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authorNao Pross <naopross@thearcway.org>2017-10-30 12:27:05 +0100
committerNao Pross <naopross@thearcway.org>2017-10-30 12:27:05 +0100
commit23340deee50307347bb8bcfa41af42dca521ee20 (patch)
tree30c4797ab968ca7ab66a8da964bc097dcb80a261 /electronics
parentFirst commit for electronics (diff)
downloadEssence-23340deee50307347bb8bcfa41af42dca521ee20.tar.gz
Essence-23340deee50307347bb8bcfa41af42dca521ee20.zip
Added circuit diagrams for inverter, non-inverter and summing opamp
Diffstat (limited to 'electronics')
-rw-r--r--electronics/build/essence_of_electronics.pdfbin117364 -> 97961 bytes
-rw-r--r--electronics/essence_of_electronics.tex9
-rw-r--r--electronics/makefile2
-rw-r--r--electronics/tex/opamp.tex110
4 files changed, 113 insertions, 8 deletions
diff --git a/electronics/build/essence_of_electronics.pdf b/electronics/build/essence_of_electronics.pdf
index 1355465..2f1aff3 100644
--- a/electronics/build/essence_of_electronics.pdf
+++ b/electronics/build/essence_of_electronics.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/electronics/essence_of_electronics.tex b/electronics/essence_of_electronics.tex
index 5965b74..25a569a 100644
--- a/electronics/essence_of_electronics.tex
+++ b/electronics/essence_of_electronics.tex
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
\documentclass[a4paper, 10pt]{article}
+% language
+\usepackage[italian]{babel}
+
+% figures
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
% math packages
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{cancel}
+% circuits
+\usepackage{pst-circ}
+
\title{Essenza di Elettronica}
\author{Naoki Pross}
diff --git a/electronics/makefile b/electronics/makefile
index 44b9a47..08fb339 100644
--- a/electronics/makefile
+++ b/electronics/makefile
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ BUILD_DIR := build
DOCUMENT := essence_of_electronics.tex
# tex settings
-TEX := lualatex \
+TEX := xelatex \
-interaction=nonstopmode \
-halt-on-error \
-output-directory=$(BUILD_DIR)
diff --git a/electronics/tex/opamp.tex b/electronics/tex/opamp.tex
index a575ab8..f28f85b 100644
--- a/electronics/tex/opamp.tex
+++ b/electronics/tex/opamp.tex
@@ -39,12 +39,20 @@ indipendente da $A_{ol}$
In zona di funzionamento lineare si considera $U_d = 0$ V per $-V_{sat}
< V_o < V_{sat}$, quindi $A_{ol} = \infty$.
-
-%% TODO: schema opamp Ud
+\begin{figure}[!h] \centering
+\begin{pspicture}(5,2)
+ \pnodes(0,0){A}(0,2){B}(5,1){C}(5,0){G}
+ \tension(B)(A){$V_d$}
+ \OA(B)(A)(C)
+ \tension(C)(G){$V_o$}
+ \ground(G)
+\end{pspicture}
+\vspace{1em}
+\caption{{\tt op-amp} ideale}
+\end{figure}
\subsection{Amplificatore Invertente}
-Considerando il circuito seguente:
-%% TODO: schema invertente
+Considerando il circuito seguente.
Se $V_d = 0$ l'ingresso inverente \`e a massa virtuale. Pertanto
$$i = \frac{V_i}{R_A} \qquad e \qquad i_F = \frac{V_o}{R_F}$$
Se nell'ingresso invertente non scorre corrente ($i_- = 0$) possiamo
@@ -52,18 +60,77 @@ asserire che $i = i_F$, quindi
$$ - \frac{V_o}{R_F} = \frac{V_i}{R_A} \implies V_o = V_i \cdot\frac{R_F}{R_A}$$
$$ A_V = \frac{V_o}{V_i} \implies A_V = -\frac{R_F}{R_A} $$
+% opamp invertente
+\begin{figure}[h] \centering
+\begin{pspicture}(8,4)
+ \pnodes(0,3){A}(3,3){B}(6,3){C}(8,3){D}
+ \pnodes(3,3){OM}(3,0){OP}(6,1.5){OO}
+ \pnodes(0,0){G1}(6,0){G2}(8,0){G3}
+
+ \psdots(A)(OO)(OM)
+
+ \OA[OAiminuslabel=$i_-$,OAioutlabel=$i_o$](OM)(OP)(OO)
+ \ground(OP)
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i$](A)(OM){$R_A$}
+ \psline(OM)(B)
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i_F$,directconvention=false](B)(C){$R_F$}
+ \psline(C)(OO)
+
+ \psline[linestyle=dashed]{-}(C)(D)
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i_L$](D)(G3){$R_L$}
+ \ground(G3)
+
+ \tension(A)(G1){$V_i$}
+ \ground(G2)
+
+ \tension(OO)(G2){$V_o$}
+ \ground(G1)
+\end{pspicture}
+\vspace{1em}
+\caption{Configurazione invertente}
+\end{figure}
+
La resistenza d'ingresso ($R_{in}$) del circuito risulter\`a pari ad
$R_A$. \`E importante notare, che collegando un carico $R_L$ la corrente
d'uscita dell'op-amp risulter\`a $i_o = i_F + i_L$. Bisogna quindi
scegliere $R_A, R_F$ e $R_L$ tali da non superare la corrente massima in
uscita dell'op-amp.
-%% TODO: schema correnti
\subsection{Sommatore invertente}
Aggiungendo un ingresso al circuito invertente con un rispettivo
resistore, si ottiene un dispositivo in grado di effettuare la somma,
cambiata di segno dei segnali in entrata.
-%% TODO: schema sommatore
+
+% opamp sommatore
+\begin{figure}[h] \centering
+\begin{pspicture}(7,5)
+ \pnodes(0,4){A}(0,2.5){A'}(4,2.5){OM'}(4,4){B}(7,4){C}
+ \pnodes(4,4){OM}(4,0){OP}(7,2){OO}
+ \pnodes(0,0){G1}(7,0){G2}
+
+ \psdots(A)(A')(OO)(OM)(OM')
+
+ \OA[OAiminuslabel=$i_-$,OAioutlabel=$i_o$](OM)(OP)(OO)
+ \ground(OP)
+
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i_1$](A)(OM){$R_1$}
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i_2$](A')(OM'){$R_2$}
+ \uput{.4}[180]{0}(A){$V_1$}
+ \uput{.4}[180]{0}(A'){$V_2$}
+ \psline(OM)(B)
+
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i_F$](B)(C){$R_F$}
+ \psline(C)(OO)
+
+ % \tension(A)(G1){$V_i$}
+ \ground(G2)
+
+ \tension(OO)(G2){$V_o$}
+ % \ground(G1)
+\end{pspicture}
+\vspace{1em}
+\caption{Configurazione come sommatore invertente}
+\end{figure}
La relazione di $V_1$ e $V_2$ con l'uscita $V_o$ pu\`o essere calcolata
in modo analogo a quanto fatto per l'amplificatore invertente.
@@ -78,7 +145,36 @@ La configurazione invertente presenta una $R_{in}$ relativamente ridotta;
inoltre, in certi casi, l'inversione di fase pu\`o costituire un
problema. La configurazione seguente (non invertente) ovvia agli
inconvenienti menzionati.
-%% TODO: schema non invertente
+% opamp non invertente
+\begin{figure}[h] \centering
+\begin{pspicture}(8,4)
+ \pnodes(0,3){A}(3,3){B}(6,3){C}(8,3){D}
+ \pnodes(3,3){OM}(2,0){OP}(6,1.5){OO}
+ \pnodes(0,0){G1}(6,0){G2}(8,0){G3}
+
+ \psdots(OO)(OM)(OP)
+
+ \OA[OAiminuslabel=$i_-$,OAioutlabel=$i_o$](OM)(OP)(OO)
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i$,directconvention=false](A)(OM){$R_A$}
+ \psline(A)(G1)
+ \psline(OM)(B)
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i_F$,directconvention=false](B)(C){$R_F$}
+ \psline(C)(OO)
+
+ \psline[linestyle=dashed]{-}(C)(D)
+ \resistor[intensitylabel=$i_L$](D)(G3){$R_L$}
+ \ground(G3)
+
+ \uput{.4}[180]{0}(OP){$V_i$}
+ \ground(G2)
+
+ \tension(OO)(G2){$V_o$}
+ \ground(G1)
+\end{pspicture}
+\vspace{1em}
+\caption{Configurazione non-invertente}
+\end{figure}
+
Il segnarle viene applicato all'ingresso non invertente, cos\`i da
ottenere un guadagno $A_V$ positivo. Se $i_- = 0$ allora $i_f = i$