From 676b8ffe21376e27f7f21c093bee2fd8692b7a4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runterer Date: Mon, 8 Aug 2022 00:01:33 +0200 Subject: finished fazit --- buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex | 85 +- buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf | 1137 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/zeta/references.bib | 15 + 3 files changed, 1228 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex b/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex index f696f83..fe2d35d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/fazit.tex @@ -3,26 +3,93 @@ Ganz zu Beginn dieses Papers wurde die Behauptung erwähnt, dass die Summe aller natürlichen Zahlen $-\frac{1}{12}$ sei. Diese Summe ist nichts anderes als die Zetafunktion am Wert $s=-1$. -Da wir die analytische Fortsetzung mit der Funktionalgleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:functional} gefunden haben, können wir diese Behauptung prüfen. -Zunächst berechnen wir $\zeta(1-s) = \zeta(2) = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$, welches im konvergenten Bereich der Reihe liegt und auch bekannt ist als das Basler Problem. -Somit haben wir +Da wir die analytische Fortsetzung mit der Funktionalgleichung \eqref{zeta:equation:functional} gefunden haben, können wir den Wert $s=-1$ einsetzen und erhalten \begin{align*} - \zeta(s) = \zeta(-1) + \zeta(s) &= \frac{\Gamma \left( \frac{1-s}{2} \right)}{\pi^{\frac{1-s}{2}}} \zeta(1-s) \frac{\pi^{\frac{s}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( \frac{s}{2} \right)} \\ + \zeta(-1) &= \frac{\Gamma(1)}{\pi} - \frac{\pi^2}{6} - \frac{\pi^{\frac{-1}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( \frac{-1}{2} \right)} + \zeta(2) + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( -\frac{1}{2} \right)}. +\end{align*} +Also fehlen uns drei Werte, $\zeta(2)$, $\Gamma(1)$ und $\Gamma\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)$. + +Zunächst konzentrieren wir uns auf $\zeta(2)$, welches im konvergenten Bereich der Reihe liegt und auch bekannt ist als das Basler Problem. +Wir lösen das Basler Problem \cite{zeta:online:basel} mithilfe der parsevalschen Gleichung \cite{zeta:online:pars} +\begin{align} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} |f(x)|^2 dx + &= + 2\pi \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |c_n|^2 \\ + c_n + &= + \frac{1}{2\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(x)e^{-inx} dx, +\end{align} +welche besagt dass die Summe der quadrierten Fourierkoeffizienten einer Funktion identisch ist mit dem Integral der quadrierten Funktion. +Wenn wir dies für $f(x) = x$ auswerten erhalten wir +\begin{align} + c_n + &= + \begin{cases} + \frac{(-1)^n}{n} i, & \text{for } n\neq0, \\ + 0, & \text{for } n=0 + \end{cases} + \\ + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} x^2 dx + &= + 2\pi \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |c_n|^2 + = + 4\pi \underbrace{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2}}_{\zeta(2)}. +\end{align} +Durch einfaches Umstellen erhalten wir somit die Lösung des Basler Problems als +\begin{equation} + \zeta(2) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{1}{4\pi} + \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} x^2 dx + = \frac{\pi^2}{6}. +\end{equation} + +Als nächstes berechnen wir $\Gamma(1)$ und $\Gamma\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)$ mithilfe der Integraldefinition der Gammafunktion \ref{buch:rekursion:def:gamma}. +Da das Integral für $\Gamma\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)$ nicht konvergiert, wird die Reflektionsformel aus \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:gammareflektion} verwendet, welche das konvergierende Integral von $\Gamma\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)$ verwendet. +Es ergeben sich die Werte +\begin{align*} + \Gamma(1) + &= 1\\ + \Gamma\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) + &= \frac{\pi}{\sin\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}\right) + \Gamma\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)} + = -\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}. +\end{align*} + +Wenn wir diese Werte in die Funktionalgleichung einsetzen, erhalten wir das gewünschte Ergebnis +\begin{align*} + \zeta(-1) + &= + \frac{\Gamma(1)}{\pi} + \zeta(2) + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{\Gamma \left( -\frac{1}{2} \right)} \\ &= \frac{1}{\pi} \frac{\pi^2}{6} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi} (-2\sqrt{\pi})} + \frac{\pi^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{ + -\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}} + \\ &= - -\frac{1}{12}, + -\frac{1}{12}. \end{align*} -wobei die Werte der Gammafunktion TODO berechnet werden. + +Weiter wurde zu Beginn dieses Papers auf die Riemannsche Vermutung hingewiesen, wonach alle nichttrivialen Nullstellen der Zetafunktion auf der $\Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ Geraden liegen. +Abbildung \ref{zeta:fig:einzweitel} zeigt die Funktionswerte dieser Geraden. +%TODO colorplot does not work.. Ausserdem zeigt Abbildung \ref{zeta:fig:colorplot} die farbcodierte Zetafunktion für Werte der analytischen Fortsetzung und des originalen Definitionsbereichs. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \input{papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf} + \caption{Die komplexen Werte der Zetafunktion für die kritische Gerade $\Re(s)=\frac{1}{2}$ im Bereich $\Im(s) = 0\dots40$. + Klar sichtbar sind die immer wiederkehrenden Nullstellen, wie sie Gegenstand der Riemannschen Vermutung sind.} + \label{zeta:fig:einzweitel} +\end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44fffce --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/zeta/images/zeta_re_0.5_paper.pgf @@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@ +%% Creator: Matplotlib, PGF backend +%% +%% To include the figure in your LaTeX document, write +%% \input{.pgf} +%% +%% Make sure the required packages are loaded in your preamble +%% \usepackage{pgf} +%% +%% and, on pdftex +%% \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +%% +%% or, on luatex and xetex +%% \usepackage{unicode-math} +%% +%% Figures using additional raster images can only be included by \input if +%% they are in the same directory as the main LaTeX file. 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