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diff --git a/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/fn_as_scalar.hpp b/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/fn_as_scalar.hpp
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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
+// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+//! \addtogroup fn_as_scalar
+//! @{
+
+
+
+template<uword N>
+struct as_scalar_redirect
+ {
+ template<typename T1>
+ inline static typename T1::elem_type apply(const T1& X);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<>
+struct as_scalar_redirect<2>
+ {
+ template<typename T1, typename T2>
+ inline static typename T1::elem_type apply(const Glue<T1,T2,glue_times>& X);
+ };
+
+
+template<>
+struct as_scalar_redirect<3>
+ {
+ template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
+ inline static typename T1::elem_type apply(const Glue< Glue<T1, T2, glue_times>, T3, glue_times>& X);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<uword N>
+template<typename T1>
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar_redirect<N>::apply(const T1& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ const Proxy<T1> P(X);
+
+ arma_debug_check( (P.get_n_elem() != 1), "as_scalar(): expression must evaluate to exactly one element" );
+
+ return (Proxy<T1>::use_at) ? P.at(0,0) : P[0];
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar_redirect<2>::apply(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_times>& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+
+ // T1 must result in a matrix with one row
+ // T2 must result in a matrix with one column
+
+ const bool has_all_mat = (is_Mat<T1>::value || is_Mat_trans<T1>::value) && (is_Mat<T2>::value || is_Mat_trans<T2>::value);
+
+ const bool use_at = (Proxy<T1>::use_at || Proxy<T2>::use_at);
+
+ const bool do_partial_unwrap = (has_all_mat || use_at);
+
+ if(do_partial_unwrap)
+ {
+ const partial_unwrap<T1> tmp1(X.A);
+ const partial_unwrap<T2> tmp2(X.B);
+
+ typedef typename partial_unwrap<T1>::stored_type TA;
+ typedef typename partial_unwrap<T2>::stored_type TB;
+
+ const TA& A = tmp1.M;
+ const TB& B = tmp2.M;
+
+ const uword A_n_rows = (tmp1.do_trans == false) ? (TA::is_row ? 1 : A.n_rows) : (TA::is_col ? 1 : A.n_cols);
+ const uword A_n_cols = (tmp1.do_trans == false) ? (TA::is_col ? 1 : A.n_cols) : (TA::is_row ? 1 : A.n_rows);
+
+ const uword B_n_rows = (tmp2.do_trans == false) ? (TB::is_row ? 1 : B.n_rows) : (TB::is_col ? 1 : B.n_cols);
+ const uword B_n_cols = (tmp2.do_trans == false) ? (TB::is_col ? 1 : B.n_cols) : (TB::is_row ? 1 : B.n_rows);
+
+ arma_debug_check( (A_n_rows != 1) || (B_n_cols != 1) || (A_n_cols != B_n_rows), "as_scalar(): incompatible dimensions" );
+
+ const eT val = op_dot::direct_dot(A.n_elem, A.memptr(), B.memptr());
+
+ return (tmp1.do_times || tmp2.do_times) ? (val * tmp1.get_val() * tmp2.get_val()) : val;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ const Proxy<T1> PA(X.A);
+ const Proxy<T2> PB(X.B);
+
+ arma_debug_check
+ (
+ (PA.get_n_rows() != 1) || (PB.get_n_cols() != 1) || (PA.get_n_cols() != PB.get_n_rows()),
+ "as_scalar(): incompatible dimensions"
+ );
+
+ return op_dot::apply_proxy(PA,PB);
+ }
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar_redirect<3>::apply(const Glue< Glue<T1, T2, glue_times>, T3, glue_times >& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+
+ // T1 * T2 must result in a matrix with one row
+ // T3 must result in a matrix with one column
+
+ typedef typename strip_inv <T2 >::stored_type T2_stripped_1;
+ typedef typename strip_diagmat<T2_stripped_1>::stored_type T2_stripped_2;
+
+ const strip_inv <T2> strip1(X.A.B);
+ const strip_diagmat<T2_stripped_1> strip2(strip1.M);
+
+ const bool tmp2_do_inv_gen = strip1.do_inv_gen && arma_config::optimise_invexpr;
+ const bool tmp2_do_diagmat = strip2.do_diagmat;
+
+ if(tmp2_do_diagmat == false)
+ {
+ const Mat<eT> tmp(X);
+
+ arma_debug_check( (tmp.n_elem != 1), "as_scalar(): expression must evaluate to exactly one element" );
+
+ return tmp[0];
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ const partial_unwrap<T1> tmp1(X.A.A);
+ const partial_unwrap<T2_stripped_2> tmp2(strip2.M);
+ const partial_unwrap<T3> tmp3(X.B);
+
+ const Mat<eT>& A = tmp1.M;
+ const Mat<eT>& B = tmp2.M;
+ const Mat<eT>& C = tmp3.M;
+
+ const uword A_n_rows = (tmp1.do_trans == false) ? A.n_rows : A.n_cols;
+ const uword A_n_cols = (tmp1.do_trans == false) ? A.n_cols : A.n_rows;
+
+ const bool B_is_vec = B.is_vec();
+
+ const uword B_n_rows = (B_is_vec) ? B.n_elem : ( (tmp2.do_trans == false) ? B.n_rows : B.n_cols );
+ const uword B_n_cols = (B_is_vec) ? B.n_elem : ( (tmp2.do_trans == false) ? B.n_cols : B.n_rows );
+
+ const uword C_n_rows = (tmp3.do_trans == false) ? C.n_rows : C.n_cols;
+ const uword C_n_cols = (tmp3.do_trans == false) ? C.n_cols : C.n_rows;
+
+ const eT val = tmp1.get_val() * tmp2.get_val() * tmp3.get_val();
+
+ arma_debug_check
+ (
+ (A_n_rows != 1) ||
+ (C_n_cols != 1) ||
+ (A_n_cols != B_n_rows) ||
+ (B_n_cols != C_n_rows)
+ ,
+ "as_scalar(): incompatible dimensions"
+ );
+
+
+ if(B_is_vec)
+ {
+ if(tmp2_do_inv_gen)
+ {
+ return val * op_dotext::direct_rowvec_invdiagvec_colvec(A.mem, B, C.mem);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return val * op_dot::direct_dot(A.n_elem, A.mem, B.mem, C.mem);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if(tmp2_do_inv_gen)
+ {
+ return val * op_dotext::direct_rowvec_invdiagmat_colvec(A.mem, B, C.mem);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return val * op_dotext::direct_rowvec_diagmat_colvec(A.mem, B, C.mem);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar_diag(const Base<typename T1::elem_type,T1>& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+
+ const unwrap<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
+ const Mat<eT>& A = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( (A.n_elem != 1), "as_scalar(): expression must evaluate to exactly one element" );
+
+ return A.mem[0];
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar_diag(const Glue< Glue<T1, T2, glue_times_diag>, T3, glue_times >& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+
+ // T1 * T2 must result in a matrix with one row
+ // T3 must result in a matrix with one column
+
+ typedef typename strip_diagmat<T2>::stored_type T2_stripped;
+
+ const strip_diagmat<T2> strip(X.A.B);
+
+ const partial_unwrap<T1> tmp1(X.A.A);
+ const partial_unwrap<T2_stripped> tmp2(strip.M);
+ const partial_unwrap<T3> tmp3(X.B);
+
+ const Mat<eT>& A = tmp1.M;
+ const Mat<eT>& B = tmp2.M;
+ const Mat<eT>& C = tmp3.M;
+
+
+ const uword A_n_rows = (tmp1.do_trans == false) ? A.n_rows : A.n_cols;
+ const uword A_n_cols = (tmp1.do_trans == false) ? A.n_cols : A.n_rows;
+
+ const bool B_is_vec = B.is_vec();
+
+ const uword B_n_rows = (B_is_vec) ? B.n_elem : ( (tmp2.do_trans == false) ? B.n_rows : B.n_cols );
+ const uword B_n_cols = (B_is_vec) ? B.n_elem : ( (tmp2.do_trans == false) ? B.n_cols : B.n_rows );
+
+ const uword C_n_rows = (tmp3.do_trans == false) ? C.n_rows : C.n_cols;
+ const uword C_n_cols = (tmp3.do_trans == false) ? C.n_cols : C.n_rows;
+
+ const eT val = tmp1.get_val() * tmp2.get_val() * tmp3.get_val();
+
+ arma_debug_check
+ (
+ (A_n_rows != 1) ||
+ (C_n_cols != 1) ||
+ (A_n_cols != B_n_rows) ||
+ (B_n_cols != C_n_rows)
+ ,
+ "as_scalar(): incompatible dimensions"
+ );
+
+
+ if(B_is_vec)
+ {
+ return val * op_dot::direct_dot(A.n_elem, A.mem, B.mem, C.mem);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return val * op_dotext::direct_rowvec_diagmat_colvec(A.mem, B, C.mem);
+ }
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar(const Glue<T1, T2, glue_times>& X, const typename arma_not_cx<typename T1::elem_type>::result* junk = nullptr)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ if(is_glue_times_diag<T1>::value) { return as_scalar_diag(X); }
+
+ constexpr uword N_mat = 1 + depth_lhs< glue_times, Glue<T1,T2,glue_times> >::num;
+
+ arma_extra_debug_print(arma_str::format("N_mat = %u") % N_mat);
+
+ return as_scalar_redirect<N_mat>::apply(X);
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar(const Base<typename T1::elem_type,T1>& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ const Proxy<T1> P(X.get_ref());
+
+ arma_debug_check( (P.get_n_elem() != 1), "as_scalar(): expression must evaluate to exactly one element" );
+
+ return (Proxy<T1>::use_at) ? P.at(0,0) : P[0];
+ }
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar(const BaseCube<typename T1::elem_type,T1>& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ const ProxyCube<T1> P(X.get_ref());
+
+ arma_debug_check( (P.get_n_elem() != 1), "as_scalar(): expression must evaluate to exactly one element" );
+
+ return (ProxyCube<T1>::use_at) ? P.at(0,0,0) : P[0];
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T>
+arma_warn_unused
+arma_inline
+typename arma_scalar_only<T>::result
+as_scalar(const T& x)
+ {
+ return x;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+typename T1::elem_type
+as_scalar(const SpBase<typename T1::elem_type, T1>& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+
+ const unwrap_spmat<T1> tmp(X.get_ref());
+ const SpMat<eT>& A = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( (A.n_elem != 1), "as_scalar(): expression must evaluate to exactly one element" );
+
+ return A.at(0,0);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! @}