2.3403*\dx},{-0.0176*\dy}) + -- ({2.3402*\dx},{-0.0421*\dy}) + -- ({2.3395*\dx},{-0.0665*\dy}) + -- ({2.3384*\dx},{-0.0910*\dy}) + -- ({2.3368*\dx},{-0.1155*\dy}) + -- ({2.3347*\dx},{-0.1400*\dy}) + -- ({2.3322*\dx},{-0.1644*\dy}) + -- ({2.3292*\dx},{-0.1889*\dy}) + -- ({2.3257*\dx},{-0.2133*\dy}) + -- ({2.3217*\dx},{-0.2376*\dy}) + -- ({2.3172*\dx},{-0.2619*\dy}) + -- ({2.3123*\dx},{-0.2861*\dy}) + -- ({2.3069*\dx},{-0.3102*\dy}) + -- ({2.3010*\dx},{-0.3342*\dy}) + -- ({2.2946*\dx},{-0.3582*\dy}) + -- ({2.2878*\dx},{-0.3820*\dy}) + -- ({2.2805*\dx},{-0.4057*\dy}) + -- ({2.2727*\dx},{-0.4293*\dy}) + -- ({2.2645*\dx},{-0.4528*\dy}) + -- ({2.2558*\dx},{-0.4761*\dy}) + -- ({2.2466*\dx},{-0.4992*\dy}) + -- ({2.2370*\dx},{-0.5222*\dy}) + -- ({2.2269*\dx},{-0.5450*\dy}) + -- ({2.2164*\dx},{-0.5676*\dy}) + -- ({2.2054*\dx},{-0.5900*\dy}) + -- ({2.1939*\dx},{-0.6122*\dy}) + -- ({2.1820*\dx},{-0.6342*\dy}) + -- ({2.1697*\dx},{-0.6560*\dy}) + -- ({2.1569*\dx},{-0.6775*\dy}) + -- ({2.1437*\dx},{-0.6988*\dy}) + -- ({2.1301*\dx},{-0.7198*\dy}) + -- ({2.1161*\dx},{-0.7406*\dy}) + -- ({2.1016*\dx},{-0.7611*\dy}) + -- ({2.0867*\dx},{-0.7813*\dy}) + -- ({2.0714*\dx},{-0.8012*\dy}) + -- ({2.0558*\dx},{-0.8208*\dy}) + -- ({2.0397*\dx},{-0.8401*\dy}) + -- ({2.0232*\dx},{-0.8591*\dy}) + -- ({2.0063*\dx},{-0.8778*\dy}) + -- ({1.9891*\dx},{-0.8961*\dy}) + -- ({1.9715*\dx},{-0.9141*\dy}) + -- ({1.9535*\dx},{-0.9318*\dy}) + -- ({1.9352*\dx},{-0.9491*\dy}) + -- ({1.9165*\dx},{-0.9660*\dy}) + -- ({1.8974*\dx},{-0.9825*\dy}) + -- ({1.8781*\dx},{-0.9987*\dy}) + -- ({1.8584*\dx},{-1.0144*\dy}) + -- ({1.8384*\dx},{-1.0298*\dy}) + -- ({1.8181*\dx},{-1.0448*\dy}) + -- ({1.7974*\dx},{-1.0593*\dy}) + -- ({1.7765*\dx},{-1.0735*\dy}) + -- ({1.7553*\dx},{-1.0872*\dy}) + -- ({1.7338*\dx},{-1.1004*\dy}) + -- ({1.7120*\dx},{-1.1133*\dy}) + -- ({1.6900*\dx},{-1.1257*\dy}) + -- ({1.6677*\dx},{-1.1376*\dy}) + -- ({1.6452*\dx},{-1.1491*\dy}) + -- ({1.6225*\dx},{-1.1601*\dy}) + -- ({1.5995*\dx},{-1.1707*\dy}) + -- ({1.5764*\dx},{-1.1808*\dy}) + -- ({1.5530*\dx},{-1.1904*\dy}) + -- ({1.5294*\dx},{-1.1995*\dy}) + -- ({1.5057*\dx},{-1.2081*\dy}) + -- ({1.4817*\dx},{-1.2162*\dy}) + -- ({1.4576*\dx},{-1.2239*\dy}) + -- ({1.4334*\dx},{-1.2310*\dy}) + -- ({1.4090*\dx},{-1.2377*\dy}) + -- ({1.3845*\dx},{-1.2438*\dy}) + -- ({1.3599*\dx},{-1.2494*\dy}) + -- ({1.3352*\dx},{-1.2545*\dy}) + -- ({1.3103*\dx},{-1.2591*\dy}) + -- ({1.2854*\dx},{-1.2632*\dy}) + -- ({1.2605*\dx},{-1.2667*\dy}) + -- ({1.2354*\dx},{-1.2698*\dy}) + -- ({1.2103*\dx},{-1.2723*\dy}) + -- ({1.1852*\dx},{-1.2742*\dy}) + -- ({1.1600*\dx},{-1.2757*\dy}) + -- ({1.1348*\dx},{-1.2766*\dy}) + -- ({1.1097*\dx},{-1.2770*\dy}) + -- ({1.0845*\dx},{-1.2768*\dy}) + -- ({1.0593*\dx},{-1.2762*\dy}) + -- ({1.0342*\dx},{-1.2750*\dy}) + -- ({1.0091*\dx},{-1.2732*\dy}) + -- ({0.9841*\dx},{-1.2710*\dy}) + -- ({0.9591*\dx},{-1.2682*\dy}) + -- ({0.9342*\dx},{-1.2649*\dy}) + -- ({0.9094*\dx},{-1.2610*\dy}) + -- ({0.8848*\dx},{-1.2567*\dy}) + -- ({0.8602*\dx},{-1.2518*\dy}) + -- ({0.8357*\dx},{-1.2464*\dy}) + -- ({0.8114*\dx},{-1.2404*\dy}) + -- ({0.7872*\dx},{-1.2340*\dy}) + -- ({0.7632*\dx},{-1.2271*\dy}) + -- ({0.7394*\dx},{-1.2196*\dy}) + -- ({0.7157*\dx},{-1.2116*\dy}) + -- ({0.6923*\dx},{-1.2032*\dy}) + -- ({0.6690*\dx},{-1.1942*\dy}) + -- ({0.6460*\dx},{-1.1847*\dy}) + -- ({0.6231*\dx},{-1.1748*\dy}) + -- ({0.6006*\dx},{-1.1644*\dy}) + -- ({0.5783*\dx},{-1.1535*\dy}) + -- ({0.5562*\dx},{-1.1421*\dy}) + -- ({0.5344*\dx},{-1.1303*\dy}) + -- ({0.5129*\dx},{-1.1180*\dy}) + -- ({0.4917*\dx},{-1.1052*\dy}) + -- ({0.4708*\dx},{-1.0920*\dy}) + -- ({0.4502*\dx},{-1.0784*\dy}) + -- ({0.4299*\dx},{-1.0643*\dy}) + -- ({0.4100*\dx},{-1.0498*\dy}) + -- ({0.3904*\dx},{-1.0349*\dy}) + -- ({0.3711*\dx},{-1.0195*\dy}) + -- ({0.3523*\dx},{-1.0038*\dy}) + -- ({0.3338*\dx},{-0.9877*\dy}) + -- ({0.3157*\dx},{-0.9712*\dy}) + -- ({0.2979*\dx},{-0.9543*\dy}) + -- ({0.2806*\dx},{-0.9370*\dy}) + -- ({0.2637*\dx},{-0.9194*\dy}) + -- ({0.2472*\dx},{-0.9014*\dy}) + -- ({0.2311*\dx},{-0.8831*\dy}) + -- ({0.2154*\dx},{-0.8645*\dy}) + -- ({0.2002*\dx},{-0.8455*\dy}) + -- ({0.1855*\dx},{-0.8262*\dy}) + -- ({0.1712*\dx},{-0.8066*\dy}) + -- ({0.1573*\dx},{-0.7868*\dy}) + -- ({0.1440*\dx},{-0.7666*\dy}) + -- ({0.1311*\dx},{-0.7462*\dy}) + -- ({0.1187*\dx},{-0.7256*\dy}) + -- ({0.1068*\dx},{-0.7047*\dy}) + -- ({0.0953*\dx},{-0.6835*\dy}) + -- ({0.0844*\dx},{-0.6621*\dy}) + -- ({0.0740*\dx},{-0.6406*\dy}) + -- ({0.0641*\dx},{-0.6188*\dy}) + -- ({0.0547*\dx},{-0.5968*\dy}) + -- ({0.0458*\dx},{-0.5747*\dy}) + -- ({0.0375*\dx},{-0.5524*\dy}) + -- ({0.0296*\dx},{-0.5299*\dy}) + -- ({0.0223*\dx},{-0.5074*\dy}) + -- ({0.0156*\dx},{-0.4847*\dy}) + -- ({0.0093*\dx},{-0.4618*\dy}) + -- ({0.0037*\dx},{-0.4389*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0015*\dx},{-0.4159*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0061*\dx},{-0.3928*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0101*\dx},{-0.3697*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0136*\dx},{-0.3465*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0166*\dx},{-0.3233*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0190*\dx},{-0.3001*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0208*\dx},{-0.2768*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0221*\dx},{-0.2536*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0229*\dx},{-0.2304*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0231*\dx},{-0.2072*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0228*\dx},{-0.1841*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0219*\dx},{-0.1610*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0204*\dx},{-0.1380*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0185*\dx},{-0.1151*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0159*\dx},{-0.0923*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0129*\dx},{-0.0696*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0093*\dx},{-0.0470*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0052*\dx},{-0.0245*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0005*\dx},{-0.0023*\dy}) + -- ({0.0047*\dx},{0.0199*\dy}) + -- ({0.0104*\dx},{0.0418*\dy}) + -- ({0.0166*\dx},{0.0635*\dy}) + -- ({0.0233*\dx},{0.0851*\dy}) + -- ({0.0306*\dx},{0.1064*\dy}) + -- ({0.0383*\dx},{0.1275*\dy}) + -- ({0.0466*\dx},{0.1484*\dy}) + -- ({0.0553*\dx},{0.1690*\dy}) + -- ({0.0645*\dx},{0.1893*\dy}) + -- ({0.0742*\dx},{0.2094*\dy}) + -- ({0.0843*\dx},{0.2291*\dy}) + -- ({0.0950*\dx},{0.2486*\dy}) + -- ({0.1060*\dx},{0.2677*\dy}) + -- ({0.1176*\dx},{0.2866*\dy}) + -- ({0.1295*\dx},{0.3050*\dy}) + -- ({0.1419*\dx},{0.3232*\dy}) + -- ({0.1547*\dx},{0.3410*\dy}) + -- ({0.1679*\dx},{0.3584*\dy}) + -- ({0.1816*\dx},{0.3754*\dy}) + -- ({0.1956*\dx},{0.3921*\dy}) + -- ({0.2100*\dx},{0.4083*\dy}) + -- ({0.2248*\dx},{0.4242*\dy}) + -- ({0.2399*\dx},{0.4396*\dy}) + -- ({0.2554*\dx},{0.4546*\dy}) + -- ({0.2712*\dx},{0.4691*\dy}) + -- ({0.2874*\dx},{0.4832*\dy}) + -- ({0.3038*\dx},{0.4969*\dy}) + -- ({0.3206*\dx},{0.5101*\dy}) + -- ({0.3377*\dx},{0.5228*\dy}) + -- ({0.3550*\dx},{0.5351*\dy}) + -- ({0.3727*\dx},{0.5468*\dy}) + -- ({0.3906*\dx},{0.5581*\dy}) + -- ({0.4087*\dx},{0.5689*\dy}) + -- ({0.4270*\dx},{0.5792*\dy}) + -- ({0.4456*\dx},{0.5889*\dy}) + -- ({0.4644*\dx},{0.5982*\dy}) + -- ({0.4834*\dx},{0.6069*\dy}) + -- ({0.5025*\dx},{0.6151*\dy}) + -- ({0.5218*\dx},{0.6228*\dy}) + -- ({0.5413*\dx},{0.6299*\dy}) + -- ({0.5609*\dx},{0.6365*\dy}) + -- ({0.5806*\dx},{0.6426*\dy}) + -- ({0.6005*\dx},{0.6481*\dy}) + -- ({0.6204*\dx},{0.6531*\dy}) + -- ({0.6404*\dx},{0.6575*\dy}) + -- ({0.6605*\dx},{0.6614*\dy}) + -- ({0.6806*\dx},{0.6647*\dy}) + -- ({0.7007*\dx},{0.6674*\dy}) + -- ({0.7209*\dx},{0.6696*\dy}) + -- ({0.7411*\dx},{0.6713*\dy}) + -- ({0.7613*\dx},{0.6723*\dy}) + -- ({0.7814*\dx},{0.6729*\dy}) + -- ({0.8015*\dx},{0.6728*\dy}) + -- ({0.8216*\dx},{0.6722*\dy}) + -- ({0.8416*\dx},{0.6711*\dy}) + -- ({0.8615*\dx},{0.6694*\dy}) + -- ({0.8813*\dx},{0.6672*\dy}) + -- ({0.9010*\dx},{0.6644*\dy}) + -- ({0.9205*\dx},{0.6610*\dy}) + -- ({0.9400*\dx},{0.6571*\dy}) + -- ({0.9592*\dx},{0.6527*\dy}) + -- ({0.9783*\dx},{0.6478*\dy}) + -- ({0.9972*\dx},{0.6423*\dy}) + -- ({1.0159*\dx},{0.6363*\dy}) + -- ({1.0344*\dx},{0.6298*\dy}) + -- ({1.0527*\dx},{0.6227*\dy}) + -- ({1.0707*\dx},{0.6152*\dy}) + -- ({1.0885*\dx},{0.6071*\dy}) + -- ({1.1060*\dx},{0.5986*\dy}) + -- ({1.1232*\dx},{0.5896*\dy}) + -- ({1.1401*\dx},{0.5801*\dy}) + -- ({1.1567*\dx},{0.5701*\dy}) + -- ({1.1730*\dx},{0.5597*\dy}) + -- ({1.1889*\dx},{0.5488*\dy}) + -- ({1.2045*\dx},{0.5374*\dy}) + -- ({1.2197*\dx},{0.5257*\dy}) + -- ({1.2346*\dx},{0.5135*\dy}) + -- ({1.2491*\dx},{0.5008*\dy}) + -- ({1.2631*\dx},{0.4878*\dy}) + -- ({1.2768*\dx},{0.4744*\dy}) + -- ({1.2900*\dx},{0.4606*\dy}) + -- ({1.3029*\dx},{0.4464*\dy}) + -- ({1.3152*\dx},{0.4319*\dy}) + -- ({1.3271*\dx},{0.4170*\dy}) + -- ({1.3386*\dx},{0.4018*\dy}) + -- ({1.3496*\dx},{0.3862*\dy}) + -- ({1.3601*\dx},{0.3704*\dy}) + -- ({1.3701*\dx},{0.3542*\dy}) + -- ({1.3796*\dx},{0.3378*\dy}) + -- ({1.3886*\dx},{0.3211*\dy}) + -- ({1.3971*\dx},{0.3041*\dy}) + -- ({1.4051*\dx},{0.2869*\dy}) + -- ({1.4125*\dx},{0.2694*\dy}) + -- ({1.4195*\dx},{0.2518*\dy}) + -- ({1.4258*\dx},{0.2339*\dy}) + -- ({1.4316*\dx},{0.2159*\dy}) + -- ({1.4369*\dx},{0.1977*\dy}) + -- ({1.4416*\dx},{0.1793*\dy}) + -- ({1.4457*\dx},{0.1608*\dy}) + -- ({1.4493*\dx},{0.1422*\dy}) + -- ({1.4523*\dx},{0.1235*\dy}) + -- ({1.4547*\dx},{0.1047*\dy}) + -- ({1.4565*\dx},{0.0858*\dy}) + -- ({1.4577*\dx},{0.0668*\dy}) + -- ({1.4584*\dx},{0.0478*\dy}) + -- ({1.4584*\dx},{0.0288*\dy}) + -- ({1.4579*\dx},{0.0098*\dy}) + -- ({1.4568*\dx},{-0.0092*\dy}) + -- ({1.4551*\dx},{-0.0282*\dy}) + -- ({1.4528*\dx},{-0.0472*\dy}) + -- ({1.4499*\dx},{-0.0661*\dy}) + -- ({1.4464*\dx},{-0.0849*\dy}) + -- ({1.4424*\dx},{-0.1036*\dy}) + -- ({1.4377*\dx},{-0.1222*\dy}) + -- ({1.4325*\dx},{-0.1407*\dy}) + -- ({1.4267*\dx},{-0.1591*\dy}) + -- ({1.4202*\dx},{-0.1773*\dy}) + -- ({1.4133*\dx},{-0.1953*\dy}) + -- ({1.4057*\dx},{-0.2131*\dy}) + -- ({1.3976*\dx},{-0.2307*\dy}) + -- ({1.3889*\dx},{-0.2481*\dy}) + -- ({1.3797*\dx},{-0.2652*\dy}) + -- ({1.3699*\dx},{-0.2821*\dy}) + -- ({1.3595*\dx},{-0.2987*\dy}) + -- ({1.3487*\dx},{-0.3151*\dy}) + -- ({1.3373*\dx},{-0.3311*\dy}) + -- ({1.3253*\dx},{-0.3468*\dy}) + -- ({1.3129*\dx},{-0.3621*\dy}) + -- ({1.2999*\dx},{-0.3771*\dy}) + -- ({1.2865*\dx},{-0.3917*\dy}) + -- ({1.2725*\dx},{-0.4060*\dy}) + -- ({1.2581*\dx},{-0.4198*\dy}) + -- ({1.2432*\dx},{-0.4333*\dy}) + -- ({1.2279*\dx},{-0.4463*\dy}) + -- ({1.2121*\dx},{-0.4589*\dy}) + -- ({1.1959*\dx},{-0.4710*\dy}) + -- ({1.1792*\dx},{-0.4826*\dy}) + -- ({1.1622*\dx},{-0.4938*\dy}) + -- ({1.1447*\dx},{-0.5045*\dy}) + -- ({1.1269*\dx},{-0.5147*\dy}) + -- ({1.1087*\dx},{-0.5243*\dy}) + -- ({1.0901*\dx},{-0.5335*\dy}) + -- ({1.0712*\dx},{-0.5420*\dy}) + -- ({1.0520*\dx},{-0.5501*\dy}) + -- ({1.0324*\dx},{-0.5575*\dy}) + -- ({1.0126*\dx},{-0.5644*\dy}) + -- ({0.9924*\dx},{-0.5708*\dy}) + -- ({0.9721*\dx},{-0.5765*\dy}) + -- ({0.9514*\dx},{-0.5816*\dy}) + -- ({0.9305*\dx},{-0.5861*\dy}) + -- ({0.9094*\dx},{-0.5900*\dy}) + -- ({0.8881*\dx},{-0.5933*\dy}) + -- ({0.8666*\dx},{-0.5959*\dy}) + -- ({0.8450*\dx},{-0.5979*\dy}) + -- ({0.8232*\dx},{-0.5993*\dy}) + -- ({0.8013*\dx},{-0.6000*\dy}) + -- ({0.7792*\dx},{-0.6000*\dy}) + -- ({0.7571*\dx},{-0.5994*\dy}) + -- ({0.7349*\dx},{-0.5981*\dy}) + -- ({0.7126*\dx},{-0.5961*\dy}) + -- ({0.6903*\dx},{-0.5935*\dy}) + -- ({0.6680*\dx},{-0.5902*\dy}) + -- ({0.6457*\dx},{-0.5862*\dy}) + -- ({0.6234*\dx},{-0.5815*\dy}) + -- ({0.6012*\dx},{-0.5762*\dy}) + -- ({0.5790*\dx},{-0.5701*\dy}) + -- ({0.5568*\dx},{-0.5634*\dy}) + -- ({0.5348*\dx},{-0.5560*\dy}) + -- ({0.5129*\dx},{-0.5479*\dy}) + -- ({0.4911*\dx},{-0.5391*\dy}) + -- ({0.4695*\dx},{-0.5297*\dy}) + -- ({0.4481*\dx},{-0.5196*\dy}) + -- ({0.4269*\dx},{-0.5087*\dy}) + -- ({0.4058*\dx},{-0.4973*\dy}) + -- ({0.3850*\dx},{-0.4851*\dy}) + -- ({0.3645*\dx},{-0.4723*\dy}) + -- ({0.3442*\dx},{-0.4589*\dy}) + -- ({0.3243*\dx},{-0.4448*\dy}) + -- ({0.3046*\dx},{-0.4300*\dy}) + -- ({0.2853*\dx},{-0.4146*\dy}) + -- ({0.2663*\dx},{-0.3986*\dy}) + -- ({0.2477*\dx},{-0.3820*\dy}) + -- ({0.2295*\dx},{-0.3647*\dy}) + -- ({0.2117*\dx},{-0.3468*\dy}) + -- ({0.1943*\dx},{-0.3284*\dy}) + -- ({0.1774*\dx},{-0.3093*\dy}) + -- ({0.1609*\dx},{-0.2897*\dy}) + -- ({0.1449*\dx},{-0.2695*\dy}) + -- ({0.1294*\dx},{-0.2488*\dy}) + -- ({0.1144*\dx},{-0.2275*\dy}) + -- ({0.0999*\dx},{-0.2057*\dy}) + -- ({0.0860*\dx},{-0.1834*\dy}) + -- ({0.0726*\dx},{-0.1606*\dy}) + -- ({0.0598*\dx},{-0.1373*\dy}) + -- ({0.0476*\dx},{-0.1135*\dy}) + -- ({0.0360*\dx},{-0.0893*\dy}) + -- ({0.0250*\dx},{-0.0646*\dy}) + -- ({0.0147*\dx},{-0.0395*\dy}) + -- ({0.0050*\dx},{-0.0140*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0040*\dx},{0.0119*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0124*\dx},{0.0382*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0201*\dx},{0.0648*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0270*\dx},{0.0918*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0333*\dx},{0.1191*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0388*\dx},{0.1466*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0436*\dx},{0.1745*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0477*\dx},{0.2027*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0510*\dx},{0.2311*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0535*\dx},{0.2597*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0553*\dx},{0.2885*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0563*\dx},{0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0565*\dx},{0.3466*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0559*\dx},{0.3759*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0545*\dx},{0.4054*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0523*\dx},{0.4349*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0494*\dx},{0.4645*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0455*\dx},{0.4941*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0409*\dx},{0.5238*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0355*\dx},{0.5535*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0292*\dx},{0.5832*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0221*\dx},{0.6128*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0142*\dx},{0.6424*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0054*\dx},{0.6719*\dy}) + -- ({0.0042*\dx},{0.7013*\dy}) + -- ({0.0146*\dx},{0.7305*\dy}) + -- ({0.0258*\dx},{0.7597*\dy}) + -- ({0.0379*\dx},{0.7886*\dy}) + -- ({0.0508*\dx},{0.8174*\dy}) + -- ({0.0645*\dx},{0.8459*\dy}) + -- ({0.0790*\dx},{0.8742*\dy}) + -- ({0.0943*\dx},{0.9022*\dy}) + -- ({0.1105*\dx},{0.9299*\dy}) + -- ({0.1274*\dx},{0.9573*\dy}) + -- ({0.1452*\dx},{0.9844*\dy}) + -- ({0.1637*\dx},{1.0111*\dy}) + -- ({0.1830*\dx},{1.0375*\dy}) + -- ({0.2031*\dx},{1.0634*\dy}) + -- ({0.2239*\dx},{1.0889*\dy}) + -- ({0.2455*\dx},{1.1140*\dy}) + -- ({0.2679*\dx},{1.1386*\dy}) + -- ({0.2910*\dx},{1.1627*\dy}) + -- ({0.3148*\dx},{1.1863*\dy}) + -- ({0.3393*\dx},{1.2094*\dy}) + -- ({0.3645*\dx},{1.2319*\dy}) + -- ({0.3904*\dx},{1.2539*\dy}) + -- ({0.4169*\dx},{1.2752*\dy}) + -- ({0.4442*\dx},{1.2960*\dy}) + -- ({0.4720*\dx},{1.3161*\dy}) + -- ({0.5005*\dx},{1.3355*\dy}) + -- ({0.5296*\dx},{1.3543*\dy}) + -- ({0.5593*\dx},{1.3724*\dy}) + -- ({0.5896*\dx},{1.3898*\dy}) + -- ({0.6204*\dx},{1.4065*\dy}) + -- ({0.6518*\dx},{1.4224*\dy}) + -- ({0.6837*\dx},{1.4376*\dy}) + -- ({0.7161*\dx},{1.4520*\dy}) + -- ({0.7489*\dx},{1.4656*\dy}) + -- ({0.7823*\dx},{1.4784*\dy}) + -- ({0.8160*\dx},{1.4903*\dy}) + -- ({0.8503*\dx},{1.5015*\dy}) + -- ({0.8849*\dx},{1.5118*\dy}) + -- ({0.9198*\dx},{1.5213*\dy}) + -- ({0.9552*\dx},{1.5298*\dy}) + -- ({0.9908*\dx},{1.5375*\dy}) + -- ({1.0268*\dx},{1.5443*\dy}) + -- ({1.0631*\dx},{1.5502*\dy}) + -- ({1.0996*\dx},{1.5552*\dy}) + -- ({1.1364*\dx},{1.5593*\dy}) + -- ({1.1733*\dx},{1.5624*\dy}) + -- ({1.2105*\dx},{1.5646*\dy}) + -- ({1.2478*\dx},{1.5658*\dy}) + -- ({1.2853*\dx},{1.5661*\dy}) + -- ({1.3229*\dx},{1.5655*\dy}) + -- ({1.3606*\dx},{1.5638*\dy}) + -- ({1.3983*\dx},{1.5613*\dy}) + -- ({1.4361*\dx},{1.5577*\dy}) + -- ({1.4738*\dx},{1.5531*\dy}) + -- ({1.5116*\dx},{1.5476*\dy}) + -- ({1.5493*\dx},{1.5411*\dy}) + -- ({1.5870*\dx},{1.5337*\dy}) + -- ({1.6245*\dx},{1.5252*\dy}) + -- ({1.6620*\dx},{1.5158*\dy}) + -- ({1.6993*\dx},{1.5054*\dy}) + -- ({1.7364*\dx},{1.4940*\dy}) + -- ({1.7733*\dx},{1.4816*\dy}) + -- ({1.8100*\dx},{1.4683*\dy}) + -- ({1.8464*\dx},{1.4540*\dy}) + -- ({1.8826*\dx},{1.4388*\dy}) + -- ({1.9184*\dx},{1.4226*\dy}) + -- ({1.9539*\dx},{1.4055*\dy}) + -- ({1.9891*\dx},{1.3874*\dy}) + -- ({2.0238*\dx},{1.3684*\dy}) + -- ({2.0582*\dx},{1.3484*\dy}) + -- ({2.0921*\dx},{1.3276*\dy}) + -- ({2.1255*\dx},{1.3059*\dy}) + -- ({2.1585*\dx},{1.2832*\dy}) + -- ({2.1910*\dx},{1.2597*\dy}) + -- ({2.2229*\dx},{1.2353*\dy}) + -- ({2.2543*\dx},{1.2101*\dy}) + -- ({2.2850*\dx},{1.1840*\dy}) + -- ({2.3152*\dx},{1.1571*\dy}) + -- ({2.3448*\dx},{1.1294*\dy}) + -- ({2.3736*\dx},{1.1009*\dy}) + -- ({2.4019*\dx},{1.0716*\dy}) + -- ({2.4294*\dx},{1.0416*\dy}) + -- ({2.4562*\dx},{1.0108*\dy}) + -- ({2.4822*\dx},{0.9793*\dy}) + -- ({2.5075*\dx},{0.9471*\dy}) + -- ({2.5321*\dx},{0.9142*\dy}) + -- ({2.5558*\dx},{0.8807*\dy}) + -- ({2.5787*\dx},{0.8465*\dy}) + -- ({2.6008*\dx},{0.8117*\dy}) + -- ({2.6220*\dx},{0.7762*\dy}) + -- ({2.6423*\dx},{0.7402*\dy}) + -- ({2.6618*\dx},{0.7037*\dy}) + -- ({2.6803*\dx},{0.6666*\dy}) + -- ({2.6980*\dx},{0.6290*\dy}) + -- ({2.7147*\dx},{0.5909*\dy}) + -- ({2.7305*\dx},{0.5524*\dy}) + -- ({2.7453*\dx},{0.5134*\dy}) + -- ({2.7591*\dx},{0.4740*\dy}) + -- ({2.7719*\dx},{0.4342*\dy}) + -- ({2.7838*\dx},{0.3941*\dy}) + -- ({2.7946*\dx},{0.3537*\dy}) + -- ({2.8045*\dx},{0.3129*\dy}) + -- ({2.8133*\dx},{0.2719*\dy}) + -- ({2.8210*\dx},{0.2306*\dy}) + -- ({2.8278*\dx},{0.1891*\dy}) + -- ({2.8335*\dx},{0.1474*\dy}) + -- ({2.8381*\dx},{0.1055*\dy}) + -- ({2.8417*\dx},{0.0636*\dy}) + -- ({2.8442*\dx},{0.0215*\dy}) + -- ({2.8457*\dx},{-0.0207*\dy}) + -- ({2.8461*\dx},{-0.0629*\dy}) + -- ({2.8454*\dx},{-0.1052*\dy}) + -- ({2.8436*\dx},{-0.1474*\dy}) + -- ({2.8408*\dx},{-0.1896*\dy}) + -- ({2.8369*\dx},{-0.2317*\dy}) + -- ({2.8320*\dx},{-0.2738*\dy}) + -- ({2.8260*\dx},{-0.3157*\dy}) + -- ({2.8189*\dx},{-0.3574*\dy}) + -- ({2.8108*\dx},{-0.3990*\dy}) + -- ({2.8016*\dx},{-0.4404*\dy}) + -- ({2.7914*\dx},{-0.4815*\dy}) + -- ({2.7801*\dx},{-0.5224*\dy}) + -- ({2.7678*\dx},{-0.5629*\dy}) + -- ({2.7545*\dx},{-0.6032*\dy}) + -- ({2.7401*\dx},{-0.6430*\dy}) + -- ({2.7248*\dx},{-0.6825*\dy}) + -- ({2.7084*\dx},{-0.7216*\dy}) + -- ({2.6911*\dx},{-0.7603*\dy}) + -- ({2.6728*\dx},{-0.7985*\dy}) + -- ({2.6535*\dx},{-0.8362*\dy}) + -- ({2.6333*\dx},{-0.8734*\dy}) + -- ({2.6122*\dx},{-0.9100*\dy}) + -- ({2.5901*\dx},{-0.9461*\dy}) + -- ({2.5671*\dx},{-0.9816*\dy}) + -- ({2.5433*\dx},{-1.0165*\dy}) + -- ({2.5186*\dx},{-1.0507*\dy}) + -- ({2.4930*\dx},{-1.0843*\dy}) + -- ({2.4667*\dx},{-1.1172*\dy}) + -- ({2.4395*\dx},{-1.1494*\dy}) + -- ({2.4115*\dx},{-1.1808*\dy}) + -- ({2.3827*\dx},{-1.2115*\dy}) + -- ({2.3532*\dx},{-1.2414*\dy}) + -- ({2.3230*\dx},{-1.2706*\dy}) + -- ({2.2921*\dx},{-1.2989*\dy}) + -- ({2.2605*\dx},{-1.3264*\dy}) + -- ({2.2282*\dx},{-1.3530*\dy}) + -- ({2.1953*\dx},{-1.3788*\dy}) + -- ({2.1618*\dx},{-1.4037*\dy}) + -- ({2.1277*\dx},{-1.4277*\dy}) + -- ({2.0930*\dx},{-1.4508*\dy}) + -- ({2.0578*\dx},{-1.4729*\dy}) + -- ({2.0221*\dx},{-1.4941*\dy}) + -- ({1.9859*\dx},{-1.5144*\dy}) + -- ({1.9493*\dx},{-1.5337*\dy}) + -- ({1.9123*\dx},{-1.5520*\dy}) + -- ({1.8748*\dx},{-1.5693*\dy}) + -- ({1.8370*\dx},{-1.5856*\dy}) + -- ({1.7988*\dx},{-1.6009*\dy}) + -- ({1.7604*\dx},{-1.6152*\dy}) + -- ({1.7216*\dx},{-1.6285*\dy}) + -- ({1.6826*\dx},{-1.6407*\dy}) + -- ({1.6434*\dx},{-1.6519*\dy}) + -- ({1.6040*\dx},{-1.6620*\dy}) + -- ({1.5644*\dx},{-1.6711*\dy}) + -- ({1.5247*\dx},{-1.6792*\dy}) + -- ({1.4848*\dx},{-1.6862*\dy}) + -- ({1.4449*\dx},{-1.6921*\dy}) + -- ({1.4050*\dx},{-1.6970*\dy}) + -- ({1.3650*\dx},{-1.7009*\dy}) + -- ({1.3250*\dx},{-1.7037*\dy}) + -- ({1.2851*\dx},{-1.7054*\dy}) + -- ({1.2453*\dx},{-1.7061*\dy}) + -- ({1.2056*\dx},{-1.7058*\dy}) + -- ({1.1660*\dx},{-1.7044*\dy}) + -- ({1.1265*\dx},{-1.7020*\dy}) + -- ({1.0873*\dx},{-1.6986*\dy}) + -- ({1.0482*\dx},{-1.6941*\dy}) + -- ({1.0095*\dx},{-1.6887*\dy}) + -- ({0.9709*\dx},{-1.6822*\dy}) + -- ({0.9327*\dx},{-1.6747*\dy}) + -- ({0.8949*\dx},{-1.6663*\dy}) + -- ({0.8574*\dx},{-1.6569*\dy}) + -- ({0.8202*\dx},{-1.6466*\dy}) + -- ({0.7835*\dx},{-1.6353*\dy}) + -- ({0.7473*\dx},{-1.6231*\dy}) + -- ({0.7115*\dx},{-1.6099*\dy}) + -- ({0.6761*\dx},{-1.5959*\dy}) + -- ({0.6413*\dx},{-1.5810*\dy}) + -- ({0.6071*\dx},{-1.5652*\dy}) + -- ({0.5734*\dx},{-1.5486*\dy}) + -- ({0.5403*\dx},{-1.5312*\dy}) + -- ({0.5078*\dx},{-1.5129*\dy}) + -- ({0.4759*\dx},{-1.4939*\dy}) + -- ({0.4447*\dx},{-1.4741*\dy}) + -- ({0.4141*\dx},{-1.4535*\dy}) + -- ({0.3843*\dx},{-1.4322*\dy}) + -- ({0.3552*\dx},{-1.4103*\dy}) + -- ({0.3268*\dx},{-1.3876*\dy}) + -- ({0.2991*\dx},{-1.3643*\dy}) + -- ({0.2722*\dx},{-1.3403*\dy}) + -- ({0.2461*\dx},{-1.3158*\dy}) + -- ({0.2208*\dx},{-1.2907*\dy}) + -- ({0.1963*\dx},{-1.2650*\dy}) + -- ({0.1726*\dx},{-1.2387*\dy}) + -- ({0.1498*\dx},{-1.2120*\dy}) + -- ({0.1279*\dx},{-1.1848*\dy}) + -- ({0.1068*\dx},{-1.1572*\dy}) + -- ({0.0865*\dx},{-1.1291*\dy}) + -- ({0.0672*\dx},{-1.1006*\dy}) + -- ({0.0487*\dx},{-1.0718*\dy}) + -- ({0.0312*\dx},{-1.0426*\dy}) + -- ({0.0146*\dx},{-1.0131*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0011*\dx},{-0.9833*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0159*\dx},{-0.9533*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0298*\dx},{-0.9230*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0427*\dx},{-0.8926*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0547*\dx},{-0.8620*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0658*\dx},{-0.8312*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0759*\dx},{-0.8003*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0851*\dx},{-0.7694*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0933*\dx},{-0.7384*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1007*\dx},{-0.7074*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1070*\dx},{-0.6764*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1125*\dx},{-0.6454*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1170*\dx},{-0.6145*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1206*\dx},{-0.5837*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1233*\dx},{-0.5530*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1251*\dx},{-0.5225*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1260*\dx},{-0.4921*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1261*\dx},{-0.4619*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1252*\dx},{-0.4320*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1235*\dx},{-0.4024*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1209*\dx},{-0.3730*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1175*\dx},{-0.3439*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1132*\dx},{-0.3152*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1081*\dx},{-0.2868*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1022*\dx},{-0.2589*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0956*\dx},{-0.2313*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0882*\dx},{-0.2042*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0800*\dx},{-0.1775*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0711*\dx},{-0.1513*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0614*\dx},{-0.1256*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0511*\dx},{-0.1005*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0401*\dx},{-0.0759*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0284*\dx},{-0.0518*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0161*\dx},{-0.0283*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0032*\dx},{-0.0055*\dy}) + -- ({0.0103*\dx},{0.0168*\dy}) + -- ({0.0243*\dx},{0.0384*\dy}) + -- ({0.0389*\dx},{0.0593*\dy}) + -- ({0.0541*\dx},{0.0796*\dy}) + -- ({0.0697*\dx},{0.0992*\dy}) + -- ({0.0858*\dx},{0.1181*\dy}) + -- ({0.1023*\dx},{0.1363*\dy}) + -- ({0.1193*\dx},{0.1537*\dy}) + -- ({0.1367*\dx},{0.1705*\dy}) + -- ({0.1544*\dx},{0.1864*\dy}) + -- ({0.1725*\dx},{0.2017*\dy}) + -- ({0.1908*\dx},{0.2161*\dy}) + -- ({0.2095*\dx},{0.2298*\dy}) + -- ({0.2284*\dx},{0.2427*\dy}) + -- ({0.2476*\dx},{0.2549*\dy}) + -- ({0.2669*\dx},{0.2662*\dy}) + -- ({0.2865*\dx},{0.2768*\dy}) + -- ({0.3062*\dx},{0.2865*\dy}) + -- ({0.3260*\dx},{0.2955*\dy}) + -- ({0.3459*\dx},{0.3036*\dy}) + -- ({0.3658*\dx},{0.3110*\dy}) + -- ({0.3858*\dx},{0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({0.4058*\dx},{0.3233*\dy}) + -- ({0.4258*\dx},{0.3283*\dy}) + -- ({0.4457*\dx},{0.3324*\dy}) + -- ({0.4655*\dx},{0.3358*\dy}) + -- ({0.4853*\dx},{0.3384*\dy}) + -- ({0.5049*\dx},{0.3403*\dy}) + -- ({0.5243*\dx},{0.3413*\dy}) + -- ({0.5436*\dx},{0.3416*\dy}) + -- ({0.5626*\dx},{0.3412*\dy}) + -- ({0.5814*\dx},{0.3400*\dy}) + -- ({0.5999*\dx},{0.3381*\dy}) + -- ({0.6182*\dx},{0.3355*\dy}) + -- ({0.6361*\dx},{0.3321*\dy}) + -- ({0.6537*\dx},{0.3281*\dy}) + -- ({0.6709*\dx},{0.3234*\dy}) + -- ({0.6877*\dx},{0.3181*\dy}) + -- ({0.7041*\dx},{0.3120*\dy}) + -- ({0.7201*\dx},{0.3054*\dy}) + -- ({0.7356*\dx},{0.2982*\dy}) + -- ({0.7506*\dx},{0.2903*\dy}) + -- ({0.7651*\dx},{0.2819*\dy}) + -- ({0.7791*\dx},{0.2730*\dy}) + -- ({0.7926*\dx},{0.2635*\dy}) + -- ({0.8055*\dx},{0.2535*\dy}) + -- ({0.8178*\dx},{0.2430*\dy}) + -- ({0.8296*\dx},{0.2320*\dy}) + -- ({0.8407*\dx},{0.2206*\dy}) + -- ({0.8512*\dx},{0.2088*\dy}) + -- ({0.8610*\dx},{0.1965*\dy}) + -- ({0.8702*\dx},{0.1839*\dy}) + -- ({0.8788*\dx},{0.1710*\dy}) + -- ({0.8866*\dx},{0.1577*\dy}) + -- ({0.8937*\dx},{0.1442*\dy}) + -- ({0.9002*\dx},{0.1304*\dy}) + -- ({0.9059*\dx},{0.1163*\dy}) + -- ({0.9109*\dx},{0.1020*\dy}) + -- ({0.9152*\dx},{0.0876*\dy}) + -- ({0.9187*\dx},{0.0730*\dy}) + -- ({0.9215*\dx},{0.0582*\dy}) + -- ({0.9236*\dx},{0.0434*\dy}) + -- ({0.9249*\dx},{0.0284*\dy}) + -- ({0.9254*\dx},{0.0135*\dy}) + -- ({0.9252*\dx},{-0.0015*\dy}) + -- ({0.9242*\dx},{-0.0165*\dy}) + -- ({0.9225*\dx},{-0.0314*\dy}) + -- ({0.9200*\dx},{-0.0463*\dy}) + -- ({0.9168*\dx},{-0.0610*\dy}) + -- ({0.9128*\dx},{-0.0756*\dy}) + -- ({0.9081*\dx},{-0.0901*\dy}) + -- ({0.9026*\dx},{-0.1044*\dy}) + -- ({0.8964*\dx},{-0.1184*\dy}) + -- ({0.8895*\dx},{-0.1322*\dy}) + -- ({0.8818*\dx},{-0.1458*\dy}) + -- ({0.8734*\dx},{-0.1590*\dy}) + -- ({0.8644*\dx},{-0.1720*\dy}) + -- ({0.8546*\dx},{-0.1845*\dy}) + -- ({0.8442*\dx},{-0.1967*\dy}) + -- ({0.8331*\dx},{-0.2085*\dy}) + -- ({0.8214*\dx},{-0.2198*\dy}) + -- ({0.8090*\dx},{-0.2307*\dy}) + -- ({0.7960*\dx},{-0.2411*\dy}) + -- ({0.7824*\dx},{-0.2510*\dy}) + -- ({0.7682*\dx},{-0.2603*\dy}) + -- ({0.7535*\dx},{-0.2691*\dy}) + -- ({0.7382*\dx},{-0.2773*\dy}) + -- ({0.7224*\dx},{-0.2849*\dy}) + -- ({0.7061*\dx},{-0.2919*\dy}) + -- ({0.6893*\dx},{-0.2982*\dy}) + -- ({0.6721*\dx},{-0.3039*\dy}) + -- ({0.6544*\dx},{-0.3089*\dy}) + -- ({0.6363*\dx},{-0.3132*\dy}) + -- ({0.6178*\dx},{-0.3168*\dy}) + -- ({0.5989*\dx},{-0.3196*\dy}) + -- ({0.5798*\dx},{-0.3217*\dy}) + -- ({0.5603*\dx},{-0.3230*\dy}) + -- ({0.5405*\dx},{-0.3235*\dy}) + -- ({0.5205*\dx},{-0.3232*\dy}) + -- ({0.5003*\dx},{-0.3222*\dy}) + -- ({0.4798*\dx},{-0.3203*\dy}) + -- ({0.4592*\dx},{-0.3175*\dy}) + -- ({0.4385*\dx},{-0.3140*\dy}) + -- ({0.4176*\dx},{-0.3095*\dy}) + -- ({0.3967*\dx},{-0.3043*\dy}) + -- ({0.3758*\dx},{-0.2981*\dy}) + -- ({0.3548*\dx},{-0.2911*\dy}) + -- ({0.3338*\dx},{-0.2832*\dy}) + -- ({0.3129*\dx},{-0.2745*\dy}) + -- ({0.2921*\dx},{-0.2649*\dy}) + -- ({0.2714*\dx},{-0.2544*\dy}) + -- ({0.2508*\dx},{-0.2430*\dy}) + -- ({0.2305*\dx},{-0.2307*\dy}) + -- ({0.2103*\dx},{-0.2176*\dy}) + -- ({0.1904*\dx},{-0.2036*\dy}) + -- ({0.1707*\dx},{-0.1887*\dy}) + -- ({0.1514*\dx},{-0.1730*\dy}) + -- ({0.1324*\dx},{-0.1564*\dy}) + -- ({0.1137*\dx},{-0.1390*\dy}) + -- ({0.0955*\dx},{-0.1207*\dy}) + -- ({0.0777*\dx},{-0.1016*\dy}) + -- ({0.0604*\dx},{-0.0817*\dy}) + -- ({0.0435*\dx},{-0.0610*\dy}) + -- ({0.0272*\dx},{-0.0395*\dy}) + -- ({0.0115*\dx},{-0.0173*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0037*\dx},{0.0058*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0182*\dx},{0.0295*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0321*\dx},{0.0540*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0454*\dx},{0.0792*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0579*\dx},{0.1051*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0697*\dx},{0.1316*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0807*\dx},{0.1588*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0910*\dx},{0.1866*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1005*\dx},{0.2150*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1091*\dx},{0.2439*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1169*\dx},{0.2734*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1238*\dx},{0.3035*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1298*\dx},{0.3340*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1349*\dx},{0.3649*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1391*\dx},{0.3964*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1423*\dx},{0.4282*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1445*\dx},{0.4604*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1457*\dx},{0.4929*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1459*\dx},{0.5257*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1451*\dx},{0.5589*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1433*\dx},{0.5922*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1404*\dx},{0.6258*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1365*\dx},{0.6595*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1314*\dx},{0.6934*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1253*\dx},{0.7274*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1181*\dx},{0.7615*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1098*\dx},{0.7956*\dy}) + -- ({-0.1004*\dx},{0.8298*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0899*\dx},{0.8638*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0783*\dx},{0.8978*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0655*\dx},{0.9317*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0517*\dx},{0.9655*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0367*\dx},{0.9990*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0206*\dx},{1.0324*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0034*\dx},{1.0654*\dy}) + -- ({0.0149*\dx},{1.0982*\dy}) + -- ({0.0344*\dx},{1.1307*\dy}) + -- ({0.0549*\dx},{1.1627*\dy}) + -- ({0.0765*\dx},{1.1944*\dy}) + -- ({0.0992*\dx},{1.2256*\dy}) + -- ({0.1230*\dx},{1.2563*\dy}) + -- ({0.1478*\dx},{1.2865*\dy}) + -- ({0.1737*\dx},{1.3162*\dy}) + -- ({0.2006*\dx},{1.3452*\dy}) + -- ({0.2285*\dx},{1.3737*\dy}) + -- ({0.2574*\dx},{1.4014*\dy}) + -- ({0.2874*\dx},{1.4285*\dy}) + -- ({0.3182*\dx},{1.4548*\dy}) + -- ({0.3501*\dx},{1.4804*\dy}) + -- ({0.3828*\dx},{1.5051*\dy}) + -- ({0.4165*\dx},{1.5291*\dy}) + -- ({0.4510*\dx},{1.5521*\dy}) + -- ({0.4864*\dx},{1.5743*\dy}) + -- ({0.5226*\dx},{1.5955*\dy}) + -- ({0.5597*\dx},{1.6158*\dy}) + -- ({0.5975*\dx},{1.6350*\dy}) + -- ({0.6360*\dx},{1.6533*\dy}) + -- ({0.6753*\dx},{1.6705*\dy}) + -- ({0.7152*\dx},{1.6867*\dy}) + -- ({0.7558*\dx},{1.7017*\dy}) + -- ({0.7970*\dx},{1.7157*\dy}) + -- ({0.8388*\dx},{1.7285*\dy}) + -- ({0.8812*\dx},{1.7401*\dy}) + -- ({0.9241*\dx},{1.7505*\dy}) + -- ({0.9674*\dx},{1.7598*\dy}) + -- ({1.0112*\dx},{1.7678*\dy}) + -- ({1.0554*\dx},{1.7746*\dy}) + -- ({1.1000*\dx},{1.7801*\dy}) + -- ({1.1449*\dx},{1.7843*\dy}) + -- ({1.1901*\dx},{1.7872*\dy}) + -- ({1.2355*\dx},{1.7889*\dy}) + -- ({1.2812*\dx},{1.7892*\dy}) + -- ({1.3270*\dx},{1.7882*\dy}) + -- ({1.3730*\dx},{1.7859*\dy}) + -- ({1.4190*\dx},{1.7822*\dy}) + -- ({1.4651*\dx},{1.7772*\dy}) + -- ({1.5111*\dx},{1.7708*\dy}) + -- ({1.5572*\dx},{1.7631*\dy}) + -- ({1.6031*\dx},{1.7540*\dy}) + -- ({1.6490*\dx},{1.7435*\dy}) + -- ({1.6946*\dx},{1.7317*\dy}) + -- ({1.7400*\dx},{1.7185*\dy}) + -- ({1.7852*\dx},{1.7040*\dy}) + -- ({1.8301*\dx},{1.6882*\dy}) + -- ({1.8746*\dx},{1.6709*\dy}) + -- ({1.9188*\dx},{1.6524*\dy}) + -- ({1.9625*\dx},{1.6325*\dy}) + -- ({2.0058*\dx},{1.6114*\dy}) + -- ({2.0485*\dx},{1.5889*\dy}) + -- ({2.0907*\dx},{1.5651*\dy}) + -- ({2.1322*\dx},{1.5401*\dy}) + -- ({2.1732*\dx},{1.5138*\dy}) + -- ({2.2134*\dx},{1.4862*\dy}) + -- ({2.2530*\dx},{1.4574*\dy}) + -- ({2.2918*\dx},{1.4275*\dy}) + -- ({2.3297*\dx},{1.3963*\dy}) + -- ({2.3669*\dx},{1.3640*\dy}) + -- ({2.4031*\dx},{1.3306*\dy}) + -- ({2.4385*\dx},{1.2961*\dy}) + -- ({2.4729*\dx},{1.2605*\dy}) + -- ({2.5063*\dx},{1.2238*\dy}) + -- ({2.5387*\dx},{1.1861*\dy}) + -- ({2.5701*\dx},{1.1474*\dy}) + -- ({2.6003*\dx},{1.1078*\dy}) + -- ({2.6295*\dx},{1.0672*\dy}) + -- ({2.6575*\dx},{1.0258*\dy}) + -- ({2.6843*\dx},{0.9835*\dy}) + -- ({2.7099*\dx},{0.9403*\dy}) + -- ({2.7343*\dx},{0.8964*\dy}) + -- ({2.7574*\dx},{0.8517*\dy}) + -- ({2.7793*\dx},{0.8063*\dy}) + -- ({2.7998*\dx},{0.7603*\dy}) + -- ({2.8190*\dx},{0.7136*\dy}) + -- ({2.8369*\dx},{0.6663*\dy}) + -- ({2.8534*\dx},{0.6185*\dy}) + -- ({2.8684*\dx},{0.5702*\dy}) + -- ({2.8821*\dx},{0.5214*\dy}) + -- ({2.8944*\dx},{0.4722*\dy}) + -- ({2.9052*\dx},{0.4227*\dy}) + -- ({2.9146*\dx},{0.3728*\dy}) + -- ({2.9225*\dx},{0.3226*\dy}) + -- ({2.9289*\dx},{0.2722*\dy}) + -- ({2.9339*\dx},{0.2216*\dy}) + -- ({2.9374*\dx},{0.1709*\dy}) + -- ({2.9394*\dx},{0.1200*\dy}) + -- ({2.9399*\dx},{0.0692*\dy}) + -- ({2.9389*\dx},{0.0183*\dy}) + -- ({2.9363*\dx},{-0.0326*\dy}) + -- ({2.9323*\dx},{-0.0833*\dy}) + -- ({2.9268*\dx},{-0.1339*\dy}) + -- ({2.9198*\dx},{-0.1843*\dy}) + -- ({2.9114*\dx},{-0.2345*\dy}) + -- ({2.9014*\dx},{-0.2844*\dy}) + -- ({2.8900*\dx},{-0.3340*\dy}) + -- ({2.8771*\dx},{-0.3832*\dy}) + -- ({2.8627*\dx},{-0.4319*\dy}) + -- ({2.8470*\dx},{-0.4802*\dy}) + -- ({2.8298*\dx},{-0.5280*\dy}) + -- ({2.8112*\dx},{-0.5753*\dy}) + -- ({2.7912*\dx},{-0.6219*\dy}) + -- ({2.7698*\dx},{-0.6679*\dy}) + -- ({2.7471*\dx},{-0.7131*\dy}) + -- ({2.7231*\dx},{-0.7577*\dy}) + -- ({2.6978*\dx},{-0.8015*\dy}) + -- ({2.6712*\dx},{-0.8444*\dy}) + -- ({2.6433*\dx},{-0.8865*\dy}) + -- ({2.6143*\dx},{-0.9277*\dy}) + -- ({2.5840*\dx},{-0.9680*\dy}) + -- ({2.5526*\dx},{-1.0073*\dy}) + -- ({2.5200*\dx},{-1.0455*\dy}) + -- ({2.4863*\dx},{-1.0828*\dy}) + -- ({2.4516*\dx},{-1.1189*\dy}) + -- ({2.4159*\dx},{-1.1539*\dy}) + -- ({2.3791*\dx},{-1.1878*\dy}) + -- ({2.3414*\dx},{-1.2205*\dy}) + -- ({2.3028*\dx},{-1.2520*\dy}) + -- ({2.2633*\dx},{-1.2823*\dy}) + -- ({2.2230*\dx},{-1.3113*\dy}) + -- ({2.1819*\dx},{-1.3390*\dy}) + -- ({2.1400*\dx},{-1.3654*\dy}) + -- ({2.0974*\dx},{-1.3904*\dy}) + -- ({2.0542*\dx},{-1.4141*\dy}) + -- ({2.0103*\dx},{-1.4364*\dy}) + -- ({1.9659*\dx},{-1.4573*\dy}) + -- ({1.9209*\dx},{-1.4768*\dy}) + -- ({1.8755*\dx},{-1.4948*\dy}) + -- ({1.8296*\dx},{-1.5114*\dy}) + -- ({1.7833*\dx},{-1.5266*\dy}) + -- ({1.7367*\dx},{-1.5402*\dy}) + -- ({1.6897*\dx},{-1.5524*\dy}) + -- ({1.6426*\dx},{-1.5631*\dy}) + -- ({1.5952*\dx},{-1.5723*\dy}) + -- ({1.5477*\dx},{-1.5800*\dy}) + -- ({1.5001*\dx},{-1.5862*\dy}) + -- ({1.4524*\dx},{-1.5909*\dy}) + -- ({1.4048*\dx},{-1.5941*\dy}) + -- ({1.3572*\dx},{-1.5958*\dy}) + -- ({1.3097*\dx},{-1.5960*\dy}) + -- ({1.2623*\dx},{-1.5947*\dy}) + -- ({1.2152*\dx},{-1.5919*\dy}) + -- ({1.1683*\dx},{-1.5876*\dy}) + -- ({1.1217*\dx},{-1.5818*\dy}) + -- ({1.0754*\dx},{-1.5747*\dy}) + -- ({1.0295*\dx},{-1.5660*\dy}) + -- ({0.9841*\dx},{-1.5559*\dy}) + -- ({0.9391*\dx},{-1.5445*\dy}) + -- ({0.8947*\dx},{-1.5316*\dy}) + -- ({0.8508*\dx},{-1.5173*\dy}) + -- ({0.8076*\dx},{-1.5017*\dy}) + -- ({0.7650*\dx},{-1.4848*\dy}) + -- ({0.7231*\dx},{-1.4666*\dy}) + -- ({0.6820*\dx},{-1.4471*\dy}) + -- ({0.6417*\dx},{-1.4263*\dy}) + -- ({0.6022*\dx},{-1.4043*\dy}) + -- ({0.5635*\dx},{-1.3811*\dy}) + -- ({0.5258*\dx},{-1.3568*\dy}) + -- ({0.4890*\dx},{-1.3313*\dy}) + -- ({0.4532*\dx},{-1.3048*\dy}) + -- ({0.4185*\dx},{-1.2771*\dy}) + -- ({0.3847*\dx},{-1.2485*\dy}) + -- ({0.3521*\dx},{-1.2188*\dy}) + -- ({0.3205*\dx},{-1.1882*\dy}) + -- ({0.2902*\dx},{-1.1567*\dy}) + -- ({0.2609*\dx},{-1.1243*\dy}) + -- ({0.2329*\dx},{-1.0911*\dy}) + -- ({0.2061*\dx},{-1.0571*\dy}) + -- ({0.1806*\dx},{-1.0224*\dy}) + -- ({0.1563*\dx},{-0.9870*\dy}) + -- ({0.1333*\dx},{-0.9509*\dy}) + -- ({0.1117*\dx},{-0.9142*\dy}) + -- ({0.0914*\dx},{-0.8769*\dy}) + -- ({0.0724*\dx},{-0.8391*\dy}) + -- ({0.0547*\dx},{-0.8008*\dy}) + -- ({0.0385*\dx},{-0.7622*\dy}) + -- ({0.0236*\dx},{-0.7231*\dy}) + -- ({0.0102*\dx},{-0.6837*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0019*\dx},{-0.6441*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0125*\dx},{-0.6042*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0217*\dx},{-0.5641*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0295*\dx},{-0.5239*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0359*\dx},{-0.4836*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0409*\dx},{-0.4433*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0444*\dx},{-0.4030*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0466*\dx},{-0.3628*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0473*\dx},{-0.3226*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0466*\dx},{-0.2827*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0445*\dx},{-0.2429*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0410*\dx},{-0.2034*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0362*\dx},{-0.1642*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0300*\dx},{-0.1254*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0224*\dx},{-0.0870*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0136*\dx},{-0.0490*\dy}) + -- ({-0.0034*\dx},{-0.0115*\dy}) + -- ({0.0081*\dx},{0.0255*\dy}) + -- ({0.0208*\dx},{0.0619*\dy}) + -- ({0.0348*\dx},{0.0976*\dy}) + -- ({0.0500*\dx},{0.1327*\dy}) + -- ({0.0663*\dx},{0.1671*\dy}) + -- ({0.0839*\dx},{0.2008*\dy}) + -- ({0.1026*\dx},{0.2336*\dy}) + -- ({0.1224*\dx},{0.2656*\dy}) + -- ({0.1432*\dx},{0.2968*\dy}) + -- ({0.1651*\dx},{0.3271*\dy}) + -- ({0.1880*\dx},{0.3564*\dy}) + -- ({0.2119*\dx},{0.3848*\dy}) + -- ({0.2367*\dx},{0.4122*\dy}) + -- ({0.2625*\dx},{0.4385*\dy}) + -- ({0.2890*\dx},{0.4638*\dy}) + -- ({0.3164*\dx},{0.4880*\dy}) + -- ({0.3446*\dx},{0.5111*\dy}) + -- ({0.3735*\dx},{0.5331*\dy}) + -- ({0.4031*\dx},{0.5539*\dy}) + -- ({0.4334*\dx},{0.5735*\dy}) + -- ({0.4643*\dx},{0.5919*\dy}) + -- ({0.4957*\dx},{0.6090*\dy}) + -- ({0.5276*\dx},{0.6250*\dy}) + -- ({0.5601*\dx},{0.6396*\dy}) + -- ({0.5929*\dx},{0.6530*\dy}) + -- ({0.6262*\dx},{0.6652*\dy}) + -- ({0.6597*\dx},{0.6760*\dy}) + -- ({0.6936*\dx},{0.6855*\dy}) + -- ({0.7277*\dx},{0.6937*\dy}) + -- ({0.7620*\dx},{0.7006*\dy}) + -- ({0.7964*\dx},{0.7062*\dy}) + -- ({0.8309*\dx},{0.7104*\dy}) + -- ({0.8655*\dx},{0.7133*\dy}) + -- ({0.9001*\dx},{0.7149*\dy}) + -- ({0.9346*\dx},{0.7152*\dy}) + -- ({0.9690*\dx},{0.7141*\dy}) + -- ({1.0033*\dx},{0.7117*\dy}) + -- ({1.0374*\dx},{0.7081*\dy}) + -- ({1.0712*\dx},{0.7031*\dy}) + -- ({1.1048*\dx},{0.6969*\dy}) + -- ({1.1380*\dx},{0.6894*\dy}) + -- ({1.1709*\dx},{0.6806*\dy}) + -- ({1.2033*\dx},{0.6706*\dy}) + -- ({1.2353*\dx},{0.6594*\dy}) + -- ({1.2667*\dx},{0.6470*\dy}) + -- ({1.2976*\dx},{0.6334*\dy}) + -- ({1.3279*\dx},{0.6186*\dy}) + -- ({1.3576*\dx},{0.6027*\dy}) + -- ({1.3866*\dx},{0.5857*\dy}) + -- ({1.4149*\dx},{0.5676*\dy}) + -- ({1.4424*\dx},{0.5485*\dy}) + -- ({1.4692*\dx},{0.5284*\dy}) + -- ({1.4951*\dx},{0.5072*\dy}) + -- ({1.5201*\dx},{0.4851*\dy}) + -- ({1.5443*\dx},{0.4621*\dy}) + -- ({1.5675*\dx},{0.4381*\dy}) + -- ({1.5898*\dx},{0.4133*\dy}) + -- ({1.6111*\dx},{0.3877*\dy}) + -- ({1.6314*\dx},{0.3614*\dy}) + -- ({1.6506*\dx},{0.3342*\dy}) + -- ({1.6687*\dx},{0.3064*\dy}) + -- ({1.6858*\dx},{0.2779*\dy}) + -- ({1.7017*\dx},{0.2488*\dy}) + -- ({1.7165*\dx},{0.2191*\dy}) + -- ({1.7302*\dx},{0.1889*\dy}) + -- ({1.7427*\dx},{0.1581*\dy}) + -- ({1.7540*\dx},{0.1270*\dy}) + -- ({1.7640*\dx},{0.0954*\dy}) + -- ({1.7729*\dx},{0.0635*\dy}) + -- ({1.7806*\dx},{0.0312*\dy}) + -- ({1.7870*\dx},{-0.0013*\dy}) + -- ({1.7921*\dx},{-0.0340*\dy}) + -- ({1.7960*\dx},{-0.0669*\dy}) + -- ({1.7987*\dx},{-0.1000*\dy}) + -- ({1.8000*\dx},{-0.1331*\dy}) + -- ({1.8002*\dx},{-0.1662*\dy}) + -- ({1.7990*\dx},{-0.1993*\dy}) + -- ({1.7967*\dx},{-0.2324*\dy}) + -- ({1.7930*\dx},{-0.2654*\dy}) + -- ({1.7881*\dx},{-0.2982*\dy}) + -- ({1.7820*\dx},{-0.3308*\dy}) + -- ({1.7747*\dx},{-0.3632*\dy}) + -- ({1.7661*\dx},{-0.3952*\dy}) + -- ({1.7563*\dx},{-0.4270*\dy}) + -- ({1.7454*\dx},{-0.4584*\dy}) + -- ({1.7332*\dx},{-0.4893*\dy}) + -- ({1.7199*\dx},{-0.5198*\dy}) + -- ({1.7055*\dx},{-0.5497*\dy}) + -- ({1.6900*\dx},{-0.5792*\dy}) + -- ({1.6733*\dx},{-0.6080*\dy}) + -- ({1.6556*\dx},{-0.6362*\dy}) + -- ({1.6368*\dx},{-0.6637*\dy}) + -- ({1.6171*\dx},{-0.6906*\dy}) + -- ({1.5963*\dx},{-0.7166*\dy}) + -- ({1.5746*\dx},{-0.7419*\dy}) + -- ({1.5519*\dx},{-0.7664*\dy}) + -- ({1.5283*\dx},{-0.7901*\dy}) + -- ({1.5039*\dx},{-0.8128*\dy}) + -- ({1.4787*\dx},{-0.8347*\dy}) + -- ({1.4526*\dx},{-0.8556*\dy}) + -- ({1.4258*\dx},{-0.8756*\dy}) + -- ({1.3983*\dx},{-0.8945*\dy}) + -- ({1.3700*\dx},{-0.9124*\dy}) + -- ({1.3412*\dx},{-0.9293*\dy}) + -- ({1.3117*\dx},{-0.9452*\dy}) + -- ({1.2817*\dx},{-0.9599*\dy}) + -- ({1.2511*\dx},{-0.9735*\dy}) + -- ({1.2201*\dx},{-0.9860*\dy}) + -- ({1.1886*\dx},{-0.9974*\dy}) + -- ({1.1567*\dx},{-1.0076*\dy}) + -- ({1.1245*\dx},{-1.0166*\dy}) + -- ({1.0920*\dx},{-1.0245*\dy}) + -- ({1.0592*\dx},{-1.0312*\dy}) + -- ({1.0262*\dx},{-1.0367*\dy}) + -- ({0.9931*\dx},{-1.0409*\dy}) + -- ({0.9598*\dx},{-1.0440*\dy}) + -- ({0.9264*\dx},{-1.0459*\dy}) + -- ({0.8930*\dx},{-1.0465*\dy}) + -- ({0.8596*\dx},{-1.0460*\dy}) + -- ({0.8263*\dx},{-1.0442*\dy}) + -- ({0.7930*\dx},{-1.0413*\dy}) +} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.m b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.m new file mode 100644 index 0000000..984b645 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.m @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +% +% zetaplot.m +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller +% +s = 1; +h = 0.02; +m = 40; + +fn = fopen("zetapath.tex", "w"); +fprintf(fn, "\\def\\zetapath{\n"); +counter = 0; +for y = (0:h:m) + if (counter > 0) + fprintf(fn, "\n\t--"); + end + z = zeta(0.5 + i*y); + fprintf(fn, " ({%.4f*\\dx},{%.4f*\\dy})", real(z), imag(z)); + counter = counter + 1; +end +fprintf(fn, "\n}\n"); +fclose(fn); + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.pdf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6d3693 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..521bb1a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zetaplot.tex @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +% +% zetaplot.tex -- Abbildung der kritischen Geraden +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\def\dx{2} +\def\dy{2} + +\draw[->] ({-1.6*\dx},0) -- ({3.4*\dx},0) + coordinate[label={$\Re\zeta(\frac12+it)$}]; +\draw[->] (0,{-2.1*\dx}) -- (0,{2.2*\dx}) + coordinate[label={left:$\Im\zeta(\frac12+it)$}]; + +\foreach \x in {-1,1,2,3}{ + \node at ({\x*\dx},-0.1) [below] {$\x$}; +} +\node at (-0.1,{1*\dy}) [above left] {$i$}; +\node at (-0.1,{2*\dy}) [left] {$2i$}; +\node at (-0.1,{-1*\dy}) [below left] {$-i$}; +\node at (-0.1,{-2*\dy}) [left] {$-2i$}; + +\foreach \x in {-1,1,2,3}{ + \draw ({\x*\dx},-0.1) -- ({\x*\dx},0.1); +} +\foreach \y in {1,2}{ + \draw (-0.1,{\y*\dy}) -- (0.1,{\y*\dy}); + \draw (-0.1,{-\y*\dy}) -- (0.1,{-\y*\dy}); +} + +\input{papers/zeta/images/zetapath.tex} + +\draw[color=blue,line width=1pt] \zetapath; + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex index 1d9e059..de297a0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,17 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:zeta}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Riemannsche Zetafunktion\label{chapter:zeta}} +\lhead{Riemannsche Zetafunktion} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{Raphael Unterer} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} -\input{papers/zeta/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/zeta/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/zeta/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/zeta/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/zeta/einleitung.tex} +\input{papers/zeta/euler_product.tex} +\input{papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex} +\input{papers/zeta/analytic_continuation.tex} +\input{papers/zeta/fazit} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53fd305 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,368 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169]{beamer} + +%style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[english]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} + +\usepackage{tikz} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%\usepackage{algorithm} % http://ctan.org/pkg/algorithm +%\usepackage{algpseudocode} % http://ctan.org/pkg/algorithmicx + +%\usepackage{algorithmicx} + + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + + +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{Riemannsche Zeta Funktion} +\author{Raphael Unterer} +\institute{Mathematisches Seminar 2022: Spezielle Funktionen} + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} +\newcommand*{\YE}{\textcolor{violet}} + + + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + + + + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc} + + +\begin{document} + + %Titelseite + \begin{frame} + \titlepage + \end{frame} + + %Inhaltsverzeichnis +% \begin{frame} +% \frametitle{Inhalt} +% \tableofcontents +% \end{frame} + + \section{Motivation} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Summe aller Natürlichen Zahlen} + \begin{equation*} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n + = + 1 + 2 + 3 + \ldots + \infty + = + - \frac{1}{12} + \end{equation*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Summe aller Natürlichen Zahlen} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{../images/youtube_screenshot.png} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Riemannsche Zeta Funktion} + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^s} + \end{equation*} + \pause + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(-1) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^{-1}} + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n + \end{equation*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Originaler Definitionsbereich} + Wir kennen die divergierende harmonische Reihe + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(1) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n} + \rightarrow + \infty, + \end{equation*} + und somit ist $\Re(s) > 1$. + \end{frame} + + \section{Analytische Fortsetzung} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Plan für die Analytische Fortsetzung von $\zeta(s)$} + \begin{center} + \input{../images/continuation_overview.tikz.tex} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} + Dirichletsche Etafunktion ist + \begin{equation*}\label{zeta:equation:eta} + \eta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n^s}, + \end{equation*} + und konvergiert im Bereich $\Re(s) > 0$. + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} + \begin{align} + \zeta(s) + &= + \RD{ + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{1}{n^s} \label{zeta:align1} + } + \\ + \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} + \zeta(s) + &= + \BL{ + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} + \frac{2}{(2n)^s} \label{zeta:align2} + } + \end{align} + \pause + \eqref{zeta:align1} - \eqref{zeta:align2}: + \begin{align*} + \left(1 - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} \right) + \zeta(s) + &= + \RD{\frac{1}{1^s}} + \underbrace{-\BL{\frac{2}{2^s}} + \RD{\frac{1}{2^s}}}_{-\frac{1}{2^s}} + + \RD{\frac{1}{3^s}} + \underbrace{-\BL{\frac{2}{4^s}} + \RD{\frac{1}{4^s}}}_{-\frac{1}{4^s}} + \ldots + \\ + &= \eta(s) + \end{align*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Fortsetzung auf $\Re(s) > 0$} + Somit haben wir die Fortsetzung gefunden als + \begin{equation} \label{zeta:equation:fortsetzung1} + \zeta(s) + := + \left(1 - \frac{1}{2^{s-1}} \right)^{-1} \eta(s). + \end{equation} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Spiegelungseigenschaft für $\Re(s) < 0$} + \begin{equation*}\label{zeta:equation:functional} + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}} + \zeta(s) + = + \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{1-s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{1-s}{2}}} + \zeta(1-s). + \end{equation*} + \end{frame} + %TODO maybe explain gamma-fct + + \section{Euler Produkt und Primzahlen} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Wieso ist die Zeta Funktion so bekannt?} + \begin{itemize} + \item Interessante Funktionswerte z.B. $\zeta(2) = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$ + \item Primzahlenverteilung (Riemannhypothese) + \item Forschungsgebiet der analytischen Zahlentheorie seit dem 18. Jahrhundert + \item ... + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Euler Produkt: Verbindung von Zeta und Primzahlen} + \begin{equation*} + \zeta(s) + = + \sum_{n=1}^\infty + \frac{1}{n^s} + = + \prod_{p \in P} + \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} + \end{equation*} + \pause + Geometrische Reihe + \begin{equation*} + \prod_{p \in P} + \frac{1}{1-p^{-s}} + = + \prod_{p \in P} + \left( + 1 + + + \frac{1}{p^s} + + + \frac{1}{p^{2s}} + + + \frac{1}{p^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \end{equation*} + \pause + Erste Terme ausmultiplizieren + \begin{align*} + \left( + 1 + + + \RD{\frac{1}{2^s}} + + + \GN{\frac{1}{2^{2s}}} + + + \frac{1}{2^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \left( + 1 + + + \BL{\frac{1}{3^s}} + + + \frac{1}{3^{2s}} + + + \frac{1}{3^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \left( + 1 + + + \YE{\frac{1}{5^s}} + + + \frac{1}{5^{2s}} + + + \frac{1}{5^{3s}} + + + \ldots + \right) + \ldots + \\ + = + 1 + + + \RD{\frac{1}{2^s}} + + + \BL{\frac{1}{3^s}} + + + \GN{\frac{1}{4^s}} + + + \YE{\frac{1}{5^s}} + + + \ldots + \end{align*} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Primzahlfunktion} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.5}{\input{../images/primzahlfunktion.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + + + \section{Darstellungen} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Farbcodierung} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{zeta_color_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Konstanter Realteil $\Re(s)=-1$ und $\Im(s)=0\ldots40$} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/zeta_re_-1_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Konstanter Realteil $\Re(s)=0$ und $\Im(s)=0\ldots40$} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/zeta_re_0_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Konstanter Realteil $\Re(s)=0.5$ und $\Im(s)=0\ldots40$} + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/zeta_re_0.5_plot.pgf}} + \end{center} + \end{frame} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot-img0.png b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot-img0.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8c7298 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot-img0.png diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fd7cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/presentation/zeta_color_plot.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,402 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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+\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta.py b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53097c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta.py @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +import numpy as np +from mpmath import zeta +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib import colors +import matplotlib +matplotlib.use("pgf") +matplotlib.rcParams.update( + { + "pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.size": 8, + "text.usetex": True, + "pgf.rcfonts": False, + "axes.unicode_minus": False, + } +) + +print(zeta(-1)) +print(zeta(-1 + 2j)) + +re_values = np.arange(-10, 5, 0.04) +im_values = np.arange(-20, 20, 0.04) +plot_matrix = np.zeros((len(im_values), len(re_values), 3)) +for im_i, im in enumerate(im_values): + print(im_i) + for re_i, re in enumerate(re_values): + z = complex(zeta(re + 1j*im)) + h = (np.angle(z) + np.pi) / (2*np.pi) + v = np.abs(z) + s = 1.0 + plot_matrix[im_i, re_i] = [h, s, v] + +log10_v = np.log10(plot_matrix[:, :, 2]) +log10_v += np.abs(np.min(log10_v)) +plot_matrix[:, :, 2] = (log10_v) / np.max(log10_v) +plt.imshow(colors.hsv_to_rgb(plot_matrix), extent=[re_values.min(), re_values.max(), im_values.min(), im_values.max()]) +plt.xlabel("$\Re$") +plt.ylabel("$\Im$") +plt.savefig(f"zeta_color_plot.pgf") diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta2.py b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta2.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b730703 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/python/plot_zeta2.py @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +import numpy as np +from mpmath import zeta +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import matplotlib +matplotlib.use("pgf") +matplotlib.rcParams.update( + { + "pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.size": 8, + "text.usetex": True, + "pgf.rcfonts": False, + "axes.unicode_minus": False, + } +) +# const re plot +re_values = [-1, 0, 0.5] +im_values = np.arange(0, 40, 0.04) +buf = np.zeros((len(re_values), len(im_values), 2)) +for im_i, im in enumerate(im_values): + print(im_i) + for re_i, re in enumerate(re_values): + z = complex(zeta(re + 1j*im)) + buf[re_i, im_i] = [np.real(z), np.imag(z)] + +for i in range(len(re_values)): + plt.figure() + plt.plot(buf[i,:,0], buf[i,:,1], label=f"$\Re={re_values[i]}$") + plt.xlabel("$\Re$") + plt.ylabel("$\Im$") + plt.savefig(f"zeta_re_{re_values[i]}_plot.pgf") diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/python/primzahlfunktion.py b/buch/papers/zeta/python/primzahlfunktion.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9434de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/python/primzahlfunktion.py @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +import numpy as np + +primzahlfunktion = [0, 0, 0, 0] +x = [0, 1-1e-12, 1, 2-1e-12] +x_last = 1 +value = 0 +for i in range(2, 30, 1): + new_value = value + 1 + for j in range(2, i, 1): + if i % j == 0: + new_value = value + value = new_value + primzahlfunktion.append(new_value) + x_last += 1 + x.append(x_last) + primzahlfunktion.append(new_value) + x.append(x_last + 1 - 1e-12) + + +plt.rcParams.update({"pgf.texsystem": "pdflatex"}) +plt.plot(x, primzahlfunktion) +plt.show() + diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib b/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib index a4f2521..f2a2f31 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,58 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{zeta:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@online{zeta:online:millennium, + title = {The Millennium Prize Problems}, + url = {https://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems/millennium-prize-problems}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {4} } -@book{zeta:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} +@online{zeta:online:wiki_en, + title = {Riemann zeta function}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} +@online{zeta:online:wiki_de, + title = {Riemannsche Zeta-Funktion}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannsche_Zeta-Funktion}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{zeta:online:poisson, + title = {Deriving the Poisson Summation Formula}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Bex-4BFYWo}, + author = {Physics and Math Lectures}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} } -@article{zeta:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{zeta:online:mryoumath, + title = {Riemann Zeta Function Playlist}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL32446FDD4DA932C9}, + author = {MrYouMath}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} } +@online{zeta:online:basel, + title = {Basel Problem}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_problem}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} +@online{zeta:online:pars, + title = {Parseval's identity}, + url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parseval%27s_identity}, + year = {2022}, + month = {8}, + day = {7} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 56c0b1b..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{zeta:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{zeta:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 4017ee8..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{zeta:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{zeta:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{zeta:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{zeta:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{zeta:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 9e8a96e..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{zeta:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{zeta:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 6610cc3..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{zeta:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{zeta:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot-img0.png b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot-img0.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8c7298 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot-img0.png diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fd7cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_color_plot.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,402 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. For loading figures +%% from other directories you can use the `import` package +%% \usepackage{import} +%% +%% and then include the figures with +%% \import{<path to file>}{<filename>.pgf} +%% +%% Matplotlib used the following preamble +%% +\begingroup% +\makeatletter% +\begin{pgfpicture}% +\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfusepath{use as bounding box, clip}% +\begin{pgfscope}% +\pgfsetbuttcap% +\pgfsetmiterjoin% +\definecolor{currentfill}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetfillcolor{currentfill}% +\pgfsetlinewidth{0.000000pt}% +\definecolor{currentstroke}{rgb}{1.000000,1.000000,1.000000}% +\pgfsetstrokecolor{currentstroke}% +\pgfsetdash{}{0pt}% +\pgfpathmoveto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{0.000000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{6.400000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathlineto{\pgfqpoint{0.000000in}{4.800000in}}% +\pgfpathclose% +\pgfusepath{fill}% +\end{pgfscope}% +\begin{pgfscope}% 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+\endgroup% diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd422e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/zeta_gamma.tex @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +\section{Zusammenhang mit der Gammafunktion} \label{zeta:section:zusammenhang_mit_gammafunktion} +\rhead{Zusammenhang mit der Gammafunktion} + +In diesem Abschnitt wird gezeigt, wie sich die Zetafunktion durch die Gammafunktion $\Gamma(s)$ ausdrücken lässt. +Dieser Zusammenhang der Art $\zeta(s) = f(\Gamma(s))$ ist nicht nur interessant, er wird später auch für die Herleitung der analytischen Fortsetzung gebraucht. + +Wir erinnern uns an die Definition der Gammafunktion in \eqref{buch:rekursion:gamma:integralbeweis} +\begin{equation*} + \Gamma(s) + = + \int_0^{\infty} t^{s-1} e^{-t} \,dt, +\end{equation*} +wobei die Notation an die Zetafunktion angepasst ist. +Durch die Substitution $t = nu$ und $dt = n\,du$ wird daraus +\begin{align*} + \Gamma(s) + &= + \int_0^{\infty} n^{s-1}u^{s-1} e^{-nu} n \,du \\ + &= + \int_0^{\infty} n^s u^{s-1} e^{-nu} \,du. +\end{align*} +Durch Division durch $n^s$ ergeben sich die Quotienten +\begin{equation*} + \frac{\Gamma(s)}{n^s} + = + \int_0^{\infty} u^{s-1} e^{-nu} \,du, +\end{equation*} +welche sich zur Zetafunktion summieren +\begin{equation} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\Gamma(s)}{n^s} + = + \Gamma(s) \zeta(s) + = + \int_0^{\infty} u^{s-1} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e^{-nu} + \,du. + \label{zeta:equation:zeta_gamma1} +\end{equation} +Die Summe über $e^{-nu}$ können wir als geometrische Reihe schreiben und erhalten +\begin{align} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\left(e^{-u}\right)^n + &= + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(e^{-u}\right)^n + - + 1 + \\ + &= + \frac{1}{1 - e^{-u}} - 1 + \\ + &= + \frac{1}{e^u - 1}. +\end{align} +Wenn wir dieses Resultat einsetzen in \eqref{zeta:equation:zeta_gamma1} und durch $\Gamma(s)$ teilen, erhalten wir den gewünschten Zusammenhang +\begin{equation}\label{zeta:equation:zeta_gamma_final} + \zeta(s) + = + \frac{1}{\Gamma(s)} + \int_0^{\infty} + \frac{u^{s-1}}{e^u -1} + du. +\end{equation} |
