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diff --git a/appunti/introduzione.tex b/appunti/introduzione.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f5c6fa --- /dev/null +++ b/appunti/introduzione.tex @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +\chapter{Introduction} + +\section{History and culture of Canada} + +% [nao] +\subsection{Foundation} +Canada is one of the largest countries on the planet, in fact, it is the fourth +largest country by land area with approximately 9 million square kilometers +\cite{statscan:statarea}. Located in the northern hemisphere of the American +continent, was first discovered by Europeans in 1497 with the expedition of +John Cabot. The name ``Canada'' seems to have appeared first in the 16th century +when Jacques Cartier, during his 3 voyages to the new world, heard a groups of +natives speaking the Iroquoian language referring to a village as +``Kanada''\cite{history}. During the following centuries both French and British +colonies were established which led to numerous conflicts the two between +empires and the natives. The government of Canada was created with the +proclamation of the Constitution Act in 1867, but the present the nationals +were established only in 1999 because after since its first foundation the +dominion had expanded multiple times. + +\subsection{The Flag of Canada} +\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{.4\textwidth} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/flag_of_canada.pdf} + \caption{Current flag of Canada} +\end{wrapfigure} +The current flag of Canada was created in 1964, when the government had an +all-party parliamentary committee that prepare multiple designs. Before then +Canada didn't have its own official flag but instead used either the English +Union Jack or the Canadian Red Ensign, a red flag with a smaller Union Jack on +the top left and an ensign on the right side. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/canadian_red_ensign.pdf} + \caption{Canadian Red Ensign used before the introduction of the modern + design} +\end{figure} + +The simplest design was chosen by the parliament and the current flag was +adopted the 15 December 1964, just in time for the centennial celebration of +the confederation 3 years later. + +\section{Canadian Natives} +Before the arrival of the Europeans the northern American continent was +populated by various groups of indigenous peoples which today are referred as +First Nations or Premières Nations in French. There were 6 major tribes and +each one of them lived in a particular area of the continent, but they all +shared a similar culture and environment. First Nations lives were mostly +dependant on hunting and their social systems had evolved around it, each tribe +had a defined territory in which they were allowed to hunt and they were +socially connected through trading network. This situation was typical in the +northern area in the dark boreal forests were agriculture was very difficult. +On the other hand, tribes with settlements near the coast had a less nomadic +lifestyle that depended on fishing + + + +First Nations lived off mostly from +hunting with an advanced social sistem around it that defined territories +for each tribe. There was also a system of social orders +% tribes: +% iroquian south fertile, for agricolture +% woodland east boreal forest +% plains ??? grassland, prairies +% plateau south/north semi-desert, mountains, forest(north) +% pacific coast west abundant salmon and shellfish, gigantic red cedar for building huge houses + +% Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins ??? harsh environmnent, dark forests, barren lands, swampy + +\subsection{Nativi Canadesi} +Prima della scopeta del continente Americano il Canada era un paese popolato da +delle popolazioni native che oggi vengono chiamate "First Nations". Gli storici +distinguono i First Nations in 6 trib\`u principali in base alle zone che +occupavano + +\subsection{Modern Canada} +Today Canada is a powerful country with its own currency, the Canadian Dollar +(CAD), As 2016 one Canadian Dollar equals +\href{http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=CHF}{ +0.76 Swiss Francs}. Canada's GDP (as Q2 2015) is more than twice ours +(Switzerlands)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of +Canadian dollars \cite{statscan:ecoimpexps} which roughly equals to 1.54 +millions of millions of Swiss francs. +In Canada there are many cultures that are currently living one beside +each other, the nations historic multicultural background shaped the society in +a way that is very + + +Its major economic trade partners +are USA, UK and Germany. + + +\section{Natural resources} + +% [nao] +Canada's huge land area makes it one of richest countries from a natural +resources standpoint. Indeed Canada has the third largest reserve of crude oil +in the world and it is the second production of Uranium +\cite{nrcan:energyfactsbook}. But Canada is also a leader in renewable energy +production with a 18.9\% of total energy supply coming just from renewables +\cite{nrcan:renewables}. Even if most of the energy produced can be considered +eco-friendly Canada still relies heavily on non-renewable energy source as we +will see in the next paragraphs. + +\subsection{Crude Oil} + +% [nao] +Oil has become has been increasingly become a valuable resource, since the +discovery of oil sands extraction technology. The desire for oil +independence from the USA and many other NATO states has given a lot of funds +for the development of this technology. +But for the environment this is not a good, according to a study conducted in +2014 \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) emissions caused by +oil extraction industries have increased by 63.5 millions of tonnes in the last +20 years. + +\subsection{Natural Gas} + +% [nao] +Natural gas is the biggest energy source in Canada, mostly produced in Alta is +also a major cause of Nitrogen and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) pollution. +Even though its extractions and refinement technologies are getting better, the +level of pollution has not gone down since 2010. In 2014 56.6 mega tonnes of GHGs +were released on the atmosphere. Combined with the oil extraction this economic +sector accounts for 26\% of total nation emissions \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}. + +\subsection{Coal} + +% [nao] +Despite it makes up half of the world's energy source (mostly in China) and +there's an abundance of it, coal represents a minor element in the national +energy production, and almost half of the final product gets exported to Japan, +China and South Korea. Currently scientists are discouraging its usage because +of its high level of pollution and $CO_2$ emissions. Nonetheless the research in +the field of coal refinement, to produce what is called ``Clean Coal'', is still +being supported by the government in order to use the enormous quantity lying +beneath the Canadian surface. diff --git a/appunti/introduzione.tex~ b/appunti/introduzione.tex~ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4011a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/appunti/introduzione.tex~ @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +\chapter{Introduction} + +\section{History and culture of Canada} + +% [nao] +\subsection{Foundation} +Canada is one of the largest countries on the planet, in fact, it is the fourth +largest country by land area with approximately 9 million square kilometers +\cite{statscan:statarea}. Located in the northern hemisphere of the American +continent, was first discovered by Europeans in 1497 with the expedition of +John Cabot. The name ``Canada'' seems to have appeared first in the 16th century +when Jacques Cartier, during his 3 voyages to the new world, heard a groups of +natives speaking the Iroquoian language referring to a village as +``Kanada''\cite{history}. During the following centuries both French and British +colonies were established which led to numerous conflicts the two between +empires and the natives. The government of Canada was created with the +proclamation of the Constitution Act in 1867, but the present the nationals +were established only in 1999 because after since its first foundation the +dominion had expanded multiple times. + +\subsection{The Flag of Canada} +\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{.4\textwidth} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/flag_of_canada.pdf} + \caption{Current flag of Canada} +\end{wrapfigure} +The current flag of Canada was created in 1964, when the government had an +all-party parliamentary committee that prepare multiple designs. Before then +Canada didn't have its own official flag but instead used either the English +Union Jack or the Canadian Red Ensign, a red flag with a smaller Union Jack on +the top left and an ensign on the right side. +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/canadian_red_ensign.pdf} + \caption{Canadian Red Ensign used before the introduction of the modern + design} +\end{figure} + +The simplest design was chosen by the parliament and the current flag was +adopted the 15 December 1964, just in time for the centennial celebration of +the confederation 3 years later. + +\section{Canadian Natives} +Before the arrival of the Europeans the northern American continent was +populated by various groups of indigenous peoples which today are referred as +First Nations or Premières Nations in French. There were 6 major tribes and +each one of them lived in a particular area of the continent, but they all +shared a similar culture and environment. First Nations lives were mostly +dependant on hunting and their social systems had evolved around it, each tribe +had a defined territory in which they were allowed to hunt and they were +socially connected through trading network. This situation was typical in the +northern area in the dark boreal forests were agriculture was very difficult. +On the other hand, tribes with settlements near the coast had a less nomadic +lifestyle that depended on fishing + + + +First Nations lived off mostly from +hunting with an advanced social sistem around it that defined territories +for each tribe. There was also a system of social orders +% tribes: +% iroquian south fertile, for agricolture +% woodland east boreal forest +% plains ??? grassland, prairies +% plateau south/north semi-desert, mountains, forest(north) +% pacific coast west abundant salmon and shellfish, gigantic red cedar for building huge houses + +% Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins ??? harsh environmnent, dark forests, barren lands, swampy + +\subsection{Nativi Canadesi} +Prima della scopeta del continente Americano il Canada era un paese popolato da +delle popolazioni native che oggi vengono chiamate "First Nations". + +\subsection{Modern Canada} +Today Canada is a powerful country with its own currency, the Canadian Dollar +(CAD), As 2016 one Canadian Dollar equals +\href{http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=CHF}{ +0.76 Swiss Francs}. Canada's GDP (as Q2 2015) is more than twice ours +(Switzerlands)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of +Canadian dollars \cite{statscan:ecoimpexps} which roughly equals to 1.54 +millions of millions of Swiss francs. +In Canada there are many cultures that are currently living one beside +each other, the nations historic multicultural background shaped the society in +a way that is very + + +Its major economic trade partners +are USA, UK and Germany. + + +\section{Natural resources} + +% [nao] +Canada's huge land area makes it one of richest countries from a natural +resources standpoint. Indeed Canada has the third largest reserve of crude oil +in the world and it is the second production of Uranium +\cite{nrcan:energyfactsbook}. But Canada is also a leader in renewable energy +production with a 18.9\% of total energy supply coming just from renewables +\cite{nrcan:renewables}. Even if most of the energy produced can be considered +eco-friendly Canada still relies heavily on non-renewable energy source as we +will see in the next paragraphs. + +\subsection{Crude Oil} + +% [nao] +Oil has become has been increasingly become a valuable resource, since the +discovery of oil sands extraction technology. The desire for oil +independence from the USA and many other NATO states has given a lot of funds +for the development of this technology. +But for the environment this is not a good, according to a study conducted in +2014 \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) emissions caused by +oil extraction industries have increased by 63.5 millions of tonnes in the last +20 years. + +\subsection{Natural Gas} + +% [nao] +Natural gas is the biggest energy source in Canada, mostly produced in Alta is +also a major cause of Nitrogen and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) pollution. +Even though its extractions and refinement technologies are getting better, the +level of pollution has not gone down since 2010. In 2014 56.6 mega tonnes of GHGs +were released on the atmosphere. Combined with the oil extraction this economic +sector accounts for 26\% of total nation emissions \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}. + +\subsection{Coal} + +% [nao] +Despite it makes up half of the world's energy source (mostly in China) and +there's an abundance of it, coal represents a minor element in the national +energy production, and almost half of the final product gets exported to Japan, +China and South Korea. Currently scientists are discouraging its usage because +of its high level of pollution and $CO_2$ emissions. Nonetheless the research in +the field of coal refinement, to produce what is called ``Clean Coal'', is still +being supported by the government in order to use the enormous quantity lying +beneath the Canadian surface. |