rewritten introduction & smaller edits

1 files changed, 103 insertions, 46 deletions

diff --git a/docs/tex/introduzione.tex b/docs/tex/introduzione.tex
index 4eb9a1f..871dc1e 100644
--- a/docs/tex/introduzione.tex
+++ b/docs/tex/introduzione.tex
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 \section{History and culture of Canada}
 
 % [nao]
-\subsection{Foundation}
+\subsection{Foundation} \label{foundation}
 Canada is one of the largest countries on the planet, in fact, it is the fourth
 largest country by land area with approximately 9 million square kilometers
 \cite{statscan:statarea}. Located in the northern hemisphere of the American
@@ -19,12 +19,7 @@ were established only in 1999 because after since its first foundation the
 dominion had expanded multiple times.
 
 \subsection{The Flag of Canada}
-The current flag of Canada was created in 1964, when the government had an 
-all-party parliamentary committee that prepare multiple designs. Before then 
-Canada didn't have its own official flag but instead used either the English 
-Union Jack or the Canadian Red Ensign, a red flag with a smaller Union Jack on 
-the top left and an ensign on the right side.
-\begin{figure}
+\begin{figure}[h]
     \centering
     \begin{subfigure}[h]{.3\textwidth}
         \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/flag_of_canada.pdf}
@@ -35,50 +30,118 @@ the top left and an ensign on the right side.
         \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/canadian_red_ensign.pdf}
         \caption{Canadian Red Ensign}
     \end{subfigure}
+    \caption{Canadian Flags}
 \end{figure}
+The current flag of Canada was created in 1964, when the government had an 
+all-party parliamentary committee that prepare multiple designs. Before then 
+Canada didn't have its own official flag but instead used either the English 
+Union Jack or the Canadian Red Ensign, a red flag with a smaller Union Jack on 
+the top left and an ensign on the right side.
 The simplest design was chosen by the parliament and the current flag was 
 adopted the 15 December 1964, just in time for the centennial celebration of 
 the confederation 3 years later.
 
-\subsection{Canadian Natives}
+\subsection{Canadian Natives} \nocite{firstnations}
 Before the arrival of the Europeans the northern American continent was 
 populated by various groups of indigenous peoples which today are referred as
-First Nations (Premières Nations in French) or sometime incorrectly as 
-Indians. Within what is today the Canadian border there were 6 major tribes and 
+First Nations (Premières Nations in French) or sometime incorrectly a
+`Indians'.Within what today are Canadian borders there were 6 major tribes and 
 each one of them lived in a particular area of the continent.
-Each tribe had developed a particular culture based on the environment in which 
-they lived, for example on the west coast the Pacific Coast First Nation lived 
-wi
-
-
-% iroquian          south         fertile, for agricolture
-% woodland          east          boreal forest
-% plains            ???           grassland, prairies
-% plateau           south/north   semi-desert, mountains, forest(north)
-% pacific coast     west          abundant salmon and shellfish, gigantic red cedar  for building huge houses
-% Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins    ???     harsh environmnent, dark forests,  
-barren lands, swampy
+\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{.4\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[height=6cm]{res/photos/first_nations.jpg}
+    \caption{A group of First Nations People from the area known as Qu'Appelle
+    Lakes}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+
+Each tribe had developed a particular culture based on the environment in which
+they lived, for example on the west coast the Pacific Coast First Nation gave
+thank to the sea because they lived mostly off fishing whereas the Iroquian
+First Nation on the south organized many ceremonies during spring as they
+gathered most of their food from agriculture.  But there were some things that
+all populations had in common, with the most important being their deep cult of
+respect for resources offered by nature; everything from hunting to farming had
+a ritual to honor the harmony between them, the world and the Creator.  Another
+cultural aspect that common among all First Nations was a complex social
+organization system built around hunting developed over thousands of years.
+Every tribe lived and hunted in a well defined territory in order to not
+interfere with other clans and communal hunts took place on every summer.  These
+routines were especially practiced by northern populations that lived in
+semi-desert cold environments, a few examples are the Mackenzie and Yukon River
+Basins First Nations that lived where today is Alaska.
+
+\subsection{Colonization}
+The colonization of the `new world' began shortly after its discovery,
+Europeans started to build settlements in the new continent to explore the new
+land and get its resources. The beginning of the economic growth of Canada
+started with the birth of the `New France'. In the early 17th century King Henry
+IV of France ordered to a group of colonists to build the first French
+settlement on the continent, so the village of `Port Royal' was created.
+Shortly after in 1608 a new settlement called Quebec Fortress was also built.
+With these new colonies the French dominion had planned to colonize the
+continent, but the harsh environment prevented any expansion. 
+\begin{wrapfigure}{l}{.5\textwidth}
+    \centering 
+    \fbox{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{res/images/canada_settlements.png}}
+    \caption{Map of European settlements in 1702. Territories under the French 
+    dominion are in blue while territories under the British Empire are in red.}
+\end{wrapfigure} \nocite{canadasettlements}
+
+As a result, they
+started to trade with locals, many goods were traded with First Nations in 
+exchange for fur and food to protect the settlers from the cold winters. 
+Later on the trade grew on a bigger scale and many resources were exported to
+France, which helped the development of the existing and new settlements.
+At the same time British colonies were also built. Because of the strong power
+of the British Colonial Empire British settlements grew faster than the other
+French colonies which caused a shift in power. As the 18th century began
+Great Britain was the leading power in the trading market. As a consequence of
+this in many treaties that came next France lost most of its territories while
+the British expanded theirs. \\
+
+In the 1800s timber became the most important product for exportation. Timber
+exportation had already started in the preceding years but it was only in
+smaller quantities. But with the war of Napoleon (1799 - 1815) timber became
+essential for the french army to build ships and to expand the railways across
+France. The blooming of this industry endured until the conclusion of the
+Canadian Commonwealth\footnote{The Commonwealth of Nations is made up of 53
+countries, including Canada, that were for the most part once part of the
+British Empire. They worked together on international policies to cooperate in
+furthering economic development.} in 1987. At the time logging depended on
+waterways for transportation, for that reason the main timber base were in Saint
+Lawrence and Ottawa.
+
+\subsection{Industrialization}
+In 1867 with the establishment of the North American Act the first Canadian
+confederation was born. The newly founded Canadian Confederation moved the
+original economy to a radically different institutional environment. Previously
+under the control of the United Kingdom the development of the economy was 
+focused to export cities near the Atlantic Ocean such as Nova Scotia and New
+Brunswick. But after the federal formation the center of the development was
+moved into Quebec and Ontario in the mainland. In the following 50 years the
+Canadian economy shifted more toward agriculture and livestock production and
+the industry evolved to a strong economy thanks to the introduction of a new
+railway system. In the 20th century Canada enjoyed a great era of prosperity and
+industrial development during the post-war period. The economical alliance with
+the United Stated contributed the most to the development of a modernized 
+Canada.
 
-\iffalse
 \subsection{Modern Canada}
-Today Canada is a powerful country with its own currency, the Canadian Dollar 
-(CAD), As 2016 one Canadian Dollar equals 
+Today Canada has become a powerful country with a stable social and economic
+system and it is a great contributor to various international projects.
+The Canadian society today is known to be open and flexible to other cultures,
+because of this the Canadian population is composed of many ethnic groups.
+In Canada the official languages are English and French since the original
+colonial powers that brought them there were France and the United Kingdom.
+As official currency Canada uses the Canadian Dollar (CAD), As 2016 one Canadian
+Dollar equals 
 \href{http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=CHF}{
 0.76 Swiss Francs}. Canada's GDP (as Q2 2015) is more than twice ours 
-(Switzerlands)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of 
+(Switzerland's)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of 
 Canadian dollars \cite{statscan:ecoimpexps} which roughly equals to 1.54
-millions of millions of Swiss francs. In Canada there are many cultures that are 
-currently living one beside each other, the nations historic multicultural 
-background shaped the society in
-a way that is very 
-
-Its major economic trade partners 
-are USA, UK and Germany.
-\fi
+millions of millions of Swiss francs. 
 
 \section{Natural resources}
-
-% [nao]
 Canada's huge land area makes it one of richest countries from a natural
 resources standpoint. Indeed Canada has the third largest reserve of crude oil
 in the world and it is the second production of Uranium
@@ -89,8 +152,6 @@ eco-friendly Canada still relies heavily on non-renewable energy source as we
 will see in the next paragraphs.
 
 \subsection{Crude Oil}
-
-% [nao]
 Oil has become has been increasingly become a valuable resource, since the 
 discovery of oil sands extraction technology. The desire for oil 
 independence from the USA and many other NATO states has given a lot of funds
@@ -101,8 +162,6 @@ oil extraction industries have increased by 63.5 millions of tonnes in the last
 20 years.
 
 \subsection{Natural Gas}
-
-% [nao]
 Natural gas is the biggest energy source in Canada, mostly produced in Alta is
 also a major cause of Nitrogen and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) pollution.
 Even though its extractions and refinement technologies are getting better, the 
@@ -111,13 +170,11 @@ were released on the atmosphere. Combined with the oil extraction this economic
 sector accounts for 26\% of total nation emissions \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}.
 
 \subsection{Coal}
-
-% [nao]
 Despite it makes up half of the world's energy source (mostly in China) and
 there's an abundance of it, coal represents a minor element in the national
 energy production, and almost half of the final product gets exported to Japan,
 China and South Korea. Currently scientists are discouraging its usage because
-of its high level of pollution and $CO_2$ emissions. Nonetheless the research in
-the field of coal refinement, to produce what is called ``Clean Coal'', is still
-being supported by the government in order to use the enormous quantity lying
-beneath the Canadian surface.
+of its high level of pollution and CO\textsubscript{2} emissions. Nonetheless
+the research in the field of coal refinement, to produce what is called ``Clean
+Coal'', is still being supported by the government in order to use the enormous
+quantity lying beneath the Canadian surface.