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diff --git a/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/arma_str.hpp b/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/arma_str.hpp
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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+// 
+// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
+// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+//! \addtogroup arma_str
+//! @{
+
+
+namespace arma_str
+  {
+  class char_buffer
+    {
+    public:
+    
+    static constexpr uword n_chars_prealloc = 1024;
+    
+    char* mem     = nullptr;
+    uword n_chars = 0;
+    
+    char local_mem[n_chars_prealloc];
+    
+    inline
+    ~char_buffer()
+      {
+      if(n_chars > n_chars_prealloc)  { std::free(mem); }
+      
+      mem     = nullptr; 
+      n_chars = 0;
+      }
+    
+    inline
+    char_buffer()
+      {
+      mem     = &(local_mem[0]);
+      n_chars = n_chars_prealloc;
+      
+      if(n_chars > 0)  { mem[0] = char(0); }
+      }
+    
+    inline
+    void
+    set_size(const uword new_n_chars)
+      {
+      if(n_chars > n_chars_prealloc)  { std::free(mem); }
+      
+      mem     = (new_n_chars <= n_chars_prealloc) ? &(local_mem[0])  : (char*)std::malloc(new_n_chars);
+      n_chars = (new_n_chars <= n_chars_prealloc) ? n_chars_prealloc : new_n_chars;
+      
+      if(n_chars > 0)  { mem[0] = char(0); }
+      }
+    };
+  
+  
+  class format
+    {
+    public:
+    
+    const std::string fmt;
+    
+    inline format(const char*        in_fmt) : fmt(in_fmt) { }
+    inline format(const std::string& in_fmt) : fmt(in_fmt) { }
+    
+    private:
+    format();
+    };
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1, typename T2>
+  class basic_format
+    {
+    public:
+    
+    const T1& A;
+    const T2& B;
+    
+    inline basic_format(const T1& in_A, const T2& in_B) : A(in_A) , B(in_B) { }
+    
+    private:
+    basic_format();
+    };
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T2>
+  inline
+  basic_format< format, T2 >
+  operator% (const format& X, const T2& arg)
+    {
+    return basic_format< format, T2 >(X, arg);
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
+  inline
+  basic_format< basic_format<T1,T2>, T3 >
+  operator% (const basic_format<T1,T2>& X, const T3& arg)
+    {
+    return basic_format< basic_format<T1,T2>, T3 >(X, arg);
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T2>
+  inline
+  std::string
+  str(const basic_format< format, T2>& X)
+    {
+    std::string out;
+    char_buffer buf;
+    
+    bool status = false;
+    
+    while(status == false)
+      {
+      int required_size = (std::snprintf)(buf.mem, size_t(buf.n_chars), X.A.fmt.c_str(), X.B);
+      
+      if(required_size < 0)  { break; }
+      
+      if(uword(required_size) >= buf.n_chars)
+        {
+        if(buf.n_chars > char_buffer::n_chars_prealloc)  { break; }
+        
+        buf.set_size(1 + uword(required_size));
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        status = true;
+        }
+      
+      if(status)  { out = buf.mem; }
+      }
+    
+    return out;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T2, typename T3>
+  inline
+  std::string
+  str(const basic_format< basic_format< format, T2>, T3>& X)
+    {
+    char_buffer buf;
+    std::string out;
+    
+    bool status = false;
+    
+    while(status == false)
+      {
+      int required_size = (std::snprintf)(buf.mem, size_t(buf.n_chars), X.A.A.fmt.c_str(), X.A.B, X.B);
+      
+      if(required_size < 0)  { break; }
+      
+      if(uword(required_size) >= buf.n_chars)
+        {
+        if(buf.n_chars > char_buffer::n_chars_prealloc)  { break; }
+        
+        buf.set_size(1 + uword(required_size));
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        status = true;
+        }
+      
+      if(status)  { out = buf.mem; }
+      }
+    
+    return out;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T2, typename T3, typename T4>
+  inline
+  std::string
+  str(const basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< format, T2>, T3>, T4>& X)
+    {
+    char_buffer buf;
+    std::string out;
+    
+    bool status = false;
+    
+    while(status == false)
+      {
+      int required_size = (std::snprintf)(buf.mem, size_t(buf.n_chars), X.A.A.A.fmt.c_str(), X.A.A.B, X.A.B, X.B);
+      
+      if(required_size < 0)  { break; }
+      
+      if(uword(required_size) >= buf.n_chars)
+        {
+        if(buf.n_chars > char_buffer::n_chars_prealloc)  { break; }
+        
+        buf.set_size(1 + uword(required_size));
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        status = true;
+        }
+      
+      if(status)  { out = buf.mem; }
+      }
+    
+    return out;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>
+  inline
+  std::string
+  str(const basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< format, T2>, T3>, T4>, T5>& X)
+    {
+    char_buffer buf;
+    std::string out;
+    
+    bool status = false;
+    
+    while(status == false)
+      {
+      int required_size = (std::snprintf)(buf.mem, size_t(buf.n_chars), X.A.A.A.A.fmt.c_str(), X.A.A.A.B, X.A.A.B, X.A.B, X.B);
+      
+      if(required_size < 0)  { break; }
+      
+      if(uword(required_size) >= buf.n_chars)
+        {
+        if(buf.n_chars > char_buffer::n_chars_prealloc)  { break; }
+        
+        buf.set_size(1 + uword(required_size));
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        status = true;
+        }
+      
+      if(status)  { out = buf.mem; }
+      }
+    
+    return out;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5, typename T6>
+  inline
+  std::string
+  str(const basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< format, T2>, T3>, T4>, T5>, T6>& X)
+    {
+    char_buffer buf;
+    std::string out;
+    
+    bool status = false;
+    
+    while(status == false)
+      {
+      int required_size = (std::snprintf)(buf.mem, size_t(buf.n_chars), X.A.A.A.A.A.fmt.c_str(), X.A.A.A.A.B, X.A.A.A.B, X.A.A.B, X.A.B, X.B);
+      
+      if(required_size < 0)  { break; }
+      
+      if(uword(required_size) >= buf.n_chars)
+        {
+        if(buf.n_chars > char_buffer::n_chars_prealloc)  { break; }
+        
+        buf.set_size(1 + uword(required_size));
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        status = true;
+        }
+      
+      if(status)  { out = buf.mem; }
+      }
+    
+    return out;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5, typename T6, typename T7>
+  inline
+  std::string
+  str(const basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< basic_format< format, T2>, T3>, T4>, T5>, T6>, T7>& X)
+    {
+    char_buffer buf;
+    std::string out;
+    
+    bool status = false;
+    
+    while(status == false)
+      {
+      int required_size = (std::snprintf)(buf.mem, size_t(buf.n_chars), X.A.A.A.A.A.A.fmt.c_str(), X.A.A.A.A.A.B, X.A.A.A.A.B, X.A.A.A.B, X.A.A.B, X.A.B, X.B);
+      
+      if(required_size < 0)  { break; }
+      
+      if(uword(required_size) >= buf.n_chars)
+        {
+        if(buf.n_chars > char_buffer::n_chars_prealloc)  { break; }
+        
+        buf.set_size(1 + uword(required_size));
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        status = true;
+        }
+      
+      if(status)  { out = buf.mem; }
+      }
+    
+    return out;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1>
+  struct format_metaprog
+    {
+    static constexpr uword depth = 0;
+    
+    inline
+    static  
+    const std::string&
+    get_fmt(const T1& X)
+      {
+      return X.A;
+      }
+    };
+  
+  
+  
+  //template<>
+  template<typename T1, typename T2>
+  struct format_metaprog< basic_format<T1,T2> >
+    {
+    static constexpr uword depth = 1 + format_metaprog<T1>::depth;
+    
+    inline
+    static
+    const std::string&
+    get_fmt(const T1& X)
+      {
+      return format_metaprog<T1>::get_fmt(X.A);
+      }
+    
+    };
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline
+  std::string
+  str(const basic_format<T1,T2>& X)
+    {
+    return format_metaprog< basic_format<T1,T2> >::get_fmt(X.A);
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline
+  std::ostream&
+  operator<< (std::ostream& o, const basic_format<T1,T2>& X)
+    {
+    o << str(X);
+    return o;
+    }
+   
+  
+  template<typename T> struct string_only              { };
+  template<>           struct string_only<std::string> { typedef std::string result; };
+  
+  template<typename T> struct char_only                { };
+  template<>           struct char_only<char         > { typedef char        result; };
+  
+  template<typename T>
+  struct basic_format_only { };
+  
+  template<typename T1, typename T2>
+  struct basic_format_only< basic_format<T1, T2> > { typedef basic_format<T1,T2> result; };
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1>
+  inline
+  static
+  const T1&
+  str_wrapper(const T1& x, const typename string_only<T1>::result* junk = nullptr)
+    {
+    arma_ignore(junk);
+    
+    return x;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1>
+  inline
+  static
+  const T1*
+  str_wrapper(const T1* x, const typename char_only<T1>::result* junk = nullptr)
+    {
+    arma_ignore(junk);
+    
+    return x;
+    }
+  
+  
+  
+  template<typename T1>
+  inline
+  static
+  std::string
+  str_wrapper(const T1& x, const typename basic_format_only<T1>::result* junk = nullptr)
+    {
+    arma_ignore(junk);
+    
+    return str(x);
+    }
+  
+  }
+
+
+//! @}