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\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{times}
\usepackage{txfonts}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usetikzlibrary{intersections}
\usetikzlibrary{math}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes.misc}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
node distance = 2mm,
charge/.style = {
circle, draw = black, thick,
minimum size = 5mm
},
positive/.style = { fill = red!50 },
negative/.style = { fill = blue!50 },
]
\node[font = {\large\bfseries}, align = center] (title) at (5.5,0) {Mit und Ohne\\ Symmetriezentrum};
\begin{scope}
\matrix[nodes = { charge }, row sep = 8mm, column sep = 8mm] {
\node[positive] {}; & \node[negative] (N) {}; & \node [positive] {}; \\
\node[negative] (W) {}; & \node[positive] {}; & \node [negative] (E) {}; \\
\node[positive] {}; & \node[negative] (S) {}; & \node [positive] {}; \\
};
\draw[gray, dashed] (W) to (N) to (E) to (S) to (W);
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[xshift=11cm]
\foreach \x/\t [count=\i] in {60/positive, 120/negative, 180/positive, 240/negative, 300/positive, 360/negative} {
\node[charge, \t] (C\i) at (\x:1.5cm) {};
}
\draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1);
\node[circle, draw=gray, fill=gray, outer sep = 0, inner sep = 0, minimum size = 3mm] {};
% \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2);
\end{scope}
%%
\node[below = of title] {Polarisation Feld \(\vec{E}_p\)};
%% hex with vertical pressure
\begin{scope}[xshift=11cm, yshift=-4.5cm]
\node[charge, positive, yshift=-2.5mm] (C1) at ( 60:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, negative, yshift=-2.5mm] (C2) at (120:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, positive, xshift=-2.5mm] (C3) at (180:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, negative, yshift= 2.5mm] (C4) at (240:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, positive, yshift= 2.5mm] (C5) at (300:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, negative, xshift= 2.5mm] (C6) at (360:1.5cm) {};
\draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1);
% \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2);
\foreach \d in {C1, C2} {
\draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,.7);
}
\foreach \d in {C4, C5} {
\draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,-.7);
}
\node[black] (E) {\(\vec{E}_p\)};
\begin{scope}[node distance = .5mm]
\node[red!50, right = of E] {\(+\)};
\node[blue!50, left = of E] {\(-\)};
\end{scope}
% \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,2);
% \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,-2);
\end{scope}
%% square with vertical pressure
\begin{scope}[yshift=-4.5cm]
\matrix[nodes = { charge }, row sep = 5mm, column sep = 1cm] {
\node[positive] (NW) {}; & \node[negative] (N) {}; & \node [positive] (NE) {}; \\
\node[negative] (W) {}; & \node[positive] {}; & \node [negative] (E) {}; \\
\node[positive] (SW) {}; & \node[negative] (S) {}; & \node [positive] (SE) {}; \\
};
\foreach \d in {NW, N, NE} {
\draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,.7);
}
\foreach \d in {SW, S, SE} {
\draw[orange, very thick, <-] (\d) to ++(0,-.7);
}
\draw[gray, dashed] (W) to (N) to (E) to (S) to (W);
\end{scope}
%% hex with horizontal pressure
\begin{scope}[xshift=5.5cm, yshift=-4.5cm]
\node[charge, positive, yshift= 2.5mm] (C1) at ( 60:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, negative, yshift= 2.5mm] (C2) at (120:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, positive, xshift= 2.5mm] (C3) at (180:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, negative, yshift=-2.5mm] (C4) at (240:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, positive, yshift=-2.5mm] (C5) at (300:1.5cm) {};
\node[charge, negative, xshift=-2.5mm] (C6) at (360:1.5cm) {};
\draw[black] (C1) to (C2) to (C3) to (C4) to (C5) to (C6) to (C1);
% \draw[gray, dashed] (C2) to (C4) to (C6) to (C2);
\draw[orange, very thick, <-] (C6) to ++(.7,0);
\draw[orange, very thick, <-] (C3) to ++(-.7,0);
\node[black] (E) {\(\vec{E}_p\)};
\begin{scope}[node distance = .5mm]
\node[blue!50, right = of E] {\(-\)};
\node[red!50, left = of E] {\(+\)};
\end{scope}
% \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,2);
% \draw[gray, thick, dotted] (E) to ++(0,-2);
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
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