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diff --git a/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/fn_norm.hpp b/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/fn_norm.hpp
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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+// 
+// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
+// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+//! \addtogroup fn_norm
+//! @{
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename enable_if2< is_arma_type<T1>::value, typename T1::pod_type >::result
+norm
+  (
+  const T1&   X,
+  const uword k = uword(2),
+  const typename arma_real_or_cx_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  typedef typename T1::pod_type T;
+  
+  const Proxy<T1> P(X);
+  
+  if(P.get_n_elem() == 0)  { return T(0); }
+  
+  const bool is_vec = (T1::is_xvec) || (T1::is_row) || (T1::is_col) || (P.get_n_rows() == 1) || (P.get_n_cols() == 1);
+  
+  if(is_vec)
+    {
+    if(k == uword(1))  { return op_norm::vec_norm_1(P); }
+    if(k == uword(2))  { return op_norm::vec_norm_2(P); }
+    
+    arma_debug_check( (k == 0), "norm(): unsupported vector norm type" );
+    
+    return op_norm::vec_norm_k(P, int(k));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    const quasi_unwrap<typename Proxy<T1>::stored_type> U(P.Q);
+    
+    if(k == uword(1))  { return op_norm::mat_norm_1(U.M); }
+    if(k == uword(2))  { return op_norm::mat_norm_2(U.M); }
+      
+    arma_stop_logic_error("norm(): unsupported matrix norm type");
+    }
+  
+  return T(0);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename enable_if2< is_arma_type<T1>::value, typename T1::pod_type >::result
+norm
+  (
+  const T1&   X,
+  const char* method,
+  const typename arma_real_or_cx_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  typedef typename T1::pod_type T;
+  
+  const Proxy<T1> P(X);
+  
+  if(P.get_n_elem() == 0)  { return T(0); }
+  
+  const char sig    = (method != nullptr) ? method[0] : char(0);
+  const bool is_vec = (T1::is_xvec) || (T1::is_row) || (T1::is_col) || (P.get_n_rows() == 1) || (P.get_n_cols() == 1);
+  
+  if(is_vec)
+    {
+    if( (sig == 'i') || (sig == 'I') || (sig == '+') )  { return op_norm::vec_norm_max(P); }
+    if( (sig == '-')                                 )  { return op_norm::vec_norm_min(P); }
+    if( (sig == 'f') || (sig == 'F')                 )  { return op_norm::vec_norm_2(P);   }
+    
+    arma_stop_logic_error("norm(): unsupported vector norm type");
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    if( (sig == 'i') || (sig == 'I') || (sig == '+') )   // inf norm
+      {
+      const quasi_unwrap<typename Proxy<T1>::stored_type> U(P.Q);
+      
+      return op_norm::mat_norm_inf(U.M);
+      }
+    else
+    if( (sig == 'f') || (sig == 'F') )
+      {
+      return op_norm::vec_norm_2(P);
+      }
+    
+    arma_stop_logic_error("norm(): unsupported matrix norm type");
+    }
+  
+  return T(0);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename enable_if2< is_arma_type<T1>::value, double >::result
+norm
+  (
+  const T1&   X,
+  const uword k = uword(2),
+  const typename arma_integral_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  if(resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value)  { return norm(conv_to< Col<double> >::from(X), k); }
+  if(resolves_to_rowvector<T1>::value)  { return norm(conv_to< Row<double> >::from(X), k); }
+  
+  return norm(conv_to< Mat<double> >::from(X), k);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename enable_if2< is_arma_type<T1>::value, double >::result
+norm
+  (
+  const T1&   X,
+  const char* method,
+  const typename arma_integral_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  if(resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value)  { return norm(conv_to< Col<double> >::from(X), method); }
+  if(resolves_to_rowvector<T1>::value)  { return norm(conv_to< Row<double> >::from(X), method); }
+  
+  return norm(conv_to< Mat<double> >::from(X), method);
+  }
+
+
+
+//
+// norms for sparse matrices
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename enable_if2< is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value, typename T1::pod_type >::result
+norm
+  (
+  const T1&   expr,
+  const uword k = uword(2),
+  const typename arma_real_or_cx_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+  typedef typename T1::pod_type   T;
+  
+  if(is_SpSubview_col<T1>::value)
+    {
+    const SpSubview_col<eT>& sv = reinterpret_cast< const SpSubview_col<eT>& >(expr);
+    
+    if(sv.n_rows == sv.m.n_rows)
+      {
+      const SpMat<eT>& m   = sv.m;
+      const uword      col = sv.aux_col1;
+      const eT*        mem = &(m.values[ m.col_ptrs[col] ]);
+      
+      return spop_norm::vec_norm_k(mem, sv.n_nonzero, k);
+      }
+    }
+  
+  const unwrap_spmat<T1> U(expr);
+  const SpMat<eT>& X   = U.M;
+  
+  if(X.n_nonzero == 0)  { return T(0); }
+  
+  const bool is_vec = (T1::is_xvec) || (T1::is_row) || (T1::is_col) || (X.n_rows == 1) || (X.n_cols == 1);
+  
+  if(is_vec)
+    {
+    return spop_norm::vec_norm_k(X.values, X.n_nonzero, k);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    if(k == uword(1))  { return spop_norm::mat_norm_1(X); }
+    if(k == uword(2))  { return spop_norm::mat_norm_2(X); }
+    
+    arma_stop_logic_error("norm(): unsupported or unimplemented norm type for sparse matrices");
+    }
+  
+  return T(0);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename enable_if2< is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value, typename T1::pod_type >::result
+norm
+  (
+  const T1&   expr,
+  const char* method,
+  const typename arma_real_or_cx_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+  typedef typename T1::pod_type   T;
+  
+  const unwrap_spmat<T1> U(expr);
+  const SpMat<eT>& X   = U.M;
+  
+  if(X.n_nonzero == 0)  { return T(0); }
+  
+  // create a fake dense vector to allow reuse of code for dense vectors
+  Col<eT> fake_vector( access::rwp(X.values), X.n_nonzero, false );
+  
+  const Proxy< Col<eT> > P_fake_vector(fake_vector);
+  
+  
+  const char sig    = (method != nullptr) ? method[0] : char(0);
+  const bool is_vec = (T1::is_xvec) || (T1::is_row) || (T1::is_col) || (X.n_rows == 1) || (X.n_cols == 1);
+  
+  if(is_vec)
+    {
+    if( (sig == 'i') || (sig == 'I') || (sig == '+') )   // max norm
+      {
+      return op_norm::vec_norm_max(P_fake_vector);
+      }
+    else
+    if(sig == '-')   // min norm
+      {
+      const T val = op_norm::vec_norm_min(P_fake_vector);
+      
+      return (X.n_nonzero < X.n_elem) ? T((std::min)(T(0), val)) : T(val);
+      }
+    else
+    if( (sig == 'f') || (sig == 'F') )
+      {
+      return op_norm::vec_norm_2(P_fake_vector);
+      }
+    
+    arma_stop_logic_error("norm(): unsupported vector norm type");
+    }
+  else
+    {
+    if( (sig == 'i') || (sig == 'I') || (sig == '+') )   // inf norm
+      {
+      return spop_norm::mat_norm_inf(X);
+      }
+    else
+    if( (sig == 'f') || (sig == 'F') )
+      {
+      return op_norm::vec_norm_2(P_fake_vector);
+      }
+    
+    arma_stop_logic_error("norm(): unsupported matrix norm type");
+    }
+  
+  return T(0);
+  }
+
+
+
+//
+// approximate norms
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename T1::pod_type
+norm2est
+  (
+  const Base<typename T1::elem_type, T1>& X,
+  const typename T1::pod_type             tolerance = 0,
+  const uword                             max_iter  = 100,
+  const typename arma_real_or_cx_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  return op_norm2est::norm2est(X.get_ref(), tolerance, max_iter);
+  }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename T1::pod_type
+norm2est
+  (
+  const SpBase<typename T1::elem_type, T1>& X,
+  const typename T1::pod_type               tolerance = 0,
+  const uword                               max_iter  = 100,
+  const typename arma_real_or_cx_only<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr
+  )
+  {
+  arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+  arma_ignore(junk);
+  
+  return op_norm2est::norm2est(X.get_ref(), tolerance, max_iter);
+  }
+
+
+
+//! @}