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diff --git a/docs/tex/introduzione.tex b/docs/tex/introduzione.tex index f967ffe..b7de349 100644 --- a/docs/tex/introduzione.tex +++ b/docs/tex/introduzione.tex @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ natives speaking the Iroquoian language referring to a village as colonies were established which led to numerous conflicts the two between empires and the natives. The government of Canada was created with the proclamation of the Constitution Act in 1867, but the present the nationals -were enstablished only in 1999 because after since its first foundation the +were established only in 1999 because after since its first foundation the dominion had expanded multiple times. \subsection{The Flag of Canada} @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ the top left and an ensign on the right side. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=6cm]{res/images/canadian_red_ensign.pdf} - \caption{Canadia Red Ensign used before the introduction of the modern + \caption{Canadian Red Ensign used before the introduction of the modern design} \end{figure} @@ -41,22 +41,34 @@ adopted the 15 December 1964, just in time for the centennial celebration of the confederation 3 years later. \section{Canadian Natives} -Before the arrival of the Europens the northern American continent was -populated by various groups of indigeouns peoples which today are referred as -First Nations or Premières Nations (in French). There were 6 major tribes and +Before the arrival of the Europeans the northern American continent was +populated by various groups of indigenous peoples which today are referred as +First Nations or Premières Nations in French. There were 6 major tribes and each one of them lived in a particular area of the continent, but they all -shared a similar culture and environment. First Nations lived off mostly from +shared a similar culture and environment. First Nations lives were mostly +dependant on hunting and their social systems had evolved around it, each tribe +had a defined territory in which they were allowed to hunt and they were +socially connected through trading network. This situation was typical in the +northern area in the dark boreal forests were agriculture was very difficult. +On the other hand, tribes with settlements near the coast had a less nomadic +lifestyle that depended on fishing + +But some tribes living in +envirnomnets such as the Pacific Coast First Nation + + + +First Nations lived off mostly from hunting with an advanced social sistem around it that defined territories for each tribe. There was also a system of social orders % tribes: -% iroquian south fertile, for agricolture -% woodland east boreal forest -% plains ??? grassland, prairies -% plateau south/north semi-desert, mountains, forest(north) -% pacific coast west abundant salmon and shellfish, gigantic red cedar -% for building huge houses -% Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins ??? harsh environmnent, dark forests, -% barren lands, swampy +% iroquian south fertile, for agricolture +% woodland east boreal forest +% plains ??? grassland, prairies +% plateau south/north semi-desert, mountains, forest(north) +% pacific coast west abundant salmon and shellfish, gigantic red cedar for building huge houses + +% Mackenzie and Yukon River Basins ??? harsh environmnent, dark forests, barren lands, swampy \subsection{Modern Canada} @@ -64,8 +76,15 @@ Today Canada is a powerful country with its own currency, the Canadian Dollar (CAD), As 2016 one Canadian Dollar equals \href{http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=CHF}{ 0.76 Swiss Francs}. Canada's GDP (as Q2 2015) is more than twice ours -(Switzerland)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of -Canadian dollars \cite{statscan:ecoimpexps}. Its major economic trade partners +(Switzerlands)\cite{swisseconomy} with a market price at 1'996'804 millions of +Canadian dollars \cite{statscan:ecoimpexps} which roughly equals to 1.54 +millions of millions of Swiss francs. +In Canada there are many cultures that are currently living one beside +each other, the nations historic multicultural background shaped the society in +a way that is very + + +Its major economic trade partners are USA, UK and Germany. @@ -81,9 +100,7 @@ production with a 18.9\% of total energy supply coming just from renewables eco-friendly Canada still relies heavily on non-renewable energy source as we will see in the next paragraphs. -\subsection{Non-renewable energy sources} - -\subsubsection{Crude Oil} +\subsection{Crude Oil} % [nao] Oil has become has been increasingly become a valuable resource, since the @@ -95,7 +112,7 @@ But for the environment this is not a good, according to a study conducted in oil extraction industries have increased by 63.5 millions of tonnes in the last 20 years. -\subsubsection{Natural Gas} +\subsection{Natural Gas} % [nao] Natural gas is the biggest energy source in Canada, mostly produced in Alta is @@ -105,7 +122,7 @@ level of pollution has not gone down since 2010. In 2014 56.6 mega tonnes of GHG were released on the atmosphere. Combined with the oil extraction this economic sector accounts for 26\% of total nation emissions \cite{statscan:ghgemissions}. -\subsubsection{Coal} +\subsection{Coal} % [nao] Despite it makes up half of the world's energy source (mostly in China) and @@ -116,88 +133,3 @@ of its high level of pollution and $CO_2$ emissions. Nonetheless the research in the field of coal refinement, to produce what is called ``Clean Coal'', is still being supported by the government in order to use the enormous quantity lying beneath the Canadian surface. - -\subsection{Renewable energy sources} - -% [nao] -Substantially the main energy source of Canada is from natural gas, followed -by crude oil, while hydroelectric and the other renewables represent only a -smaller percentage of the overall production. But recent political and economic -trends have encouraged the Canadian government to support the development of -these new technologies in order to increase and optimize the production per unit -to use more efficiently every resource nature offers. - -\subsubsection{Wind Energy} - -% [alan] -Canada's geography makes it a perfect place for ``wind farms'', or groups of -wind turbines, to generate a lot of electricity which can be used to reduce -reliance on energy generated from non renewable resources and, for communities -that are not connected to the electricity grid. This method can achieve lower -costs and greater independence. The advantage of increasing the deployment of -wind energy include reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and air contaminants. -However, incorporating a large amount of wind energy requires continued -innovation to improve efficiencies, extend turbine lifetimes, and mitigate -interconnection problems. - -\subsubsection{Solar Photovoltaic} - -% [alan] -Photovoltaic energy has become a favoured form of renewable energy, since the -need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, deregulation, and the restructuring of -electric power generating companies. Canada is very into photovoltaic researches -both nationally and internationally, their strategy is to accelerate the -deployment of solar generated energy. -% [nao] -But unfortunately the geographical northern location of Canada does not allow to -achieve the maximum efficiency. For this reason the amount of electricity -produced by photovoltaic is only a very small percentage. But in the extreme -north there are places in which a day lasts for months because of the tilt of -the earths rotation, if technological advancement will be able to access to -these areas there is a huge potential to generate solar powered -electricity. - -\subsubsection{Hydroelectric} - -% [alan] -Canada is the world's second producer of hydroelectricity in the world, behind -only to China\cite{nrcan:energyfactsbook}. The large amount of rivers flowing -through Canada are an optimal location for building dams for energy production. -Hydroelectric stations have been developed where the environment was favourable, -particularly in Quebec and N.L (Newfoundland and Labrador). - -\subsubsection{Solar Thermal} - -% [alan] edit by [nao] -70\% of the energy used in the residential and commercial/institutional -buildings sector is used for heating. Therefore the use of solar thermal -technology could drastically improve the consumption level of energy nationwide. -Like with photovoltaic panels, the light from the sun hits the earth with a -higher slope than on souther regions. For this reason this technology is rarely -used. - -\subsubsection{Marine Energy} - -% [alan] edit by [nao] -Canada with large coastal and inland waters has the ideal environment for using -the potential of the waves. This kind of energy is produced by the kinetic -energy contained on tides, waves and river current. Tidal current energy is -produced by the rise and fall of tides from the gravitational influence of the -sun and moon. In Canada there are 190 tidal power sites across it's coasts with -a total estimated capacity of 42 GW. Wave energy is generated by waves formed -by the heat of the sun. The motion of these waves can be used to power -turbines. But as powerful as this technology is more than double of current -electricity demand the harsh ocean environment, power conversion losses and -costs make this resources mostly not available. - -\subsection{Nuclear energy} - -Whether nuclear-powered energy production is a sustainable method is a -controversial debate. In recent years the idea of abandoning this technology has -become popular in many countries, but renewables in the current state will never -be able to fulfill the huge energy demand that we need every day. -Because of this we may need to have a different take on view of nuclear -power plants. A strong argument against anti-nuclear is technological -advancement, many people speculate that a new type of reactor can be less -dangerous. This argument will be covered in more depth in its own dedicated -section \ref{nuclear}. |