From 00e3fe361a12f385c7bb72f91f047822d77c1cfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nao Pross <naopross@thearcway.org>
Date: Fri, 16 Dec 2016 12:50:39 +0100
Subject: moving to gitbucket

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+\chapter{Introduction}
+
+\section{History and culture of Canada}
+
+% [nao]
+\subsection{Foundation}
+Canada is one of the largest countries on the planet, in fact, it is the fourth
+largest country by land area with approximately 9 million square kilometers
+\cite{statscan:statarea}. Located in the northern hemisphere of the American
+continent, was first discovered by Europeans in 1497 with the expedition of
+John Cabot. The name ``Canada'' seems to have appeared first in the 16th century
+when Jacques Cartier, during his 3 voyages to the new world, heard a groups of
+natives speaking the Iroquoian language referring to a village as
+``Kanada''\cite{history}. During the following centuries both French and British
+colonies were established which led to numerous conflicts the two between 
+empires and the natives. The government of Canada was created with the 
+proclamation of the Constitution Act in 1867, but the present the nationals 
+were established only in 1999 because after since its first foundation the 
+dominion had expanded multiple times.
+
+\subsection{The Flag of Canada}
+\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{.4\textwidth}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/flag_of_canada.pdf}
+    \caption{Current flag of Canada}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+The current flag of Canada was created in 1964, when the government had an 
+all-party parliamentary committee that prepare multiple designs. Before then 
+Canada didn't have its own official flag but instead used either the English 
+Union Jack or the Canadian Red Ensign, a red flag with a smaller Union Jack on 
+the top left and an ensign on the right side.
+\begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/canadian_red_ensign.pdf}
+    \caption{Canadian Red Ensign used before the introduction of the modern 
+    design}
+\end{figure}
+
+The simplest design was chosen by the parliament and the current flag was 
+adopted the 15 December 1964, just in time for the centennial celebration of 
+the confederation 3 years later.
+
+\section{Canadian Natives}
+Before the arrival of the Europeans the northern American continent was 
+populated by various groups of indigenous peoples which today are referred as
+First Nations or Premières Nations in French. There were 6 major tribes and 
+each one of them lived in a particular area of the continent, but they all 
+shared a similar culture and environment. First Nations lives were mostly 
+dependant on hunting and their social systems had evolved around it, each tribe
+had a defined territory in which they were allowed to hunt and they were
+socially connected through trading network. This situation was typical in the
+northern area in the dark boreal forests were agriculture was very difficult.
+On the other hand, tribes with settlements near the coast had a less nomadic
+lifestyle that depended on fishing
+
+
+
+First Nations lived off mostly from 
+hunting with an advanced social sistem around it that defined territories 
+for each tribe. There was also a system of social orders 
+% tribes:
+% iroquian          south         fertile, for agricolture
+% woodland          east          boreal forest
+% plains            ???           grassland, prairies
+% plateau           south/north   semi-desert, mountains, forest(north)
+% pacific coast     west          abundant salmon and shellfish, gigantic red cedar  for building huge houses
+
+% Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins    ???     harsh environmnent, dark forests,  barren lands, swampy
+
+\subsection{Nativi Canadesi}
+Prima della scopeta del continente Americano il Canada era un paese popolato da
+delle popolazioni native che oggi vengono chiamate "First Nations". Gli storici
+distinguono i First Nations in 6 trib\`u principali in base alle zone che
+occupavano 
+
+\subsection{Modern Canada}
+Today Canada is a powerful country with its own currency, the Canadian Dollar 
+(CAD), As 2016 one Canadian Dollar equals 
+\href{http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=CHF}{
+0.76 Swiss Francs}. Canada's GDP (as Q2 2015) is more than twice ours 
+(Switzerlands)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of 
+Canadian dollars \cite{statscan:ecoimpexps} which roughly equals to 1.54
+millions of millions of Swiss francs. 
+In Canada there are many cultures that are currently living one beside
+each other, the nations historic multicultural background shaped the society in
+a way that is very 
+
+
+Its major economic trade partners 
+are USA, UK and Germany.
+
+
+\section{Natural resources}
+
+% [nao]
+Canada's huge land area makes it one of richest countries from a natural
+resources standpoint. Indeed Canada has the third largest reserve of crude oil
+in the world and it is the second production of Uranium
+\cite{nrcan:energyfactsbook}. But Canada is also a leader in renewable energy
+production with a 18.9\% of total energy supply coming just from renewables
+\cite{nrcan:renewables}. Even if most of the energy produced can be considered
+eco-friendly Canada still relies heavily on non-renewable energy source as we
+will see in the next paragraphs.
+
+\subsection{Crude Oil}
+
+% [nao]
+Oil has become has been increasingly become a valuable resource, since the 
+discovery of oil sands extraction technology. The desire for oil 
+independence from the USA and many other NATO states has given a lot of funds
+for the development of this technology.
+But for the environment this is not a good, according to a study conducted in
+2014 \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) emissions caused by
+oil extraction industries have increased by 63.5 millions of tonnes in the last
+20 years.
+
+\subsection{Natural Gas}
+
+% [nao]
+Natural gas is the biggest energy source in Canada, mostly produced in Alta is
+also a major cause of Nitrogen and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) pollution.
+Even though its extractions and refinement technologies are getting better, the 
+level of pollution has not gone down since 2010. In 2014 56.6 mega tonnes of GHGs
+were released on the atmosphere. Combined with the oil extraction this economic
+sector accounts for 26\% of total nation emissions \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}.
+
+\subsection{Coal}
+
+% [nao]
+Despite it makes up half of the world's energy source (mostly in China) and
+there's an abundance of it, coal represents a minor element in the national
+energy production, and almost half of the final product gets exported to Japan,
+China and South Korea. Currently scientists are discouraging its usage because
+of its high level of pollution and $CO_2$ emissions. Nonetheless the research in
+the field of coal refinement, to produce what is called ``Clean Coal'', is still
+being supported by the government in order to use the enormous quantity lying
+beneath the Canadian surface.
-- 
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