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diff --git a/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/operator_minus.hpp b/src/armadillo/include/armadillo_bits/operator_minus.hpp
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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
+// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+//! \addtogroup operator_minus
+//! @{
+
+
+
+//! unary -
+template<typename T1>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2< is_arma_type<T1>::value, const eOp<T1, eop_neg> >::result
+operator-
+(const T1& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return eOp<T1,eop_neg>(X);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! Base - scalar
+template<typename T1>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2< is_arma_type<T1>::value, const eOp<T1, eop_scalar_minus_post> >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& X,
+ const typename T1::elem_type k
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return eOp<T1, eop_scalar_minus_post>(X, k);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! scalar - Base
+template<typename T1>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2< is_arma_type<T1>::value, const eOp<T1, eop_scalar_minus_pre> >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const typename T1::elem_type k,
+ const T1& X
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return eOp<T1, eop_scalar_minus_pre>(X, k);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! complex scalar - non-complex Base
+template<typename T1>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_type<T1>::value && is_cx<typename T1::elem_type>::no),
+ const mtOp<typename std::complex<typename T1::pod_type>, T1, op_cx_scalar_minus_pre>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const std::complex<typename T1::pod_type>& k,
+ const T1& X
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return mtOp<typename std::complex<typename T1::pod_type>, T1, op_cx_scalar_minus_pre>('j', X, k);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! non-complex Base - complex scalar
+template<typename T1>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_type<T1>::value && is_cx<typename T1::elem_type>::no),
+ const mtOp<typename std::complex<typename T1::pod_type>, T1, op_cx_scalar_minus_post>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& X,
+ const std::complex<typename T1::pod_type>& k
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return mtOp<typename std::complex<typename T1::pod_type>, T1, op_cx_scalar_minus_post>('j', X, k);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of Base objects with same element type
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ is_arma_type<T1>::value && is_arma_type<T2>::value && is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::value,
+ const eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_minus>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& X,
+ const T2& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return eGlue<T1, T2, eglue_minus>(X, Y);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of Base objects with different element types
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_type<T1>::value && is_arma_type<T2>::value && (is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::no)),
+ const mtGlue<typename promote_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::result, T1, T2, glue_mixed_minus>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& X,
+ const T2& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT1;
+ typedef typename T2::elem_type eT2;
+
+ typedef typename promote_type<eT1,eT2>::result out_eT;
+
+ promote_type<eT1,eT2>::check();
+
+ return mtGlue<out_eT, T1, T2, glue_mixed_minus>( X, Y );
+ }
+
+
+
+//! unary "-" for sparse objects
+template<typename T1>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value && is_signed<typename T1::elem_type>::value,
+ SpOp<T1,spop_scalar_times>
+ >::result
+operator-
+(const T1& X)
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT;
+
+ return SpOp<T1,spop_scalar_times>(X, eT(-1));
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of two sparse objects
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value && is_arma_sparse_type<T2>::value && is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::value),
+ const SpGlue<T1,T2,spglue_minus>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& X,
+ const T2& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return SpGlue<T1,T2,spglue_minus>(X,Y);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of one sparse and one dense object
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value && is_arma_type<T2>::value && is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::value),
+ Mat<typename T1::elem_type>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& x,
+ const T2& y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ const SpProxy<T1> pa(x);
+
+ Mat<typename T1::elem_type> result(-y);
+
+ arma_debug_assert_same_size( pa.get_n_rows(), pa.get_n_cols(), result.n_rows, result.n_cols, "subtraction" );
+
+ typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it = pa.begin();
+ typename SpProxy<T1>::const_iterator_type it_end = pa.end();
+
+ while(it != it_end)
+ {
+ result.at(it.row(), it.col()) += (*it);
+ ++it;
+ }
+
+ return result;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of one dense and one sparse object
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_type<T1>::value && is_arma_sparse_type<T2>::value && is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::value),
+ Mat<typename T1::elem_type>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& x,
+ const T2& y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ Mat<typename T1::elem_type> result(x);
+
+ const SpProxy<T2> pb(y);
+
+ arma_debug_assert_same_size( result.n_rows, result.n_cols, pb.get_n_rows(), pb.get_n_cols(), "subtraction" );
+
+ typename SpProxy<T2>::const_iterator_type it = pb.begin();
+ typename SpProxy<T2>::const_iterator_type it_end = pb.end();
+
+ while(it != it_end)
+ {
+ result.at(it.row(), it.col()) -= (*it);
+ ++it;
+ }
+
+ return result;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of two sparse objects with different element types
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value && is_arma_sparse_type<T2>::value && is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::no),
+ const mtSpGlue< typename promote_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::result, T1, T2, spglue_minus_mixed >
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& X,
+ const T2& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ typedef typename T1::elem_type eT1;
+ typedef typename T2::elem_type eT2;
+
+ typedef typename promote_type<eT1,eT2>::result out_eT;
+
+ promote_type<eT1,eT2>::check();
+
+ return mtSpGlue<out_eT, T1, T2, spglue_minus_mixed>( X, Y );
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of sparse and non-sparse objects with different element types
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value && is_arma_type<T2>::value && is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::no),
+ Mat< typename promote_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::result >
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& x,
+ const T2& y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ Mat< typename promote_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::result > out;
+
+ spglue_minus_mixed::sparse_minus_dense(out, x, y);
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! subtraction of sparse and non-sparse objects with different element types
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_type<T1>::value && is_arma_sparse_type<T2>::value && is_same_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::no),
+ Mat< typename promote_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::result >
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& x,
+ const T2& y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ Mat< typename promote_type<typename T1::elem_type, typename T2::elem_type>::result > out;
+
+ spglue_minus_mixed::dense_minus_sparse(out, x, y);
+
+ return out;
+ }
+
+
+
+//! sparse - scalar
+template<typename T1>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2< is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value, const SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_post> >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const T1& X,
+ const typename T1::elem_type k
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_post>(X, k);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! scalar - sparse
+template<typename T1>
+arma_inline
+typename
+enable_if2< is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value, const SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_pre> >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const typename T1::elem_type k,
+ const T1& X
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_pre>(X, k);
+ }
+
+
+
+// TODO: this is an uncommon use case; remove?
+//! multiple applications of add/subtract scalars can be condensed
+template<typename T1, typename op_type>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value &&
+ (is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_plus>::value ||
+ is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_minus_post>::value)),
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_post>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& x,
+ const typename T1::elem_type k
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ const typename T1::elem_type aux = (is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_plus>::value) ? -x.aux : x.aux;
+
+ return SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_post>(x.m, aux + k);
+ }
+
+
+
+// TODO: this is an uncommon use case; remove?
+//! multiple applications of add/subtract scalars can be condensed
+template<typename T1, typename op_type>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value &&
+ (is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_plus>::value ||
+ is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_minus_post>::value)),
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_pre>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const typename T1::elem_type k,
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& x
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ const typename T1::elem_type aux = (is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_plus>::value) ? -x.aux : x.aux;
+
+ return SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_pre>(x.m, k + aux);
+ }
+
+
+
+// TODO: this is an uncommon use case; remove?
+//! multiple applications of add/subtract scalars can be condensed
+template<typename T1, typename op_type>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value &&
+ is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_minus_pre>::value),
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_pre>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& x,
+ const typename T1::elem_type k
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_minus_pre>(x.m, x.aux - k);
+ }
+
+
+
+// TODO: this is an uncommon use case; remove?
+//! multiple applications of add/subtract scalars can be condensed
+template<typename T1, typename op_type>
+inline
+typename
+enable_if2
+ <
+ (is_arma_sparse_type<T1>::value &&
+ is_same_type<op_type, op_sp_minus_pre>::value),
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_plus>
+ >::result
+operator-
+ (
+ const typename T1::elem_type k,
+ const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& x
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return SpToDOp<T1, op_sp_plus>(x.m, k - x.aux);
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename parent, unsigned int mode, typename T2>
+arma_inline
+Mat<typename parent::elem_type>
+operator-
+ (
+ const subview_each1<parent,mode>& X,
+ const Base<typename parent::elem_type,T2>& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return subview_each1_aux::operator_minus(X, Y.get_ref());
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1, typename parent, unsigned int mode>
+arma_inline
+Mat<typename parent::elem_type>
+operator-
+ (
+ const Base<typename parent::elem_type,T1>& X,
+ const subview_each1<parent,mode>& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return subview_each1_aux::operator_minus(X.get_ref(), Y);
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename parent, unsigned int mode, typename TB, typename T2>
+arma_inline
+Mat<typename parent::elem_type>
+operator-
+ (
+ const subview_each2<parent,mode,TB>& X,
+ const Base<typename parent::elem_type,T2>& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return subview_each2_aux::operator_minus(X, Y.get_ref());
+ }
+
+
+
+template<typename T1, typename parent, unsigned int mode, typename TB>
+arma_inline
+Mat<typename parent::elem_type>
+operator-
+ (
+ const Base<typename parent::elem_type,T1>& X,
+ const subview_each2<parent,mode,TB>& Y
+ )
+ {
+ arma_extra_debug_sigprint();
+
+ return subview_each2_aux::operator_minus(X.get_ref(), Y);
+ }
+
+
+
+//! @}