diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'tex')
| -rw-r--r-- | tex/docmacros.sty | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tex/statemachines.tex | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tex/testbench.tex | 99 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | tex/vhdl.tex | 15 |
4 files changed, 116 insertions, 17 deletions
diff --git a/tex/docmacros.sty b/tex/docmacros.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fc0325 --- /dev/null +++ b/tex/docmacros.sty @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesPackage{docmacros}[2021/05/22 v0.1 Document Macros] + +\newcommand{\ph}[1]{\textrm{\textit{#1}}} +\newcommand{\reqph}[1]{\textrm{\textlangle\,\ph{#1}\,\textrangle}} +\newcommand{\optionalph}[1]{\textrm{[\,\ph{#1}\,]}} +\newcommand{\vhdl}[1]{\lstinline[language=vhdl]{#1}} diff --git a/tex/statemachines.tex b/tex/statemachines.tex index 9fb47e2..967737b 100644 --- a/tex/statemachines.tex +++ b/tex/statemachines.tex @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ \section{State Machines} -There are 3 types of state machines. \begin{figure}[h] \centering \ttfamily @@ -65,21 +64,20 @@ There are 3 types of state machines. \end{figure} \subsection{Encoding the state} -This is typical for Mealey and Moore machines. +For Mealey and Moore machines it is typical to write: \begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] type state_type is (st_rst, st_a, st_b, st_c, ...); signal present_state, next_state : state_type; \end{lstlisting} -The encoding of the state is left automatically to the synthesizer or -configured in the graphical interface of the tool. If a custom encoding is -required (Medwedjew), adding the following generates a custom encoding. +The encoding of the state is left to the synthesizer or can be configured in +the graphical interface of the tool. If a custom encoding is required +(Medwedjew), adding the following generates a custom encoding. \begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] attribute enum_encoding : string; attribute enum_encoding of state_type: type is "0001 0010 0100 ..."; \end{lstlisting} - -Or alternatively a completely different approach is using a vector type. +Or an equivalent approach is to use a vector subtype and constants. \begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] subtype state_type is bit_vector(3 downto 0); diff --git a/tex/testbench.tex b/tex/testbench.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b555feb --- /dev/null +++ b/tex/testbench.tex @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +\section{Testing} +To simulate a digial circuit it is possible to write test benches using VHDL. +The code in this section may no longer be synthetisable, and is usually +written by a \emph{test designer}. + +\subsection{Simulator} +VHDL simulates digital systems using \emph{delta cycles}. +%% TODO: notes on how delta cycles work + +\subsection{Transport delay} +To model a time delay of a signal there are two ways: +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +y <= transport `\reqph{expression}` after `\reqph{time}`; +y <= inertial `\reqph{expression}` after `\reqph{time}`; +\end{lstlisting} +When \vhdl{transport} is used, the output changes only exactly after the +specified time, the simulator simply waits. With \vhdl{inertial}, the output is +also delayed, but only if the input lasts more than the specified time. This +means that for example with a time of \vhdl{10 ns} a pulse of \vhdl{5 ns} will +be ignored. This is much more typical and realistic, thus when unspecified, +\vhdl{after} is interpreted as \vhdl{inertial ... after}. +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +y <= `\reqph{expression}` after `\reqph{time}`; +\end{lstlisting} + +\subsection{Generate stimuli} +Simple stimuli (signals) are generated using processes. For example a clock +signal done in three ways: +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +-- declaration +constant f : integer := 1000; +constant T : time := 1 sec/f; +signal clk0, clk1, clk2 : std_ulogic; +\end{lstlisting} +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +-- concurrent +clock0: process +begin + clk <= '1'; wait for (T/2); + clk <= '0'; wait for (T/2); +end process; + +clock1: process +begin + clk1 <= '1'; + loop + wait for (T/2); + clk1 <= not clk1; + end loop; +end process; + +-- lazy way +clock2: clk2 <= not clk2 after (T/2); +\end{lstlisting} +One time stimuli can be modelled using the following expression. Note that the +time is absolute. +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +tb_sig <= '0', + '1' after 20 ns, + '0' after 30 ns, -- 10 ns later + `\reqph{value}` after `\reqph{time}`; +\end{lstlisting} +Repeating sequences can be created using processes. +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +sequence: process +begin + tb_sig <= '0'; + wait for 20 ns; + tb_sig <= '1'; + wait for 10 ns; + ... +end process; +\end{lstlisting} +For loops are also available, and can be synthesised if they run over a finite +range. +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +`\optionalph{label}:` for `\reqph{parameter}` in `\reqph{range}` loop + -- sequentail statements +end loop `\optionalph{label}`; +\end{lstlisting} +A concrete example: +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +-- declaration +constant n : integer := 3; +signal a, b : std_ulogic_vector(n-1 downto 0); +\end{lstlisting} +\begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] +-- sequential +for i in 0 to 2**n -1 loop + a <= std_ulogic_vector( + to_unsigned(i, n)); + for k in 0 to 2**n - 1 loop + b <= std_ulogic_vector( + to_unsigned(k, n)); + end loop; +end loop; +\end{lstlisting} + +\subsection{Assertions} diff --git a/tex/vhdl.tex b/tex/vhdl.tex index e51b357..4674f4a 100644 --- a/tex/vhdl.tex +++ b/tex/vhdl.tex @@ -4,12 +4,6 @@ % Hardware Description Language } -\newcommand{\ph}[1]{\textrm{\textit{#1}}} -\newcommand{\reqph}[1]{\textrm{\textlangle\,\ph{#1}\,\textrangle}} -\newcommand{\optionalph}[1]{\textrm{[\,\ph{#1}\,]}} - -\newcommand{\vhdl}[1]{\lstinline[language=vhdl]{#1}} - \subsection{Basic syntax and identifiers} In VHDL an identifier is a case insensitive string composed of \texttt{A-Z a-z 0-9 \_} that @@ -67,9 +61,10 @@ an \emph{architecture}. There can be multiple architectures for a single entity. \end{center} Entities are declared with \vhdl{port()} that may contain a list of pins. Pins -have a mode that can be \vhdl{in} input (only LHS), \vhdl{out} output (only -RHS), \vhdl{inout} bidirectional or \vhdl{buffer} that can stay both on LHS and -RHS. The usage of the latter is discourareged in favour of an internal signal. +have a mode that can be \vhdl{in} input (only LHS\footnote{Left hand side}), +\vhdl{out} output (only RHS\footnote{Right hand side}), \vhdl{inout} +bidirectional or \vhdl{buffer} that can stay both on LHS and RHS. The usage of +the latter is discourareged in favour of an internal signal. \begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] entity `\reqph{name}` is port( @@ -291,7 +286,7 @@ u1: flipflop \subsubsection{Processes} For more sophisticated logic VHDL offers a way of writing sequential statements -called \emph{processes}. +called \emph{process}. \begin{lstlisting}[language=vhdl] `\optionalph{label}:` process (`\optionalph{sensitivity list}`) -- declarations |