From e32ae87f92309dc6034fef9323ba058754b0e486 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: David Hugentobler Date: Tue, 15 Mar 2022 14:10:29 +0100 Subject: Titel und Autor wurde in paper lambertw geaendert --- buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index c125c33..e58ed5a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:lambertw}} +\chapter{Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} \lhead{Thema} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} +\chapterauthor{David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes \begin{itemize} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 4b8e2383962955bcd6419d855e5c38df36e7d067 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: David Hugentobler Date: Tue, 15 Mar 2022 14:20:01 +0100 Subject: commit after adding main.log --- buch/papers/lambertw/main.log | 749 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 749 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/main.log (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b0af4d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log @@ -0,0 +1,749 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (TeX Live 2021/W32TeX) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.11.16) 15 MAR 2022 13:23 +entering extended mode + restricted \write18 enabled. + %&-line parsing enabled. +**main.tex +(./main.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-11-15> +L3 programming layer <2021-11-12> +! 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+Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! 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Emergency stop. +<*> teil4.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 16 strings out of 478371 + 382 string characters out of 5852527 + 296836 words of memory out of 5000000 + 18226 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 13i,0n,12p,83b,18s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74b6b02 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Beispiel Verfolgungskurve +\label{lambertw:section:teil4}} +\rhead{Beispiel Verfolgungskurve} +In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve beschreiben. + +\subsection{Ziel bewegt sich auf einer Gerade +\label{lambertw:subsection:malorum}} +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(Z\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(V\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt auf dem ersten Quadrant. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +\begin{equation} + Z + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) + ; + V + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) + \label{lambertw:equation2} +\end{equation} +Wenn man diese Startpunkte in die Gleichung der Verfolgungskurve einfügt ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + \frac{\left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right)}{\sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}} + \circ + \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) + = + 1 + \label{lambertw:equation3} +\end{equation} +Macht man den linken Term Bruchfrei und löst das Skalarprodukt auf, dann ergibt sich folgende DGL: +\[ + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right) + \circ + \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}\\ +\] +\begin{equation} + -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2} + \label{lambertw:equation4} +\end{equation} +Im nächsten Schritt quadriert man beide Seiten, erweitert den neu entstandenen quadratischen Term, bringt alles auf die linke Seite und klammert gemeinsames aus. +\begin{align*} + ((t-y) \dot{y} - x \dot{x})^2 + &= x^2 + (t-y)^2 \\ + x^2 \dot{x}^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + (t-y)^2 \dot{y} + &= x^2 + (t-y)^2 \\ + \dot{x}^2 x^2 - x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + \dot{y}^2 (t-y)^2 - (t-y)^2 + &= 0 \\ + (\dot{x}^2 - 1) \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + (\dot{y}^2 - 1) \cdot (t-y)^2 + &= 0 +\end{align*} +Der letzte Ausdruck kann mittels folgender Beziehung \(\dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 = 1\) vereinfacht werden und anschliessend mit \(-1\) multiplizieren: +\[ + \underbrace{(\dot{x}^2 - 1)}_{\mathclap{-\dot{y}^2}} \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + \underbrace{(\dot{y}^2 - 1)}_{\mathclap{-\dot{x}^2}} \cdot (t-y)^2 + = 0 +\] +\begin{align*} + - \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} - \dot{x}^2 \cdot (t-y)^2 + &= 0 \\ + \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 + 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + \dot{x}^2 \cdot (t-y)^2 + &= 0 +\end{align*} +Im letzten Ausdruck erkennt man das Muster einer binomischen Formel, was den Ausdruck wesentlich vereinfacht: +\begin{align*} + x^2 \dot{y}^2 + 2 \cdot x \dot{y} \cdot (t-y) \dot{x} + (t-y)^2 \dot{x}^2 + &= 0 \\ + (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 + &= 0 +\end{align*} +Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:equation4} eine wesentlich einfachere DGL: +\begin{equation} + x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} + = 0 + \label{lambertw:equation5} +\end{equation} + + -- cgit v1.2.1 From d36a701a0538df37ab8389925011c9f33fcd4cbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yanik Kuster Date: Wed, 6 Apr 2022 11:20:25 +0200 Subject: added a picture to visualize example problem --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9d5656 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +–4–4–4–3–3–3–2–2–2–1–1–1111222333444555666777888999101010111111–5–5–5–4–4–4–3–3–3–2–2–2–1–1–1111222333444555666777888000OAOAOAOPOPOPPAPAPAPPPAAA \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From d2a5fa34c505f498845f3c8ab8335c090bd1bfec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yanik Kuster Date: Wed, 6 Apr 2022 11:30:37 +0200 Subject: derivation of pursuerproblem DGL --- buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex | 2 + buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 21 +++----- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 3 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex index 6581a5a..366de78 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{float} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 2b83d59..ca172e5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,15 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{lambertw:section:teil0}} +\section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? \label{lambertw:section:teil0}} \rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{lambertw:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. + +Verfolgungskurven entstehen immer, dann wenn ein Verfolger sein Ziel verfolgt. +Nämlich ist eine Verfolgungskurve die Kurve, die ein Verfolger abfährt während er sein Ziel verfolgt. + +Zum Beispiel + + diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 7b545c3..493ec05 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -3,9 +3,116 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 +\section{Beispiel () \label{lambertw:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} + + + +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \centering +% \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{.\Bilder\something.pdf} +% \label{pursuer:grafik1} +%\end{figure} + + + +Je nach Verfolgungsstrategie die der Verfolger verwendet, entsteht eine andere DGL. +Für dieses konkrete Beispiel wird einfachheitshalber die simpelste Strategie gewählt. +Bei dieser Strategie bewegt sich der Verfolger immer direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu. +Womit der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers zu jeder Zeit direkt auf das Ziel zeigt. + +Um die DGL dieses Problems herzuleiten wird der Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer:grafik1} aufgezeigt. +Der Punkt $P$ ist der Verfolger und der Punkt $A$ ist sein Ziel. + +Um dies mathematisch beschreiben zu können, wird der Richtungsvektor +\begin{equation} + \frac{A-P}{|A-P|} + = + \frac{\dot{P}}{|\dot{P}|} +\end{equation} +benötigt. Durch die Subtraktion der Ortsvektoren $\overrightarrow{OP}$ und $\overrightarrow{OA}$ entsteht ein Vektor der vom Punkt $P$ auf $A$ zeigt. +Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division mit dem Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. +Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $A$ und $P$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. +Wenn die Punkte $A$ und $P$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. + +Nun wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. +\begin{equation} + \label{pursuer:pursuerDGL} + \frac{A-P}{|A-P|}\cdot \frac{\dot{P}}{|\dot{P}|} + = + 1 +\end{equation} +Diese DGL ist der Kern des Verfolgungsproblems, insofern sich der Verfolger immer direkt auf sein Ziel zubewegt. + + +\subsection{Beispiel} +Das Verfolgungsproblem wird mithilfe eines konkreten Beispiels veranschaulicht. Dafür wird die einfachste Strategie verwendet, bei der sich der Verfolger direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu bewegt. Für dieses Problem wurde bereits die DGL \eqref{pursuer:pursuerDGL} hergeleitet. + +Um dieses Beispiel einfach zu halten, wird für den Verfolger und das Ziel jeweils eine konstante Geschwindigkeit von eins gewählt. Das Ziel wiederum startet im Ursprung und bewegt sich linear auf der positiven Y-Achse. + +\begin{align} + v_P^2 + &= + \dot{P}\cdot\dot{P} + = + 1 + \\[5pt] + v_A + &= + 1 + \\[5pt] + A + &= + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 \\ + v_A\cdot t + \end{pmatrix} + = + \begin{pmatrix} + 0 \\ + t + \end{pmatrix} + \\[5pt] + P + &= + \begin{pmatrix} + x \\ + y + \end{pmatrix} +\end{align} + +Die Anfangsbedingungen dieses Problems sind. + +\begin{align} + y(t)\bigg|_{t=0} + &= + y_0 + \\[5pt] + x(t)\bigg|_{t=0} + &= + x_0 \\[5pt] + \frac{\,dy}{\,dx}(t)\bigg|_{t=0} + &= + \frac{y_A(t) -y_P(t)}{x_A(t)-x_P(t)}\bigg|_{t=0} +\end{align} + +Mit den vorangegangenen Definitionen kann nun die DGL \eqref{pursuer:pursuerDGL} gelöst werden. +Dafür wird als erstes das Skalarprodukt ausgerechnet. + +\begin{equation} + \dfrac{-x\cdot\dot{x}+(t-y)\cdot\dot{y}}{\sqrt{x^2+(t-y)^2}} = 1 +\end{equation} + + + + + + + + + + Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -- cgit v1.2.1 From dc51fe760249ea37d410599690df96c94f6d808d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Wed, 6 Apr 2022 11:36:23 +0200 Subject: made some changes in teil4.tex --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 22 ++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index 74b6b02..d3269ee 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -10,13 +10,15 @@ In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve beschre \subsection{Ziel bewegt sich auf einer Gerade \label{lambertw:subsection:malorum}} -Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(Z\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(V\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt auf dem ersten Quadrant. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(A\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(P\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt auf dem ersten Quadrant.Um die Rechnungen zu vereinfachen wir die Geschwindigkeit \(v\) auf 1 gesetzt. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: \begin{equation} - Z + A + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) ; - V + P = \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) \label{lambertw:equation2} @@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ Im nächsten Schritt quadriert man beide Seiten, erweitert den neu entstandenen (\dot{x}^2 - 1) \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + (\dot{y}^2 - 1) \cdot (t-y)^2 &= 0 \end{align*} -Der letzte Ausdruck kann mittels folgender Beziehung \(\dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 = 1\) vereinfacht werden und anschliessend mit \(-1\) multiplizieren: +Der letzte Ausdruck kann mittels folgender Beziehung \(\dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 = 1\) vereinfacht werden, anschliessend wird die Gleichung mit \(-1\) multipliziert: \[ \underbrace{(\dot{x}^2 - 1)}_{\mathclap{-\dot{y}^2}} \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + \underbrace{(\dot{y}^2 - 1)}_{\mathclap{-\dot{x}^2}} \cdot (t-y)^2 = 0 @@ -77,5 +79,17 @@ Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich z = 0 \label{lambertw:equation5} \end{equation} +Um die Ableitung nach der Zeit wegzubringen wird beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, wobei \(\frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} = \frac{dy}{dt}/\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{dy}{dx}\) entspricht. +\[ + x \frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} + (t-y) \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{x}} + = 0 +\] +Nach dem kürzen ergibt sich folgende DGL: +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0 + \label{lambertw:equation6} +\end{equation} +Hier wäre es passend wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen muss man -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5312bb1779adb029f6a115d0ea6fe065b4c878c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Mon, 18 Apr 2022 22:11:56 +0200 Subject: made some changes and added some things to teil4.txt --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 87 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 79 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index d3269ee..598a57e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(A\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei diese Gerade der \ P = \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) - \label{lambertw:equation2} + \label{lambertw:Anfangspunkte} \end{equation} Wenn man diese Startpunkte in die Gleichung der Verfolgungskurve einfügt ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: \begin{equation} @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Wenn man diese Startpunkte in die Gleichung der Verfolgungskurve einfügt ergibt \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) = 1 - \label{lambertw:equation3} + \label{lambertw:eqMitAnfangspunkte} \end{equation} Macht man den linken Term Bruchfrei und löst das Skalarprodukt auf, dann ergibt sich folgende DGL: \[ @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Macht man den linken Term Bruchfrei und löst das Skalarprodukt auf, dann ergibt \begin{equation} -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2} - \label{lambertw:equation4} + \label{lambertw:eq1BspVerfolgKurve} \end{equation} Im nächsten Schritt quadriert man beide Seiten, erweitert den neu entstandenen quadratischen Term, bringt alles auf die linke Seite und klammert gemeinsames aus. \begin{align*} @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Im letzten Ausdruck erkennt man das Muster einer binomischen Formel, was den Aus (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 &= 0 \end{align*} -Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:equation4} eine wesentlich einfachere DGL: +Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eq1BspVerfolgKurve} eine wesentlich einfachere DGL: \begin{equation} x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} = 0 @@ -88,8 +88,79 @@ Nach dem kürzen ergibt sich folgende DGL: \begin{equation} x y^{\prime} + t - y = 0 - \label{lambertw:equation6} + \label{lambertw:DGLmitT} \end{equation} -Hier wäre es passend wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen muss man - - +Hier wäre es passend wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen muss man auf die Definition der Bogenlänge aus Analysis 2 zurückgreifen: +\begin{equation} + s + = + v \cdot t + = + t + = + \int_{x_0}^{x_{end}}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx + \label{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} +\end{equation} +Nicht gerade auffällig ist die Richtung in welche hier integriert wird. Wenn der Verfolger sich wie vorgesehen am Anfang im ersten Quadranten befindet, dann muss sich dieser nach links bewegen, was nicht der üblichen Integrationsrichtung entspricht. Um eine Integration wie üblich von links nach rechts ausführen zu können, müssen die Integrationsgenerzen vertauscht werden, was in einem Vorzeichenwechsel resultiert. Wenn man nun \eqref{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT} einfügt, dann ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} - \int\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx - y + = 0 + \label{lambertw:DGLohneT} +\end{equation} +Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab: +\begin{align*} + y^{\prime}+ xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} - y^{\prime} + &= 0 \\ + xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} + &= 0 +\end{align*} +Mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) kann vorherige DGL in eine erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden: +\begin{equation*} + xu^{\prime} - \sqrt{1+u^2} + = 0 + \label{lambertw:DGLmitU} +\end{equation*} +Welche mittels Separation gelöst werden kann: +\begin{align*} + arsinh(u) + C_L + &= + ln(x) + C_R \\ + arsinh(u) + &= + ln(x) + C \\ + u + &= + sinh(ln(x) + C) +\end{align*} +In dem man die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man eine weitere DGL erster Ordnung die bereits separiert ist: +\begin{equation} + y^{\prime} + = + sinh(ln(x) + C) +\end{equation} +Diese kann mit den selben Methoden gelöst werden, diesmal in Kombination mit der exponentiellen Definition der \(sinh\)-Funktion: +\begin{align*} + y + &= + \int sinh(ln(x) + C) \\ + &= + \int \frac{1}{2} (e^{ln(x)+C} - e^{-(ln(x)+C)}) \\ + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2 - C_3 ln(x) +\end{align*} +Das Resultat wie ersichtlich ist folgende Funktion welche mittels Anfangsbedingungen parametrisiert werden kann: +\begin{equation} + y(x) + = + C_1 + C_2 x^2 - C_3 ln(x) + \label{lambertw:funkLoes} +\end{equation} +Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1, C_2\) und \(C_3\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition, oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(\bf{y(x)}\) geschaffen werden: +\begin{itemize} + \item + Für grosse \(x\)-Werte welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion dominant und somit für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. + \item + Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger im nachgeht. + \item + Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve muss die Kurve auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? Durch eine logische Überlegung kann eine Abschätzung darüber getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit und somit auch sein Vorzeichen. +\end{itemize} -- cgit v1.2.1 From b7b2af20f16f6a5beac602046572067c462e5ff7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 20:03:57 +0200 Subject: Created some helpful graphics --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png | Bin 0 -> 11049 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.ggb | Bin 0 -> 36225 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.svg | 1 + buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb | Bin 0 -> 36225 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.svg | 1 + 5 files changed, 2 insertions(+) create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.ggb create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.svg create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.svg (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e78abd3 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.ggb b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.ggb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fb3a78 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.ggb differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.svg b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d91e5e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL.svg @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +–0.7–0.7–0.7–0.6–0.6–0.6–0.5–0.5–0.5–0.4–0.4–0.4–0.3–0.3–0.3–0.2–0.2–0.2–0.1–0.1–0.10.10.10.10.20.20.20.30.30.30.40.40.40.50.50.50.60.60.60.70.70.70.80.80.80.90.90.91111.11.11.11.21.21.21.31.31.31.41.41.41.51.51.51.61.61.61.71.71.71.81.81.81.91.91.92222.12.12.12.22.22.22.32.32.32.42.42.42.52.52.52.62.62.62.72.72.72.82.82.82.92.92.93333.13.13.13.23.23.23.33.33.30.10.10.10.20.20.20.30.30.30.40.40.40.50.50.50.60.60.60.70.70.70.80.80.80.90.90.91111.11.11.11.21.21.21.31.31.31.41.41.41.51.51.51.61.61.61.71.71.71.81.81.81.91.91.92222.12.12.12.22.22.22.32.32.32.42.42.4000AOAOAOPOPOPOPAPAPAPPPAAA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5bd816c Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.svg b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c4a11d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.svg @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +–0.2–0.20.20.20.40.40.60.60.80.8111.21.21.41.41.61.61.81.8222.22.22.42.42.62.62.82.8333.23.2–0.2–0.20.20.20.40.40.60.60.80.8111.21.21.41.41.61.61.81.8222.22.22.42.42.62.62.82.83300Visierlinie \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 1badf707f9ebd0642bb6a1d282059b6e867a44af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 20:06:05 +0200 Subject: rearranged the introduction --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg | 1 - buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex | 39 ++++-------------- 4 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg deleted file mode 100644 index e9d5656..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/something.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -–4–4–4–3–3–3–2–2–2–1–1–1111222333444555666777888999101010111111–5–5–5–4–4–4–3–3–3–2–2–2–1–1–1111222333444555666777888000OAOAOAOPOPOPPAPAPAPPPAAA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index ca172e5..f174ccb 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -3,14 +3,73 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? \label{lambertw:section:teil0}} +\section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? +\label{lambertw:section:teil0}} \rhead{Teil 0} +Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei fragen wie, welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt. Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. Der Verfolger versucht sein Ziel zu ergattern und das Ziel versucht zu entkommen. Der Pfad, der der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als DGL formuliert werden. Diese DGL entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. -Verfolgungskurven entstehen immer, dann wenn ein Verfolger sein Ziel verfolgt. -Nämlich ist eine Verfolgungskurve die Kurve, die ein Verfolger abfährt während er sein Ziel verfolgt. -Zum Beispiel +\subsection{Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +\label{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger}} +Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. Wir nehmen an, dass sich der Verfolger stur an eine Verfolgungsstrategie hält. Dabei gibt es viele mögliche Strategien, die der Verfolger wählen könnte. Die möglichen Strategien entstehen durch Festlegung einzelner Parameter, die der Verfolger kontrollieren kann. Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. + +\begin{tabular}{|>{$}l<{$}|>{$}l<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + \hline + \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ + \hline + \text{Strategie 1} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ + + \text{Strategie 2} + & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ + + \text{Strategie 3} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ + \hline +\label{lambertw:Strategien} +\end{tabular} + +In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. Folgend wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu. In der Grafik \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. Wobei $\overrightarrow{V}$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $\overrightarrow{Z}$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}$ der Richtungsvektor des Verfolgers ist. Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung +\begin{equation} + |\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}| + = + konst = A + \quad|A\in\mathbb{R}>0 +\end{equation} +darstellen. Der Richtungsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + = + \frac{\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}}{|\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}|} +\end{equation} +beschrieben werden. Durch die Subtraktion der Ortsvektoren $\overrightarrow{V}$ und $\overrightarrow{Z}$ entsteht ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division mit dem Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. +Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. +Nun wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. +\begin{equation} + \label{pursuer:pursuerDGL} + \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot \frac{\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}}{|\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}|} + = + 1 +\end{equation} +Diese DGL ist der Kern des Verfolgungsproblems, insofern sich der Verfolger immer direkt auf sein Ziel zubewegt. + + + + + +\subsection{Ziel +\label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} +Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung +\begin{equation} + \vec{r}(t) + = + \begin{Bmatrix} + 0\\ + t + \end{Bmatrix} +\end{equation} +beschrieben werden könnte. diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 493ec05..cc4a62a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Beispiel () +\section{Ziel \label{lambertw:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex index 9d840ab..c95511a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,15 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 -\label{lambertw:section:teil2}} +\section{Verfolger +\label{lambertw:section:Verfolger}} \rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\subsection{Strategie 1 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie1}} + + +\subsection{Strategie 2 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie2}} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 62f06c35b53971f99acdc4477da5e2be98a68c04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:43:52 +0200 Subject: made some changes --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 104 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index 598a57e..6c70174 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve beschre \subsection{Ziel bewegt sich auf einer Gerade \label{lambertw:subsection:malorum}} -Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(A\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(P\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt auf dem ersten Quadrant.Um die Rechnungen zu vereinfachen wir die Geschwindigkeit \(v\) auf 1 gesetzt. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\overrightarrow{Z}\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(\overrightarrow{V}\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt auf dem ersten Quadrant. Um die Rechnungen zu vereinfachen wir die Geschwindigkeit \(v\) auf 1 gesetzt. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: \begin{equation} - A + \overrightarrow{Z} = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) ; - P + \overrightarrow{V} = \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) \label{lambertw:Anfangspunkte} @@ -79,12 +79,12 @@ Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich z = 0 \label{lambertw:equation5} \end{equation} -Um die Ableitung nach der Zeit wegzubringen wird beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, wobei \(\frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} = \frac{dy}{dt}/\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{dy}{dx}\) entspricht. +Um die Ableitung nach der Zeit wegzubringen, wird beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, wobei \(\frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} = \frac{dy}{dt}/\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{dy}{dx}\) entspricht. \[ x \frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} + (t-y) \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{x}} = 0 \] -Nach dem kürzen ergibt sich folgende DGL: +Nach dem Kürzen und Vereinfachen ergibt sich folgende DGL: \begin{equation} x y^{\prime} + t - y = 0 @@ -146,21 +146,103 @@ Diese kann mit den selben Methoden gelöst werden, diesmal in Kombination mit de &= \int \frac{1}{2} (e^{ln(x)+C} - e^{-(ln(x)+C)}) \\ &= - C_1 + C_2 x^2 - C_3 ln(x) + \frac{e^C}{4} x^2 - \frac{ln(x)}{2 \cdot e^C} + C_1 \\ + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{ln(x)}{8 \cdot C_2} \end{align*} -Das Resultat wie ersichtlich ist folgende Funktion welche mittels Anfangsbedingungen parametrisiert werden kann: + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} + \caption[Graph der Verfolgungskurve]{Graph der Verfolgungskurve wobei, ({\color{red}rot}) die Funktion \ensuremath{y(x)} ist, ({\color{darkgreen}grün}) der quadratische Teil und ({\color{blue}blau}) dem \ensuremath{ln(x)}-Teil entspricht. + \label{lambertw:funkLoes} + } +\end{figure} + +Das Resultat, wie ersichtlich, ist folgende Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} welche mittels Anfangsbedingungen parametrisiert werden kann: \begin{equation} - y(x) + {\color{red}{y(x)}} = - C_1 + C_2 x^2 - C_3 ln(x) + C_1 + C_2 {\color{darkgreen}{x^2}} {\color{blue}{-}} \frac{\color{blue}{ln(x)}}{8 \cdot C_2} \label{lambertw:funkLoes} \end{equation} -Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1, C_2\) und \(C_3\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition, oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(\bf{y(x)}\) geschaffen werden: +Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition, oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(\bf{y(x)}\) geschaffen werden: \begin{itemize} \item Für grosse \(x\)-Werte welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion dominant und somit für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. \item Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger im nachgeht. \item - Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve muss die Kurve auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? Durch eine logische Überlegung kann eine Abschätzung darüber getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit und somit auch sein Vorzeichen. + Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve muss es auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? Durch eine logische Überlegung kann eine Abschätzung darüber getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit und somit auch sein Vorzeichen. \end{itemize} +Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht, dies wird durch das Einsetzen folgender Anfangsbedingungen erreicht: +\begin{equation} + y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} + = + y(x_0) + = + y_0 + \:;\: + \frac{dy}{dx}\bigg \vert_{t=0} + = + y^{\prime}(x_0) + = + \frac{y_0}{x_0} +\end{equation} +Leitet man die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} nach x ab und setzt die Anfangsbedingungen ein, dann ergibt sich folgendes Gleichungssystem: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + y_0 + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{ln(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2} \\ + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + &= + 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{ln(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2} + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +... Mit folgenden Formeln geht es weiter: +\begin{align*} + \eta + &= + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \:;\: + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \\ + y + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \\ + y^\prime + &= + \frac{1}{2}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{x}{x_0^2}+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\frac{1}{x}\right) \\ + -4t + &= + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right) \\ + -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right) + &= + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right) \\ + e^{-4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right)} + &= + e^{\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta}\cdot\eta^{\left(r_0-y_0\right)} \\ + e^{\frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}} + &= + e^{\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta}\cdot\eta\ \\ + \chi + &= + \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}; \cdot\chi \\ + \chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} + &= + \chi\eta\cdot e^{\chi\eta} \\ + W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) + &= + \chi\eta \\ + \frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi} + &= + \eta \\ + x\left(t\right) + &= + \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \\ + \frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi} + &= + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 +\end{align*} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 9421fec277f1671393a1a9c517e521f4b924e39d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:46:02 +0200 Subject: added a picture --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png | Bin 0 -> 124329 bytes 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53eb2f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png differ -- cgit v1.2.1 From c8634d0feb99ab7afc46c27831202cecc29c9252 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 16:47:17 +0200 Subject: Excluded unused parts. --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb | Bin 36225 -> 17954 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf | Bin 0 -> 17941 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex | 6 +- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log | 3656 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 89 +- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.log | 3259 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.log | 1580 ++++++++++++ buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log | 1580 ++++++++++++ 8 files changed, 10136 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.log create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.log create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb index 5bd816c..0bd39b2 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..284dd7d Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index 6e9bbe0..68b7a5d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \end{itemize} \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/teil4.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5b3f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log @@ -0,0 +1,3656 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 19 JUL 2022 16:20 +entering extended mode +**./teil0.tex +(teil0.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! 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+Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00003pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.13 \subsection + {Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.13 \subsection{V + erfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no M in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Environment table undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.17 \begin{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I to replace it with another command, +or to continue without it. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 \begin{tabular} + {|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 18. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 18. + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + +! Undefined control sequence. + \text + +l.20 \text + {}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text + {Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text + {Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 ...text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text + {Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. + \text + +l.22 \text + {Strategie 1} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 \text + {Strategie 2} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text + {-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text + {konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.28 \text + {Strategie 3} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 3 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{table}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.33 \end{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I to replace it with another command, +or to continue without it. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.00006pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 18--34 +[][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.42 I + n der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.42 In der Tabelle \eqref + {lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.45 In der Grafik \eqref + {lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.51 \quad|A\in\mathbb + {R}>0 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +Overfull \hbox (122.89459pt too wide) detected at line 52 +\OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 konst \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML +/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j\OML/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 2 \OML/cmm +/m/it/10 R > \/cmr/m/n/10 0 + [] + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (81.8452pt too wide) detected at line 58 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10  j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = [] + [] + +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Environment align undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.65 \begin{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I to replace it with another command, +or to continue without it. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. + + $ +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +\frac #1#2->{\begingroup #1\endgroup \over #2} + +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.69 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.73 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{align}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.75 \end{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I to replace it with another command, +or to continue without it. + +! Missing $ inserted. + + $ +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +! Missing } inserted. + + } +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.79 \subsection + {Ziel +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 \subsection{Z + iel +You're in trouble here. 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LaTeX Error: Environment Bmatrix undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.88 \begin{Bmatrix} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I to replace it with another command, +or to continue without it. + + +! 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil0.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 34 strings out of 478927 + 671 string characters out of 2852535 + 298175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17993 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 23i,13n,32p,801b,95s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index f174ccb..73fe187 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -14,53 +14,78 @@ Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei fragen wie, welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund w \label{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger}} Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. Wir nehmen an, dass sich der Verfolger stur an eine Verfolgungsstrategie hält. Dabei gibt es viele mögliche Strategien, die der Verfolger wählen könnte. Die möglichen Strategien entstehen durch Festlegung einzelner Parameter, die der Verfolger kontrollieren kann. Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. -\begin{tabular}{|>{$}l<{$}|>{$}l<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} - \hline - \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ - \hline - \text{Strategie 1} - & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ - - \text{Strategie 2} - & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ - - \text{Strategie 3} - & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ - \hline -\label{lambertw:Strategien} -\end{tabular} +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + \hline + \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ + \hline + \text{Strategie 1} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ + + \text{Strategie 2} + & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ + + \text{Strategie 3} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{mögliche Verfolgungsstrategien} + \label{lambertw:Strategien} +\end{table} -In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. Folgend wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu. In der Grafik \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. Wobei $\overrightarrow{V}$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $\overrightarrow{Z}$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}$ der Richtungsvektor des Verfolgers ist. Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung + + + +%\begin{figure} +% \centering +% \includegraphics{.\papers\lambertw\Bilder\pursuerDGL2.pdf} +% \label{pursuer:pursuerDGL2} +%\end{figure} + +In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. +Folgend wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. +Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu. +In der Grafik \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. +Wobei $\overrightarrow{V}$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $\overrightarrow{Z}$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. +Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} |\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}| - = - konst = A + = konst = A \quad|A\in\mathbb{R}>0 \end{equation} -darstellen. Der Richtungsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung +darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} - \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot|\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}| = - \frac{\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}}{|\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}|} + \overrightarrow{\dot{V}} \end{equation} -beschrieben werden. Durch die Subtraktion der Ortsvektoren $\overrightarrow{V}$ und $\overrightarrow{Z}$ entsteht ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division mit dem Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. -Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. +beschrieben werden. +Durch die Subtraktion der Ortsvektoren $\overrightarrow{V}$ und $\overrightarrow{Z}$ entsteht ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. +Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division mit dem Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. +Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. +Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. Nun wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. -\begin{equation} +\begin{align} \label{pursuer:pursuerDGL} + \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot + \overrightarrow{\dot{V}} + &= + |\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}|^2 + \\ \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot \frac{\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}}{|\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}|} - = + &= 1 -\end{equation} -Diese DGL ist der Kern des Verfolgungsproblems, insofern sich der Verfolger immer direkt auf sein Ziel zubewegt. - - - +\end{align} +Diese DGL ist der Kern des Verfolgungsproblems, insofern der Verfolger die Strategie 1 verwendet. \subsection{Ziel \label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} -Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung +Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. +Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. +Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. +Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung \begin{equation} \vec{r}(t) = @@ -70,6 +95,8 @@ Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel \end{Bmatrix} \end{equation} beschrieben werden könnte. +Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. +Die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form haben, jedoch wird die zu lösende DGL immer komplexer. diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2eb5c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.log @@ -0,0 +1,3259 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 5 APR 2022 23:32 +entering extended mode +**./teil1.tex +(teil1.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Beispiel () +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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+Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 20--24 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.55559pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 20--24 +\/cmr/m/n/10 u + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 20--24 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.25 U + m die DGL dieses Problems herzuleiten wird der Sachverhalt in der Graf... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 ... wird der Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref + {pursuer_grafik1} aufgezeigt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. + + $ +l.25 ... Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_ + grafik1} aufgezeigt. +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 25. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 25. +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +l.25 ...halt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_grafik1} + aufgezeigt. +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Missing $ inserted. + + $ +l.27 + +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (332.97824pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[]\OML/cmm/m/it/10 rafik\/cmr/m/n/10 1\OML/cmm/m/it/10 aufgezeigt:DerPunktPistd +erVerfolgerundderPunktAistseinZiel:$ + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.28 U + m dies mathematisch beschreiben zu können, wird der Richtungsvektor +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! 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+Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 28--29 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 28--29 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (64.58458pt too wide) detected at line 33 +[] \/cmr/m/n/10 = [] + [] + +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.50 ...ieses Problem wurde bereits die DGL \eqref + {eq:PursuerDGL} hergeleitet. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.53 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 53--53 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (135.67946pt too wide) detected at line 57 +[]\/cmr/m/n/10 (\OML/cmm/m/it/10 t\/cmr/m/n/10 )[][] = [][][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.59 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 59--59 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (61.57726pt too wide) detected at line 65 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10  [] \/cmr/m/n/10 = 1 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 v[] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 S + ed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +You're in trouble here. 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.98 U + t enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.110 animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref + {000tempmlate:equation1}. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.112 E + t harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +You're in trouble here. 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+Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Teil 3 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H for immediate help. + ... + +l.6 \section{T + eil 3 +You're in trouble here. Try typing to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X to quit. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 3 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.8 \rhead + {Teil 3} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. 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+Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil3.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 18 strings out of 478927 + 531 string characters out of 2852535 + 291175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17978 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 13i,0n,12p,86b,18s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! -- cgit v1.2.1 From 5d9ae555dc943ae5ec772b7b6efa6b44f131a785 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 17:56:14 +0200 Subject: made some changes and added some text[C --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 12 +++++------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index 6c70174..e0f7731 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -6,11 +6,9 @@ \section{Beispiel Verfolgungskurve \label{lambertw:section:teil4}} \rhead{Beispiel Verfolgungskurve} -In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve beschreiben. +In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie 1 beschreiben. -\subsection{Ziel bewegt sich auf einer Gerade -\label{lambertw:subsection:malorum}} -Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\overrightarrow{Z}\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(\overrightarrow{V}\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt auf dem ersten Quadrant. Um die Rechnungen zu vereinfachen wir die Geschwindigkeit \(v\) auf 1 gesetzt. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\overrightarrow{Z}\) wandert auf einer Gerade mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(v = 1\), wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(\overrightarrow{V}\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadrant und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: \begin{equation} \overrightarrow{Z} = @@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\overrightarrow{Z}\) wandert auf einer Gerade, wobei d \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) \label{lambertw:Anfangspunkte} \end{equation} -Wenn man diese Startpunkte in die Gleichung der Verfolgungskurve einfügt ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: +Wenn man diese Startpunkte in die Gleichung der Verfolgungskurve \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} einfügt ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: \begin{equation} \frac{\left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right)}{\sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}} \circ @@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ Diese kann mit den selben Methoden gelöst werden, diesmal in Kombination mit de \centering \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} \caption[Graph der Verfolgungskurve]{Graph der Verfolgungskurve wobei, ({\color{red}rot}) die Funktion \ensuremath{y(x)} ist, ({\color{darkgreen}grün}) der quadratische Teil und ({\color{blue}blau}) dem \ensuremath{ln(x)}-Teil entspricht. - \label{lambertw:funkLoes} + \label{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} } \end{figure} @@ -175,7 +173,7 @@ Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, w \item Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve muss es auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? Durch eine logische Überlegung kann eine Abschätzung darüber getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit und somit auch sein Vorzeichen. \end{itemize} -Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht, dies wird durch das Einsetzen folgender Anfangsbedingungen erreicht: +Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, siehe \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes}. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht, dies wird durch das Einsetzen folgender Anfangsbedingungen erreicht: \begin{equation} y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} = -- cgit v1.2.1 From d56bf4f939d25cea9ac9953b2b0f3237b2dfe8cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 18:35:13 +0200 Subject: added some equations and made some changes --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 14 ++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index e0f7731..6184369 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -237,10 +237,16 @@ Leitet man die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} nach x ab und setzt die Anfang \frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi} &= \eta \\ - x\left(t\right) - &= - \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \\ \frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi} &= - \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 \\ + x\left(t\right) + &= + \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \end{align*} +\begin{equation} + y(t) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi\ -\ \frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\cdot\mathrm{ln}\ \left(\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi\ -\ \frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) + \label{lambertw:funkNachT} +\end{equation} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 35d08feb3fdcae56cad97ab48822b0f8c2ab4aa1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2022 19:38:35 +0200 Subject: Added analysis of reaching target --- buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 18 ++-- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 204 +++++++++++++++-------------------------- 3 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 141 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index 68b7a5d..a347608 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren \end{itemize} \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} -%\input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} %\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} %\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/teil4.tex} +\input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 73fe187..50d2255 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? -\label{lambertw:section:teil0}} +\label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} \rhead{Teil 0} Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei fragen wie, welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt. Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. Der Verfolger versucht sein Ziel zu ergattern und das Ziel versucht zu entkommen. Der Pfad, der der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als DGL formuliert werden. Diese DGL entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. @@ -31,17 +31,17 @@ Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie defini \hline \end{tabular} \caption{mögliche Verfolgungsstrategien} - \label{lambertw:Strategien} + \label{lambertw:table:Strategien} \end{table} -%\begin{figure} -% \centering -% \includegraphics{.\papers\lambertw\Bilder\pursuerDGL2.pdf} -% \label{pursuer:pursuerDGL2} -%\end{figure} +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf} + \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} +\end{figure} In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. Folgend wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nic Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. Nun wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. \begin{align} - \label{pursuer:pursuerDGL} + \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot \overrightarrow{\dot{V}} &= @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halte Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung \begin{equation} - \vec{r}(t) + \vec{Z}(t) = \begin{Bmatrix} 0\\ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index cc4a62a..3415c45 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -3,160 +3,102 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Ziel +\section{Wird das Ziel erreicht? \label{lambertw:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} - - -%\begin{figure}[H] -% \centering -% \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{.\Bilder\something.pdf} -% \label{pursuer:grafik1} -%\end{figure} - - - -Je nach Verfolgungsstrategie die der Verfolger verwendet, entsteht eine andere DGL. -Für dieses konkrete Beispiel wird einfachheitshalber die simpelste Strategie gewählt. -Bei dieser Strategie bewegt sich der Verfolger immer direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu. -Womit der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers zu jeder Zeit direkt auf das Ziel zeigt. - -Um die DGL dieses Problems herzuleiten wird der Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer:grafik1} aufgezeigt. -Der Punkt $P$ ist der Verfolger und der Punkt $A$ ist sein Ziel. - -Um dies mathematisch beschreiben zu können, wird der Richtungsvektor -\begin{equation} - \frac{A-P}{|A-P|} +Sehr oft kommt es vor, dass bei Verfolgungsproblemen die Frage auftaucht, ob das Ziel überhaupt erreicht wird. +Wenn zum Beispiel die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers kleiner ist als diejenige des Ziels, gibt es Anfangsbedingungen bei denen das Ziel nie erreicht wird. +Sobald diese Frage beantwortet wurde stellt sich meist die Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. +Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und an einem Beispiel betrachtet. + +\subsection{Ziel erreichen (überarbeiten) +\label{lambertw:subsection:ZielErreichen}} +Für diese Betrachtung wird das Beispiel aus \eqref{lambertw:section:teil4} zur Hilfe genommen. +Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen +\begin{align*} + x\left(t\right) + &= + \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \\ + y(x) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \\ + \chi + &= + \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}; \cdot\chi \\ + \eta + &= + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \:;\: + r_0 = - \frac{\dot{P}}{|\dot{P}|} -\end{equation} -benötigt. Durch die Subtraktion der Ortsvektoren $\overrightarrow{OP}$ und $\overrightarrow{OA}$ entsteht ein Vektor der vom Punkt $P$ auf $A$ zeigt. -Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division mit dem Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. -Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $A$ und $P$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. -Wenn die Punkte $A$ und $P$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \\ +\end{align*} +Wir definieren einen Treffer wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels übereinstimmen bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$. Aus dem vorangegangenem Beispiel, sind die Gleichungen zu den x- und y-Koordinaten des Verfolgers bekannt. Die Des Ziels sind -Nun wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. \begin{equation} - \label{pursuer:pursuerDGL} - \frac{A-P}{|A-P|}\cdot \frac{\dot{P}}{|\dot{P}|} + \overrightarrow{Z}(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) = - 1 + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) + ;\quad + \overrightarrow{V}(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ y(t) \end{array} \right) + \label{lambertw:Anfangspunkte} \end{equation} -Diese DGL ist der Kern des Verfolgungsproblems, insofern sich der Verfolger immer direkt auf sein Ziel zubewegt. +Somit gilt es -\subsection{Beispiel} -Das Verfolgungsproblem wird mithilfe eines konkreten Beispiels veranschaulicht. Dafür wird die einfachste Strategie verwendet, bei der sich der Verfolger direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu bewegt. Für dieses Problem wurde bereits die DGL \eqref{pursuer:pursuerDGL} hergeleitet. +\begin{equation*} + \overrightarrow{Z}(t_1)=\overrightarrow{V}(t_1) +\end{equation*} -Um dieses Beispiel einfach zu halten, wird für den Verfolger und das Ziel jeweils eine konstante Geschwindigkeit von eins gewählt. Das Ziel wiederum startet im Ursprung und bewegt sich linear auf der positiven Y-Achse. +zu lösen. Da die $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der x- und y-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. -\begin{align} - v_P^2 +\begin{align*} + 0 &= - \dot{P}\cdot\dot{P} + x(t) = - 1 - \\[5pt] - v_A - &= - 1 - \\[5pt] - A + \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} + \\ + v \cdot t &= - \begin{pmatrix} - 0 \\ - v_A\cdot t - \end{pmatrix} - = - \begin{pmatrix} - 0 \\ - t - \end{pmatrix} - \\[5pt] - P - &= - \begin{pmatrix} - x \\ - y - \end{pmatrix} -\end{align} - -Die Anfangsbedingungen dieses Problems sind. - -\begin{align} - y(t)\bigg|_{t=0} - &= - y_0 - \\[5pt] - x(t)\bigg|_{t=0} - &= - x_0 \\[5pt] - \frac{\,dy}{\,dx}(t)\bigg|_{t=0} - &= - \frac{y_A(t) -y_P(t)}{x_A(t)-x_P(t)}\bigg|_{t=0} -\end{align} - -Mit den vorangegangenen Definitionen kann nun die DGL \eqref{pursuer:pursuerDGL} gelöst werden. -Dafür wird als erstes das Skalarprodukt ausgerechnet. + y(t) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) + \\ +\end{align*} + +Zuerst wird die Bedingung der x-Koordinate betrachtet. Diese kann durch quadrieren und anschliessendes multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. \begin{equation} - \dfrac{-x\cdot\dot{x}+(t-y)\cdot\dot{y}}{\sqrt{x^2+(t-y)^2}} = 1 + 0 + = + W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) \end{equation} +Dies entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +\begin{equation*} + W(0)=0 +\end{equation*} +besitzt. Kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu - - - - - - -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt \begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{lambertw:equation1} + 0 + = + \chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} \end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{lambertw:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{lambertw:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. + +Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Treffer möglich wäre. +Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie getroffen werden. +Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. +Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 6dd01e88ff8b1d93decb31fabef8edb95b361e87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Wed, 20 Jul 2022 20:16:26 +0200 Subject: made some adjustments --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb | Bin 17954 -> 21894 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf | Bin 17941 -> 21894 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex | 38 ++++++++-------- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 65 ++++++++++++++++------------ 4 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb index 0bd39b2..3c4500b 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.ggb differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf index 284dd7d..932d9d9 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index a347608..9e6d04f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -4,28 +4,28 @@ % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % \chapter{Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} -\lhead{Thema} +\lhead{Verfolgungskurven} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} +%Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes +%\begin{itemize} +%\item +%Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. +%Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. +%\item +%Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende +%Optionen werden gelöscht. +%Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. +%\item +%Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. +%Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen +%in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt +%anzuwenden. +%\item +%Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren +%Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. +%\end{itemize} \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} %\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 50d2255..2905605 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -5,14 +5,26 @@ % \section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? \label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} -\rhead{Teil 0} +\rhead{Was sind Verfolgungskurven?} -Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei fragen wie, welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt. Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. Der Verfolger versucht sein Ziel zu ergattern und das Ziel versucht zu entkommen. Der Pfad, der der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als DGL formuliert werden. Diese DGL entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. +Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt. +Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. +Der Verfolger verfolgt sein Ziel, das versucht zu entkommen. +Der Pfad, der der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. +Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als Differentialgleichung formuliert werden. +Diese Differentialgleichung entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. \subsection{Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie \label{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger}} -Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. Wir nehmen an, dass sich der Verfolger stur an eine Verfolgungsstrategie hält. Dabei gibt es viele mögliche Strategien, die der Verfolger wählen könnte. Die möglichen Strategien entstehen durch Festlegung einzelner Parameter, die der Verfolger kontrollieren kann. Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. +Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. +Wir nehmen an, dass sich der Verfolger stur an eine Verfolgungsstrategie hält. +Dabei gibt es viele mögliche Strategien, die der Verfolger wählen könnte. +Die möglichen Strategien entstehen durch Festlegung einzelner Parameter, die der Verfolger kontrollieren kann. +Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. +Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. +Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. +Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. \begin{table} \centering @@ -39,46 +51,46 @@ Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie defini \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[scale=0.2]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf} + \includegraphics[scale=0.1]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf} + \caption{Vektordarstellung Strategie 1} \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} \end{figure} -In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. -Folgend wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. -Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel hinzu. -In der Grafik \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. -Wobei $\overrightarrow{V}$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $\overrightarrow{Z}$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. +In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. +Im Folgend wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. +Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel zu. +In der Abbildung \eqref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, +wobei $\vec{V}$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $\vec{Z}$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{\vec{V}}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} - |\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}| - = konst = A - \quad|A\in\mathbb{R}>0 + |\dot{\vec{V}}| + = const = A + \quad A\in\mathbb{R}>0 \end{equation} darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} - \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot|\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}| + \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot|\dot{\vec{V}}| = - \overrightarrow{\dot{V}} + \dot{\vec{V}} \end{equation} beschrieben werden. -Durch die Subtraktion der Ortsvektoren $\overrightarrow{V}$ und $\overrightarrow{Z}$ entsteht ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. -Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division mit dem Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. +Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $\vec{V}$ und $\vec{Z}$ ist ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. +Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. -Nun wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. +Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{\vec{V}}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. \begin{align} \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} - \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot - \overrightarrow{\dot{V}} + \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot + \dot{\vec{V}} &= - |\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}|^2 + |\dot{\vec{V}}|^2 \\ - \frac{\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|}\cdot \frac{\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}}{|\overrightarrow{\dot{V}}|} + \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot \frac{\dot{\vec{V}}}{|\dot{\vec{V}}|} &= 1 \end{align} -Diese DGL ist der Kern des Verfolgungsproblems, insofern der Verfolger die Strategie 1 verwendet. - +Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, insofern der Verfolger die Strategie 1 verwendet. \subsection{Ziel \label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} @@ -89,14 +101,11 @@ Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebe \begin{equation} \vec{Z}(t) = - \begin{Bmatrix} - 0\\ - t - \end{Bmatrix} + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) \end{equation} beschrieben werden könnte. Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. -Die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form haben, jedoch wird die zu lösende DGL immer komplexer. +Die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form haben, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung immer komplexer. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8d63b7cdea0c9bed2fed397a7dd35cf9c53aae8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Wed, 20 Jul 2022 22:04:39 +0200 Subject: adjusted chapter --- buch/papers/lambertw/main.log | 692 +++-------------------------------------- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 21 +- 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 657 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log index 4b0af4d..754563d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log @@ -1,14 +1,12 @@ -This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (TeX Live 2021/W32TeX) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.11.16) 15 MAR 2022 13:23 +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 20 JUL 2022 18:38 entering extended mode - restricted \write18 enabled. - %&-line parsing enabled. -**main.tex -(./main.tex -LaTeX2e <2021-11-15> -L3 programming layer <2021-11-12> +**./main.tex +(main.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> ! 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==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 3415c45..2f71f43 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \\ \chi &= - \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}; \cdot\chi \\ + \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}\\ \eta &= \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 @@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen Wir definieren einen Treffer wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels übereinstimmen bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$. Aus dem vorangegangenem Beispiel, sind die Gleichungen zu den x- und y-Koordinaten des Verfolgers bekannt. Die Des Ziels sind \begin{equation} - \overrightarrow{Z}(t) + \vec{Z}(t) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) ;\quad - \overrightarrow{V}(t) + \vec{V}(t) = \left( \begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ y(t) \end{array} \right) \label{lambertw:Anfangspunkte} @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Wir definieren einen Treffer wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Z Somit gilt es \begin{equation*} - \overrightarrow{Z}(t_1)=\overrightarrow{V}(t_1) + \vec{Z}(t_1)=\vec{V}(t_1) \end{equation*} zu lösen. Da die $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der x- und y-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. @@ -72,7 +72,10 @@ zu lösen. Da die $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei \\ \end{align*} -Zuerst wird die Bedingung der x-Koordinate betrachtet. Diese kann durch quadrieren und anschliessendes multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. +Zuerst wird die Bedingung der x-Koordinate betrachtet. +Diese kann durch quadrieren und anschliessendes multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. +Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +Die Gleichung \begin{equation} 0 @@ -80,7 +83,8 @@ Zuerst wird die Bedingung der x-Koordinate betrachtet. Diese kann durch quadrier W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) \end{equation} -Dies entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei + +entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei \begin{equation*} W(0)=0 @@ -100,5 +104,10 @@ Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Treffe Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie getroffen werden. Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. +Dies kann mathematisch mit + +\begin{equation} + |\vec{V}-\vec{Z]|0 +\end{equation} -- cgit v1.2.1 From a7da84afe5d97069c243f103bb1438a459764cd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Wed, 20 Jul 2022 22:07:21 +0200 Subject: further adjustment --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 12 +++++++++++- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 2f71f43..eb43b3e 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -104,10 +104,20 @@ Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Treffe Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie getroffen werden. Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. -Dies kann mathematisch mit +Somit wird in einer nächsten Betrachtung untersucht, ob der Verfolger dem Ziel näher kommt als ein definierter Trefferradius. +Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. +Mathematisch kann dies mit \begin{equation} |\vec{V}-\vec{Z]|0 \end{equation} +beschrieben werden, wobei $a_min$ dem Trefferradius entspricht. +Diese Gleichung wird noch quadriert, um die Wurzeln des Betrages loszuwerden. +Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_min$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage unverändert. + +\begin{equation} + |\vec{V}-\vec{Z]|^20 +\end{equation} + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 1504ba1daa40a4ea1057a767dab89a210a9f4ae4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:07:31 +0200 Subject: Corrected writing Error --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index eb43b3e..aa7f226 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen \eta &= \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 - \:;\: + \\ r_0 - = + &= \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \\ \end{align*} Wir definieren einen Treffer wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels übereinstimmen bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$. Aus dem vorangegangenem Beispiel, sind die Gleichungen zu den x- und y-Koordinaten des Verfolgers bekannt. Die Des Ziels sind @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Somit gilt es \vec{Z}(t_1)=\vec{V}(t_1) \end{equation*} -zu lösen. Da die $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der x- und y-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. +zu lösen. Da $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der x- und y-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. \begin{align*} 0 -- cgit v1.2.1 From 0a60dc01038a4c9444043f6675877e1d52cd12d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 12:29:12 +0200 Subject: corrected a typo --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index aa7f226..e8171fd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. Mathematisch kann dies mit \begin{equation} - |\vec{V}-\vec{Z]|0 + |\vec{V}-\vec{Z}|0 \end{equation} beschrieben werden, wobei $a_min$ dem Trefferradius entspricht. @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Diese Gleichung wird noch quadriert, um die Wurzeln des Betrages loszuwerden. Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_min$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage unverändert. \begin{equation} - |\vec{V}-\vec{Z]|^20 + |\vec{V}-\vec{Z}|^2 0 \end{equation} -- cgit v1.2.1 From b5e57cde49a8cf16d39ad198b2c3e41136c74d4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Thu, 21 Jul 2022 23:45:02 +0200 Subject: made some changes and added some things --- .../papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png | Bin 124329 -> 297455 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 70 +++++++++++++++------ 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png index 53eb2f9..90758cd 100644 Binary files a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index 6184369..bc1bf4d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -3,45 +3,60 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Beispiel Verfolgungskurve +\section{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve \label{lambertw:section:teil4}} -\rhead{Beispiel Verfolgungskurve} -In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie 1 beschreiben. +\rhead{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve} +In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie 1 beschreiben. Dafür werden zuerst Bewegungsraum, Anfangspositionen und Bewegungsverhalten definiert, in einem nächsten Schritt soll eine Differentialgleichung dafür aufgestellt werden und anschliessend gelöst werden. -Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\overrightarrow{Z}\) wandert auf einer Gerade mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(v = 1\), wobei diese Gerade der \(y\)-Achse entspricht. Der Verfolger \(\overrightarrow{V}\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadrant und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +\subsection{Anfangsbedingungen definieren und einsetzen + \label{lambertw:subsection:Anfangsbedingungen}} +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\vec{Z}\) bewegt sich entlang der \(y\)-Achse mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(v = 1\), beginnend beim Ursprung des Kartesischen Koordinatensystems. Der Verfolger \(\vec{V}\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadranten und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{V}| = 1\) in Richtung Ziel. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: \begin{equation} - \overrightarrow{Z} + \vec{Z} = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) - ; - \overrightarrow{V} + ,\: + \vec{V} = \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) - \label{lambertw:Anfangspunkte} + \:\text{und}\:\: + \bigl| \dot{V} \bigl| + = + 1. + \label{lambertw:Anfangsbed} \end{equation} -Wenn man diese Startpunkte in die Gleichung der Verfolgungskurve \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} einfügt ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: +Wir haben nun die Anfangsbedingungen definiert, jetzt fehlt nur noch eine DGL, welche die fortlaufende Änderung der Position und Bewegungsrichtung des Verfolgers beschreibt. +Diese DGL haben wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger} definiert, und zwar Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL}. Wenn man die Startpunkte einfügt ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: \begin{equation} \frac{\left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right)}{\sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}} - \circ + \cdot \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) = - 1 - \label{lambertw:eqMitAnfangspunkte} + 1. + \label{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} \end{equation} -Macht man den linken Term Bruchfrei und löst das Skalarprodukt auf, dann ergibt sich folgende DGL: + +\subsection{DGL vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach}} +Nun haben wir eine Gleichung, es stellt sich aber die Frage ob es überhaupt eine geschlossene Lösung dafür gibt. Eine Funktion welche die Beziehung \(y(x)\) beschreibt oder sogar \(x(t)\) und \(y(t)\) liefert. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt mag es nicht trivial scheinen, aber mit den gewählten Anfangsbedingungen \eqref{lambertw:Anfangsbed} ist es möglich eine geschlossene Lösung für die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} zu finden. +Auf dem Weg dahin muss die definierte DGL zuerst wesentlich vereinfacht werden, sei es mittels algebraische Umformungen oder mit den Tools aus der Analysis. Also legen wir los! + +Zuerst müssen wir den Bruch in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} los werden, der sieht so nicht handlich aus. Dafür multiplizieren wir beidseitig mit dem Nenner: \[ \left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right) - \circ + \cdot \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) - = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}\\ + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2},\\ \] +In einem weiteren Schritt, lösen wir das Skalarprodukt auf und erhalten folgende Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} ohne vektorielle Grössen: \begin{equation} -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2} - \label{lambertw:eq1BspVerfolgKurve} + \label{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} \end{equation} +Ist es nicht schön? Wir sind die Im nächsten Schritt quadriert man beide Seiten, erweitert den neu entstandenen quadratischen Term, bringt alles auf die linke Seite und klammert gemeinsames aus. \begin{align*} ((t-y) \dot{y} - x \dot{x})^2 @@ -71,7 +86,10 @@ Im letzten Ausdruck erkennt man das Muster einer binomischen Formel, was den Aus (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 &= 0 \end{align*} -Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eq1BspVerfolgKurve} eine wesentlich einfachere DGL: + +\subsection{Zeitabhängigkeit loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}} +Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} eine wesentlich einfachere DGL: \begin{equation} x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} = 0 @@ -112,6 +130,9 @@ Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambert xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} &= 0 \end{align*} + +\subsection{DGL lösen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLloes}} Mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) kann vorherige DGL in eine erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden: \begin{equation*} xu^{\prime} - \sqrt{1+u^2} @@ -149,6 +170,8 @@ Diese kann mit den selben Methoden gelöst werden, diesmal in Kombination mit de C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{ln(x)}{8 \cdot C_2} \end{align*} +\subsection{Lösung analysieren + \label{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys}} \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} @@ -173,7 +196,11 @@ Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, w \item Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve muss es auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? Durch eine logische Überlegung kann eine Abschätzung darüber getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit und somit auch sein Vorzeichen. \end{itemize} -Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, siehe \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes}. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht, dies wird durch das Einsetzen folgender Anfangsbedingungen erreicht: +Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, siehe \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes}. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht. + +\subsection{Allgemeine Lösung + \label{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes}} +Dies wird durch das Einsetzen folgender Anfangsbedingungen erreicht: \begin{equation} y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} = @@ -215,7 +242,12 @@ Leitet man die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} nach x ab und setzt die Anfang \frac{1}{2}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{x}{x_0^2}+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\frac{1}{x}\right) \\ -4t &= - \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right) \\ + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right) +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Funktion nach der Zeit + \label{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT}} +\begin{align*} -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right) &= \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right) \\ -- cgit v1.2.1 From 137e7755104042841230d40f0e6f1132d9d430db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 15:26:31 +0200 Subject: Polished some sentences. Corrected missing amount in formula. Added new information in chapter Wird das Ziel erreicht? --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 14 ++--- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 116 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------- 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 2905605..30c4b60 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um \label{lambertw:table:Strategien} \end{table} - - - \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.1]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf} @@ -57,14 +54,14 @@ Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um \end{figure} In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. -Im Folgend wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. +Im Folgenden wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel zu. In der Abbildung \eqref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, wobei $\vec{V}$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $\vec{Z}$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{\vec{V}}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} |\dot{\vec{V}}| - = const = A + = \operatorname{const} = A \quad A\in\mathbb{R}>0 \end{equation} darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung @@ -80,12 +77,11 @@ Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nic Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{\vec{V}}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. \begin{align} - \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} - \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot - \dot{\vec{V}} + \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot|\dot{\vec{V}}|\cdot\dot{\vec{V}} &= |\dot{\vec{V}}|^2 \\ + \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot \frac{\dot{\vec{V}}}{|\dot{\vec{V}}|} &= 1 @@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebe \end{equation} beschrieben werden könnte. Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. -Die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form haben, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung immer komplexer. +Die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form haben, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung für die Verfolgungskurve immer komplexer. diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index e8171fd..819658a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Wird das Ziel erreicht? -\label{lambertw:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} +\label{lambertw:section:Wird_das_Ziel_erreicht}} +\rhead{Wird das Ziel erreicht?} Sehr oft kommt es vor, dass bei Verfolgungsproblemen die Frage auftaucht, ob das Ziel überhaupt erreicht wird. Wenn zum Beispiel die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers kleiner ist als diejenige des Ziels, gibt es Anfangsbedingungen bei denen das Ziel nie erreicht wird. -Sobald diese Frage beantwortet wurde stellt sich meist die Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. +Im Anschluss dieser Frage stellt sich meist die nächste Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und an einem Beispiel betrachtet. - -\subsection{Ziel erreichen (überarbeiten) -\label{lambertw:subsection:ZielErreichen}} +% +%\subsection{Ziel erreichen (überarbeiten) +%\label{lambertw:subsection:ZielErreichen}} Für diese Betrachtung wird das Beispiel aus \eqref{lambertw:section:teil4} zur Hilfe genommen. -Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen +Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen für Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten \begin{align*} x\left(t\right) &= @@ -32,30 +32,36 @@ Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen \\ r_0 &= - \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \\ + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \text{.}\\ \end{align*} -Wir definieren einen Treffer wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels übereinstimmen bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$. Aus dem vorangegangenem Beispiel, sind die Gleichungen zu den x- und y-Koordinaten des Verfolgers bekannt. Die Des Ziels sind +% +Das Ziel wird erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. +Somit gilt es + +\begin{equation*} + \vec{Z}(t_1)=\vec{V}(t_1) +\end{equation*} +% +zu lösen. +Aus dem vorangegangenem Beispiel, ist die Parametrisierung des Verfolgers und des Ziels bekannt. +Das Ziel wird parametrisiert durch \begin{equation} \vec{Z}(t) = - \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) - = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) - ;\quad +\end{equation} +% +und der Verfolger durch + +\begin{equation} \vec{V}(t) = \left( \begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ y(t) \end{array} \right) - \label{lambertw:Anfangspunkte} + \text{.} \end{equation} - -Somit gilt es - -\begin{equation*} - \vec{Z}(t_1)=\vec{V}(t_1) -\end{equation*} - -zu lösen. Da $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der x- und y-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. +% + Da $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der x- und y-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. Es entstehen daher folgende Bedingungen \begin{align*} 0 @@ -71,7 +77,8 @@ zu lösen. Da $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einz \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \\ \end{align*} - +% +, welche Beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. Zuerst wird die Bedingung der x-Koordinate betrachtet. Diese kann durch quadrieren und anschliessendes multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. @@ -82,26 +89,62 @@ Die Gleichung = W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) \end{equation} - - +% entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei \begin{equation*} W(0)=0 \end{equation*} - -besitzt. Kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu +% +besitzt, kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu \begin{equation} 0 = \chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} + \text{.} \end{equation} - +% Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. -Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Treffer möglich wäre. -Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie getroffen werden. +Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +Aus der Symmetrie des Problems an der y-Achse können auch alle Anfangspunkte im zweiten Quadranten die Bedingungen nicht erfüllen. +Bei allen Anfangspunkten mit $y_0<0$ ist ein Einholen unmöglich, da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und Ziels übereinstimmen und der Verfolger dem Ziel bereits am Anfang nachgeht. +Wenn die Wertemenge der Anfangsbedingung um die positive y-Achse erweitert wird, kann das Ziel wiederum erreicht werden. +Sobald der Verfolger auf der positiven y-Achse startet, bewegen sich Verfolger und Ziel aufeinander zu, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel Zeigt und der Verfolger sich auf der Fluchtgeraden befindet. +Dies führt zwingend dazu, dass der Verfolger das Ziel erreichen wird. +Die Verfolgungskurve kann in diesem Fall mit + +\begin{equation} + \vec{V}(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ y_0-t \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +parametrisiert werden. +Nun kann der Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel leicht bestimmt und nach 0 aufgelöst werden. +Daraus folgt + +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + |\vec{V}(t_1)-\vec{Z}(t_1)| + = + y_0-2t_1 +\end{equation} +% +, was aufgelöst zu + +\begin{equation} + t_1 + = + \frac{y_0}{2} +\end{equation} +% +führt. +Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven y-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. +Bei allen anderen Anfangspunkten wird der Verfolger das Ziel nie erreichen. Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. Somit wird in einer nächsten Betrachtung untersucht, ob der Verfolger dem Ziel näher kommt als ein definierter Trefferradius. @@ -109,15 +152,18 @@ Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. Mathematisch kann dies mit \begin{equation} - |\vec{V}-\vec{Z}|0 + |\vec{V}-\vec{Z}|0 \end{equation} - -beschrieben werden, wobei $a_min$ dem Trefferradius entspricht. -Diese Gleichung wird noch quadriert, um die Wurzeln des Betrages loszuwerden. -Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_min$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage unverändert. +% +beschrieben werden, wobei $a_{min}$ dem Trefferradius entspricht. +Durch quadrieren verschwindet die Wurzel des Betrages, womit \begin{equation} - |\vec{V}-\vec{Z}|^2 0 + |\vec{V}-\vec{Z}|^2 0 \end{equation} +% +die neue Bedingung ist. +Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_{min}$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage unverändert. + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7152877683f6ee147a404b5ab5f00a10a9a80c16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 15:36:14 +0200 Subject: polished sentence in chapter Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 2905605..41257e6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $\vec{V}$ und $\vec{Z}$ ist ein Vektor der vom Pu Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. -Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{\vec{V}}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. +Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{\vec{V}}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergeben sich \begin{align} \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{\vec{V}}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichun \\ \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot \frac{\dot{\vec{V}}}{|\dot{\vec{V}}|} &= - 1 + 1 \text{.} \end{align} Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, insofern der Verfolger die Strategie 1 verwendet. @@ -98,11 +98,13 @@ Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung + \begin{equation} \vec{Z}(t) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) \end{equation} + beschrieben werden könnte. Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. Die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form haben, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung immer komplexer. -- cgit v1.2.1 From df7209b60ecfb28b0f32a674920357cec038d6a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 15:58:02 +0200 Subject: Corrected typos --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 819658a..b46ed12 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und an einem Beispiel bet %\subsection{Ziel erreichen (überarbeiten) %\label{lambertw:subsection:ZielErreichen}} Für diese Betrachtung wird das Beispiel aus \eqref{lambertw:section:teil4} zur Hilfe genommen. -Wir verwenden die Hergeleiteten Gleichungen für Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten +Wir verwenden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen für Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten \begin{align*} x\left(t\right) &= @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. Aus der Symmetrie des Problems an der y-Achse können auch alle Anfangspunkte im zweiten Quadranten die Bedingungen nicht erfüllen. Bei allen Anfangspunkten mit $y_0<0$ ist ein Einholen unmöglich, da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und Ziels übereinstimmen und der Verfolger dem Ziel bereits am Anfang nachgeht. Wenn die Wertemenge der Anfangsbedingung um die positive y-Achse erweitert wird, kann das Ziel wiederum erreicht werden. -Sobald der Verfolger auf der positiven y-Achse startet, bewegen sich Verfolger und Ziel aufeinander zu, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel Zeigt und der Verfolger sich auf der Fluchtgeraden befindet. +Sobald der Verfolger auf der positiven y-Achse startet, bewegen sich Verfolger und Ziel aufeinander zu, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt und der Verfolger sich auf der Fluchtgeraden befindet. Dies führt zwingend dazu, dass der Verfolger das Ziel erreichen wird. Die Verfolgungskurve kann in diesem Fall mit -- cgit v1.2.1 From 4e98fc86feda32c0f2c20b879fe357ff64ee1441 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Fri, 22 Jul 2022 21:37:40 +0200 Subject: made some changes and added some things --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 239 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 141 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index bc1bf4d..78314a1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -44,134 +44,137 @@ Nun haben wir eine Gleichung, es stellt sich aber die Frage ob es überhaupt ein Auf dem Weg dahin muss die definierte DGL zuerst wesentlich vereinfacht werden, sei es mittels algebraische Umformungen oder mit den Tools aus der Analysis. Also legen wir los! Zuerst müssen wir den Bruch in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} los werden, der sieht so nicht handlich aus. Dafür multiplizieren wir beidseitig mit dem Nenner: -\[ +\begin{equation} \left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right) \cdot \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) - = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2},\\ -\] + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}. + \label{lambertw:eqOhneBruch} +\end{equation} In einem weiteren Schritt, lösen wir das Skalarprodukt auf und erhalten folgende Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} ohne vektorielle Grössen: \begin{equation} -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} - = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2} + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}. \label{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} \end{equation} -Ist es nicht schön? Wir sind die -Im nächsten Schritt quadriert man beide Seiten, erweitert den neu entstandenen quadratischen Term, bringt alles auf die linke Seite und klammert gemeinsames aus. -\begin{align*} - ((t-y) \dot{y} - x \dot{x})^2 - &= x^2 + (t-y)^2 \\ - x^2 \dot{x}^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + (t-y)^2 \dot{y} - &= x^2 + (t-y)^2 \\ - \dot{x}^2 x^2 - x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + \dot{y}^2 (t-y)^2 - (t-y)^2 - &= 0 \\ - (\dot{x}^2 - 1) \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + (\dot{y}^2 - 1) \cdot (t-y)^2 - &= 0 -\end{align*} -Der letzte Ausdruck kann mittels folgender Beziehung \(\dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 = 1\) vereinfacht werden, anschliessend wird die Gleichung mit \(-1\) multipliziert: -\[ - \underbrace{(\dot{x}^2 - 1)}_{\mathclap{-\dot{y}^2}} \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + \underbrace{(\dot{y}^2 - 1)}_{\mathclap{-\dot{x}^2}} \cdot (t-y)^2 - = 0 -\] -\begin{align*} - - \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 - 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} - \dot{x}^2 \cdot (t-y)^2 - &= 0 \\ - \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 + 2x(t-y) \dot{x} \dot{y} + \dot{x}^2 \cdot (t-y)^2 - &= 0 -\end{align*} -Im letzten Ausdruck erkennt man das Muster einer binomischen Formel, was den Ausdruck wesentlich vereinfacht: -\begin{align*} - x^2 \dot{y}^2 + 2 \cdot x \dot{y} \cdot (t-y) \dot{x} + (t-y)^2 \dot{x}^2 - &= 0 \\ +Im letzten Schritt, fällt die Nützlichkeit des Skalarproduktes in der Verfolgungsgleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} markant auf. Meiner Meinung ziemlich elegant und nicht selbstverständlich in der Lage zu sein, das Problem auf eine einzige Gleichung reduzieren zu können. + +Die nächsten Schritte sind sehr algebralastig und würden das lesen dieses Papers einfach nur mühsam machen, also werde ich diese auslassen. Hingegen werden ich die algebraische Hauptschritte erwähnen, die notwendig wären falls man es trotzdem selber ausprobieren möchte: +\begin{itemize} + \item + Quadrieren und erweitern. + \item + Gruppieren. + \item + Substitution von einzelnen Thermen mittels der Beziehung \(\dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 = 1\). + \item + Und das erkennen des Musters einer Binomischen Formel. +\end{itemize} +Das Resultat aller dieser Vereinfachungen führen zu folgender Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht}, die viel handhabbarer ist als zuvor: +\begin{equation} (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 - &= 0 -\end{align*} + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +Da der linke Term gleich Null ist, muss auch der Inhalt des Quadrates gleich Null sein, somit folgt eine weitere Vereinfachung, welche zu einer im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} wesentlich einfachere DGL führt: +\begin{equation} + x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +Kompakt, ohne Wurzelterme und Quadrate, nur elementare Operationen und Ableitungen. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie es weiter gehen soll, bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} scheinen keine weiteren Vereinfachungen möglich zu sein. Wir brauchen einen neuen Ansatz um unser Ziel einer möglichen Lösung zu verfolgen. \subsection{Zeitabhängigkeit loswerden \label{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}} -Wenn man nun beidseitig die Quadratwurzel zieht, dann ergibt sich im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} eine wesentlich einfachere DGL: +Der nächste logischer Schritt schient irgendwie die Zeitabhängigkeit in der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} loszuwerden, aber wieso? Nun, wie am Anfang von Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach} beschrieben, suchen wir eine Lösung der Art \(y(x)\), dies ist natürlich erst möglich wenn wir die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) eliminieren können. + +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg dahin, ist es die zeitlichen Ableitung los zu werden, dafür wird \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, was erlaubt ist, weil diese Änderung ungleich Null ist: \begin{equation} - x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} - = 0 - \label{lambertw:equation5} -\end{equation} -Um die Ableitung nach der Zeit wegzubringen, wird beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, wobei \(\frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} = \frac{dy}{dt}/\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{dy}{dx}\) entspricht. -\[ x \frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} + (t-y) \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{x}} - = 0 -\] -Nach dem Kürzen und Vereinfachen ergibt sich folgende DGL: + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +Der Grund dafür ist, dass +\begin{equation} + \frac{\displaystyle\dot{y}}{\displaystyle\dot{x}} + = \frac{\displaystyle\frac{dy}{dt}}{\displaystyle\frac{dx}{dt}} + = \frac{dy}{dx} + = y^{\prime}, + \label{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +und somit kann der Quotient dieser zeitlichen Ableitungen in eine Ableitung nach \(x\) umgewandelt werden. +Nach dem diese Eigenschaft \eqref{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} in \eqref{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} eingesetzt wird und vereinfacht wurde, entsteht folgende neue Gleichung: \begin{equation} x y^{\prime} + t - y - = 0 + = 0. \label{lambertw:DGLmitT} \end{equation} -Hier wäre es passend wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen muss man auf die Definition der Bogenlänge aus Analysis 2 zurückgreifen: +Hier wäre es natürlich passend wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen muss man auf die Definition der Bogenlänge aus der Analysis zurückgreifen, wobei die Strecke \(s\) folgendem entspricht: \begin{equation} s = v \cdot t = + 1 \cdot t + = t = - \int_{x_0}^{x_{end}}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx + \int_{\displaystyle x_0}^{\displaystyle x_{\text{end}}}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx. \label{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} \end{equation} Nicht gerade auffällig ist die Richtung in welche hier integriert wird. Wenn der Verfolger sich wie vorgesehen am Anfang im ersten Quadranten befindet, dann muss sich dieser nach links bewegen, was nicht der üblichen Integrationsrichtung entspricht. Um eine Integration wie üblich von links nach rechts ausführen zu können, müssen die Integrationsgenerzen vertauscht werden, was in einem Vorzeichenwechsel resultiert. Wenn man nun \eqref{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT} einfügt, dann ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: \begin{equation} x y^{\prime} - \int\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx - y - = 0 + = 0. \label{lambertw:DGLohneT} \end{equation} -Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab: -\begin{align*} +Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab und erhaltet folgende DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt}: +\begin{align} y^{\prime}+ xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} - y^{\prime} - &= 0 \\ + &= 0, \\ xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} - &= 0 -\end{align*} + &= 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLohneInt} +\end{align} +Nun sind wir unserem Ziel eine weiteren Schritt näher. Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade einfach sein, aber im Nächsten Abschnitt werden wir sehen, dass sie relativ einfach zu lösen ist. \subsection{DGL lösen \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLloes}} -Mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) kann vorherige DGL in eine erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden: -\begin{equation*} +Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} ist eine DGL zweiter Ordnung und kann +mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) in eine DGL erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden: +\begin{equation} xu^{\prime} - \sqrt{1+u^2} - = 0 + = 0. \label{lambertw:DGLmitU} -\end{equation*} -Welche mittels Separation gelöst werden kann: -\begin{align*} - arsinh(u) + C_L - &= - ln(x) + C_R \\ - arsinh(u) +\end{equation} +Diese \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU} zu lösen ist ziemlich einfach da sie separierbar ist, also werde ich direkt zur Lösung \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} übergehen: +\begin{align} + \operatorname{arsinh}(u) &= - ln(x) + C \\ + \operatorname{ln}(x) + C, \\ u &= - sinh(ln(x) + C) -\end{align*} -In dem man die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man eine weitere DGL erster Ordnung die bereits separiert ist: + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} +\end{align} +Indem man die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man eine weitere DGL erster Ordnung die bereits separiert ist und erhält folgende Lösung: \begin{equation} y^{\prime} = - sinh(ln(x) + C) + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitY} \end{equation} -Diese kann mit den selben Methoden gelöst werden, diesmal in Kombination mit der exponentiellen Definition der \(sinh\)-Funktion: -\begin{align*} +Diese \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitY} kann mit den selben Methoden gelöst werden wie \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU}, diesmal aber in Kombination mit der exponentiellen Definition der \(\operatorname{sinh}\)-Funktion: +\begin{equation} y - &= - \int sinh(ln(x) + C) \\ - &= - \int \frac{1}{2} (e^{ln(x)+C} - e^{-(ln(x)+C)}) \\ - &= - \frac{e^C}{4} x^2 - \frac{ln(x)}{2 \cdot e^C} + C_1 \\ - &= - C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{ln(x)}{8 \cdot C_2} -\end{align*} + = + C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x)}{8 \cdot C_2}. +\end{equation} +Nun haben wir eine Lösung, aber wie es immer mit Lösungen ist, stellt sich die Frage ob sie überhaupt plausibel ist. Dieser Frage werden wir in nächsten Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys} nachgehen. \subsection{Lösung analysieren \label{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys}} + \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} @@ -184,47 +187,87 @@ Das Resultat, wie ersichtlich, ist folgende Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} w \begin{equation} {\color{red}{y(x)}} = - C_1 + C_2 {\color{darkgreen}{x^2}} {\color{blue}{-}} \frac{\color{blue}{ln(x)}}{8 \cdot C_2} + C_1 + C_2 {\color{darkgreen}{x^2}} {\color{blue}{-}} \frac{\color{blue}{\operatorname{ln}(x)}}{8 \cdot C_2}. \label{lambertw:funkLoes} \end{equation} -Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition, oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(\bf{y(x)}\) geschaffen werden: +Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition, oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(y(x)\) geschaffen werden: \begin{itemize} \item - Für grosse \(x\)-Werte welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion dominant und somit für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. + Für grosse \(x\)-Werte, welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} dominant. + \item + Für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse, wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. Irgendwann werden Verfolger und Ziel auf gleicher Höhe sein. \item Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger im nachgeht. \item - Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve muss es auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? Durch eine logische Überlegung kann eine Abschätzung darüber getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit und somit auch sein Vorzeichen. + Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} muss diese auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? + + Eine Abschätzung darüber kann getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers, somit auch sein Vorzeichen und dadurch entsteht auch das Minimum. \end{itemize} -Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, siehe \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes}. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht. +Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, welche durch die Grafik \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} repräsentiert wurde. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht. Dies wird im folgenden Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes} behandelt. -\subsection{Allgemeine Lösung +-------------------------------Ab hier muss im Kapitel 12.2 noch einiges bearbeitet werden----------------- +\subsection{Anfangswertproblem \label{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes}} -Dies wird durch das Einsetzen folgender Anfangsbedingungen erreicht: +Wie üblich bei der Suche nach einer exakten Lösung, kommt ein Anfangswertproblem auf. Um dies zu lösen, müssen wir zuerst die Anfangswerte definieren. Da wir hier das Problem allgemein lösen, ergeben sich folgende zwei Anfangswerte: \begin{equation} y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} = y(x_0) = y_0 - \:;\: + \label{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} \frac{dy}{dx}\bigg \vert_{t=0} = y^{\prime}(x_0) = - \frac{y_0}{x_0} + \frac{y_0}{x_0}. + \label{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} \end{equation} -Leitet man die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} nach x ab und setzt die Anfangsbedingungen ein, dann ergibt sich folgendes Gleichungssystem: -\begin{subequations} - \begin{align} - y_0 - &= - C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{ln(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2} \\ - \frac{y_0}{x_0} - &= - 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{ln(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2} - \end{align} -\end{subequations} +Der zweite Anfangswert \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} mag nicht grade offensichtlich sein. Die Erklärung dafür ist aber simpel: Der Verfolger wird zum Zeitpunkt \(t=0\) in Richtung Koordinatenursprung bewegen wollen, wo sich das Ziel befindet. Somit entsteht das Steigungsdreieck \(\Delta x = x_0\) und \(\Delta y = y_0\). + +Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Algebra, auf welches ich nicht unbedingt eingehen möchte. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit werde ich aber das Gleichungssystem \eqref{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} präsentieren, welches notwendig ist um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen, sowie auch die allgemeine Lösung \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} die sich nach dem einsetzen der Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt. + +\begin{itemize} + \item + Gleichungssystem: + \begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + y_0 + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2}, \\ + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + &= + 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{1}{8 \cdot C_2 \cdot x_0}. + \end{align} + \label{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} + \end{subequations} + \item + Allgemeine Funktion: + \begin{equation} + -4t + = + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} + \end{equation} + Wobei aus Übersichtlichkeitsgründen \(\eta\) und \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert wurden: + \begin{equation} + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \:\:\text{und}\:\: + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2}. + \end{equation} +\end{itemize} + + + +Leitet man die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} nach \(x\) ab und setzt die Anfangsbedingungen ein, dann ergibt sich folgendes Gleichungssystem: + ... Mit folgenden Formeln geht es weiter: \begin{align*} \eta -- cgit v1.2.1 From 92f8c87eec2b11e6900c09c252bea77cb35f4f25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 18:12:37 +0200 Subject: made some changes, now the document is ready for a second pull-request --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 167 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index 78314a1..fe7ed49 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambert &= 0. \label{lambertw:DGLohneInt} \end{align} -Nun sind wir unserem Ziel eine weiteren Schritt näher. Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade einfach sein, aber im Nächsten Abschnitt werden wir sehen, dass sie relativ einfach zu lösen ist. +Nun sind wir unserem Ziel einen weiteren Schritt näher. Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade einfach sein, aber im Nächsten Abschnitt werden wir sehen, dass sie relativ einfach zu lösen ist. \subsection{DGL lösen \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLloes}} @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) in eine DGL erster Ordnung umgewande = 0. \label{lambertw:DGLmitU} \end{equation} -Diese \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU} zu lösen ist ziemlich einfach da sie separierbar ist, also werde ich direkt zur Lösung \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} übergehen: +Diese \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU} zu lösen ist ziemlich einfach da sie separierbar ist, aus diesem Grund werde ich direkt zur Lösung \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} übergehen: \begin{align} \operatorname{arsinh}(u) &= @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ Diese \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU} zu lösen ist ziemlich einfach da sie separierbar \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} \end{align} -Indem man die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man eine weitere DGL erster Ordnung die bereits separiert ist und erhält folgende Lösung: +Indem man die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man eine weitere DGL erster Ordnung die bereits separiert ist und erhält folgende Gleichung: \begin{equation} y^{\prime} = @@ -205,10 +205,9 @@ Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, w \end{itemize} Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, welche durch die Grafik \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} repräsentiert wurde. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht. Dies wird im folgenden Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes} behandelt. --------------------------------Ab hier muss im Kapitel 12.2 noch einiges bearbeitet werden----------------- \subsection{Anfangswertproblem \label{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes}} -Wie üblich bei der Suche nach einer exakten Lösung, kommt ein Anfangswertproblem auf. Um dies zu lösen, müssen wir zuerst die Anfangswerte definieren. Da wir hier das Problem allgemein lösen, ergeben sich folgende zwei Anfangswerte: +Wie üblich bei der Suche nach einer exakten Lösung, kommt ein Anfangswertproblem vor. Um dieses zu lösen, müssen wir zuerst die Anfangswerte definieren. Da wir das Problem allgemein lösen wollen, ergeben sich folgende zwei Anfangswerte: \begin{equation} y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} = @@ -226,9 +225,9 @@ und \frac{y_0}{x_0}. \label{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} \end{equation} -Der zweite Anfangswert \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} mag nicht grade offensichtlich sein. Die Erklärung dafür ist aber simpel: Der Verfolger wird zum Zeitpunkt \(t=0\) in Richtung Koordinatenursprung bewegen wollen, wo sich das Ziel befindet. Somit entsteht das Steigungsdreieck \(\Delta x = x_0\) und \(\Delta y = y_0\). +Der zweite Anfangswert \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} mag nicht grade offensichtlich sein. Die Erklärung dafür ist aber simpel: Der Verfolger wird sich zum Zeitpunkt \(t=0\) in Richtung Koordinatenursprung bewegen wollen, wo sich das Ziel befindet. Somit entsteht das Steigungsdreieck mit \(\Delta x = x_0\) und \(\Delta y = y_0\). -Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Algebra, auf welches ich nicht unbedingt eingehen möchte. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit werde ich aber das Gleichungssystem \eqref{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} präsentieren, welches notwendig ist um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen, sowie auch die allgemeine Lösung \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} die sich nach dem einsetzen der Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt. +Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Algebra, auf welches ich nicht unbedingt eingehen möchte. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit, werde ich aber das Gleichungssystem \eqref{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} präsentieren, welches notwendig ist um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen, sowie auch die allgemeine Lösung \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} die sich nach dem einsetzen der Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) in die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} ergibt. \begin{itemize} \item @@ -245,83 +244,125 @@ Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Algebra, auf welches \label{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} \end{subequations} \item - Allgemeine Funktion: + Die allgemeine Funktion: \begin{equation} - -4t + y(x) = - \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right). + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \label{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} \end{equation} - Wobei aus Übersichtlichkeitsgründen \(\eta\) und \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert wurden: + Damit die Funkion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} trotzdem noch übersichtlich bleibt, wurden \(\eta\) und \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert: \begin{equation} \eta = - \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 \:\:\text{und}\:\: r_0 = \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2}. \end{equation} \end{itemize} +Diese neue allgemein Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} weist immer noch die selbe Struktur wie die vorherig hergeleitete Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} auf, einerseits einen quadratischen Teil der in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, anderseits den \(\operatorname{ln}\)-Teil. Aus dieser Ähnlichkeit kann geschlossen werden, dass sich \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} auf eine ähnliche Art verhalten wird. - - -Leitet man die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} nach \(x\) ab und setzt die Anfangsbedingungen ein, dann ergibt sich folgendes Gleichungssystem: - -... Mit folgenden Formeln geht es weiter: -\begin{align*} - \eta - &= - \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 - \:;\: - r_0 - = - \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \\ - y - &= - \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \\ - y^\prime - &= - \frac{1}{2}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{x}{x_0^2}+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\frac{1}{x}\right) \\ - -4t - &= - \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right) -\end{align*} +Nun sind wir soweit, dass wir eine \(y(x)\)-Beziehung für beliebige Anfangswerte darstellen können, unser erstes Ziel wurde erreicht. Ist das alles? Nein, wir können einen Schritt weiter gehen und uns Fragen: Ist es analytisch möglich herauszufinden, wo sich Verfolger und Ziel zu jedem Zeitpunkt befinden? Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. \subsection{Funktion nach der Zeit \label{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT}} -\begin{align*} +Lieber Leser sei mir nicht böse, aber in diesem Abschnitt werde ich ein wenig mehr bei den algebraischen Umformungen ins Detail gehen. Dies hat auch einen bestimmten Grund, ich möchte den Einsatz einer speziellen Funktion aufzeigen, sowie auch wann und wieso diese vorkommt. Welche spezielle Funktion? Fragst du dich wahrscheinlich in diesem Moment. Nun, um diese Frage zu kurz zu beantworten, es ist "YouTube's favorite special function" laut dem Mathematiker Michael Penn, die Lambert-W-Funktion \(W(x)\) welche übrigens im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:lambertw} bereits beschrieben wurde. + +Also fangen wir an. Der erste Schritt ist es herauszufinden, wie die Zeitabhängigkeit wieder hinein gebracht werden kann. Dafür greifen wir auf die letzte Gleichung zu, in welcher \(t\) noch enthalten war, und zwar DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT}, welche zur Übersichtlichkeit hier nochmals aufgeführt wird: +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} +\end{equation} +Wie in \eqref{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} zu sehen ist, werden \(y\) und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}\) benötigt, diese sind: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + y + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right), \\ + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} + y^\prime + &= + \frac{1}{2}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{x}{x_0^2}+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\frac{1}{x}\right). + \end{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} +\end{subequations} +Wenn man diese Gleichungen \ref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} in die DGL \label{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} einfügt, vereinfacht und nach \(t\) auflöst, dann ergibt sich folgenden Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + -4t + = + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} +\end{equation} +In einem nächsten Schritt wird alles mit \(x\) auf die eine Seite gebracht, der Rest auf die andere Seite und anschliessend beidseitig exponentiert, was wie folgt aussieht: +\begin{align} -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right) &= - \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right) \\ - e^{-4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right)} + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right), \\ + e^{\displaystyle -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right)} &= - e^{\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta}\cdot\eta^{\left(r_0-y_0\right)} \\ - e^{\frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}} - &= - e^{\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta}\cdot\eta\ \\ + e^{\displaystyle \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta}\cdot\eta^{\displaystyle \left(r_0-y_0\right)}. + \label{lambertw:eqMitExp} +\end{align} +Auf dem rechten Term von \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} beginnen wir langsam eine ähnliche Struktur wie \(\eta e^\eta\) zu erkennen, dies schreit nach der Struktur die benötigt wird um \(\eta\) mittels der Lambert-W-Funktion \(W(x)\) zu erhalten. Dies macht durchaus Sinn, wenn wir die Funktion \(x(t)\) finden wollen und \(W(x)\) die Umkehrfunktion von \(x e^x\) ist. + +Die erste Sache die uns in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} stört ist, dass \(\eta\) als Potenz da steht. Dieses Problem können wir loswerden, indem wir beidseitig mit \(\:\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_0-y_0}\:\) potenzieren: +\begin{equation} + e^{\displaystyle \frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}} + = + \eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta} . + \label{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} +\end{equation} +Das nächste Problem auf welches wir in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} treffen ist, dass \(\eta\) nicht alleine im Exponent steht. Dies kann elegant mit folgender Substitution gelöst werden: +\begin{equation} \chi - &= - \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}; \cdot\chi \\ - \chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} - &= - \chi\eta\cdot e^{\chi\eta} \\ - W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) - &= - \chi\eta \\ - \frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi} - &= - \eta \\ - \frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi} - &= - \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 \\ - x\left(t\right) - &= - \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} -\end{align*} + = + \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}. + \label{lambertw:eqChiSubst} +\end{equation} +Es gäbe natürlich andere Substitutionen wie z.B. +\[\displaystyle \chi=\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\cdot\eta,\] +die auf das selbe Ergebnis führen würden, aber \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} liefert in einem Schritt die kompakteste Lösung. Also fahren wir mit der Substitution \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} weiter, setzen diese in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} ein und multiplizieren beidseitig mit \(\chi\). Daraus erhalten wir folgende Gleichung: +\begin{equation} + \chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} + = + \chi\eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi\eta}. + \label{lambertw:eqNachSubst} +\end{equation} +Schön oder? Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-W-Funktion \(W(x)\)einsetzen können. Wenn wir beidseitig \(W(x)\) anwenden, dann erhalten wir folgenden Ausdruck: \begin{equation} - y(t) + W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) = - \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi\ -\ \frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\cdot\mathrm{ln}\ \left(\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi\ -\ \frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) - \label{lambertw:funkNachT} + \chi\eta \end{equation} +Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir die gesuchte \(x(t)\)-Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}. Dieses \(x(t)\) in Kombination mit \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} liefert die Position des Verfolgers zu jedem Zeitpunkt. Das Gleichungspaar \eqref{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT}, besteht aus folgenden Gleichungen: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} + x(t) + &= + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqFunkYNachT} + y(x(t)) + = + y(t) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) + \end{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT} +\end{subequations} +Nun haben wir unser letztes Ziel erreicht und sind in der Lage eine Verfolgung rechnerisch sowie graphisch zu repräsentieren. + +Wir sind aber noch nicht ganz fertig, ich muss gestehen, dass ich in diesem Abschnitt einen wichtigen Teil verschwiegen habe. Und zwar wieso, dass ich schon bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} wusste, dass man nach einigen Umformungen die Lambert-W-Funktion eingesetzt werden kann. +Der Grund dafür ist die Struktur +\begin{equation} + y + = + p(x) +\operatorname{ln}(x), + \label{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} +\end{equation} +bei welcher \(p(x)\) eine beliebige Potenz von \(x\) darstellt. + +Jedes mal wenn \(x\) gesucht ist und in einer Struktur der Art \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} vorkommt, dann kann mit ein paar Umformungen die Struktur \(f(x)e^{f(x)}\) erzielt werden. Wie bereits in diesem Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT} gezeigt wurde, kann \(x\) nun mittels der \(W(x)\)-Funktion aufgelöst werden. Erstaunlicherweise ist \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} eine Struktur die oftmals vorkommt, was die Lambert-W-Funktion so wichtig macht. \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 07b8e7dcf04243e04d7bc1e7b92846fb6a26278e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 18:24:01 +0200 Subject: corrected something --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index fe7ed49..84a0ec7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ Schön oder? Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-W-Fun \begin{equation} W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) = - \chi\eta + \chi\eta. \end{equation} Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir die gesuchte \(x(t)\)-Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}. Dieses \(x(t)\) in Kombination mit \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} liefert die Position des Verfolgers zu jedem Zeitpunkt. Das Gleichungspaar \eqref{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT}, besteht aus folgenden Gleichungen: \begin{subequations} @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir di = y(t) &= - \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right). \end{align} \label{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT} \end{subequations} -- cgit v1.2.1 From f203a63e8310dac852efccd3ed957362b0ed0761 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yanik Kuster Date: Sat, 23 Jul 2022 19:39:26 +0200 Subject: Adjusted x(t), due to earlier error --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 34 +++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index b46ed12..fa7deb1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -15,21 +15,20 @@ Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und an einem Beispiel bet %\subsection{Ziel erreichen (überarbeiten) %\label{lambertw:subsection:ZielErreichen}} Für diese Betrachtung wird das Beispiel aus \eqref{lambertw:section:teil4} zur Hilfe genommen. -Wir verwenden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen für Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten +Wir verwenden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} für Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten \begin{align*} x\left(t\right) &= - \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \\ - y(x) + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \\ + y(t) &= - \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \\ + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\\ \chi &= \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}\\ \eta &= - \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 - \\ + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2\\ r_0 &= \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \text{.}\\ @@ -68,29 +67,28 @@ und der Verfolger durch &= x(t) = - \sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} + x_0\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \\ - v \cdot t + t &= y(t) = - \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)ln\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) \\ \end{align*} % , welche Beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. Zuerst wird die Bedingung der x-Koordinate betrachtet. -Diese kann durch quadrieren und anschliessendes multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. -Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. -Die Gleichung - +Diese kann durch dividieren durch $x_0$, anschliessendes quadrieren und multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Daraus folgt \begin{equation} - 0 - = - W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) + 0 + = + W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) + \text{.} \end{equation} % -entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei \begin{equation*} W(0)=0 @@ -167,3 +165,5 @@ Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_{min}$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage u + + -- cgit v1.2.1 From 7a1207f6d66f245cda06e06ecbae1ec0d6a99b02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 00:14:54 +0200 Subject: eqref->ref, Improved some sentences --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 30 +++++++++++++------------- 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 36ef7c3..6ab0bae 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ \label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} \rhead{Was sind Verfolgungskurven?} -Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt. +Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie "Welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt.". Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. Der Verfolger verfolgt sein Ziel, das versucht zu entkommen. -Der Pfad, der der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. +Der Pfad, den der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als Differentialgleichung formuliert werden. Diese Differentialgleichung entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. @@ -30,64 +30,66 @@ Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um \centering \begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} \hline - \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ + \text{Strategie}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ \hline - \text{Strategie 1} + \text{Jagd} & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ - \text{Strategie 2} + \text{Beschattung} & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ - \text{Strategie 3} + \text{Vorhalt} & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ \hline \end{tabular} \caption{mögliche Verfolgungsstrategien} \label{lambertw:table:Strategien} \end{table} - +% \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.1]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf} \caption{Vektordarstellung Strategie 1} \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} \end{figure} - -In der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. +% +In der Tabelle \ref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. Im Folgenden wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel zu. -In der Abbildung \eqref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, -wobei $\vec{V}$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $\vec{Z}$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{\vec{V}}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. +Der Verfolger und sein Ziel werden als Punkte $V$ und $Z$ modelliert. + +In der Abbildung \ref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, +wobei $v$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $z$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{v}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} - |\dot{\vec{V}}| + |\dot{v}| = \operatorname{const} = A \quad A\in\mathbb{R}>0 \end{equation} darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} - \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot|\dot{\vec{V}}| + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}| = - \dot{\vec{V}} + \dot{v} \end{equation} beschrieben werden. -Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $\vec{V}$ und $\vec{Z}$ ist ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. +Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $v$ und $z$ ist ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. -Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{\vec{V}}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergeben sich +Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{v}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergeben sich \begin{align} - \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot|\dot{\vec{V}}|\cdot\dot{\vec{V}} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}|\cdot\dot{v} &= - |\dot{\vec{V}}|^2 + |\dot{v}|^2 \\ \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} - \frac{\vec{Z}-\vec{V}}{|\vec{Z}-\vec{V}|}\cdot \frac{\dot{\vec{V}}}{|\dot{\vec{V}}|} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot \frac{\dot{v}}{|\dot{v}|} &= 1 \text{.} \end{align} Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, insofern der Verfolger die Strategie 1 verwendet. - +% \subsection{Ziel \label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. @@ -96,14 +98,14 @@ Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschri Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung \begin{equation} - \vec{Z}(t) + z(t) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) \end{equation} - +% beschrieben werden könnte. Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. -Die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form haben, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung für die Verfolgungskurve immer komplexer. +Für die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form gewählt werden, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung für die Verfolgungskurve komplexer. diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index fa7deb1..2e75a19 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und an einem Beispiel bet %\subsection{Ziel erreichen (überarbeiten) %\label{lambertw:subsection:ZielErreichen}} Für diese Betrachtung wird das Beispiel aus \eqref{lambertw:section:teil4} zur Hilfe genommen. -Wir verwenden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} für Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten +Dazu werden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} mit Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten verwendet, welche \begin{align*} x\left(t\right) &= @@ -25,15 +25,16 @@ Wir verwenden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} für S \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\\ \chi &= - \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}\\ + \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}, \quad \eta - &= - \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2\\ + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2,\quad r_0 - &= - \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \text{.}\\ + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \end{align*} % +sind. Das Ziel wird erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. Somit gilt es @@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ und der Verfolger durch \text{.} \end{equation} % - Da $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der x- und y-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. Es entstehen daher folgende Bedingungen + Da $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. Es entstehen daher folgende Bedingungen \begin{align*} 0 @@ -73,12 +74,11 @@ und der Verfolger durch &= y(t) = - \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) - \\ + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\text{,} \end{align*} % -, welche Beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. -Zuerst wird die Bedingung der x-Koordinate betrachtet. +welche Beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. +Zuerst wird die Bedingung der $x$-Koordinate betrachtet. Diese kann durch dividieren durch $x_0$, anschliessendes quadrieren und multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Daraus folgt \begin{equation} 0 @@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingu Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. -Aus der Symmetrie des Problems an der y-Achse können auch alle Anfangspunkte im zweiten Quadranten die Bedingungen nicht erfüllen. +Aus der Symmetrie des Problems an der $y$-Achse können auch alle Anfangspunkte im zweiten Quadranten die Bedingungen nicht erfüllen. Bei allen Anfangspunkten mit $y_0<0$ ist ein Einholen unmöglich, da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und Ziels übereinstimmen und der Verfolger dem Ziel bereits am Anfang nachgeht. -Wenn die Wertemenge der Anfangsbedingung um die positive y-Achse erweitert wird, kann das Ziel wiederum erreicht werden. -Sobald der Verfolger auf der positiven y-Achse startet, bewegen sich Verfolger und Ziel aufeinander zu, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt und der Verfolger sich auf der Fluchtgeraden befindet. +Wenn die Wertemenge der Anfangsbedingung um die positive $y$-Achse erweitert wird, kann das Ziel wiederum erreicht werden. +Sobald der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet, bewegen sich Verfolger und Ziel aufeinander zu, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt und der Verfolger sich auf der Fluchtgeraden befindet. Dies führt zwingend dazu, dass der Verfolger das Ziel erreichen wird. Die Verfolgungskurve kann in diesem Fall mit @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Daraus folgt \end{equation} % führt. -Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven y-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. +Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven $y$-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. Bei allen anderen Anfangspunkten wird der Verfolger das Ziel nie erreichen. Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. -- cgit v1.2.1 From 20f444f3f3782440539b51125dec4cb72777f793 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 13:45:38 +0200 Subject: Update to next version, which includes changes in syntax and text structure --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 251 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 153 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index 84a0ec7..c959715 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ \section{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve \label{lambertw:section:teil4}} \rhead{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve} -In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie 1 beschreiben. Dafür werden zuerst Bewegungsraum, Anfangspositionen und Bewegungsverhalten definiert, in einem nächsten Schritt soll eine Differentialgleichung dafür aufgestellt werden und anschliessend gelöst werden. +In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie 1 beschreiben. Dafür werden zuerst Bewegungsraum, Anfangspositionen und Bewegungsverhalten definiert, in einem nächsten Schritt soll eine Differentialgleichung dafür aufgestellt und anschliessend gelöst werden. \subsection{Anfangsbedingungen definieren und einsetzen \label{lambertw:subsection:Anfangsbedingungen}} -Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\vec{Z}\) bewegt sich entlang der \(y\)-Achse mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(v = 1\), beginnend beim Ursprung des Kartesischen Koordinatensystems. Der Verfolger \(\vec{V}\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadranten und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{V}| = 1\) in Richtung Ziel. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(Z\) bewegt sich entlang der \(y\)-Achse mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(v = 1\), beginnend beim Ursprung des Kartesischen Koordinatensystems. Der Verfolger \(V\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadranten und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{V}| = 1\) in Richtung Ziel. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: \begin{equation} - \vec{Z} + Z = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) ,\: - \vec{V} + V = \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) \:\text{und}\:\: @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(\vec{Z}\) bewegt sich entlang der \(y\)-Achse mit kons \label{lambertw:Anfangsbed} \end{equation} Wir haben nun die Anfangsbedingungen definiert, jetzt fehlt nur noch eine DGL, welche die fortlaufende Änderung der Position und Bewegungsrichtung des Verfolgers beschreibt. -Diese DGL haben wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger} definiert, und zwar Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL}. Wenn man die Startpunkte einfügt ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: +Diese DGL haben wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger} definiert, und zwar Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL}. Wenn man die Startpunkte einfügt, ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: \begin{equation} \frac{\left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right)}{\sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}} \cdot @@ -38,57 +38,71 @@ Diese DGL haben wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger} defin \label{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} \end{equation} -\subsection{DGL vereinfachen +\subsection{Differentialgleichung vereinfachen \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach}} -Nun haben wir eine Gleichung, es stellt sich aber die Frage ob es überhaupt eine geschlossene Lösung dafür gibt. Eine Funktion welche die Beziehung \(y(x)\) beschreibt oder sogar \(x(t)\) und \(y(t)\) liefert. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt mag es nicht trivial scheinen, aber mit den gewählten Anfangsbedingungen \eqref{lambertw:Anfangsbed} ist es möglich eine geschlossene Lösung für die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} zu finden. -Auf dem Weg dahin muss die definierte DGL zuerst wesentlich vereinfacht werden, sei es mittels algebraische Umformungen oder mit den Tools aus der Analysis. Also legen wir los! +Nun haben wir eine Gleichung, es stellt sich aber die Frage, ob es überhaupt eine geschlossene Lösung dafür gibt. Eine Funktion welche die Beziehung \(y(x)\) beschreibt oder sogar \(x(t)\) und \(y(t)\) liefert. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt mag es nicht trivial scheinen, aber mit den gewählten Anfangsbedingungen \eqref{lambertw:Anfangsbed} ist es möglich eine geschlossene Lösung für die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} zu finden. -Zuerst müssen wir den Bruch in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} los werden, der sieht so nicht handlich aus. Dafür multiplizieren wir beidseitig mit dem Nenner: -\begin{equation} - \left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right) - \cdot - \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) - = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}. - \label{lambertw:eqOhneBruch} -\end{equation} -In einem weiteren Schritt, lösen wir das Skalarprodukt auf und erhalten folgende Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} ohne vektorielle Grössen: +Auf dem Weg dahin muss die definierte DGL zuerst wesentlich vereinfacht werden, sei es mittels algebraischer Umformungen oder mit den Tools aus der Analysis. Da die nächsten Schritte sehr algebralastig sind und sie das Lesen dieses Papers einfach nur mühsam machen würden, werden wir uns hier nur die wesentlichsten Schritte konzentrieren, welche notwendig sind, um den Lösungsweg nachvollziehen zu können. + +\subsubsection{Skalarprodukt auflösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:SkalProdAufl}} +Zuerst müssen wir den Bruch und das Skalarprodukt in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} wegbringen, damit wir eine. Dies führt zu: \begin{equation} -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}. \label{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} \end{equation} -Im letzten Schritt, fällt die Nützlichkeit des Skalarproduktes in der Verfolgungsgleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} markant auf. Meiner Meinung ziemlich elegant und nicht selbstverständlich in der Lage zu sein, das Problem auf eine einzige Gleichung reduzieren zu können. +Im letzten Schritt, fällt die Nützlichkeit des Skalarproduktes in der Verfolgungsgleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} markant auf. Anstatt zwei gekoppelte Differentialgleichungen zu erhalten, eine für die \(x\) und die andere für die \(y\)-Komponente, erhält man einen einzigen Ausdruck, was in der Regel mit weniger Lösungsaufwand verbunden ist. -Die nächsten Schritte sind sehr algebralastig und würden das lesen dieses Papers einfach nur mühsam machen, also werde ich diese auslassen. Hingegen werden ich die algebraische Hauptschritte erwähnen, die notwendig wären falls man es trotzdem selber ausprobieren möchte: -\begin{itemize} - \item - Quadrieren und erweitern. - \item - Gruppieren. - \item - Substitution von einzelnen Thermen mittels der Beziehung \(\dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 = 1\). - \item - Und das erkennen des Musters einer Binomischen Formel. -\end{itemize} -Das Resultat aller dieser Vereinfachungen führen zu folgender Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht}, die viel handhabbarer ist als zuvor: +\subsubsection{Quadrieren und Gruppieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:QuadUndGrup}} +Mit der Quadratwurzel in \ref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} kann man nichts anfangen, sie steht nur im Weg, also muss man sie loswerden. Wenn man dies macht, kann \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} auf folgende Form gebracht werden: +\begin{equation} + \left(\dot{x}^2-1\right) \cdot x^2 -2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \left(\dot{y}^2-1\right) \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0. + \label{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} +\end{equation} +Diese Form mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade nützlich sein, aber man kann sie mit einer Substitution weiter vereinfachen. + +\subsubsection{Wichtige Substitution + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:WichtSubst}} +Wenn man beachtet, dass die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers konstant und gleich 1 ist, dann kann man folgende Gleichung aufstellen: +\begin{equation} + \dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 + = 1. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} +\end{equation} +Umformungen der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} können in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} erkannt werden. Ersetzt führen sie zu folgendem Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 +2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \dot{x}^2 \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} +\end{equation} +Diese unscheinbare Substitution führt dazu, dass weitere Vereinfachungen durchgeführt werden können. + +\subsubsection{Binom erkennen und vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:BinomVereinfach}} +Versteckt im Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} befindet sich die erste binomische Formel, welche zu folgender Gleichung führt: \begin{equation} (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 = 0. \label{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht} \end{equation} -Da der linke Term gleich Null ist, muss auch der Inhalt des Quadrates gleich Null sein, somit folgt eine weitere Vereinfachung, welche zu einer im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} wesentlich einfachere DGL führt: +Da der linke Term gleich Null ist, muss auch der Inhalt des Quadrates gleich Null sein, somit folgt eine weitere Vereinfachung, welche zu einer im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} wesentlich einfacheren DGL führt: \begin{equation} x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} = 0. \label{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} \end{equation} -Kompakt, ohne Wurzelterme und Quadrate, nur elementare Operationen und Ableitungen. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie es weiter gehen soll, bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} scheinen keine weiteren Vereinfachungen möglich zu sein. Wir brauchen einen neuen Ansatz um unser Ziel einer möglichen Lösung zu verfolgen. +Kompakt, ohne Wurzelterme und Quadrate, nur elementare Operationen und Ableitungen. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie es weiter gehen soll, bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} scheinen keine weiteren Vereinfachungen möglich zu sein. Wir brauchen einen neuen Ansatz, um unser Ziel einer möglichen Lösung zu verfolgen. \subsection{Zeitabhängigkeit loswerden \label{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}} -Der nächste logischer Schritt schient irgendwie die Zeitabhängigkeit in der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} loszuwerden, aber wieso? Nun, wie am Anfang von Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach} beschrieben, suchen wir eine Lösung der Art \(y(x)\), dies ist natürlich erst möglich wenn wir die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) eliminieren können. +Der nächste logischer Schritt scheint irgendwie die Zeitabhängigkeit in der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} loszuwerden, aber wieso? Nun, wie am Anfang von Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach} beschrieben, suchen wir eine Lösung der Art \(y(x)\), dies ist natürlich erst möglich wenn wir die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) eliminieren können. -Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg dahin, ist es die zeitlichen Ableitung los zu werden, dafür wird \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, was erlaubt ist, weil diese Änderung ungleich Null ist: +\subsubsection{Zeitliche Ableitungen loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitAbleit}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur Funktion \(y(x)\), ist es die zeitlichen Ableitungen los zu werden, dafür wird \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, was erlaubt ist, weil diese Änderung ungleich Null ist: \begin{equation} x \frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} + (t-y) \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{x}} = 0. @@ -103,13 +117,17 @@ Der Grund dafür ist, dass \label{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} \end{equation} und somit kann der Quotient dieser zeitlichen Ableitungen in eine Ableitung nach \(x\) umgewandelt werden. -Nach dem diese Eigenschaft \eqref{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} in \eqref{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} eingesetzt wird und vereinfacht wurde, entsteht folgende neue Gleichung: +Nach dem die Eigenschaft \eqref{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} in \eqref{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} eingesetzt wird und vereinfacht wurde, entsteht die neue Gleichung \begin{equation} x y^{\prime} + t - y = 0. \label{lambertw:DGLmitT} \end{equation} -Hier wäre es natürlich passend wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen muss man auf die Definition der Bogenlänge aus der Analysis zurückgreifen, wobei die Strecke \(s\) folgendem entspricht: + +\subsubsection{Variable \(t\) eliminieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitAbleit}} +Hier wäre es natürlich passend, wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen, muss man auf die Definition der Bogenlänge zurückgreifen. +Die Strecke \(s\) entspricht \begin{equation} s = @@ -122,13 +140,16 @@ Hier wäre es natürlich passend wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett \int_{\displaystyle x_0}^{\displaystyle x_{\text{end}}}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx. \label{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} \end{equation} -Nicht gerade auffällig ist die Richtung in welche hier integriert wird. Wenn der Verfolger sich wie vorgesehen am Anfang im ersten Quadranten befindet, dann muss sich dieser nach links bewegen, was nicht der üblichen Integrationsrichtung entspricht. Um eine Integration wie üblich von links nach rechts ausführen zu können, müssen die Integrationsgenerzen vertauscht werden, was in einem Vorzeichenwechsel resultiert. Wenn man nun \eqref{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT} einfügt, dann ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: + +Nicht gerade auffällig ist die Richtung, in welche hier integriert wird. Wenn der Verfolger sich wie vorgesehen am Anfang im ersten Quadranten befindet, dann muss sich dieser nach links bewegen, was nicht der üblichen Integrationsrichtung entspricht. Um eine Integration wie üblich von links nach rechts ausführen zu können, müssen die Integrationsgenerzen vertauscht werden, was in einem Vorzeichenwechsel resultiert. + +Wenn man nun \eqref{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT} einfügt, dann ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: \begin{equation} x y^{\prime} - \int\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx - y = 0. \label{lambertw:DGLohneT} \end{equation} -Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab und erhaltet folgende DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt}: +Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab und erhaltet folgende DGL zweiter Ordnung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt}: \begin{align} y^{\prime}+ xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} - y^{\prime} &= 0, \\ @@ -138,16 +159,22 @@ Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambert \end{align} Nun sind wir unserem Ziel einen weiteren Schritt näher. Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade einfach sein, aber im Nächsten Abschnitt werden wir sehen, dass sie relativ einfach zu lösen ist. -\subsection{DGL lösen +\subsection{Differentialgleichung lösen \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLloes}} -Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} ist eine DGL zweiter Ordnung und kann -mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) in eine DGL erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden: +Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} ist eine DGL zweiter Ordnung, in der \(y\) nicht vorkommt. Sie kann mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) in eine DGL erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden: \begin{equation} xu^{\prime} - \sqrt{1+u^2} = 0. \label{lambertw:DGLmitU} \end{equation} -Diese \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU} zu lösen ist ziemlich einfach da sie separierbar ist, aus diesem Grund werde ich direkt zur Lösung \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} übergehen: +Diese Gleichung ist separierbar, was sie viel handlicher macht. In der separierten Form +\begin{equation} + \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}\:du} + = + \int{\frac{1}{x}\:dx}, +\end{equation} +lässt sich die Gleichung mittels einer Integrationstabelle sehr rasch lösen. +Mit dem Ergebnis: \begin{align} \operatorname{arsinh}(u) &= @@ -157,20 +184,20 @@ Diese \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU} zu lösen ist ziemlich einfach da sie separierbar \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} \end{align} -Indem man die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man eine weitere DGL erster Ordnung die bereits separiert ist und erhält folgende Gleichung: +Wenn man in \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man folgende DGL erster Ordnung, die bereits separiert ist: \begin{equation} y^{\prime} = \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitY} \end{equation} -Diese \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitY} kann mit den selben Methoden gelöst werden wie \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitU}, diesmal aber in Kombination mit der exponentiellen Definition der \(\operatorname{sinh}\)-Funktion: +Ersetzt man den \(\operatorname{sinh}\) mit seiner exponentiellen Definition \(\operatorname{sinh}(x)=\frac{1}{2}(e^x-e^{-x})\), so resultiert auf sehr einfache Art folgende Lösung für \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitY}: \begin{equation} y = C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x)}{8 \cdot C_2}. \end{equation} -Nun haben wir eine Lösung, aber wie es immer mit Lösungen ist, stellt sich die Frage ob sie überhaupt plausibel ist. Dieser Frage werden wir in nächsten Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys} nachgehen. +Nun haben wir eine Lösung, aber wie es immer mit Lösungen ist, stellt sich die Frage, ob sie überhaupt plausibel ist. Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. \subsection{Lösung analysieren \label{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys}} @@ -178,7 +205,7 @@ Nun haben wir eine Lösung, aber wie es immer mit Lösungen ist, stellt sich die \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} - \caption[Graph der Verfolgungskurve]{Graph der Verfolgungskurve wobei, ({\color{red}rot}) die Funktion \ensuremath{y(x)} ist, ({\color{darkgreen}grün}) der quadratische Teil und ({\color{blue}blau}) dem \ensuremath{ln(x)}-Teil entspricht. + \caption[Graph der Verfolgungskurve]{Graph der Verfolgungskurve wobei, ({\color{red}rot}) die Funktion \ensuremath{y(x)} ist, ({\color{darkgreen}grün}) der quadratische Teil und ({\color{blue}blau}) dem \ensuremath{\operatorname{ln}(x)}-Teil entspricht. \label{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} } \end{figure} @@ -190,24 +217,30 @@ Das Resultat, wie ersichtlich, ist folgende Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} w C_1 + C_2 {\color{darkgreen}{x^2}} {\color{blue}{-}} \frac{\color{blue}{\operatorname{ln}(x)}}{8 \cdot C_2}. \label{lambertw:funkLoes} \end{equation} -Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition, oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(y(x)\) geschaffen werden: +Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(y(x)\) geschaffen werden: \begin{itemize} \item Für grosse \(x\)-Werte, welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} dominant. \item - Für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse, wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. Irgendwann werden Verfolger und Ziel auf gleicher Höhe sein. + Für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse, wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. Irgendwann werden Verfolger und Ziel auf gleicher Höhe sein, also gleiche \(y\) aber verschiedene \(x\)-Koordinate besitzen. \item - Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger im nachgeht. + Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn, da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger ihm nachgeht. \item Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} muss diese auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? - Eine Abschätzung darüber kann getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers, somit auch sein Vorzeichen und dadurch entsteht auch das Minimum. \end{itemize} -Alle diese Eigenschafte stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, welche durch die Grafik \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} repräsentiert wurde. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie die Kurve wirklich aussieht. Dies wird im folgenden Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes} behandelt. +Alle diese Eigenschaften stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, welche durch die Grafik \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} repräsentiert wurde. \subsection{Anfangswertproblem \label{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes}} -Wie üblich bei der Suche nach einer exakten Lösung, kommt ein Anfangswertproblem vor. Um dieses zu lösen, müssen wir zuerst die Anfangswerte definieren. Da wir das Problem allgemein lösen wollen, ergeben sich folgende zwei Anfangswerte: +In diesem Abschnitt soll eine Parameterfunktion hergeleitet werden, bei der jeder beliebige Anfangspunkt im ersten Quadranten eingesetzt werden kann, ausser der Ursprung im Koordinatensystem. Diese Aufgabe erfordert ein Anfangswertproblem. + +Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Algebra, auf welches hier nicht explizit eingegangen wird. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit, wird aber das Gleichungssystem präsentiert, welches notwendig ist, um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen. + +\subsubsection{Anfangswerte bestimmen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:Anfangswerte}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur gesuchten Parameterfunktion ist, die Anfangswerte \eqref{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} zu definieren. +Die Anfangswerte sind: \begin{equation} y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} = @@ -227,50 +260,63 @@ und \end{equation} Der zweite Anfangswert \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} mag nicht grade offensichtlich sein. Die Erklärung dafür ist aber simpel: Der Verfolger wird sich zum Zeitpunkt \(t=0\) in Richtung Koordinatenursprung bewegen wollen, wo sich das Ziel befindet. Somit entsteht das Steigungsdreieck mit \(\Delta x = x_0\) und \(\Delta y = y_0\). -Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Algebra, auf welches ich nicht unbedingt eingehen möchte. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit, werde ich aber das Gleichungssystem \eqref{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} präsentieren, welches notwendig ist um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen, sowie auch die allgemeine Lösung \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} die sich nach dem einsetzen der Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) in die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} ergibt. - -\begin{itemize} - \item - Gleichungssystem: - \begin{subequations} - \begin{align} - y_0 - &= - C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2}, \\ - \frac{y_0}{x_0} - &= - 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{1}{8 \cdot C_2 \cdot x_0}. - \end{align} - \label{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} - \end{subequations} - \item - Die allgemeine Funktion: - \begin{equation} - y(x) - = - \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right) - \label{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} - \end{equation} - Damit die Funkion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} trotzdem noch übersichtlich bleibt, wurden \(\eta\) und \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert: - \begin{equation} - \eta - = - \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 - \:\:\text{und}\:\: - r_0 - = - \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2}. - \end{equation} -\end{itemize} -Diese neue allgemein Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} weist immer noch die selbe Struktur wie die vorherig hergeleitete Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} auf, einerseits einen quadratischen Teil der in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, anderseits den \(\operatorname{ln}\)-Teil. Aus dieser Ähnlichkeit kann geschlossen werden, dass sich \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} auf eine ähnliche Art verhalten wird. +\subsubsection{Gleichungssystem aufstellen und lösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:GlSys}} +Wenn man die Anfangswerte \eqref{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} und \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}(x)\) einsetzt, dann ergibt sich folgendes Gleichungssystem: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + y_0 + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2}, \\ + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + &= + 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{1}{8 \cdot C_2 \cdot x_0}. + \end{align} + \label{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} +\end{subequations} +Damit die gesuchte Funktion im ersten Quadranten bleibt, werden nur die positiven Lösungen des Gleichungssystems gewählt, welche wie folgt aussehen: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff1} + C_1 + &= + \frac{2\cdot\operatorname{ln}(x_0)\left(\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} - y_0 \right) - \sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + 3 y_0}{4}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff2} + C_2 + &= + \frac{\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + y_0}{4x_0^2}. + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +\subsubsection{Gesuchte Parameterfunktion aufstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ParamFunk}} +Wenn man die Koeffizienten \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff1} und \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff2} in die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} einsetzt, dann ergibt sich nach dem Vereinfachen die gesuchte Parameterfunktion: +\begin{equation} + y(x) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right). + \label{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} +\end{equation} +Damit die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} trotzdem übersichtlich bleibt, wurden Anfangssteigung \(\eta\) und Anfangsentfernung \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert: +\begin{equation} + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \:\:\text{und}\:\: + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2}. +\end{equation} +Diese neue allgemeine Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} weist immer noch die selbe Struktur wie die vorher hergeleitete Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} auf. Sie enthält einerseits einen quadratischen Teil, der in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, anderseits den \(\operatorname{ln}\)-Teil. Aus dieser Ähnlichkeit kann geschlossen werden, dass sich \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} auf eine ähnliche Art verhalten wird. -Nun sind wir soweit, dass wir eine \(y(x)\)-Beziehung für beliebige Anfangswerte darstellen können, unser erstes Ziel wurde erreicht. Ist das alles? Nein, wir können einen Schritt weiter gehen und uns Fragen: Ist es analytisch möglich herauszufinden, wo sich Verfolger und Ziel zu jedem Zeitpunkt befinden? Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. +Nun sind wir soweit, dass wir eine \(y(x)\)-Beziehung für beliebige Anfangswerte darstellen können, unser erstes Ziel wurde erreicht. Wir können aber einen Schritt weiter gehen und uns Fragen: Ist es analytisch möglich herauszufinden, wo sich Verfolger und Ziel zu jedem Zeitpunkt befinden? Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. \subsection{Funktion nach der Zeit \label{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT}} -Lieber Leser sei mir nicht böse, aber in diesem Abschnitt werde ich ein wenig mehr bei den algebraischen Umformungen ins Detail gehen. Dies hat auch einen bestimmten Grund, ich möchte den Einsatz einer speziellen Funktion aufzeigen, sowie auch wann und wieso diese vorkommt. Welche spezielle Funktion? Fragst du dich wahrscheinlich in diesem Moment. Nun, um diese Frage zu kurz zu beantworten, es ist "YouTube's favorite special function" laut dem Mathematiker Michael Penn, die Lambert-W-Funktion \(W(x)\) welche übrigens im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:lambertw} bereits beschrieben wurde. +In diesem Abschnitt werden algebraischen Umformungen ein wenig detaillierter als zuvor beschrieben. Dies hat auch einen bestimmten Grund: Den Einsatz einer speziellen Funktion aufzeigen, sowie auch wann und wieso diese vorkommt. Welche spezielle Funktion? Fragst du dich wahrscheinlich in diesem Moment. Nun, um diese Frage kurz zu beantworten, es ist ``YouTube's favorite special function'' laut dem Mathematiker Michael Penn, die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) welche im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:lambertw} bereits beschrieben wurde. -Also fangen wir an. Der erste Schritt ist es herauszufinden, wie die Zeitabhängigkeit wieder hinein gebracht werden kann. Dafür greifen wir auf die letzte Gleichung zu, in welcher \(t\) noch enthalten war, und zwar DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT}, welche zur Übersichtlichkeit hier nochmals aufgeführt wird: +\subsubsection{Zeitabhängigkeit wiederherstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitabhWiederherst}} +Der erste Schritt ist es herauszufinden, wie die Zeitabhängigkeit wieder hineingebracht werden kann. Dafür greifen wir auf die letzte Gleichung zu, in welcher \(t\) noch enthalten war, und zwar DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT}, welche zur Übersichtlichkeit hier nochmals aufgeführt wird: \begin{equation} x y^{\prime} + t - y = 0. @@ -289,6 +335,7 @@ Wie in \eqref{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} zu sehen ist, werden \(y\) und deren A \end{align} \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} \end{subequations} + Wenn man diese Gleichungen \ref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} in die DGL \label{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} einfügt, vereinfacht und nach \(t\) auflöst, dann ergibt sich folgenden Ausdruck: \begin{equation} -4t @@ -296,6 +343,12 @@ Wenn man diese Gleichungen \ref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} in die DGL \label{lamb \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right). \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} \end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Umformungen die zur Funktion nach der Zeit führen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:UmformBisZumZiel}} +Mit dem Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt}, welcher Terme mit \(x\) und \(t\) verbindet, kann nun nach der gesuchten Variable \(x\) aufgelöst werden. + + In einem nächsten Schritt wird alles mit \(x\) auf die eine Seite gebracht, der Rest auf die andere Seite und anschliessend beidseitig exponentiert, was wie folgt aussieht: \begin{align} -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right) @@ -306,7 +359,7 @@ In einem nächsten Schritt wird alles mit \(x\) auf die eine Seite gebracht, der e^{\displaystyle \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta}\cdot\eta^{\displaystyle \left(r_0-y_0\right)}. \label{lambertw:eqMitExp} \end{align} -Auf dem rechten Term von \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} beginnen wir langsam eine ähnliche Struktur wie \(\eta e^\eta\) zu erkennen, dies schreit nach der Struktur die benötigt wird um \(\eta\) mittels der Lambert-W-Funktion \(W(x)\) zu erhalten. Dies macht durchaus Sinn, wenn wir die Funktion \(x(t)\) finden wollen und \(W(x)\) die Umkehrfunktion von \(x e^x\) ist. +Auf dem rechten Term von \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} beginnen wir langsam eine ähnliche Struktur wie \(\eta e^\eta\) zu erkennen, dies schreit nach der Struktur die benötigt wird um \(\eta\) mittels der Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) zu erhalten. Dies macht durchaus Sinn, wenn wir die Funktion \(x(t)\) finden wollen und \(W(x)\) die Umkehrfunktion von \(x e^x\) ist. Die erste Sache die uns in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} stört ist, dass \(\eta\) als Potenz da steht. Dieses Problem können wir loswerden, indem wir beidseitig mit \(\:\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_0-y_0}\:\) potenzieren: \begin{equation} @@ -324,14 +377,14 @@ Das nächste Problem auf welches wir in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} treffen is \end{equation} Es gäbe natürlich andere Substitutionen wie z.B. \[\displaystyle \chi=\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\cdot\eta,\] -die auf das selbe Ergebnis führen würden, aber \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} liefert in einem Schritt die kompakteste Lösung. Also fahren wir mit der Substitution \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} weiter, setzen diese in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} ein und multiplizieren beidseitig mit \(\chi\). Daraus erhalten wir folgende Gleichung: +die auf dasselbe Ergebnis führen würden, aber \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} liefert in einem Schritt die kompakteste Lösung. Also fahren wir mit der Substitution \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} weiter, setzen diese in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} ein und multiplizieren beidseitig mit \(\chi\). Daraus erhalten wir folgende Gleichung: \begin{equation} \chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} = \chi\eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi\eta}. \label{lambertw:eqNachSubst} \end{equation} -Schön oder? Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-W-Funktion \(W(x)\)einsetzen können. Wenn wir beidseitig \(W(x)\) anwenden, dann erhalten wir folgenden Ausdruck: +Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\)einsetzen können. Wenn wir beidseitig \(W(x)\) anwenden, dann erhalten wir folgenden Ausdruck: \begin{equation} W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) = @@ -354,9 +407,11 @@ Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir di \label{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT} \end{subequations} Nun haben wir unser letztes Ziel erreicht und sind in der Lage eine Verfolgung rechnerisch sowie graphisch zu repräsentieren. - -Wir sind aber noch nicht ganz fertig, ich muss gestehen, dass ich in diesem Abschnitt einen wichtigen Teil verschwiegen habe. Und zwar wieso, dass ich schon bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} wusste, dass man nach einigen Umformungen die Lambert-W-Funktion eingesetzt werden kann. -Der Grund dafür ist die Struktur + +\subsubsection{Hinweise zur Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:HinwLambertW}} +Wir sind aber noch nicht ganz fertig, eine Frage muss noch beantwortet werden. Und zwar wieso, dass man schon bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} weiss, dass die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion zum Einsatz kommen wird. +Nun, der Grund dafür ist die Struktur \begin{equation} y = @@ -365,4 +420,4 @@ Der Grund dafür ist die Struktur \end{equation} bei welcher \(p(x)\) eine beliebige Potenz von \(x\) darstellt. -Jedes mal wenn \(x\) gesucht ist und in einer Struktur der Art \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} vorkommt, dann kann mit ein paar Umformungen die Struktur \(f(x)e^{f(x)}\) erzielt werden. Wie bereits in diesem Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT} gezeigt wurde, kann \(x\) nun mittels der \(W(x)\)-Funktion aufgelöst werden. Erstaunlicherweise ist \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} eine Struktur die oftmals vorkommt, was die Lambert-W-Funktion so wichtig macht. \ No newline at end of file +Jedes Mal wenn \(x\) gesucht ist und in einer Struktur der Art \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} vorkommt, dann kann mit ein paar Umformungen die Struktur \(f(x)e^{f(x)}\) erzielt werden. Wie bereits in diesem Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT} gezeigt wurde, kann \(x\) nun mittels der \(W(x)\)-Funktion aufgelöst werden. Erstaunlicherweise ist \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} eine Struktur die oftmals vorkommt, was die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion so wichtig macht. \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.1 From 70c7a56a5b596a09cb63f5749eee342ab2086770 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: daHugen Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 14:06:50 +0200 Subject: made some changes --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex index c959715..c79aa0c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -363,9 +363,9 @@ Auf dem rechten Term von \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} beginnen wir langsam eine äh Die erste Sache die uns in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} stört ist, dass \(\eta\) als Potenz da steht. Dieses Problem können wir loswerden, indem wir beidseitig mit \(\:\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_0-y_0}\:\) potenzieren: \begin{equation} - e^{\displaystyle \frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}} + \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\right) = - \eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta} . + \eta\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta\right). \label{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} \end{equation} Das nächste Problem auf welches wir in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} treffen ist, dass \(\eta\) nicht alleine im Exponent steht. Dies kann elegant mit folgender Substitution gelöst werden: @@ -379,14 +379,14 @@ Es gäbe natürlich andere Substitutionen wie z.B. \[\displaystyle \chi=\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\cdot\eta,\] die auf dasselbe Ergebnis führen würden, aber \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} liefert in einem Schritt die kompakteste Lösung. Also fahren wir mit der Substitution \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} weiter, setzen diese in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} ein und multiplizieren beidseitig mit \(\chi\). Daraus erhalten wir folgende Gleichung: \begin{equation} - \chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} + \chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) = \chi\eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi\eta}. \label{lambertw:eqNachSubst} \end{equation} Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\)einsetzen können. Wenn wir beidseitig \(W(x)\) anwenden, dann erhalten wir folgenden Ausdruck: \begin{equation} - W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) + W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) = \chi\eta. \end{equation} @@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir di \label{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} x(t) &= - x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}}, \\ + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)}{\chi}}, \\ \label{lambertw:eqFunkYNachT} y(x(t)) = -- cgit v1.2.1 From 66adfe693cae143039fe70c473d3b0a6b7d64687 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 18:07:36 +0200 Subject: Notation in Teil0 adjusted --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 6ab0bae..1431faa 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ \label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} \rhead{Was sind Verfolgungskurven?} -Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie "Welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt.". +Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie "Welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt?". Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. Der Verfolger verfolgt sein Ziel, das versucht zu entkommen. Der Pfad, den der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. - +% \begin{table} \centering \begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} |\dot{v}| = \operatorname{const} = A - \quad A\in\mathbb{R}>0 + \text{,}\quad A\in\mathbb{R}^+ \end{equation} darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} @@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $v$ und $z$ ist ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. + Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{v}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergeben sich \begin{align} \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}|\cdot\dot{v} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 141e6d40c59f7cc3eda4ae04b5b1b57e7c7f4075 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 18:10:05 +0200 Subject: adjusted notation in Teil0 --- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 1431faa..f0589e5 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -49,32 +49,32 @@ Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.1]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf} - \caption{Vektordarstellung Strategie 1} + \caption{Vektordarstellung Jagdstrategie} \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} \end{figure} % In der Tabelle \ref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. -Im Folgenden wird nur noch auf die Strategie 1 eingegangen. +Im Folgenden wird nur noch auf die Jagdstrategie eingegangen. Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel zu. Der Verfolger und sein Ziel werden als Punkte $V$ und $Z$ modelliert. - In der Abbildung \ref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, wobei $v$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $z$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{v}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. +Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor entspricht dem Richtungsvektors des Verfolgers. Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} |\dot{v}| = \operatorname{const} = A \text{,}\quad A\in\mathbb{R}^+ \end{equation} -darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor wiederum kann mit der Gleichung +darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor kann mit der Gleichung \begin{equation} \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}| = \dot{v} \end{equation} -beschrieben werden. +beschrieben werden, wenn die Jagdstrategie verwendet wird. Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $v$ und $z$ ist ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. -Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, die Länge auf eins festgelegt. +Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, ein Einheitsvektor erzeugt. Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{v}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssyst &= 1 \text{.} \end{align} -Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, insofern der Verfolger die Strategie 1 verwendet. +Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, insofern der Verfolger die Jagdstrategie verwendet. % \subsection{Ziel \label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} -- cgit v1.2.1 From 8210e25cc561db3dea0464019dea50eb5dc482ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kuster Yanik Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 21:39:05 +0200 Subject: adjusted errors in teil1 and improved some sentences and structure --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.png | Bin 0 -> 48606 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 2 +- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 97 ++++++++++++++++------------ 3 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.png (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f41dffe Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.png differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index f0589e5..5007867 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um % \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[scale=0.1]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.pdf} + \includegraphics[scale=0.1]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.png} \caption{Vektordarstellung Jagdstrategie} \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} \end{figure} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 2e75a19..a330838 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -10,16 +10,35 @@ Sehr oft kommt es vor, dass bei Verfolgungsproblemen die Frage auftaucht, ob das Ziel überhaupt erreicht wird. Wenn zum Beispiel die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers kleiner ist als diejenige des Ziels, gibt es Anfangsbedingungen bei denen das Ziel nie erreicht wird. Im Anschluss dieser Frage stellt sich meist die nächste Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. -Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und an einem Beispiel betrachtet. +Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und am Beispiel aus \ref{lambertw:section:teil4} betrachtet. +Das Beispiel wird bei dieser Betrachtung noch etwas erweitert indem alle Punkte auf der gesamtem $xy$-Ebene als Startwerte zugelassen werden. + +Nun gilt es zu definieren, wann das Ziel erreicht wird. +Da sowohl Ziel und Verfolger als Punkte modelliert wurden, gilt das Ziel als erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. +Somit gilt es + +\begin{equation*} + z(t_1)=v(t_1) +\end{equation*} +% +zu lösen. +Die Parametrisierung von $z(t)$ ist im Beispiel definiert als +\begin{equation} + z(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right)\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Die Parametrisierung von $v(t)$ ist von den Startbedingungen abhängig. Deshalb wird die obige Bedingung jeweils für die unterschiedlichen Startbedingungen separat analysiert. + +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung im \RN{1}-Quadranten} % -%\subsection{Ziel erreichen (überarbeiten) -%\label{lambertw:subsection:ZielErreichen}} -Für diese Betrachtung wird das Beispiel aus \eqref{lambertw:section:teil4} zur Hilfe genommen. -Dazu werden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} mit Startbedingung im ersten Quadranten verwendet, welche +$ x_0$ $\boldsymbol{x}$ dd +Wenn der Verfolger im \RN{1}-Quadranten startet, dann kann $v(t)$ mit den Gleichungen aus \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}, welche \begin{align*} x\left(t\right) &= - x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} \\ + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp(\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0})\right)} \\ y(t) &= \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\\ @@ -34,34 +53,16 @@ Dazu werden die hergeleiteten Gleichungen \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} mit Star \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} \end{align*} % -sind. -Das Ziel wird erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. -Somit gilt es - -\begin{equation*} - \vec{Z}(t_1)=\vec{V}(t_1) -\end{equation*} -% -zu lösen. -Aus dem vorangegangenem Beispiel, ist die Parametrisierung des Verfolgers und des Ziels bekannt. -Das Ziel wird parametrisiert durch - -\begin{equation} - \vec{Z}(t) - = - \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) -\end{equation} -% -und der Verfolger durch - +Der Folger ist durch \begin{equation} - \vec{V}(t) + v(t) = \left( \begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ y(t) \end{array} \right) \text{.} \end{equation} % - Da $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$ wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt. Wobei die Bedingung der $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden. Es entstehen daher folgende Bedingungen +parametrisiert, wobei $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$. +Daher wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt, wodurch die Bedingung der $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden müssen. Es entstehen daher folgende Bedingungen \begin{align*} 0 @@ -107,27 +108,41 @@ Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingu Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. -Aus der Symmetrie des Problems an der $y$-Achse können auch alle Anfangspunkte im zweiten Quadranten die Bedingungen nicht erfüllen. -Bei allen Anfangspunkten mit $y_0<0$ ist ein Einholen unmöglich, da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und Ziels übereinstimmen und der Verfolger dem Ziel bereits am Anfang nachgeht. -Wenn die Wertemenge der Anfangsbedingung um die positive $y$-Achse erweitert wird, kann das Ziel wiederum erreicht werden. -Sobald der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet, bewegen sich Verfolger und Ziel aufeinander zu, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt und der Verfolger sich auf der Fluchtgeraden befindet. -Dies führt zwingend dazu, dass der Verfolger das Ziel erreichen wird. -Die Verfolgungskurve kann in diesem Fall mit + +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung $y_0<0$} +Da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und des Ziels übereinstimmen, kann der Verfolgers niemals das Ziel einholen. +Dies kann veranschaulicht werden anhand + +\begin{equation} + v(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + \leq + z(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + = + 1\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Da der $y$-Anteil der Geschwindigkeit des Ziels grösser-gleich der des Verfolgers ist, können die $y$-Koordinaten nie übereinstimmen. + +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung auf positiven $y$-Achse} +Wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet, befindet er sich direkt auf der Fluchtgeraden des Ziels. +Dies führt dazu, dass der Verfolger und das Ziel sich direkt aufeinander zu bewegen, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt. +Die Folge ist, dass das Ziel zwingend erreicht wird. +Um $t_1$ zu bestimmen, kann die Verfolgungskurve in diesem Fall mit \begin{equation} - \vec{V}(t) + v(t) = \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ y_0-t \end{array} \right) \end{equation} % parametrisiert werden. Nun kann der Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel leicht bestimmt und nach 0 aufgelöst werden. -Daraus folgt +Woraus folgt \begin{equation} 0 = - |\vec{V}(t_1)-\vec{Z}(t_1)| + |v(t_1)-z(t_1)| = y_0-2t_1 \end{equation} @@ -141,7 +156,9 @@ Daraus folgt \end{equation} % führt. -Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven $y$-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. +Somit wird das Ziel immer erreicht bei $t_1$, wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet. +\subsection{Fazit} +Durch die Symmetrie der Fluchtkurve an der $y$-Achse führen die Anfangsbedingungen in den Quadranten \RN{1} und \RN{2} zu den gleichen Ergebnissen. Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven $y$-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. Bei allen anderen Anfangspunkten wird der Verfolger das Ziel nie erreichen. Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. @@ -150,14 +167,14 @@ Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. Mathematisch kann dies mit \begin{equation} - |\vec{V}-\vec{Z}|0 + |v-z| 0 + |v-z|^2 Date: Fri, 29 Jul 2022 17:41:50 +0200 Subject: polished teil0 und teil1, created a new figure Strategie.pdf --- buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf | Bin 0 -> 120904 bytes buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py | 52 ++ buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.svg | 790 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex | 6 +- buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex | 15 +- buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex | 94 ++-- 6 files changed, 914 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py create mode 100644 buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.svg (limited to 'buch/papers/lambertw') diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0de3001 Binary files /dev/null and b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf differ diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9b41bf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Fri Jul 29 09:40:11 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" +import pylatex + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +N = np.array([0, 0]) +V = np.array([1, 4]) +Z = np.array([5, 5]) +VZ = Z-V +vzScale = 0.4 + + +a = [N, N, V] +b = [V, Z, vzScale*VZ] + +X = np.array([i[0] for i in a]) +Y = np.array([i[1] for i in a]) +U = np.array([i[0] for i in b]) +W = np.array([i[1] for i in b]) + +xlim = 6 +ylim = 6 +fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1) +ax.set_xlim([0, xlim]) #<-- set the x axis limits +ax.set_ylim([0, ylim]) #<-- set the y axis limits +#plt.figure(figsize=(xlim, ylim)) +ax.quiver(X, Y, U, W, angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=1, headwidth=5, headlength=7, headaxislength=5.5) + +ax.plot([V[0], (VZ+V)[0]], [V[1], (VZ+V)[1]], 'k--') +ax.plot(np.vstack([V, Z])[:, 0], np.vstack([V, Z])[:,1], 'bo', markersize=10) + + +ax.text(2.5, 4.5, "Visierlinie", size=20, rotation=10) + +plt.rcParams.update({ + "text.usetex": True, + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": ["New Century Schoolbook"], +}) + +ax.text(1.6, 4.3, r"$\vec{v}$", size=30) +ax.text(0.6, 3.9, r"$V$", size=30, c='b') +ax.text(5.1, 4.77, r"$Z$", size=30, c='b') + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.svg b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30f9f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.svg @@ -0,0 +1,790 @@ + + + + + + + + + 2022-07-29T16:52:06.315252 + image/svg+xml + + + Matplotlib v3.3.2, https://matplotlib.org/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index 9e6d04f..394963f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ \lhead{Verfolgungskurven} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} - +% %Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes %\begin{itemize} %\item @@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ %Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren %Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. %\end{itemize} - +% \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} %\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} %\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/teil4.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} - +% \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 5007867..8fa8f9b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ \section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? \label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} \rhead{Was sind Verfolgungskurven?} - +% Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie "Welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt?". Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. Der Verfolger verfolgt sein Ziel, das versucht zu entkommen. Der Pfad, den der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als Differentialgleichung formuliert werden. Diese Differentialgleichung entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. - - +% \subsection{Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie \label{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger}} Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. @@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um % \begin{figure} \centering - \includegraphics[scale=0.1]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/pursuerDGL2.png} + \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf} \caption{Vektordarstellung Jagdstrategie} \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} \end{figure} @@ -61,23 +60,27 @@ In der Abbildung \ref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, wobei $v$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $z$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{v}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor entspricht dem Richtungsvektors des Verfolgers. Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung +% \begin{equation} |\dot{v}| = \operatorname{const} = A \text{,}\quad A\in\mathbb{R}^+ \end{equation} +% darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor kann mit der Gleichung +% \begin{equation} \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}| = \dot{v} \end{equation} +% beschrieben werden, wenn die Jagdstrategie verwendet wird. Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $v$ und $z$ ist ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, ein Einheitsvektor erzeugt. Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. - +% Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{v}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergeben sich \begin{align} \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}|\cdot\dot{v} @@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung - +% \begin{equation} z(t) = diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index a330838..2733759 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ \section{Wird das Ziel erreicht? \label{lambertw:section:Wird_das_Ziel_erreicht}} \rhead{Wird das Ziel erreicht?} - +% Sehr oft kommt es vor, dass bei Verfolgungsproblemen die Frage auftaucht, ob das Ziel überhaupt erreicht wird. Wenn zum Beispiel die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers kleiner ist als diejenige des Ziels, gibt es Anfangsbedingungen bei denen das Ziel nie erreicht wird. Im Anschluss dieser Frage stellt sich meist die nächste Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Das Beispiel wird bei dieser Betrachtung noch etwas erweitert indem alle Punkte Nun gilt es zu definieren, wann das Ziel erreicht wird. Da sowohl Ziel und Verfolger als Punkte modelliert wurden, gilt das Ziel als erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. Somit gilt es - +% \begin{equation*} z(t_1)=v(t_1) \end{equation*} @@ -30,15 +30,14 @@ Die Parametrisierung von $z(t)$ ist im Beispiel definiert als \end{equation} % Die Parametrisierung von $v(t)$ ist von den Startbedingungen abhängig. Deshalb wird die obige Bedingung jeweils für die unterschiedlichen Startbedingungen separat analysiert. - +% \subsection{Anfangsbedingung im \RN{1}-Quadranten} % -$ x_0$ $\boldsymbol{x}$ dd Wenn der Verfolger im \RN{1}-Quadranten startet, dann kann $v(t)$ mit den Gleichungen aus \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}, welche \begin{align*} x\left(t\right) &= - x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp(\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0})\right)} \\ + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) \right)} \\ y(t) &= \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\\ @@ -63,13 +62,13 @@ Der Folger ist durch % parametrisiert, wobei $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$. Daher wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt, wodurch die Bedingung der $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden müssen. Es entstehen daher folgende Bedingungen - +% \begin{align*} 0 &= x(t) = - x_0\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right)}{\chi}} + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} \\ t &= @@ -80,39 +79,66 @@ Daher wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt, wodurch die Beding % welche Beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. Zuerst wird die Bedingung der $x$-Koordinate betrachtet. -Diese kann durch dividieren durch $x_0$, anschliessendes quadrieren und multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Daraus folgt +Da $x_0 \neq 0$ und $\chi \neq 0$ mit \begin{equation} - 0 - = - W\left(\chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}}\right) - \text{.} + 0 + = + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} \end{equation} -% -Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. -Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei - -\begin{equation*} - W(0)=0 -\end{equation*} -% -besitzt, kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu - +ist diese Bedingung genau dann erfüllt, wenn \begin{equation} 0 = - \chi\cdot e^{\chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}} + W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) \text{.} \end{equation} % +Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +\begin{equation} + W(0)=0 +\end{equation} +% Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. -Somit kann nach den Gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. - +Somit kann nach den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% +% +% +%Diese kann durch dividieren durch $x_0$, anschliessendes quadrieren und multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Daraus folgt +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) +% \text{.} +%5\end{equation} +% +%Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +%Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +% +%\begin{equation*} +% W(0)=0 +%\end{equation*} +% +%besitzt, kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu +% +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% \chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) +% \text{.} +%\end{equation} +% +%Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +%Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +%Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +%Somit kann nach den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% \subsection{Anfangsbedingung $y_0<0$} Da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und des Ziels übereinstimmen, kann der Verfolgers niemals das Ziel einholen. Dies kann veranschaulicht werden anhand - +% \begin{equation} v(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) \leq @@ -122,13 +148,13 @@ Dies kann veranschaulicht werden anhand \end{equation} % Da der $y$-Anteil der Geschwindigkeit des Ziels grösser-gleich der des Verfolgers ist, können die $y$-Koordinaten nie übereinstimmen. - +% \subsection{Anfangsbedingung auf positiven $y$-Achse} Wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet, befindet er sich direkt auf der Fluchtgeraden des Ziels. Dies führt dazu, dass der Verfolger und das Ziel sich direkt aufeinander zu bewegen, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt. Die Folge ist, dass das Ziel zwingend erreicht wird. Um $t_1$ zu bestimmen, kann die Verfolgungskurve in diesem Fall mit - +% \begin{equation} v(t) = @@ -138,17 +164,17 @@ Um $t_1$ zu bestimmen, kann die Verfolgungskurve in diesem Fall mit parametrisiert werden. Nun kann der Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel leicht bestimmt und nach 0 aufgelöst werden. Woraus folgt - +% \begin{equation} 0 = |v(t_1)-z(t_1)| = - y_0-2t_1 + y_0-2t_1\text{,} \end{equation} % -, was aufgelöst zu - +was aufgelöst zu +% \begin{equation} t_1 = @@ -165,14 +191,14 @@ Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumli Somit wird in einer nächsten Betrachtung untersucht, ob der Verfolger dem Ziel näher kommt als ein definierter Trefferradius. Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. Mathematisch kann dies mit - +% \begin{equation} |v-z|