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diff --git a/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/fn_conv_to.hpp b/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/fn_conv_to.hpp
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+++ b/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/fn_conv_to.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,720 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
+// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+//! \addtogroup fn_conv_to
+//! @{
+
+
+
+//! conversion from Armadillo Base and BaseCube objects to scalars
+//! NOTE: use as_scalar() instead; this functionality is kept only for compatibility with old user code
+template<typename out_eT>
+class conv_to
+ {
+ public:
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static out_eT from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static out_eT from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static out_eT from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static out_eT from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+out_eT
+conv_to<out_eT>::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ arma_type_check(( is_supported_elem_type<out_eT>::value == false ));
+
+ const Proxy<T1> P(in.get_ref());
+
+ arma_debug_check( (P.get_n_elem() != 1), "conv_to(): given object does not have exactly one element" );
+
+ return out_eT(Proxy<T1>::use_at ? P.at(0,0) : P[0]);
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+out_eT
+conv_to<out_eT>::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ arma_type_check(( is_supported_elem_type<out_eT>::value == false ));
+
+ const Proxy<T1> P(in.get_ref());
+
+ arma_debug_check( (P.get_n_elem() != 1), "conv_to(): given object does not have exactly one element" );
+
+ out_eT out;
+
+ arrayops::convert_cx_scalar(out, (Proxy<T1>::use_at ? P.at(0,0) : P[0]));
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+out_eT
+conv_to<out_eT>::from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ arma_type_check(( is_supported_elem_type<out_eT>::value == false ));
+
+ const ProxyCube<T1> P(in.get_ref());
+
+ arma_debug_check( (P.get_n_elem() != 1), "conv_to(): given object does not have exactly one element" );
+
+ return out_eT(ProxyCube<T1>::use_at ? P.at(0,0,0) : P[0]);
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+out_eT
+conv_to<out_eT>::from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ arma_type_check(( is_supported_elem_type<out_eT>::value == false ));
+
+ const ProxyCube<T1> P(in.get_ref());
+
+ arma_debug_check( (P.get_n_elem() != 1), "conv_to(): given object does not have exactly one element" );
+
+ out_eT out;
+
+ arrayops::convert_cx_scalar(out, (ProxyCube<T1>::use_at ? P.at(0,0,0) : P[0]));
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! conversion to Armadillo matrices from Armadillo Base objects, as well as from std::vector
+template<typename out_eT>
+class conv_to< Mat<out_eT> >
+ {
+ public:
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Mat<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Mat<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename T1>
+ inline static Mat<out_eT> from(const SpBase<out_eT, T1>& in);
+
+
+
+ template<typename in_eT>
+ inline static Mat<out_eT> from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT>
+ inline static Mat<out_eT> from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Mat<out_eT>
+conv_to< Mat<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ Mat<out_eT> out(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Mat<out_eT>
+conv_to< Mat<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ Mat<out_eT> out(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert_cx( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Mat<out_eT>
+conv_to< Mat<out_eT> >::from(const SpBase<out_eT, T1>& in)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return Mat<out_eT>(in.get_ref());
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Mat<out_eT>
+conv_to< Mat<out_eT> >::from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const uword N = uword( in.size() );
+
+ Mat<out_eT> out(N, 1, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert( out.memptr(), &(in[0]), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Mat<out_eT>
+conv_to< Mat<out_eT> >::from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const uword N = uword( in.size() );
+
+ Mat<out_eT> out(N, 1, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert_cx( out.memptr(), &(in[0]), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! conversion to Armadillo row vectors from Armadillo Base objects, as well as from std::vector
+template<typename out_eT>
+class conv_to< Row<out_eT> >
+ {
+ public:
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Row<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Row<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+
+
+ template<typename in_eT>
+ inline static Row<out_eT> from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT>
+ inline static Row<out_eT> from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Row<out_eT>
+conv_to< Row<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( ( (X.is_vec() == false) && (X.is_empty() == false) ), "conv_to(): given object cannot be interpreted as a vector" );
+
+ Row<out_eT> out(X.n_elem, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Row<out_eT>
+conv_to< Row<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( ( (X.is_vec() == false) && (X.is_empty() == false) ), "conv_to(): given object cannot be interpreted as a vector" );
+
+ Row<out_eT> out(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert_cx( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Row<out_eT>
+conv_to< Row<out_eT> >::from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const uword N = uword( in.size() );
+
+ Row<out_eT> out(N, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert( out.memptr(), &(in[0]), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Row<out_eT>
+conv_to< Row<out_eT> >::from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const uword N = uword( in.size() );
+
+ Row<out_eT> out(N, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert_cx( out.memptr(), &(in[0]), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! conversion to Armadillo column vectors from Armadillo Base objects, as well as from std::vector
+template<typename out_eT>
+class conv_to< Col<out_eT> >
+ {
+ public:
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Col<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Col<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+
+
+ template<typename in_eT>
+ inline static Col<out_eT> from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT>
+ inline static Col<out_eT> from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Col<out_eT>
+conv_to< Col<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( ( (X.is_vec() == false) && (X.is_empty() == false) ), "conv_to(): given object cannot be interpreted as a vector" );
+
+ Col<out_eT> out(X.n_elem, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Col<out_eT>
+conv_to< Col<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( ( (X.is_vec() == false) && (X.is_empty() == false) ), "conv_to(): given object cannot be interpreted as a vector" );
+
+ Col<out_eT> out(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert_cx( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Col<out_eT>
+conv_to< Col<out_eT> >::from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const uword N = uword( in.size() );
+
+ Col<out_eT> out(N, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert( out.memptr(), &(in[0]), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Col<out_eT>
+conv_to< Col<out_eT> >::from(const std::vector<in_eT>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const uword N = uword( in.size() );
+
+ Col<out_eT> out(N, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert_cx( out.memptr(), &(in[0]), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! convert between SpMat types
+template<typename out_eT>
+class conv_to< SpMat<out_eT> >
+ {
+ public:
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static SpMat<out_eT> from(const SpBase<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static SpMat<out_eT> from(const SpBase<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename T1>
+ inline static SpMat<out_eT> from(const Base<out_eT, T1>& in);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+SpMat<out_eT>
+conv_to< SpMat<out_eT> >::from(const SpBase<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const unwrap_spmat<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const SpMat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ SpMat<out_eT> out(arma_layout_indicator(), X);
+
+ arrayops::convert( access::rwp(out.values), X.values, X.n_nonzero );
+
+ out.remove_zeros();
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+SpMat<out_eT>
+conv_to< SpMat<out_eT> >::from(const SpBase<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const unwrap_spmat<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const SpMat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ SpMat<out_eT> out(arma_layout_indicator(), X);
+
+ arrayops::convert_cx( access::rwp(out.values), X.values, X.n_nonzero );
+
+ out.remove_zeros();
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+SpMat<out_eT>
+conv_to< SpMat<out_eT> >::from(const Base<out_eT, T1>& in)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return SpMat<out_eT>(in.get_ref());
+ }
+
+
+
+//! conversion to Armadillo cubes from Armadillo BaseCube objects
+template<typename out_eT>
+class conv_to< Cube<out_eT> >
+ {
+ public:
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Cube<out_eT> from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static Cube<out_eT> from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Cube<out_eT>
+conv_to< Cube<out_eT> >::from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp( in.get_ref() );
+ const Cube<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ Cube<out_eT> out(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, X.n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+Cube<out_eT>
+conv_to< Cube<out_eT> >::from(const BaseCube<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const unwrap_cube<T1> tmp( in.get_ref() );
+ const Cube<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ Cube<out_eT> out(X.n_rows, X.n_cols, X.n_slices, arma_nozeros_indicator());
+
+ arrayops::convert_cx( out.memptr(), X.memptr(), X.n_elem );
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! conversion to std::vector from Armadillo Base objects
+template<typename out_eT>
+class conv_to< std::vector<out_eT> >
+ {
+ public:
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static std::vector<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+
+ template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+ inline static std::vector<out_eT> from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk = nullptr);
+ };
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+std::vector<out_eT>
+conv_to< std::vector<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_not_cx<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( ( (X.is_vec() == false) && (X.is_empty() == false) ), "conv_to(): given object cannot be interpreted as a vector" );
+
+ const uword N = X.n_elem;
+
+ std::vector<out_eT> out(N);
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert( &(out[0]), X.memptr(), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename out_eT>
+template<typename in_eT, typename T1>
+arma_warn_unused
+inline
+std::vector<out_eT>
+conv_to< std::vector<out_eT> >::from(const Base<in_eT, T1>& in, const typename arma_cx_only<in_eT>::result* junk)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+ arma_ignore(junk);
+
+ const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(in.get_ref());
+ const Mat<in_eT>& X = tmp.M;
+
+ arma_debug_check( ( (X.is_vec() == false) && (X.is_empty() == false) ), "conv_to(): given object cannot be interpreted as a vector" );
+
+ const uword N = X.n_elem;
+
+ std::vector<out_eT> out(N);
+
+ if(N > 0)
+ {
+ arrayops::convert_cx( &(out[0]), X.memptr(), N );
+ }
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! @}