From 004ffbe26deb7635978d854180d4415e5b9e3999 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nao Pross <naopross@thearcway.org>
Date: Tue, 20 Dec 2016 11:03:25 +0100
Subject: renamed 'docs' to 'doc'

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-\chapter{Introduction}
-
-\section{History and culture of Canada}
-
-% [nao]
-\subsection{Foundation} \label{foundation}
-Canada is one of the largest countries on the planet, in fact, it is the fourth
-largest country by land area with approximately 9 million square kilometers
-\cite{statscan:statarea}. Located in the northern hemisphere of the American
-continent, was first discovered by Europeans in 1497 with the expedition of
-John Cabot. The name ``Canada'' seems to have appeared first in the 16th century
-when Jacques Cartier, during his 3 voyages to the new world, heard a groups of
-natives speaking the Iroquoian language referring to a village as
-``Kanata''\cite{history}. During the following centuries both French and British
-colonies were established which led to numerous conflicts the two between 
-empires and the natives. The government of Canada was created with the 
-proclamation of the Constitution Act in 1867, but the present the nationals 
-were established only in 1999 because after since its first foundation the 
-dominion had expanded multiple times.
-
-\subsection{The Flag of Canada}
-\begin{figure}[h]
-    \centering
-    \begin{subfigure}[h]{.3\textwidth}
-        \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/flag_of_canada.pdf}
-        \caption{Current flag of Canada}
-    \end{subfigure}
-    \qquad\qquad
-    \begin{subfigure}[h]{.3\textwidth}
-        \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/canadian_red_ensign.pdf}
-        \caption{Canadian Red Ensign}
-    \end{subfigure}
-    \caption{Canadian Flags}
-\end{figure}
-The current flag of Canada was created in 1964, when the government had an 
-all-party parliamentary committee that prepare multiple designs. Before then 
-Canada didn't have its own official flag but instead used either the English 
-Union Jack or the Canadian Red Ensign, a red flag with a smaller Union Jack on 
-the top left and an ensign on the right side.
-The simplest design was chosen by the parliament and the current flag was 
-adopted the 15 December 1964, just in time for the centennial celebration of 
-the confederation 3 years later.
-
-\subsection{Canadian Natives} \nocite{firstnations}
-Before the arrival of the Europeans the northern American continent was 
-populated by various groups of indigenous peoples which today are referred as
-First Nations (Premières Nations in French) or sometime incorrectly a
-`Indians'.Within what today are Canadian borders there were 6 major tribes and 
-each one of them lived in a particular area of the continent.
-\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{.4\textwidth}
-    \centering
-    \includegraphics[height=6cm]{res/photos/first_nations.jpg}
-    \caption{A group of First Nations People from the area known as Qu'Appelle
-    Lakes}
-\end{wrapfigure}
-
-Each tribe had developed a particular culture based on the environment in which
-they lived, for example on the west coast the Pacific Coast First Nation gave
-thank to the sea because they lived mostly off fishing whereas the Iroquian
-First Nation on the south organized many ceremonies during spring as they
-gathered most of their food from agriculture.  But there were some things that
-all populations had in common, with the most important being their deep cult of
-respect for resources offered by nature; everything from hunting to farming had
-a ritual to honor the harmony between them, the world and the Creator.  Another
-cultural aspect that common among all First Nations was a complex social
-organization system built around hunting developed over thousands of years.
-Every tribe lived and hunted in a well defined territory in order to not
-interfere with other clans and communal hunts took place on every summer.  These
-routines were especially practiced by northern populations that lived in
-semi-desert cold environments, a few examples are the Mackenzie and Yukon River
-Basins First Nations that lived where today is Alaska.
-
-\subsection{Colonization}
-The colonization of the `new world' began shortly after its discovery,
-Europeans started to build settlements in the new continent to explore the new
-land and get its resources. The beginning of the economic growth of Canada
-started with the birth of the `New France'. In the early 17th century King Henry
-IV of France ordered to a group of colonists to build the first French
-settlement on the continent, so the village of `Port Royal' was created.
-Shortly after in 1608 a new settlement called Quebec Fortress was also built.
-With these new colonies the French dominion had planned to colonize the
-continent, but the harsh environment prevented any expansion. 
-\begin{wrapfigure}{l}{.5\textwidth}
-    \centering 
-    \fbox{\includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{res/images/canada_settlements.png}}
-    \caption{Map of European settlements in 1702. Territories under the French 
-    dominion are in blue while territories under the British Empire are in red.}
-\end{wrapfigure} \nocite{canadasettlements}
-
-As a result, they
-started to trade with locals, many goods were traded with First Nations in 
-exchange for fur and food to protect the settlers from the cold winters. 
-Later on the trade grew on a bigger scale and many resources were exported to
-France, which helped the development of the existing and new settlements.
-At the same time British colonies were also built. Because of the strong power
-of the British Colonial Empire British settlements grew faster than the other
-French colonies which caused a shift in power. As the 18th century began
-Great Britain was the leading power in the trading market. As a consequence of
-this in many treaties that came next France lost most of its territories while
-the British expanded theirs. \\
-
-In the 1800s timber became the most important product for exportation. Timber
-exportation had already started in the preceding years but it was only in
-smaller quantities. But with the war of Napoleon (1799 - 1815) timber became
-essential for the french army to build ships and to expand the railways across
-France. The blooming of this industry endured until the conclusion of the
-Canadian Commonwealth\footnote{The Commonwealth of Nations is made up of 53
-countries, including Canada, that were for the most part once part of the
-British Empire. They worked together on international policies to cooperate in
-furthering economic development.} in 1987. At the time logging depended on
-waterways for transportation, for that reason the main timber base were in Saint
-Lawrence and Ottawa.
-
-\subsection{Industrialization}
-In 1867 with the establishment of the North American Act the first Canadian
-confederation was born. The newly founded Canadian Confederation moved the
-original economy to a radically different institutional environment. Previously
-under the control of the United Kingdom the development of the economy was 
-focused to export cities near the Atlantic Ocean such as Nova Scotia and New
-Brunswick. But after the federal formation the center of the development was
-moved into Quebec and Ontario in the mainland. In the following 50 years the
-Canadian economy shifted more toward agriculture and livestock production and
-the industry evolved to a strong economy thanks to the introduction of a new
-railway system. In the 20th century Canada enjoyed a great era of prosperity and
-industrial development during the post-war period. The economical alliance with
-the United Stated contributed the most to the development of a modernized 
-Canada.
-
-\subsection{Modern Canada}
-Today Canada has become a powerful country with a stable social and economic
-system and it is a great contributor to various international projects.
-The Canadian society today is known to be open and flexible to other cultures,
-because of this the Canadian population is composed of many ethnic groups.
-In Canada the official languages are English and French since the original
-colonial powers that brought them there were France and the United Kingdom.
-As official currency Canada uses the Canadian Dollar (CAD), As 2016 one Canadian
-Dollar equals 
-\href{http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=CHF}{
-0.76 Swiss Francs}. Canada's GDP (as Q2 2015) is more than twice ours 
-(Switzerland's)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of 
-Canadian dollars \cite{statscan:ecoimpexps} which roughly equals to 1.54
-millions of millions of Swiss francs. 
-
-\section{Natural resources}
-Canada's huge land area makes it one of richest countries from a natural
-resources standpoint. Indeed Canada has the third largest reserve of crude oil
-in the world and it is the second production of Uranium
-\cite{nrcan:energyfactsbook}. But Canada is also a leader in renewable energy
-production with a 18.9\% of total energy supply coming just from renewables
-\cite{nrcan:renewables}. Even if most of the energy produced can be considered
-eco-friendly Canada still relies heavily on non-renewable energy source as we
-will see in the next paragraphs.
-
-\subsection{Crude Oil}
-Oil has become has been increasingly become a valuable resource, since the 
-discovery of oil sands extraction technology. The desire for oil 
-independence from the USA and many other NATO states has given a lot of funds
-for the development of this technology.
-But for the environment this is not a good, according to a study conducted in
-2014 \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) emissions caused by
-oil extraction industries have increased by 63.5 millions of tonnes in the last
-20 years.
-
-\subsection{Natural Gas}
-Natural gas is the biggest energy source in Canada, mostly produced in Alta is
-also a major cause of Nitrogen and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) pollution.
-Even though its extractions and refinement technologies are getting better, the 
-level of pollution has not gone down since 2010. In 2014 56.6 mega tonnes of GHGs
-were released on the atmosphere. Combined with the oil extraction this economic
-sector accounts for 26\% of total nation emissions \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}.
-
-\subsection{Coal}
-Despite it makes up half of the world's energy source (mostly in China) and
-there's an abundance of it, coal represents a minor element in the national
-energy production, and almost half of the final product gets exported to Japan,
-China and South Korea. Currently scientists are discouraging its usage because
-of its high level of pollution and CO\textsubscript{2} emissions. Nonetheless
-the research in the field of coal refinement, to produce what is called ``Clean
-Coal'', is still being supported by the government in order to use the enormous
-quantity lying beneath the Canadian surface.
-- 
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