Merge branch 'AndreasFMueller:master' into master

6 files changed, 446 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/3d/Makefile b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70dffe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#
+# Makefile
+#
+# (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule
+#
+all:	dq.jpg q23.jpg q31.jpg drehung.jpg
+
+size="+W1920 +H1080"
+size="+W3840 +H2160"
+
+dq.png:	dq.pov common.inc 
+	povray +A0.1 $(size) -Odq.png dq.pov
+dq.jpg:	dq.png
+	convert dq.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dq.jpg
+
+q23.png:	q23.pov common.inc 
+	povray +A0.1 $(size) -Oq23.png q23.pov
+q23.jpg:	q23.png
+	convert q23.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch q23.jpg
+
+q31.png:	q31.pov common.inc 
+	povray +A0.1 $(size) -Oq31.png q31.pov
+q31.jpg:	q31.png
+	convert q31.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch q31.jpg
+
+drehung.png:	drehung.pov common.inc 
+	povray +A0.1 $(size) -Odrehung.png drehung.pov
+drehung.jpg:	drehung.png
+	convert drehung.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch drehung.jpg
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/3d/common.inc b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/common.inc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54aa7fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/common.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+//
+// common.inc
+//
+// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule
+//
+#version 3.7;
+#include "colors.inc"
+
+global_settings {
+	assumed_gamma 1
+}
+
+#declare imagescale = 0.14;
+#declare r = 0.02;
+#declare thick = 0.040;
+
+camera {
+	location <40, 12, 15>
+	look_at <0, 0, 0>
+	right 16/9 * x * imagescale
+	up y * imagescale
+}
+
+light_source {
+	<40, 20, 20> color White
+	area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10
+	adaptive 1
+	jitter
+}
+
+sky_sphere {
+	pigment {
+		color rgb<1,1,1>
+	}
+}
+
+//
+// draw an arrow from <from> to <to> with thickness <arrowthickness> with
+// color <c>
+//
+#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c)
+#declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from);
+#declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from);
+union {
+	sphere {
+		from, 1.1 * arrowthickness
+	}
+	cylinder {
+		from,
+		from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection,
+		arrowthickness
+	}
+	cone {
+		from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection,
+		2 * arrowthickness,
+		to,
+		0
+	}
+	pigment {
+		color c
+	}
+	finish {
+		specular 0.9
+		metallic
+	}
+}
+#end
+
+
+arrow(< -3,  0,  0 >, < 3, 0, 0 >, r, White)
+arrow(<  0, -3,  0 >, < 0, 3, 0 >, r, White)
+arrow(<  0,  0, -3 >, < 0, 0, 3 >, r, White)
+
+#macro circlearrow0(e1, e2, e3, r1, r2, h, winkel)  
+
+mesh {
+	#declare N = 100;
+	#declare phi = 0;
+	#declare phimax = winkel - pi / 12;
+	#declare phistep = (phimax - phi) / N;
+	#while (phi < phimax - phistep/2)
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) - h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) - h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + h * e3,
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + h * e3,
+		center + r1 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + h * e3,
+		center + r2 * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	#declare phi = phi + phistep;
+	#end
+
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * e1 - h * e3,
+		center + r1 * e1 + h * e3,
+		center + r2 * e1 + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r2 * e1 - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * e1 + h * e3,
+		center + r1 * e1 - h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * cos(phi) * e1 + r1 * sin(phi) * e2 - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * cos(phi) * e1 + r2 * sin(phi) * e2 - h * e3,
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) - h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * cos(phi) * e1 + r1 * sin(phi) * e2 + h * e3,
+		center + r2 * cos(phi) * e1 + r2 * sin(phi) * e2 + h * e3,
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + r1 * cos(phi) * e1 + r1 * sin(phi) * e2 - h * e3,
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) - h * e3
+		center + r1 * cos(phi) * e1 + r1 * sin(phi) * e2 + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) - h * e3
+		center + r1 * cos(phi) * e1 + r1 * sin(phi) * e2 + h * e3,
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * cos(phi) * e1 + r2 * sin(phi) * e2 - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * cos(phi) * e1 + r2 * sin(phi) * e2 + h * e3
+	}
+	triangle {
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) - h * e3,
+		center + r2 * cos(phi) * e1 + r2 * sin(phi) * e2 + h * e3,
+		center + 0.5*(r1+r2) * (cos(phi + pi/12) * e1 + sin(phi + pi/12) * e2) + h * e3
+	}
+	
+	pigment {
+		color rgb<1, 0.4, 0.4>
+	}
+}
+
+#end
+
+
+#macro circlearrow(fromdirection, axis, center, r, h, winkel, anzahl)
+
+#declare e1 = vnormalize(fromdirection);
+#declare e2 = -vnormalize(vcross(axis, fromdirection));
+#declare e3 = vnormalize(axis);
+
+#declare r1 = 0.4 * r;
+#declare r2 = r;
+
+#declare w = 0;
+#while (w < anzahl)
+	#declare a = 2 * w * pi / anzahl;
+	circlearrow0(e1 * cos(a) - e2 * sin(a), e1 * sin(a) + e2 * cos(a), e3, r1, r2, 1.2 * h, winkel)
+	#declare w = w + 1;
+#end
+
+mesh {
+	#declare vlu = center - r * e1 - r * e2 - h * e3;
+	#declare vlo = center - r * e1 - r * e2 + h * e3;
+	#declare vru = center - r * e1 + r * e2 - h * e3;
+	#declare vro = center - r * e1 + r * e2 + h * e3;
+	#declare hlu = center + r * e1 - r * e2 - h * e3;
+	#declare hlo = center + r * e1 - r * e2 + h * e3;
+	#declare hru = center + r * e1 + r * e2 - h * e3;
+	#declare hro = center + r * e1 + r * e2 + h * e3;
+	triangle { vlu, vru, vro }
+	triangle { vlu, vro, vlo }
+
+	triangle { vru, hru, hro }
+	triangle { vru, hro, vro }
+
+	triangle { hru, hlu, hlo }
+	triangle { hru, hlo, hro }
+
+	triangle { hlu, vlu, vlo }
+	triangle { hlu, vlo, hlo }
+
+	triangle { vlu, vru, hru }
+	triangle { vlu, hru, hlu }
+
+	triangle { vlo, vro, hro }
+	triangle { vlo, hro, hlo }
+
+	pigment {
+		color rgb<0.6,0.6,1>
+	}
+	finish {
+		specular 0.96
+		metallic
+	}
+}
+
+#if (vlength(axis) > 0.1)
+cone {
+	center + 1.19 * h * e3, r, center + 2 * r * e3, 0
+	pigment {
+		color rgbt<0.6,0.6,1,0.8>
+	}
+}
+#end
+
+cylinder {
+	center, center + 2 * r * e3, 0.04*0.2
+        pigment {
+                color rgb<1.0,0.6,0.6>
+        }
+	finish {
+		specular 0.96
+		metallic
+	}
+}
+
+#end
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/3d/dq.pov b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/dq.pov
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8002129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/dq.pov
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//
+// dq.pov -- Drehung und Quaternion
+//
+// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule
+//
+#include "common.inc"
+
+arrow(<0,0,0>, <1, sqrt(2), 2>, r, Red)
+
+#declare r = 0.2 * r;
+
+circlearrow(<1,0,0>, <0,0,1>, <1, sqrt(2), 0>, 1,         thick, 1.8*pi/3, 3)
+circlearrow(<1,0,0>, <0,1,0>, <1,       0, 2>, sqrt(2)/2, thick, 1.8*pi/3, 3)
+circlearrow(<0,0,1>, <1,0,0>, <0, sqrt(2), 2>, 0.5,       thick, 1.8*pi/3, 3)
+
+#declare l = 2.8;
+#declare h = 0.0001;
+union {
+	box { <-l,-l,-h>, <l,l,-h> }
+	box { <-l,-h,-l>, <l,-h,l> }
+	box { <-h,-l,-l>, <-h,l,l> }
+	pigment {
+		color rgbt<0.6,0.6,0.6,0.0>
+	}
+}
diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/3d/drehung.pov b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/drehung.pov
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54b5a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/drehung.pov
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+//
+// drehung.pov -- Drehung um (1,1,1)
+//
+// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule
+//
+#include "common.inc"
+
+#declare n = vnormalize(<1,1,1>);
+#declare V = <0,2.6,0>;
+#declare W = <0,0,2.6>;
+
+#declare Vparallel = vdot(n, V) * n;
+#declare Vperp = V - Vparallel;
+#declare Wparallel = vdot(n, W) * n;
+#declare Wperp = W - Wparallel;
+
+arrow(<0,0,0>, 2*n, thick, Red)
+
+arrow(<0,0,0>, V, thick, rgb<0.0,1.0,1.0>)
+arrow(<0,0,0>, W, thick, rgb<0.0,1.0,1.0>)
+
+circlearrow(vnormalize(vcross(<-1,0,1>,n)), -0.01 * <1,1,1>, <0,0,0>, 1, 0.8*thick, 1.98*pi/3, 3)
+
+arrow(<0,0,0>, Vperp, 0.99*thick, Blue)
+arrow(<0,0,0>, Wperp, 0.99*thick, Blue)
+
+arrow(Vperp, V, thick, Green)
+arrow(Wperp, W, thick, Green)
+
+#declare l = 2.4;
+intersection {
+	box { <-l,-l,-l>, <l,l,l> }
+	//cylinder { -n, n, 3 }
+	plane { n, 0.01 }
+	plane { -n, 0.01 }
+	pigment {
+		color rgbt<0.6,0.6,1.0,0.8>
+	}
+}
+
+#declare e1 = vnormalize(Vperp);
+#declare e3 = n;
+#declare e2 = vnormalize(vcross(e3, e1));
+#declare r = vlength(Vperp);
+
+mesh {
+	#declare phi = 0;
+	#declare phimax = 2*pi/3;
+	#declare phistep = (phimax - phi) / N;
+	#while (phi < phimax - phistep/2)
+		triangle {
+			<0,0,0>,
+			r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2),
+			r * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2)
+		}
+		#declare phi = phi + phistep;
+	#end
+	pigment {
+		color rgbt<0.2,0.2,1.0,0.4>
+	}
+}
+
+union {
+	#declare phi = 0;
+	#declare phimax = 2*pi/3;
+	#declare phistep = (phimax - phi) / N;
+	#while (phi < phimax - phistep/2)
+		cylinder {
+			r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2),
+			r * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2),
+			0.01
+		}
+		sphere { r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2), 0.01 }
+		#declare phi = phi + phistep;
+	#end
+	pigment {
+		color Blue
+	}
+}
+
+mesh {
+	#declare phi = 0;
+	#declare phimax = 2*pi/3;
+	#declare phistep = (phimax - phi) / N;
+	#while (phi < phimax - phistep/2)
+		triangle {
+			r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2),
+			r * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2),
+			r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + Vparallel
+		}
+		triangle {
+			r * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2),
+			r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + Vparallel,
+			r * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + Vparallel
+		}
+		#declare phi = phi + phistep;
+	#end
+	pigment {
+		color rgbt<0.2,1,0.2,0.4>
+	}
+}
+
+union {
+	#declare phi = 0;
+	#declare phimax = 2*pi/3;
+	#declare phistep = (phimax - phi) / N;
+	#while (phi < phimax - phistep/2)
+		cylinder {
+			r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + Vparallel,
+			r * (cos(phi+phistep) * e1 + sin(phi+phistep) * e2) + Vparallel,
+			0.01
+		}
+		sphere { r * (cos(phi        ) * e1 + sin(phi        ) * e2) + Vparallel, 0.01 }
+		#declare phi = phi + phistep;
+	#end
+	pigment {
+		color Green
+	}
+}
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/3d/q23.pov b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/q23.pov
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3e5d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/q23.pov
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// q23.pov -- Drehung und Quaternion
+//
+// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule
+//
+#include "common.inc"
+
+circlearrow(<1,0,0>, 0.01*<0,0,-1>, <0, 0, 0>, 1.0,         thick, 0.98*pi/2, 4)
+
+arrow( <0,0,0>, <-2.0,0,0>, 0.99*thick, Blue)
+arrow( <0,0,0>, <0,2.0,0>, 0.99*thick, Blue)
+arrow( <0,0,0>, <0,0,2.0>, 0.99*thick, Red)
diff --git a/buch/papers/clifford/3d/q31.pov b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/q31.pov
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..901f838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buch/papers/clifford/3d/q31.pov
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// q31.pov -- Drehung und Quaternion
+//
+// (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule
+//
+#include "common.inc"
+
+circlearrow(<1,0,0>, 0.01*<0,-1,0>, <0, 0, 0>, 1.0,         thick, 0.98*pi/2, 4)
+
+arrow( <0,0,0>, <-2.0,0,0>, 0.99*thick, Blue)
+arrow( <0,0,0>, <0,2.0,0>, 0.99*thick, Red)
+arrow( <0,0,0>, <0,0,2.0>, 0.99*thick, Blue)