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| author | Nicolas Tobler <nicolas.tobler@ost.ch> | 2022-08-03 20:37:12 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Nicolas Tobler <nicolas.tobler@ost.ch> | 2022-08-03 20:37:12 +0200 |
| commit | e08392d4bacb9a54c3ab755fa6445514749b608f (patch) | |
| tree | 67af5a4a6ed541b1b425de89fd05c2a74a265571 /buch/papers | |
| parent | improved Einleitung (diff) | |
| parent | Merge pull request #39 from NaoPross/master (diff) | |
| download | SeminarSpezielleFunktionen-e08392d4bacb9a54c3ab755fa6445514749b608f.tar.gz SeminarSpezielleFunktionen-e08392d4bacb9a54c3ab755fa6445514749b608f.zip | |
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/AndreasFMueller/SeminarSpezielleFunktionen
Diffstat (limited to 'buch/papers')
235 files changed, 22176 insertions, 1820 deletions
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..206cd3a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..03b2ba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e45129 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf b/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..13dea39 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d897b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;b;z)
+ * @param b0 in 0F1(;b0;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;b0;z)
+ * @param n number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fractionRekursion0f1(const double c, const double z, unsigned int n)
+{
+ //declaration
+ double a = 0.0;
+ double b = 0.0;
+ double Ak = 0.0;
+ double Bk = 0.0;
+ double Ak_1 = 0.0;
+ double Bk_1 = 0.0;
+ double Ak_2 = 0.0;
+ double Bk_2 = 0.0;
+
+ for (unsigned int k = 0; k <= n; ++k)
+ {
+ if (k == 0)
+ {
+ a = 1.0; //a0
+ //recursion fomula for A0, B0
+ Ak = a;
+ Bk = 1.0;
+ }
+ else if (k == 1)
+ {
+ a = 1.0; //a1
+ b = z/c; //b1
+ //recursion fomula for A1, B1
+ Ak = a * Ak_1 + b * 1.0;
+ Bk = a * Bk_1;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ a = 1 + (z / (k * ((k - 1) + c)));//ak
+ b = -(z / (k * ((k - 1) + c))); //bk
+ //recursion fomula for Ak, Bk
+ Ak = a * Ak_1 + b * Ak_2;
+ Bk = a * Bk_1 + b * Bk_2;
+ }
+ //save old values
+ Ak_2 = Ak_1;
+ Bk_2 = Bk_1;
+ Ak_1 = Ak;
+ Bk_1 = Bk;
+ }
+ //approximation fraction
+ return Ak/Bk;
+}
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3caaf43 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param c in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param k number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fractionIter0f1(const double c, const double z, unsigned int k)
+{
+ //declaration
+ double a = 0.0;
+ double b = 0.0;
+ double abk = 0.0;
+ double temp = 0.0;
+
+ for (; k > 0; --k)
+ {
+ abk = z / (k * ((k - 1) + c)); //abk = ak, bk
+
+ a = k > 1 ? (1 + abk) : 1; //a0, a1
+ b = k > 1 ? -abk : abk; //b1
+
+ temp = b / (a + temp); //bk / (ak + last result)
+ }
+
+ return a + temp; //a0 + temp
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23fdfea --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +#include <math.h>
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates pochhammer
+ * @param (a+n-1)!
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double pochhammer(const double x, double n)
+{
+ double temp = x;
+
+ if (n > 0)
+ {
+ while (n > 1)
+ {
+ temp *= (x + n - 1);
+ --n;
+ }
+
+ return temp;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Factorial
+ * @param n!
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double fac(int n)
+{
+ double temp = n;
+
+ if (n > 0)
+ {
+ while (n > 1)
+ {
+ --n;
+ temp *= n;
+ }
+ return temp;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the Hypergeometric Function 0F1(;b;z)
+ * @param c in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param z in 0F1(;c;z)
+ * @param n number of itertions (precision)
+ * @return Result
+ */
+static double powerseries(const double c, const double z, unsigned int n)
+{
+ double temp = 0.0;
+
+ for (unsigned int k = 0; k < n; ++k)
+ {
+ temp += pow(z, k) / (factorial(k) * pochhammer(c, k));
+ }
+
+ return temp;
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex index 264ad56..0b1020f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,24 @@ -% -% main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <0f1> -% -% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:0f1}} -\lhead{Thema} -\begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/0f1/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/0f1/teil3.tex} - -\printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] -\end{refsection} +%
+% main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <0f1>
+%
+% (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+%
+
+
+
+\chapter{Algorithmus zur Berechnung von $\mathstrut_0F_1$\label{chapter:0f1}}
+\lhead{Algorithmus zur Berechnung von $\mathstrut_0F_1$}
+\begin{refsection}
+\chapterauthor{Fabian Dünki}
+
+
+
+
+\input{papers/0f1/teil0.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil1.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil2.tex}
+\input{papers/0f1/teil3.tex}
+
+\printbibliography[heading=subbibliography]
+\end{refsection}
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib b/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib index fb9cd8b..47555da 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,82 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{0f1:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{0f1:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{0f1:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} +@online{0f1:library-gsl, + title = {GNU Scientific Library}, + url ={https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} } +@online{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion, + title = {Airy-Funktion}, + url ={https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy-Funktion}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wiki-kettenbruch, + title = {Kettenbruch}, + url ={https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettenbruch}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {25} +} + +@online{0f1:double, + title = {C - Data Types}, + url ={https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_data_types.htm}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wolfram-0f1, + title = {Hypergeometric 0F1}, + url ={https://functions.wolfram.com/webMathematica/FunctionEvaluation.jsp?name=Hypergeometric0F1}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:wiki-fraction, + title = {Gauss continued fraction}, + url ={https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_continued_fraction}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@online{0f1:code, + title = {Vollständiger C-Code}, + url ={https://github.com/AndreasFMueller/SeminarSpezielleFunktionen/tree/master/buch/papers/0f1/listings}, + date = {2022-07-07}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {7} +} + +@book{0f1:SeminarNumerik, + title = {Mathematisches Seminar Numerik}, + author = {Andreas Müller et al}, + publisher = {Andreas Müller}, + year = {2022}, +} + +@article{0f1:kettenbrueche, + author = { Benjamin Bouhafs-Keller }, + title = { Kettenbrüche }, + journal = { Mathematisches Seminar Numerik }, + year = 2020, + volume = 13, + pages = {363--376}, + url = {https://github.com/AndreasFMueller/SeminarNumerik} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex index 9087808..adccac7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil0.tex @@ -1,22 +1,15 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{0f1:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{0f1:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - +%
+% einleitung.tex -- Einleitung
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Ausgangslage\label{0f1:section:ausgangslage}}
+\rhead{Ausgangslage}
+Die Hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ wird in vielen Funktionen als Basisfunktion benutzt,
+zum Beispiel um die Airy Funktion zu berechnen.
+In der GNU Scientific Library \cite{0f1:library-gsl}
+ist die Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ vorhanden.
+Allerdings wirft die Funktion, bei negativen Übergabenwerten wie zum Beispiel \verb+gsl_sf_hyperg_0F1(1, -1)+, eine Exception.
+Bei genauerer Untersuchung hat sich gezeigt, dass die Funktion je nach Betriebssystem funktioniert oder eben nicht.
+So kann die Funktion unter Windows fehlerfrei aufgerufen werden, beim Mac OS und Linux sind negative Übergabeparameter im Moment nicht möglich.
+Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu evaluieren, ob es mit einfachen mathematischen Operationen möglich ist, die Hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ zu implementieren.
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex index aca84d2..2ca9647 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil1.tex @@ -1,55 +1,101 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{0f1:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{0f1:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{0f1:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{0f1:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil1.tex -- Mathematischer Hintergrund
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Mathematischer Hintergrund
+\label{0f1:section:mathHintergrund}}
+\rhead{Mathematischer Hintergrund}
+Basierend auf den Herleitungen des vorhergehenden Kapitels \ref{buch:rekursion:section:hypergeometrische-funktion}, werden im nachfolgenden Abschnitt nochmals die Resultate
+beschrieben.
+
+\subsection{Hypergeometrische Funktion
+\label{0f1:subsection:hypergeometrisch}}
+Als Grundlage der umgesetzten Algorithmen dient die Hypergeometrische Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$. Diese ist eine Unterfunktion der allgemein definierten Funktion $\mathstrut_pF_q$.
+
+\begin{definition}
+ \label{0f1:math:qFp:def}
+ Die hypergeometrische Funktion
+ $\mathstrut_pF_q$ ist definiert durch die Reihe
+ \[
+ \mathstrut_pF_q
+ \biggl(
+ \begin{matrix}
+ a_1,\dots,a_p\\
+ b_1,\dots,b_q
+ \end{matrix}
+ ;
+ x
+ \biggr)
+ =
+ \mathstrut_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;b_1,\dots,b_q;x)
+ =
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{(a_1)_k\cdots(a_p)_k}{(b_1)_k\cdots(b_q)_k}\frac{x^k}{k!}.
+ \]
+\end{definition}
+
+Angewendet auf die Funktion $\mathstrut_pF_q$ ergibt sich für $\mathstrut_0F_1$:
+
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1
+ \biggl(
+ \begin{matrix}
+ \\
+ b_1
+ \end{matrix}
+ ;
+ x
+ \biggr)
+ =
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;b_1;x)
+ =
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{x^k}{(b_1)_k \cdot k!}.
+\end{equation}
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Airy Funktion
+\label{0f1:subsection:airy}}
+Die Airy-Funktion $Ai(x)$ und die verwandte Funktion $Bi(x)$ werden als Airy-Funktion bezeichnet. Sie werden zur Lösung verschiedener physikalischer Probleme benutzt, wie zum Beispiel zur Lösung der Schrödinger-Gleichung. \cite{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion}
+
+\begin{definition}
+ \label{0f1:airy:differentialgleichung:def}
+ Die Differentialgleichung
+ $y'' - xy = 0$
+ heisst die {\em Airy-Differentialgleichung}. \cite{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion}
+\end{definition}
+
+Die Airy Funktion lässt sich auf verschiedene Arten darstellen. \cite{0f1:wiki-airyFunktion}
+Als hypergeometrische Funktion berechnet, ergibt sich wie in Kapitel \ref{buch:differentialgleichungen:section:hypergeometrisch} hergeleitet, folgende Lösungen der Airy-Differentialgleichung zu den Anfangsbedingungen $A(0)=1$ und $A'(0)=0$, sowie $B(0)=0$ und $B'(0)=0$.
+
+\begin{align}
+\label{0f1:airy:hypergeometrisch:eq}
+Ai(x)
+=
+\sum_{k=0}^\infty
+\frac{1}{(\frac23)_k} \frac{1}{k!}\biggl(\frac{x^3}{9}\biggr)^k
+=
+\mathstrut_0F_1\biggl(
+\begin{matrix}\text{---}\\\frac23\end{matrix};\frac{x^3}{9}
+\biggr).
+\\
+Bi(x)
+=
+\sum_{k=0}^\infty
+\frac{1}{(\frac43)_k} \frac{1}{k!}\biggl(\frac{x^3}{9}\biggr)^k
+=
+x\cdot\mathstrut_0F_1\biggl(
+\begin{matrix}\text{---}\\\frac43\end{matrix};
+\frac{x^3}{9}
+\biggr).
+\qedhere
+\end{align}
+
+In diesem speziellem Fall wird die Airy Funktion $Ai(x)$ \eqref{0f1:airy:hypergeometrisch:eq}
+benutzt, um die Stabilität der Algorithmen zu $\mathstrut_0F_1$ zu überprüfen.
+
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex index 804d11b..9269961 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil2.tex @@ -1,40 +1,172 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{0f1:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil2.tex -- Umsetzung in C Programmen
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Umsetzung
+\label{0f1:section:teil2}}
+\rhead{Umsetzung}
+Zur Umsetzung wurden drei verschiedene Ansätze gewählt.\cite{0f1:code} Dabei wurde der Schwerpunkt auf die Funktionalität und eine gute Lesbarkeit des Codes gelegt.
+Die Unterprogramme wurde jeweils, wie die GNU Scientific Library, in C geschrieben. Die Zwischenresultate wurden vom Hauptprogramm in einem CSV-File gespeichert. Anschliessen wurde mit der Matplot-Libray in Python die Resultate geplottet.
+
+\subsection{Potenzreihe
+\label{0f1:subsection:potenzreihe}}
+Die naheliegendste Lösung ist die Programmierung der Potenzreihe. Allerdings ist ein Problem dieser Umsetzung \ref{0f1:listing:potenzreihe}, dass die Fakultät im Nenner schnell grosse Werte annimmt und so der Bruch gegen Null strebt. Spätesten ab $k=167$ stösst diese Umsetzung \eqref{0f1:umsetzung:0f1:eq} an ihre Grenzen, da die Fakultät von $168$ eine Bereichsüberschreitung des \textit{double} Bereiches darstellt. \cite{0f1:double}
+
+\begin{align}
+ \label{0f1:umsetzung:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)
+ &=
+ \sum_{k=0}^\infty
+ \frac{z^k}{(c)_k \cdot k!}
+ &=
+ \frac{1}{c}
+ +\frac{z^1}{(c+1) \cdot 1}
+ + \cdots
+ + \frac{z^{20}}{c(c+1)(c+2)\cdots(c+19) \cdot 2.4 \cdot 10^{18}}
+\end{align}
+
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Potenzreihe.},label={0f1:listing:potenzreihe}, firstline=59]{papers/0f1/listings/potenzreihe.c}
+
+\subsection{Kettenbruch
+\label{0f1:subsection:kettenbruch}}
+Ein endlicher Kettenbruch ist ein Bruch der Form
+\begin{equation*}
+a_0 + \cfrac{b_1}{a_1+\cfrac{b_2}{a_2+\cfrac{b_3}{a_3+\cdots}}}
+\end{equation*}
+in welchem $a_0, a_1,\dots,a_n$ und $b_1,b_2,\dots,b_n$ ganze Zahlen darstellen.
+Die Kurzschreibweise für einen allgemeinen Kettenbruch ist
+\begin{equation*}
+ a_0 + \frac{a_1|}{|b_1} + \frac{a_2|}{|b_2} + \frac{a_3|}{|b_3} + \cdots
+\end{equation*}
+und ist somit verknüpfbar mit der Potenzreihe.
+\cite{0f1:wiki-kettenbruch}
+Angewendet auf die Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1$ bedeutet dies\cite{0f1:wiki-fraction}:
+\begin{equation*}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z) = 1 + \frac{z}{c\cdot1!} + \frac{z^2}{c(c+1)\cdot2!} + \frac{z^3}{c(c+1)(c+2)\cdot3!} + \cdots
+\end{equation*}
+Nach allen Umformungen ergibt sich folgender, irregulärer Kettenbruch \eqref{0f1:math:kettenbruch:0f1:eq}
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:kettenbruch:0f1:eq}
+ \mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z) = 1 + \cfrac{\cfrac{z}{c}}{1+\cfrac{-\cfrac{z}{2(c+1)}}{1+\cfrac{z}{2(c+1)}+\cfrac{-\cfrac{z}{3(c+2)}}{1+\cfrac{z}{5(c+4)} + \cdots}}},
+\end{equation}
+der als Code \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ} umgesetzt wurde.
+\cite{0f1:wolfram-0f1}
+
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Iterativ umgesetzter Kettenbruch.},label={0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ}, firstline=8]{papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchIterativ.c}
+
+\subsection{Rekursionsformel
+\label{0f1:subsection:rekursionsformel}}
+Wesentlich stabiler zur Berechnung eines Kettenbruches ist die Rekursionsformel. Nachfolgend wird die verkürzte Herleitung vom Kettenbruch zur Rekursionsformel aufgezeigt. Eine vollständige Schritt für Schritt Herleitung ist im Seminarbuch Numerik, im Kapitel Kettenbrüche zu finden. \cite{0f1:kettenbrueche}
+
+\subsubsection{Herleitung}
+Ein Näherungsbruch in der Form
+\begin{align*}
+ \cfrac{A_k}{B_k} = a_k + \cfrac{b_{k + 1}}{a_{k + 1} + \cfrac{p}{q}}
+\end{align*}
+lässt sich zu
+\begin{align*}
+ \cfrac{A_k}{B_k} = \cfrac{b_{k+1}}{a_{k+1} + \cfrac{p}{q}} = \frac{b_{k+1} \cdot q}{a_{k+1} \cdot q + p}
+\end{align*}
+umformen.
+Dies lässt sich auch durch die folgende Matrizenschreibweise ausdrücken:
+\begin{equation*}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_k\\
+ B_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ = \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_{k+1} \cdot q\\
+ a_{k+1} \cdot q + p
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ =\begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_{k+1}\\
+ 1& a_{k+1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ p \\
+ q
+ \end{pmatrix}.
+ %\label{0f1:math:rekursionsformel:herleitung}
+\end{equation*}
+Wendet man dies nun auf den Kettenbruch in der Form
+\begin{equation*}
+ \frac{A_k}{B_k} = a_0 + \cfrac{b_1}{a_1+\cfrac{b_2}{a_2+\cfrac{\cdots}{\cdots+\cfrac{b_{k-1}}{a_{k-1} + \cfrac{b_k}{a_k}}}}}
+\end{equation*}
+an, ergibt sich folgende Matrixdarstellungen:
+
+\begin{align*}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_k\\
+ B_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ &=
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 1& a_0\\
+ 0& 1
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_1\\
+ 1& a_1
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \cdots
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ 0& b_{k-1}\\
+ 1& a_{k-1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_k\\
+ a_k
+ \end{pmatrix}
+\end{align*}
+Nach vollständiger Induktion ergibt sich für den Schritt $k$, die Matrix
+\begin{equation}
+ \label{0f1:math:matrix:ende:eq}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_{k}\\
+ B_{k}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ =
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ A_{k-2}& A_{k-1}\\
+ B_{k-2}& B_{k-1}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ b_k\\
+ a_k
+ \end{pmatrix}.
+\end{equation}
+Und Schlussendlich kann der Näherungsbruch
+\[
+\frac{Ak}{Bk}
+\]
+berechnet werden.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Lösung}
+Die Berechnung von $A_k, B_k$ \eqref{0f1:math:matrix:ende:eq} kann man auch ohne die Matrizenschreibweise aufschreiben: \cite{0f1:wiki-fraction}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Startbedingungen:
+\begin{align*}
+A_{-1} &= 0 & A_0 &= a_0 \\
+B_{-1} &= 1 & B_0 &= 1
+\end{align*}
+\item Schritt $k\to k+1$:
+\[
+\begin{aligned}
+\label{0f1:math:loesung:eq}
+k &\rightarrow k + 1:
+&
+A_{k+1} &= A_{k-1} \cdot b_k + A_k \cdot a_k \\
+&&
+B_{k+1} &= B_{k-1} \cdot b_k + B_k \cdot a_k
+\end{aligned}
+\]
+\item
+Näherungsbruch: \qquad$\displaystyle\frac{A_k}{B_k}$
+\end{itemize}
+
+Ein grosser Vorteil dieser Umsetzung \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion} ist, dass im Vergleich zum Code \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ} eine Division gespart werden kann und somit weniger Rundungsfehler entstehen können.
+
+%Code
+\lstinputlisting[style=C,float,caption={Rekursionsformel für Kettenbruch.},label={0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion}, firstline=8]{papers/0f1/listings/kettenbruchRekursion.c}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex index 25472cb..2855e26 100644 --- a/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/0f1/teil3.tex @@ -1,40 +1,64 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{0f1:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{0f1:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - +%
+% teil3.tex -- Resultate und Ausblick
+%
+% (c) 2022 Fabian Dünki, Hochschule Rapperswil
+%
+\section{Auswertung
+\label{0f1:section:teil3}}
+\rhead{Resultate}
+Im Verlauf des Seminares hat sich gezeigt,
+das ein einfacher mathematischer Algorithmus zu implementieren gar nicht so einfach ist.
+So haben alle drei umgesetzten Ansätze Probleme mit grossen negativen $z$ in der Funktion $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$.
+Ebenso kann festgestellt werden,dass je grösser der Wert $z$ in $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ wird, desto mehr weichen die berechneten Resultate von den Erwarteten ab. \cite{0f1:wolfram-0f1}
+
+\subsection{Konvergenz
+\label{0f1:subsection:konvergenz}}
+Es zeigt sich in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:konvergenz}, dass schon nach drei Iterationen ($k = 3$) die Funktionen schon genaue Resultate im Bereich von -2 bis 2 liefert. Ebenso kann festgestellt werden, dass der Kettenbruch schneller konvergiert und im positiven Bereich sogar mit der Referenzfunktion $Ai(x)$ übereinstimmt. Da die Rekursionsformel \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion} eine Abwandlung des Kettenbruches ist, verhalten sich die Funktionen in diesem Fall gleich.
+
+Erst wenn mehrere Durchläufe gemacht werden, um die Genauigkeit zu verbessern, ist der Kettenbruch den anderen zwei Algorithmen, bezüglich Konvergenz überlegen.
+Interessant ist auch, dass die Rekursionsformel nahezu gleich schnell wie die Potenzreihe konvergiert, aber sich danach einschwingt. Dieses Verhalten ist auch bei grösseren $z$ zu beobachten, allerdings ist dann die Differenz zwischen dem ersten lokalen Minimum von k bis zum Abbruch kleiner.
+\ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv}
+Dieses Phänomen ist auf die Lösung der Rekursionsformel zurück zu führen.\ref{0f1:math:loesung:eq} Da im Gegensatz die ganz kleinen Werte nicht zu einer Konvergenz wie beim Kettenbruch führen, sondern sich noch eine Zeit lang durch die Multiplikation aufschwingen.
+
+Ist $z$ negativ wie im Abbild \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:negativ}, führt dies zu einer Gegenseitigen Kompensation von negativen und positiven Termen so bricht die Rekursionsformel hier zusammen mit der Potenzreihe ab.
+Die ansteigende Differenz mit anschliessender, ist aufgrund der sich alternierenden Termen mit wechselnden Vorzeichens zu erklären.
+
+\subsection{Stabilität
+\label{0f1:subsection:Stabilitaet}}
+Verändert sich der Wert von z in $\mathstrut_0F_1(;c;z)$ gegen grössere positive Werte, wie zum Beispiel $c = 800$ liefert die Kettenbruch-Funktion \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchIterativ} \verb+inf+ zurück. Dies könnte durch ein Abbruchkriterien abgefangen werden. Allerdings würde das, bei grossen Werten zulasten der Genauigkeit gehen. Trotzdem könnte, je nach Anwendung, auf ein paar Nachkommastellen verzichtet werden.
+
+Wohingegen die Potenzreihe \ref{0f1:listing:potenzreihe} das Problem hat, dass je mehr Terme berechnet werden, desto schneller wächst die Fakultät und irgendwann gibt es eine Bereichsüberschreitung von \verb+double+. Schlussendlich gibt das Unterprogramm das Resultat \verb+-nan(ind)+ zurück.
+Die Rekursionformel \ref{0f1:listing:kettenbruchRekursion} liefert für sehr grosse positive Werte die genausten Ergebnisse, verglichen mit der GNU Scientific Library. Wie schon vermutet ist die Rekursionsformel, im positivem Bereich, der stabilste Algorithmus. Um die Stabilität zu gewährleisten, muss wie in \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv} dargestellt, die Iterationstiefe $k$ genug gross gewählt werden.
+
+Im negativem Bereich sind alle gewählten und umgesetzten Ansätze instabil. Grund dafür ist die Fakultät im Nenner, was zum Phänomen der Auslöschung führt.\cite{0f1:SeminarNumerik} Schön zu beobachten ist dies in der Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:stabilitaet} mit der Airy-Funktion als Test. So sind sowohl der Kettenbruch, als auch die Rekursionsformel bis ungefähr $\frac{-15^3}{9}$ stabil. Dies macht auch Sinn, da beide auf der gleichen mathematischen Grundlage basieren. Danach verhält sich allerdings die Instabilität unterschiedlich. Das unterschiedliche Verhalten kann damit erklärt werden, dass beim Kettenbruch jeweils eine zusätzliche Division stattfindet. Diese Unterschiede sind auch in Abbildung \ref{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv} festzustellen.
+
+
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzAiry.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz nach drei Iterationen, dargestellt anhand der Airy Funktion zu den Anfangsbedingungen $Ai(0)=1$ und $Ai'(0)=0$.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:konvergenz}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzPositiv.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz: Logarithmisch dargestellte Differenz vom erwarteten Endresultat.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:positiv}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/konvergenzNegativ.pdf}
+ \caption{Konvergenz: Logarithmisch dargestellte Differenz vom erwarteten Endresultat.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:konvergenz:negativ}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{papers/0f1/images/stabilitaet.pdf}
+ \caption{Stabilität der 3 Algorithmen verglichen mit der Referenz Funktion $Ai(x)$.
+ \label{0f1:ausblick:plot:airy:stabilitaet}}
+\end{figure}
+
diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex index 75ba410..d7bc769 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/main.tex @@ -3,19 +3,21 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Dreieckstest und Beta-Funktion\label{chapter:dreieck}} -\lhead{Dreieckstest und Beta-Funktion} +\chapter{$\int P(t) e^{-t^2} \,dt$ in geschlossener Form? +\label{chapter:dreieck}} +\lhead{Integrierbarkeit in geschlossener Form} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Andreas Müller} \noindent -Mit dem Dreieckstest kann man feststellen, wie gut ein Geruchs- -oder Geschmackstester verschiedene Gerüche oder Geschmäcker -unterscheiden kann. -Seine wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische Erklärung benötigt die Beta-Funktion, -man kann die Beta-Funktion als durchaus als die mathematische Grundlage -der Weindegustation -bezeichnen. +Der Risch-Algorithmus erlaubt, eine definitive Antwort darauf zu geben, +\index{Risch-Algorithmus}% +\index{elementare Stammfunktion}% +ob eine elementare Funktion eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener Form hat. +Der Algorithmus ist jedoch ziemlich kompliziert. +In diesem Kapitel soll ein spezieller Fall mit Hilfe der Theorie der +orthogonale Polynome, speziell der Hermite-Polynome, behandelt werden, +wie er in der Arbeit \cite{dreieck:polint} untersucht wurde. \input{papers/dreieck/teil0.tex} \input{papers/dreieck/teil1.tex} diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib b/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib index d2bbe08..47bd865 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/references.bib @@ -4,32 +4,12 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % -@online{dreieck:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} +@article{dreieck:polint, + author = { George Stoica }, + title = { Polynomials and Integration in Finite Terms }, + journal = { Amer. Math. Monthly }, + volume = 129, + year = 2022, + number = 1, + pages = {80--81} } - -@book{dreieck:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{dreieck:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} -} - diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex index bcf2cf8..f9affe7 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil0.tex @@ -3,7 +3,48 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Testprinzip\label{dreieck:section:testprinzip}} -\rhead{Testprinzip} +\section{Problemstellung\label{dreieck:section:problemstellung}} +\rhead{Problemstellung} +Es ist bekannt, dass das Fehlerintegral +\[ +\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \int_{-\infty}^x e^{-\frac{t^2}{2\sigma}}\,dt +\] +nicht in geschlossener Form dargestellt werden kann. +Mit der in Kapitel~\ref{buch:chapter:integral} skizzierten Theorie von +Liouville und dem Risch-Algorithmus kann dies strengt gezeigt werden. +Andererseits gibt es durchaus Integranden, die $e^{-t^2}$ enthalten, +für die eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener Form gefunden werden kann. +Zum Beispiel folgt aus der Ableitung +\[ +\frac{d}{dt} e^{-t^2} += +-2te^{-t^2} +\] +die Stammfunktion +\[ +\int te^{-t^2}\,dt += +-\frac12 e^{-t^2}. +\] +Leitet man $e^{-t^2}$ zweimal ab, erhält man +\[ +\frac{d^2}{dt^2} e^{-t^2} += +(4t^2-2) e^{-t^2} +\qquad\Rightarrow\qquad +\int (t^2-{\textstyle\frac12}) e^{-t^2}\,dt += +{\textstyle\frac14} +e^{-t^2}. +\] +Es gibt also viele weitere Polynome $P(t)$, für die der Integrand +$P(t)e^{-t^2}$ eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener Form hat. +Damit stellt sich jetzt das folgende allgemeine Problem. + +\begin{problem} +\label{dreieck:problem} +Für welche Polynome $P(t)$ hat der Integrand $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ +eine elementare Stammfunktion? +\end{problem} diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex index 4abe2e1..45c1a23 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil1.tex @@ -3,9 +3,92 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Ordnungsstatistik und Beta-Funktion -\label{dreieck:section:ordnungsstatistik}} -\rhead{} +\section{Hermite-Polynome +\label{dreieck:section:hermite-polynome}} +\rhead{Hermite-Polyome} +In Abschnitt~\ref{dreieck:section:problemstellung} hat sich schon angedeutet, +dass die Polynome, die man durch Ableiten von $e^{-t^2}$ erhalten +kann, bezüglich des gestellten Problems besondere Eigenschaften +haben. +Zunächst halten wir fest, dass die Ableitung einer Funktion der Form +$P(t)e^{-t^2}$ mit einem Polynom $P(t)$ +\begin{equation} +\frac{d}{dt} P(t)e^{-t^2} += +P'(t)e^{-t^2} -2tP(t)e^{-t^2} += +(P'(t)-2tP(t)) e^{-t^2} +\label{dreieck:eqn:ableitung} +\end{equation} +ist. +Insbesondere hat die Ableitung wieder die Form $Q(t)e^{-t^2}$ +mit einem Polynome $Q(t)$, welches man auch als +\[ +Q(t) += +e^{t^2}\frac{d}{dt}P(t)e^{-t^2} +\] +erhalten kann. +Die Polynome, die man aus der Funktion $H_0(t)=e^{-t^2}$ durch +Ableiten erhalten kann, wurden bereits in +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:orthogonalitaet:section:rodrigues} +bis auf ein Vorzeichen hergeleitet, sie heissen die Hermite-Polynome +\index{Hermite-Polynome}% +und es gilt +\[ +H_n(t) += +(-1)^n +e^{t^2} \frac{d^n}{dt^n} e^{-t^2}. +\] +Das Vorzeichen dient dazu sicherzustellen, dass der Leitkoeffizient +immer $1$ ist. +Das Polynom $H_n(t)$ hat den Grad $n$. + +In Abschnitt wurde auch gezeigt, dass die Polynome $H_n(t)$ +bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +\[ +\langle f,g\rangle_{w} += +\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t)g(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt, +\qquad +w(t)=e^{-t^2}, +\] +orthogonal sind. +Ausserdem folgt aus \eqref{dreieck:eqn:ableitung} +die Rekursionsbeziehung +\begin{equation} +H_{n}(t) += +2tH_{n-1}(t) +- +H_{n-1}'(t) +\label{dreieck:eqn:rekursion} +\end{equation} +für $n>0$. + +Im Hinblick auf die Problemstellung ist jetzt die Frage interessant, +ob die Integranden $H_n(t)e^{-t^2}$ eine Stammfunktion in geschlossener +Form haben. +Mit Hilfe der Rekursionsbeziehung~\eqref{dreieck:eqn:rekursion} +kann man für $n>0$ unmittelbar verifizieren, dass +\begin{align*} +\int H_n(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt +&= +\int \bigl( 2tH_{n-1}(t) - H'_{n-1}(t)\bigr)e^{-t^2}\,dt +\\ +&= +-\int \bigl( \exp'(-t^2) H_{n-1}(t) + H'_{n-1}(t)\bigr)e^{-t^2}\,dt +\\ +&= +-\int \bigl( e^{-t^2}H_{n-1}(t)\bigr)' \,dt += +-e^{-t^2}H_{n-1}(t) +\end{align*} +ist. +Für $n>0$ hat also $H_n(t)e^{-t^2}$ eine elementare Stammfunktion. +Die Hermite-Polynome sind also Lösungen für das +Problem~\ref{dreieck:problem}. diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex index 83ea3cb..8e89f6a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil2.tex @@ -3,7 +3,113 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Wahrscheinlichkeiten im Dreieckstest -\label{dreieck:section:wahrscheinlichkeiten}} -\rhead{Wahrscheinlichkeiten} +\section{Beliebige Polynome +\label{dreieck:section:beliebig}} +\rhead{Beliebige Polynome} +Im Abschnitt~\ref{dreieck:section:hermite-polynome} wurden die +Hermite-Polynome $H_n(t)$ mit $n>0$ als Lösungen des gestellten +Problems erkannt. +Eine Linearkombination von solchen Polynomen hat natürlich +ebenfalls eine elementare Stammfunktion. +Das Problem kann daher neu formuliert werden: + +\begin{problem} +\label{dreieck:problem2} +Welche Polynome $P(t)$ lassen sich aus den Hermite-Polynomen +$H_n(t)$ mit $n>0$ linear kombinieren? +\end{problem} + +Sei also +\[ +P(t) = p_0 + p_1t + \ldots + p_{n-1}t^{n-1} + p_nt^n +\] +ein beliebiges Polynom vom Grad $n$. +Eine elementare Stammfunktion von $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ existiert sicher, +wenn sich $P(t)$ aus den Funktionen $H_n(t)$ mit $n>0$ linear +kombinieren lässt. +Gesucht ist also zunächst eine Darstellung von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination +von Hermite-Polynomen. + +\begin{lemma} +Jedes Polynome $P(t)$ vom Grad $n$ lässt sich auf eindeutige Art und +Weise als Linearkombination +\begin{equation} +P(t) = a_0H_0(t) + a_1H_1(t) + \ldots + a_nH_n(t) += +\sum_{k=0}^n a_nH_n(t) +\label{dreieck:lemma} +\end{equation} +von Hermite-Polynomen schreiben. +\end{lemma} + +\begin{proof}[Beweis] +Zunächst halten wir fest, dass aus der +Rekursionsformel~\eqref{dreieck:eqn:rekursion} +folgt, dass der Leitkoeffizient bei jedem Rekursionsschnitt +mit $2$ multipliziert wird. +Der Leitkoeffizient von $H_n(t)$ ist also $2^n$. + +Wir führen den Beweis mit vollständiger Induktion. +Für $n=0$ ist $P(t)=p_0 = p_0 H_0(t)$ als Linearkombination von +Hermite-Polynomen darstellbar, dies ist die Induktionsverankerung. + +Wir nehmen jetzt im Sinne der Induktionsannahme an, +dass sich ein Polynom vom Grad $n-1$ als +Linearkombination der Polynome $H_0(t),\dots,H_{n-1}(t)$ schreiben +lässt und untersuchen ein Polynom $P(t)$ vom Grad $n$. +Da der Leitkoeffizient des Polynoms $H_n(t)$ ist $2^n$, ist zerlegen +wir +\[ +P(t) += +\underbrace{\biggl(P(t) - \frac{p_n}{2^n} H_n(t)\biggr)}_{\displaystyle = Q(t)} ++ +\frac{p_n}{2^n} H_n(t). +\] +Das Polynom $Q(t)$ hat Grad $n-1$, besitzt also nach Induktionsannahme +eine Darstellung +\[ +Q(t) = a_0H_0(t)+a_1H_1(t)+\ldots+a_{n-1}H_{n-1}(t) +\] +als Linearkombination der Polynome $H_0(t),\dots,H_{n-1}(t)$. +Somit ist +\[ +P(t) += a_0H_0(t)+a_1H_1(t)+\ldots+a_{n-1}H_{n-1}(t) + +\frac{p_n}{2^n} H_n(t) +\] +eine Darstellung von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination der Polynome +$H_0(t),\dots,H_n(t)$. +Damit ist der Induktionsschritt vollzogen und das Lemma für alle +$n$ bewiesen. +\end{proof} + +\begin{satz} +\label{dreieck:satz1} +Die Funktion $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ hat genau dann eine elementare Stammfunktion, +wenn in der Darstellung~\eqref{dreieck:lemma} +von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination von Hermite-Polynomen $a_0=0$ gilt. +\end{satz} + +\begin{proof}[Beweis] +Es ist +\begin{align*} +\int P(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt +&= +a_0\int e^{-t^2}\,dt ++ +\int +\sum_{k=1} a_kH_k(t)\,dt +\\ +&= +a_0 +\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}2 +\operatorname{erf}(t) ++ +\sum_{k=1} a_k\int H_k(t)\,dt. +\end{align*} +Da die Integrale in der Summe alle elementar darstellbar sind, +ist das Integral genau dann elementar, wenn $a_0=0$ ist. +\end{proof} + diff --git a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex index e2dfd6b..c0c046a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/dreieck/teil3.tex @@ -3,8 +3,75 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Erweiterungen -\label{dreieck:section:erweiterungen}} -\rhead{Erweiterungen} +\section{Integralbedingung +\label{dreieck:section:integralbedingung}} +\rhead{Lösung} +Die Tatsache, dass die Hermite-Polynome orthogonal sind, erlaubt, das +Kriterium von Satz~\ref{dreieck:satz1} in einer besonders attraktiven +Integralform zu formulieren. + +Aus den Polynomen $H_n(t)$ lassen sich durch Normierung die +\index{orthogonale Polynome}% +\index{Polynome, orthogonale}% +orthonormierten Polynome +\[ +\tilde{H}_n(t) += +\frac{1}{\| H_n\|_w} H_n(t) +\qquad\text{mit}\quad +\|H_n\|_w^2 += +\int_{-\infty}^\infty H_n(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt +\] +bilden. +Da diese Polynome eine orthonormierte Basis des Vektorraums der Polynome +bilden, kann die gesuchte Zerlegung eines Polynoms $P(t)$ auch mit +Hilfe des Skalarproduktes gefunden werden: +\begin{align*} +P(t) +&= +\sum_{k=1}^n +\langle \tilde{H}_k, P\rangle_w +\tilde{H}_k(t) += +\sum_{k=1}^n +\biggl\langle \frac{H_k}{\|H_k\|_w}, P\biggr\rangle_w +\frac{H_k(t)}{\|H_k\|_w} += +\sum_{k=1}^n +\underbrace{ +\frac{ \langle H_k, P\rangle_w }{\|H_k\|_w^2} +}_{\displaystyle =a_k} +H_k(t). +\end{align*} +Die Darstellung von $P(t)$ als Linearkombination von Hermite-Polynomen +hat somit die Koeffizienten +\[ +a_k = \frac{\langle H_k,P\rangle_w}{\|H_k\|_w^2}. +\] +Aus dem Kriterium $a_0=0$ dafür, dass eine elementare Stammfunktion +von $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ existiert, wird daher die Bedingung, dass +$\langle H_0,P\rangle_w=0$ ist. +Da $H_0(t)=1$ ist, folgt als Bedingung +\[ +a_0 += +\langle H_0,P\rangle_w += +\int_{-\infty}^\infty P(t) e^{-t^2}\,dt += +0. +\] + +\begin{satz} +Ein Integrand der Form $P(t)e^{-t^2}$ mit einem Polynom $P(t)$ +hat genau dann eine elementare Stammfunktion, wenn +\[ +\int_{-\infty}^\infty P(t)e^{-t^2}\,dt = 0 +\] +ist. +\end{satz} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore b/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eae2913 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +standalone
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/.vscode/settings.json b/buch/papers/fm/.vscode/settings.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5125289 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/.vscode/settings.json @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +{ + "notebook.cellFocusIndicator": "border" +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex b/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc99b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/00_modulation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\subsection{Modulationsarten\label{fm:section:modulation}} + +Das sinusförmige Trägersignal hat die übliche Form: +\(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_c(t)+\varphi)\). +Wobei die konstanten Amplitude \(A_c\) und Phase \(\varphi\) vom Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) verändert wird. +Der Parameter \(\omega_c\), die Trägerkreisfrequenz bzw. die Trägerfrequenz \(f_c = \frac{\omega_c}{2\pi}\), +steht nicht für die modulation zur verfügung, statt dessen kann durch ihn die Frequenzachse frei gewählt werden. +\newblockpunct +Jedoch ist das für die Vielfalt der Modulationsarten keine Einschrenkung. +Ein Nachrichtensignal kann auch über die Momentanfrequenz (instantenous frequency) \(\omega_i\) eines trägers verändert werden. +Mathematisch wird dann daraus +\[ + \omega_i = \omega_c + \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt} +\] +mit der Ableitung der Phase\cite{fm:NAT}. +Mit diesen drei parameter ergeben sich auch drei modulationsarten, die Amplitudenmodulation welche \(A_c\) benutzt, +die Phasenmodulation \(\varphi\) und dann noch die Momentankreisfrequenz \(\omega_i\): +\newline +\newline +To do: Bilder jeder Modulationsart + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex b/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..921fcf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/01_AM.tex @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Amplitudenmodulation\label{fm:section:teil0}} +\rhead{AM} + +Das Ziel ist FM zu verstehen doch dazu wird zuerst AM erklärt welches einwenig einfacher zu verstehen ist und erst dann übertragen wir die Ideen in FM. +Nun zur Amplitudenmodulation verwenden wir das bevorzugte Trägersignal +\[ + x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_ct). +\] +Dies bringt den grossen Vorteil das, dass modulierend Signal sämtliche Anteile im Frequenzspektrum inanspruch nimmt +und das Trägersignal nur zwei komplexe Schwingungen besitzt. +Dies sieht man besonders in der Eulerischen Formel +\[ + x_c(t) = \frac{A_c}{2} \cdot e^{j\omega_ct}\;+\;\frac{A_c}{2} \cdot e^{-j\omega_ct}. +\] +Dabei ist die negative Frequenz der zweiten komplexen Schwingung zwingend erforderlich, damit in der Summe immer ein reelwertiges Trägersignal ergibt. +Nun wird der parameter \(A_c\) durch das Moduierende Signal \(m(t)\) ersetzt, wobei so \(m(t) \leqslant |1|\) normiert wurde. +\newline +\newline +TODO: +Hier beschrieib ich was AmplitudenModulation ist und mache dan den link zu Frequenzmodulation inkl Formel \[\cos( \cos x)\] +so wird beschrieben das daraus eigentlich \(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_i)\) wird und somit \(x_c(t) = A_c \cdot \cos(\omega_c + \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt})\). +Da \(\sin \) abgeleitet \(\cos \) ergibt, so wird aus dem \(m(t)\) ein \( \frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt}\) in der momentan frequenz. \[ \Rightarrow \cos( \cos x) \] + +\subsection{Frequenzspektrum}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex b/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fedfaaa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/02_FM.tex @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +% +% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{FM +\label{fm:section:teil1}} +\rhead{FM} +\subsection{Frequenzspektrum} +TODO +Hier Beschreiben ich FM und FM im Frequenzspektrum. +%Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +%accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa +%quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae +%dicta sunt explicabo. +%Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit +%aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione +%voluptatem sequi nesciunt +%\begin{equation} +%\int_a^b x^2\, dx +%= +%\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b +%= +%\frac{b^3-a^3}3. +%\label{fm:equation1} +%\end{equation} +%Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, +%consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora +%incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +% +%Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +%suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? +%Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit +%esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum +%fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? +% +%\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +%\label{fm:subsection:finibus}} +%At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui +%blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos +%dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non +%provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia +%animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. +% +%Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +%\ref{fm:section:loesung}. +%Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil +%impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis +%voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus +%\ref{fm:section:folgerung}. +%Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum +%necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et +%molestiae non recusandae. +%Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis +%voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus +%asperiores repellat. diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex b/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..760cdc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/03_bessel.tex @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +% +% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{FM und Besselfunktion +\label{fm:section:proof}} +\rhead{Herleitung} +Die momentane Trägerkreisfrequenz \(\omega_i\) wie schon in (ref) beschrieben ist, bringt die Vorigen Kapittel beschreiben. (Ableitung \(\frac{d \varphi(t)}{dt}\) mit sich). +Diese wiederum kann durch \(\beta\sin(\omega_mt)\) ausgedrückt werden, wobei es das Modulierende Signal \(m(t)\) ist. +Somit haben wir unser \(x_c\) welches +\[ +\cos(\omega_c t+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) +\] +ist. + +\subsection{Herleitung} +Das Ziel ist es unser moduliertes Signal mit der Besselfunktion so auszudrücken: +\begin{align} + x_c(t) + = + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + &= + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t) + \label{fm:eq:proof} +\end{align} +\subsubsection{Hilfsmittel} +Doch dazu brauchen wir die Hilfe der Additionsthoerme +\begin{align} + \cos(A + B) + &= + \cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B) + \label{fm:eq:addth1} + \\ + 2\cos (A)\cos (B) + &= + \cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B) + \label{fm:eq:addth2} + \\ + 2\sin(A)\sin(B) + &= + \cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B) + \label{fm:eq:addth3} +\end{align} +und die drei Besselfunktions indentitäten, +\begin{align} + \cos(\beta\sin\phi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \cos(2k\phi) + \label{fm:eq:besselid1} + \\ + \sin(\beta\sin\phi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k+1}(\beta) \cos((2k+1)\phi) + \label{fm:eq:besselid2} + \\ + J_{-n}(\beta) &= (-1)^n J_n(\beta) + \label{fm:eq:besselid3} +\end{align} +welche man im Kapitel (ref), ref, ref findet. + +\subsubsection{Anwenden des Additionstheorem} +Mit dem \eqref{fm:eq:addth1} wird aus dem modulierten Signal +\[ + x_c(t) + = + \cos(\omega_c t + \beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + = + \cos(\omega_c t)\cos(\beta\sin(\omega_m t))-\sin(\omega_c)\sin(\beta\sin(\omega_m t)). + \label{fm:eq:start} +\] +\subsubsection{Cos-Teil} +Zu beginn wird der Cos-Teil +\[ + \cos(\omega_c)\cos(\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) +\] +mit hilfe der Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid1} zum +\begin{align*} + \cos(\omega_c t) \cdot \bigg[\, J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \cos( 2k \omega_m t)\, \bigg] + &=\\ + J_0(\beta)\cos(\omega_c t) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) + \underbrace{2\cos(\omega_c t)\cos(2k\omega_m t)}_{\text{Additionstheorem}} +\end{align*} +wobei mit dem Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth2} \(A = \omega_c t\) und \(B = 2k\omega_m t \) zum +\[ + J_0(\beta)\cdot \cos(\omega_c t) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k}(\beta) \{ \cos((\omega_c - 2k \omega_m) t)+\cos((\omega_c + 2k \omega_m) t) \} +\] +wird. +Wenn dabei \(2k\) durch alle geraden Zahlen von \(-\infty \to \infty\) mit \(n\) substituiert erhält man den vereinfachten Term +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{gerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t), + \label{fm:eq:gerade} +\] +dabei gehen nun die Terme von \(-\infty \to \infty\), dabei bleibt n Ganzzahlig. + +\subsubsection{Sin-Teil} +Nun zum zweiten Teil des Term \eqref{fm:eq:start}, den Sin-Teil +\[ + \sin(\omega_c)\sin(\beta\sin(\omega_m t)). +\] +Dieser wird mit der \eqref{fm:eq:besselid2} Besselindentität zu +\begin{align*} + \sin(\omega_c t) \cdot \bigg[ J_0(\beta) + 2 \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{ 2k + 1}(\beta) \cos(( 2k + 1) \omega_m t) \bigg] + &=\\ + J_0(\beta) \cdot \sin(\omega_c t) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k+1}(\beta) \underbrace{2\sin(\omega_c t)\cos((2k+1)\omega_m t)}_{\text{Additionstheorem}}. +\end{align*} +Auch hier wird ein Additionstheorem \eqref{fm:eq:addth3} gebraucht, dabei ist \(A = \omega_c t\) und \(B = (2k+1)\omega_m t \), +somit wird daraus +\[ + J_0(\beta) \cdot \sin(\omega_c) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty J_{2k+1}(\beta) \{ \underbrace{\cos((\omega_c-(2k+1)\omega_m) t)}_{\text{neg.Teil}} - \cos((\omega_c+(2k+1)\omega_m) t) \} +\]dieser Term. +Wenn dabei \(2k +1\) durch alle ungeraden Zahlen von \(-\infty \to \infty\) mit \(n\) substituiert. +Zusätzlich dabei noch die letzte Besselindentität \eqref{fm:eq:besselid3} brauchen, ist bei allen ungeraden negativen \(n : J_{-n}(\beta) = -1\cdot J_n(\beta)\). +Somit wird neg.Teil zum Term \(-\cos((\omega_c+(2k+1)\omega_m) t)\) und die Summe vereinfacht sich zu +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{ungerade}} -1 \cdot J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t). + \label{fm:eq:ungerade} +\] +Substituiert man nun noch \(n \text{mit} -n \) so fällt das \(-1\) weg. + +\subsubsection{Summe Zusammenführen} +Beide Teile \eqref{fm:eq:gerade} Gerade +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{gerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\]und \eqref{fm:eq:ungerade} Ungerade +\[ + \sum_{n\, \text{ungerade}} J_{n}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c + n\omega_m) t) +\] +ergeben zusammen +\[ + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + = + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t). +\] +Somit ist \eqref{fm:eq:proof} bewiesen. +\newpage + +%---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsection{Bessel und Frequenzspektrum} +Um sich das ganze noch einwenig Bildlicher vorzustellenhier einmal die Besselfunktion \(J_{k}(\beta)\) in geplottet. +\begin{figure} + \centering +% \input{./PyPython animation/bessel.pgf} + \caption{Bessle Funktion \(J_{k}(\beta)\)} + \label{fig:bessel} +\end{figure} +TODO Grafik einfügen, +\newline +Nun einmal das Modulierte FM signal im Frequenzspektrum mit den einzelen Summen dargestellt + +TODO +Hier wird beschrieben wie die Bessel Funktion der FM im Frequenzspektrum hilft, wieso diese gebrauch wird und ihre Vorteile. +\begin{itemize} + \item Zuerest einmal die Herleitung von FM zu der Besselfunktion + \item Im Frequenzspektrum darstellen mit Farben, ersichtlich machen. + \item Parameter tuing der Trägerfrequenz, Modulierende frequenz und Beta. +\end{itemize} + + +%\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum +%\label{fm:subsection:bonorum}} + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex b/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d5eca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/04_fazit.tex @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Fazit +\label{fm:section:fazit}} +\rhead{Zusamenfassend} + +TODO Anwendungen erklären und Sinn des Ganzen. + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..496e35e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2801e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/FM_presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +%% !TeX root = .tex + +\documentclass[11pt,aspectratio=169]{beamer} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{lmodern} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetheme{Hannover} + +\begin{document} + \author{Joshua Bär} + \title{FM - Bessel} + \subtitle{} + \logo{} + \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} + \date{16.5.2022} + \subject{Mathematisches Seminar - Spezielle Funktionen} + %\setbeamercovered{transparent} + \setbeamercovered{invisible} + \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} + \begin{frame}[plain] + \maketitle + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Einführung} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Frequenzmodulation} + + \visible<1->{ + \begin{equation} \cos(\omega_c t+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + \end{equation}} + + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/fm_in_time.png}} + \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/fm_frequenz.png}} + \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale= 0.7]{images/bessel_frequenz.png}} + + + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Proof} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Bessel} + + \visible<1->{\begin{align} + \cos(\beta\sin\varphi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{m=1}^\infty J_{2m}(\beta) \cos(2m\varphi) + \\ + \sin(\beta\sin\varphi) + &= + J_0(\beta) + 2\sum_{m=1}^\infty J_{2m}(\beta) \cos(2m\varphi) + \\ + J_{-n}(\beta) &= (-1)^n J_n(\beta) + \end{align}} + \visible<2->{\begin{align} + \cos(A + B) + &= + \cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B) + \\ + 2\cos (A)\cos (B) + &= + \cos(A-B)+\cos(A+B) + \\ + 2\sin(A)\sin(B) + &= + \cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B) + \end{align}} +\end{frame} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Prof->Done} + \begin{align} + \cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt)) + &= + \sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t) + \end{align} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{frame} + \begin{figure} + \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale = 0.75]{images/fm_frequenz.png}} + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale = 0.75]{images/bessel_frequenz.png}} + \end{figure} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Input Parameter} + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Träger-Frequenz Parameter} + \onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt))\end{equation}} + \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/100HZ.png}} + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/200HZ.png}} + \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/300HZ.png}} + \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/400HZ.png}} + \end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Modulations-Frequenz Parameter} +\onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\cos(\omega_ct+\beta\sin(\omega_mt))\end{equation}} +\only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_3Hz.png}} +\only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_5Hz.png}} +\only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_7Hz.png}} +\only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_10Hz.png}} +\only<5>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_20Hz.png}} +\only<6>{\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{images/fm_30Hz.png}} +\end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Beta Parameter} + \onslide<1->{\begin{equation}\sum_{k= -\infty}^\infty J_{k}(\beta) \cos((\omega_c+k\omega_m)t)\end{equation}} + \only<1>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.001.png}} + \only<2>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.1.png}} + \only<3>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_0.5.png}} + \only<4>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_1.png}} + \only<5>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_2.png}} + \only<6>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/beta_3.png}} + \only<7>{\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{images/bessel.png}} +\end{frame} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\begin{frame} + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/beta_1.png} + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/bessel.png} +\end{frame} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65f390d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/FM presentation/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Dies ist die Presentation des FM - Bessel
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Dr Andreas Mueller # -images: - @echo "no images to be created in fm" +SOURCES := \ + 00_modulation.tex \ + 01_AM.tex \ + 02_FM.tex \ + 03_bessel.tex \ + 04_fazit.tex \ + main.tex +#TIKZFIGURES := \ + tikz/atoms-grid-still.tex \ + +#FIGURES := $(patsubst tikz/%.tex, figures/%.pdf, $(TIKZFIGURES)) + +all: images standalone + +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +#figures/%.pdf: tikz/%.tex +# mkdir -p figures +# pdflatex --output-directory=figures $< + +.PHONY: standalone +standalone: standalone.tex $(SOURCES) $(FIGURES) + mkdir -p standalone + cd ../..; \ + pdflatex \ + --halt-on-error \ + --shell-escape \ + --output-directory=papers/fm/standalone \ + papers/fm/standalone.tex; + cd standalone; \ + bibtex standalone; \ + makeindex standalone;
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc index 0f144b6..40f23b1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Makefile.inc @@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ dependencies-fm = \ papers/fm/packages.tex \ papers/fm/main.tex \ - papers/fm/references.bib \ - papers/fm/teil0.tex \ - papers/fm/teil1.tex \ - papers/fm/teil2.tex \ - papers/fm/teil3.tex + papers/fm/00_modulation.tex \ + papers/fm/01_AM.tex \ + papers/fm/02_FM.tex \ + papers/fm/03_bessel.tex \ + papers/fm/04_fazit.tex \ + papers/fm/references.bib diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f099a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,237 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "import numpy as np\n", + "from scipy import signal\n", + "from scipy.fft import fft, ifft, fftfreq\n", + "import scipy.special as sc\n", + "import scipy.fftpack\n", + "import matplotlib as mpl\n", + "# Use the pgf backend (must be set before pyplot imported)\n", + "#mpl.use('pgf')\n", + "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", + "from matplotlib.widgets import Slider\n", + "def fm(beta):\n", + " # Number of samplepoints\n", + " N = 600\n", + " # sample spacing\n", + " T = 1.0 / 1000.0\n", + " fc = 100.0\n", + " fm = 30.0\n", + " x = np.linspace(0.01, N*T, N)\n", + " #beta = 1.0\n", + " y_old = np.sin(fc * 2.0*np.pi*x+beta*np.sin(fm * 2.0*np.pi*x))\n", + " y = 0*x;\n", + " xf = fftfreq(N, 1 / 400)\n", + " for k in range (-4, 4):\n", + " y = sc.jv(k,beta)*np.sin((fc+k*fm) * 2.0*np.pi*x)\n", + " yf = fft(y)/(fc*np.pi)\n", + " plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf))\n", + " plt.xlim(-150, 150)\n", + " plt.show()\n", + " #yf_old = fft(y_old)\n", + " #plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf_old))\n", + " #plt.show()\n", + " \n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 114, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Number of samplepoints\n", + "N = 800\n", + "# sample spacing\n", + "T = 1.0 / 1000.0\n", + "x = np.linspace(0.01, N*T, N)\n", + "\n", + "y_old = np.sin(100* 2.0*np.pi*x+1*np.sin(15* 2.0*np.pi*x))\n", + "yf_old = fft(y_old)/(100*np.pi)\n", + "xf = fftfreq(N, 1 / 1000)\n", + "plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf_old))\n", + "#plt.xlim(-150, 150)\n", + "plt.show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 118, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "fm(1)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 29, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "0.7651976865579666\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "for n in range (-2,4):\n", + " x = np.linspace(-11,11,1000)\n", + " y = sc.jv(n,x)\n", + " plt.plot(x, y, '-',label='n='+str(n))\n", + "#plt.plot([1,1],[sc.jv(0,1),sc.jv(-1,1)],)\n", + "plt.xlim(-10,10)\n", + "plt.grid(True)\n", + "plt.ylabel('Bessel $J_n(\\\\beta)$')\n", + "plt.xlabel(' $ \\\\beta $ ')\n", + "plt.plot(x, y)\n", + "plt.legend()\n", + "plt.show()\n", + "#plt.savefig('bessel.pgf', format='pgf')\n", + "print(sc.jv(0,1))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 85, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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Dhw7gKJ+OSqXC1atXOX78OBMTE9tu2y0ouhu8KKJsN+8Xi0WGh4dJp9OUSiXm5+e5desWiUSiQ4AH7bZ142UhvL1CCLGpk6a7BjAMw04pUaFQeGop0W5c2vHx8YP6Gi8EnwrC01qzsrJCKpU6kP4/rTUzMzM8evSI4eHh50Z2s7OzzMzM8Oabb+7oSboVcXW3C73sN/XG3tVms0mxWOy0bnXH/w5SvfhVODe7wVaWdLuUaHp6Gq11jwzWxkTbbrK0fQvvBaPtwt65c4fz58+TSqX2tV4QBFy7dg3Lsrhw4QLz8/MHdKTr2HjDdTf+X7x4cceZ373etC+rK5xMJpmcnOy0btVqNYrFYsdq6e5c2E92/GXpcHhWv0G3zBX01gA+ePAAIUSPDJZSqu/SvuzYmJhoV67vB+VymWvXrnXcyUqlcqDN/sAm66u78X9qampXJPayEtdBoNttO3r0KFEUdW7aR48e9dy0uxVA+LRZeE/DVjWAa2trLC0tcffuXZrNJrOzswwPD28bS20PTXqV8UoS3lbtYfvpU21nRBcWFnj77bc7VuJBq5t0ryml7PTf7rV4eT9Z2heJvRCOYRgMDg4yODgIxDdtqVTakwDC85Zl2govknQ36gB+7WtfI5VKPbUGsG/hvQCEYbhlbZ1hGHsqdfB9n6tXr5JMJrl06VLP0+1ZEJ4QojPIx3Xdp/bfPm2tT6uF9zRYlrVpfm1b/qpdINsmwI1lGy+DhfcyHEMbQohOLzVsXQP4W7/1W3sqPP7Sl77EH/gDf+AWYAA/pbX+sSccw38A/FPgotb66/v7Rk/GK0N4T6utMwxj1+TUzmqdOnWqEzjvxrMgPK01H3744RMlpHaDzzLhbUQikeDQoUOdurV6vd6RzvI8ryf+9zKQzcsiHLAVNtYA1mo1vvSlL3Hjxg3+yB/5I7z33nt8//d/P1/4whe2XSeKIv78n//zAH8AmAU+EEL8otb6evd2Qogs8EPAV5/RV+rglSC8nbSH7UadWGvNgwcPWF5efmJRb3vNgyS85eVlKpUKb7zxxoGk919lwnuWhNMtgNAu26hUKhSLRWZmZgiCAMuyKBaLL0wA4WUmvG60Y6l/6S/9JX7lV36Ff/2v/zUPHjyg0Wg89bNf+9rXOHXqFPfu3bvfWuv/BP4gcH3Dpj8K/Djwlw76+DfipSa8J0mvb4WdurS+73PlyhUymcy2Rb3t/R0E4XU3/rczYweFrQjPdd2OTPduPve88Lz33S2AALF24erqamd4j2maHff3eQkgvCqE141ms0kmk+Gdd97Z0fZzc3McPny4+6VZ4Ju6XxBCvAsc1lr/KyHEZ5fwtpNe3wo7IadisciNGze27Evd65pPw8bG/08++eTAbngpZc9abct1fn4erTWO43QC/c+ykPdVg5SSdDrNsWPHgFgAoVgs9gggdMf/nsV5e1kIbzfX4kFL0gshJPA/Aj94YIs+BS8l4e2lPWw7C09rzf3791ldXeW9997b8RSvjYSyW2zV+H/QbnL7+MIw5MqVKyQSCd577z2EEJ1Afrv/slvI87OMjTE8x3F6BFC3EkBon7eDEkB4WQhvpxlrrfWu74XJyUlmZma6X5oC5rr+nQVeB36jdQzjwC8KIb7nWSUuXirC26tuHdCR2NkIz/O4fPkyhUKB999//7lcZNs1/u+XRLvRXqtWq3H58uVO/WD7YbGxkLdarbK6usrc3ByNRoN79+51hDyf9833sspDPUkAoVgsMjc31xFAaLdt7dXieRlKY9rHsZvvsJtjvnjxInfu3EEIcZyY6P448B+239dal4HhrrV/A/jPPxNZ2t1Ir2+FrbK0q6ur3Lx5k7Nnz3b025412o3/iURiyxjhXvtfn4R24fIbb7zRUXF5UstZLpcjl8tx/PhxvvrVr5LL5VheXubOnTvP1f190YmW3WRpu9u2jh8/3hFAaFvOexXufFm6PXbaVraX38w0Tf723/7bfPd3f/cvE5el/AOt9TUhxF8Dvq61/sVdL7pPvBSE17bq9qNw0p2lVUpx7969HnXg54GdNP4fVGZVKcXMzAz1ep3f83t+z65r+aSUPcWnG0cQtt24l0nH7qCwn7KUtgBCu2uhPby7XbS7UwGEKIpeKcLzPG9PMlRf+MIX0Fqf6X5Na/1Xt9pWa/1tu97BLvFCCW8/LuxGtGN4ruty+fJlBgcHe9SBnzV22vh/EDG8tpveDq4fxGCdjbVXbff36tWrPXMsCoXCS3Gj7gcHWYfXLYCgu2bXtuOmTxJAeFksvN0M8Nlvn/rLgBdGePuRXt8KhmFQr9f5xje+wfnz5zstSM8a3Y3/O9HL269Lu7a2xrVr1zhz5gyJRIKHDx/uea0nYaP7255jsbKywt27dzttXIODg6TT6V3/ds+y8Le6sMytf/NbrD1eRGjN8MljFA6PM/nu65gtwnlWZCPE5tm1G2Wb8vk8g4ODhGH4UhDeZ0ntGF4A4e2mtm6nUEoxPT1NtVrlW77lW56bC7aXxv+9Ji201szOzjI7O8s777xDKpWiWq0+l3jYxjkWbSvm4cOHL4X7uzb7mN/8H36Ku7/9NRqrJVQQIqQkdH2UEAggYZsUJsc4+v7rnPqP/ij5yWev69b94NgogLC0tNTJfA4ODpLL5V4IAX6WxD/hOROe1ppisdgZBH0QT/lms9nJwubz+QO/4doW2caLca+N/3shvLYVCfRYkS+q02Ir97dYLG5yf591F8PC1Vv80o/8D8xdu0nY9ImUwjIk9VqTfC5D1fMZyKbQSuNV6lTlEh//3C9z55d/i8MX3+D/8nf+BonC1kPTnwW6BRBSqRSe55FKpVhcXOT27dudpv29Ws57wWdpYhk8R8Jr19ZNT08zPj5+IImExcVF7t69y2uvvUYqleLq1asHcKS96FY3gfh73Lp1a8+N/7t1aZvNJp988gmHDh3aNPv2ZWgt67Zijh07duDu71bQWvOv/rO/xuV/+WsoPyRsNHHDiGw2TbNSJWcahCqikM9QKtcoDORAKRCCRNKhulrm8Vc/4R998x/kW37k/8WF/9sfOYAzsTsopTYJIGy0nNtzKwYHB3dcO7pb7Mal7RPeDrCVbt1+B7i0SafZbHLx4kVs2+50ZRw0upMMbWtydHR0z43/u7Hw2kO3L1y40GmL6sbLQHgbsdH9bRc/d7u/zWaTMAz3tP7K7fv8s//HF1m4N40EhCHxIkUCjed6GIkETc/HCUPMhM2QY7BaqmBIQUZHWNk0CJCGxK01+fW/9NdZ+q1/x7f+3R97rj21SqlNIqZbNe2XSiVu3ryJ7/s9AggHkahqH8dOXOm+S7sDbFVbt1cZpzYajQaXL1/epDay33WfhDbhLS8vc/v2bV577bV9dSrsxMLr7gzZrqxmP4T3vIhyo4pJtVrl5s2b3L17FyHErtzfy//4n/Pr/83fpFmpkXBsdKRw/YCBbBItJZW1KpZjY5oG1aaPY1s0hMFgxgQhKddd7FKVoaE81WIFhGBsOM+9X/5Nyt/8PXzHz/2vpA8/Hzn/pxUebzW3oh3/m5mZQWvdI4C6V7Le6UzaPuE9Be3ExMbaOsMw9vx0b8fNLly4QD7fG3s5yA6GbgghuH//PvV6/UBq+p5GeO0WsWQy+dTOkJfRwtsObfe3rWKSSCQ67u+9e/ewLOuJ7u/X/se/x1f/l3+M7/qg4u+8VqqSzKbwIkWz2iRnG+BYrFUaDA/nWFmpUMglUVrjiIhCIU3kB6yuVhgaymE2G5SLFVIJk2a1zq/+4f87/97f+W8ZvPjuMz8Xu+1wkFJukm0vlUqbBBAGBwd3Nbi779IeANpuLGzOwu7FpY2iqGPW70cwc7fwfZ9yuYzjOAdW07edjNXGFrGn4VUjvI3Yifs7ODjIrf/5Z7jyT/4lbsNFRwqZsCmXa6RyKbTn0Yw06UyKRtNFNppMDCSYXakwMpyltlYnUprceAHVaLDmBmRSFpHrksylaSxXSJiSUEVUllb5nT/7w3zTj/8Io9/5+57pd99va5lpmj2F420BhJmZGarVKul0uhP/265geDdZ2qmpqT0f78uCZ0J420muG4aB7/s7Xqtd+jE5ObkpaP8s0a6dymQyB7rf9qzbjWhbr90tYk/DkwjvZejR3A5PqsPbyv397R/5cR596TeRYUQqYcdhkqbH5MQA5apLNYJsJkG93sA0JMlkgqVig2MjKeaLNbSGQ6M5VpbKmJbB2IBDvRHihYowiJgYS1NZdaEZMjScRTUaXP6Rv8HbQjL8Hd/2TM/BQZahbCWAUCwWO8rauVyuYyF2u7A7tTT7Wdo9YjextsePH/Pw4cM9z3zYC7TWPHz4kKWlJd59910ePHhwoL2vG0lKKcXt27dpNBq7tl5fdQtvOwghuPm3/jdWfvMrmIZBqBRBGFKrNkmnHRqlKqZhMDk1yPxcEcs0sA1Jpdxg6ugwSzOrHJrII4Vmcb4KwNhoFq8ZIGSEk7RJGbCy3GRwIIFh2wQ1l0TSoLZa5vaP/09YAzny7z8b9/ZZqqV0CyAcPnx4kwBCu3RoYGBgxwXQbYv7VcczI7wnWRmmaT41hhdFETdu3CCKIi5durSvkXy7wVaN/wfd7N8da2y3iA0ODvLOO+/s2jL7NBPezb//f3D7//xFfC8gROOFiqYfUBjO0aw2iDQkpaKyUOLQRI7SWpNazePI0SEWZlaRUmBbJkEY/3ZHjg6yPFsCYOzYCM3lMs1GfB1amTSUqwRBRCVUjI+maTya59Zf/mtc+Hs/Sfr4sQP/fs9THmqjAEK7dKhYLLKyskKj0WB4eLgjgLrVcX0aJpbBS2jh1Wo1rly5wuHDh5mcnHxubUvtxv8TJ070yK/vRjp+J2gTaLtFbD9KLvshvJfZ7Z39pV/jo7/903hhBAKiMMDzPAqDWWo1F6RB0jFo1lwSaYeg6jKSd4jyDgszRUxTMjScZXmuRCJhcvzkKAsPlwEYnhyk9rjI4NQwyw+XOXRqnPKDRXIjOfBqDA4ncRsBCcfEXSly74f/Mq/9w5/CPOCb/UXq4XXHThuNBidOnKBer/cIILT1/9oCCJ+WLO1zP+NPIrx269Tly5d5/fXXdz2jtb32Xqyx2dlZrl27xptvvrlp1oRhGAdqRQkhWFtb4+bNm7zzzjv7kq16VS287R5Kq1eu88H/+ycwogArCpFhSFIYHD40iIhCJGCbAq/hYyctJNCo+yQSCSzLxk6YDA5lKS1VMC2D/FCW0ItjpuPHRqnNl4hCTWmuyJGz41QeLiGEoFFuMHFqHK/UJGj6yIyDaVt4K2Xu/vB/ceDn+WURAI2iiGQyyfj4OOfPn+fixYucOnUKgPv37/PVr36VP/2n/zQrKyu4rrurtb/0pS9x9uxZhBB3hRBf3Pi+EOI/E0JcF0JcFkL8qhDi6MF8qyfjmZ3x3bi07VKMUqnEpUuX9hwr2K01FkURV65coVgscunSpS2fYAepUBxFEY8ePcLzPC5evLhv9YntCG8nN+jebmIR/2mVGj3pD13/R7Q+04J8QpDcrzf48D//UZTrEoSKSCvMhEUyl2JtuYwjDcaG0gRBhGVLDA2Nqsuhw4Msz6yimh7jEwOsLVdIZBIMD2Uoz69RXihz+u2jlB4tAwIrYTE0miesxINonJTF8HCWyvQyTj6FlXIwIrBTFn6phvfoIY//57+5h3P1ZLwshLfxONoCCFNTU7zxxhtcunSJH/zBH6RUKvHDP/zDvP/++/zUT/3UU9dtTyz7pV/6JYDXgO8XQry2YbOPgPe11m8Sj2j87w7siz0BL9ylbbuSR48eZXJy8kDX3g7t7O/TXOeDcmnbBdPtOQkHUdW/1TGHYdhR5hgaGtokS/SElVp8JNoLb7+fHWQYtVKIJ2zzxhtvtpZpE65Ga/joP/nL1FeLhGiwTWzbIFKa0kKJ7HAWv+GhqhFHjg6zML9Gs+oydXKcpQeLZAYyGAJkEJEbSmNrWFuqIA3J1IlRVm/NkxlII6QgaUrqi2sAjJwZR69UcVcqACQGshjVGlG5QcM1yUwN4ZdrlH79t0i/9z6Fb/6Wp5zLneFlIbynZYullHz+85/HNE1+6Zd+CSklq6urT123PbHsxIkTaK39rSaWaa1/vesjXwH+5N6/yc7wwghPa83MzAxzc3NP1ZDbKXZqje2m8f8gLLx2l8aFCxeAeJrTs0Cj0eCTTz5hcnKSVCrVKa0xDIPR0THyhQKJZAIhJG+/+x7S3JwR3lkMNCaqrc6Lbv1HoxFPOG+u6+LYNqKVFALBzR//n1i6fpsgilCAkOA1POqVJoWRHPVyA9s2UWGEu1xhcDgHQxmWHiySH0yjg5B6zaMwkuXQWI6HNxewHJPRiQLL95cAmDw9RHlmhWalCcDQ0VHkWp2w9UBLD6VRxTKp0QKNiouZcjBESKQ0Qc1l+R/8XdIXXsfK7V9w4GUhvJ3Cdd3Og3onnslOJpZtwJ8Gfml/R/l0PPcsbZtAPvnkEyzL2pGG3E7xNAtvL43/+7Hw2i1ixWKx06VRqVQOfLg3rPfdvv7GG6RSKZTS5AoFjh4/0fktum+yJ7UTxZJFbUqL/x7/bf3/Ao1Q0SZLsHehJ18DdiKJbu1LClj5rd9l5he/RNIU2IZFGAa4QlJu+AxNDbO2UCKVTRI0fZyEQ6NcZ2JigMePSwyMFQhqLl7DY/jICN5qhVLNZfjoKEakKM4UARg7fYjq/QVyh4ZYqS8xfvYQzYeLhEozfGaC0FeolTKh69NYLpMYzSOIqC9WSU/ksZI2hBELP/HfcPi//u939dtshVeN8OBgpNy2ghDiTwLvA7/3meygC8/9jJfLZer1OmNjY1y4cOFAG7a3I7xms8kHH3xAIpHg7bff3nG9214tvCAI+OijjwjDkPfee6/jVh5koqE9inFpZYUgirj4TZ8jlc6AkEjDQAjZQzrdf48iRbPZpFyuUKnVaLheXIyrNaGGSEOkBYr4j2796Y7hbToepTt/lNYopbb8U61WW5L+Crdc4e6P/ySmDol8n7Dp4tdcLNfn+OkJio9XyQ5m8BseyUyCRrnO+JFhVu4uMDU1iFdu4DU8Dp2dxF0qEbo+6YEsY8NZKvMx2U29dYLagwVUqEDB2GuHadyb77SoCSGxfR/lxgXxZjpJZiSFasb/VoZFFPi4KxW8hQUW/vn/d99hjmcpgnrQeEYTywAQQnw78F8C36O13jyF64Dx3Fza9iSvhYUFUqnUjlqndosnZWn30/i/F8KrVqtcuXJlU4nLXtfrhtYaDTGhaM0bb8dDkbe7ddoXbKQ0WoiWdQXSTpCwe2WHatUqmWxu0+d7968RrT12W350HYkB6Cfc0Ml0pvUZxZ0f+a/xS2txkiJUhJHCySQxbIvKvXlOn5vkwZ15sgNZqstlxo+PsfpgkcGjI9RmVhk/NgKGweqdObTSDB8bJSjWWLr6iJHjYySzaYrXHiIAaRpkChkkCrd1bONvnqB67QEDpw7RWCqTOz4BlSq12TWsTAJpSozIJzE+iLuwgmFZuP/mX3A5MwhDo3vqX22fxxdNeLslsb1MLHvw4AEnTpyw2TCxrLXeO8D/Avz7WuulXR3MHvFcXNrugt5Lly7xla985Znsc6P7qbXm7t27+xrms1uCmp+f58GDB0+MS+7FwlNKoRGoFtl1rbb1B7QmarmmkQbVsspk12e2una11iSSSVzXxQ8ClNaYlo1pWcQzk+mss93Fr7VGi/g4Wq+s/1fHCaNEMsnqP/lZKldvEmhQaLAMEimLyAuozJUZODpK7dESh89MMnN9hvHjo6w+WGT4xDj1uVWiIGQ8n+HeJ/fQSjN+dpLao2WiIMS0TcbGB3j4wW0AnFyawnCOys2HJEcKGI7F6JkjVK8/iEuF7s0z8u5pmvdnIYyvoeTkYXSzQlht0JhbIX14GL9YIjU5yuErv036z/0Ia2tlpqenOxLobQJ8XoOj9oOdutV7Ief2xLLv+q7vArjB1hPL/nsgA/xsa/1prfX37PJr7O64nuXisD6D4dSpU4yNjQFPVhHeL7otvI3zaPf6NN0p4XXHB7frDtnpelprlKaL5LYnSaU0CghVe8stXM6uV4MwRLZKRuL9gEYgMRCWiWM9+YYNohDLMDuLxjYfndifRoDULRd487Ek0hmaj+d5/I9/ljAKY4vRMjClxKs08WtNBo+PU3m0SH5yCHe5xOSpMZbuLjJy+hDVR0uoMGLy9aOsXrnP4deOEiFYvf4ItCY5kCU/kGHlozsMnzmC13Cxw5D69AIAoRtw+L1zrHztWueYRt49h6GjDtk5IwNEtSpmOgHVBsIysXIZVK2Kt7yGlRBEX/5ZJr7nBzr9q7VajWKx2MmSH8T82meJnU5Oazabeyqh+sIXvsAXvvAFgJPt17onlmmtv33Xi+4Tz4zwtNY8ePCApaWlzgyGNtqxtoMmvLaF185OnjlzpqMmsZ81n0ZQnufxySefMDw8/FRh0KfVzmmIXc+nHJfWChBUag3sxLoaxtb7bmdVNQrdIjeDSLOJR7tJUWvd8/eo5RaHQQCJ7ktnq3geIDdkPFrE6Loei//dj2ObYCZNImFQaXjUVyoIKSkcHWXt3jyDx8cpP1xg+NQhlGXB2UnK9xfQkWLywlGKN6YByOWz3P/gBmhN/vAYVuBTa5FbYWSA5St38BpxZjZzeBwnivBmFkHGtYIj75yjcfMuAOnjU/FMDOURrFVwho8irSrJsQHqD2ZIjg5iJCyEYdD48Gsk3voc5tGzPfp17fkV3fNrN8o3vQzYjTTUp2FiGTxDwgvDEKXUlsOo24R30DJPUkqWlpbwfZ933313T3M0t1pzO8Jrk+tOW8S2Wq8dX9uWVrWm6bqEYYSVSHWsvm6yk6KbW2I2i5QmaFlvwBPdUa1jxzfScRZWQ+t4uq00gZDgOOtxv0hFBJ5HGIYYhhm7v4aBkCImvR7Ea639/M/iz82gwxAihfADMlqhBjJI02Dt3jxDJw+xdu8xI2enKN+ZY+DcEYLVCmjNodePUbzxCCEFE2+epvj160y9eQa34eLPLeI24o6AifcuUP3oOpmpCcr3Zxh4/SxMzxI2XUJg6P23EL7bITsAe2gAd/oRUauroP5wlqF3z9G4/yD+BpaFYYK/skby8ATur/wsqT/1w0irN+u9cX5tW76p7f56nsf8/PwLdX93qpTyaWkrg2dIeLZtc/LkyS3fexbqxEEQMDs7i2EYW5LsXvGkREi7jvDx48e7ItduC6+deFB6+6RDGEXUGk2cRArT3Ma5bbmXftRNnr0ry3gzwjBonSNBpCHsWtQSbAryxdZefKDt440tRYnhJDG67lkN1Gs1nFQKCUghaRuT7uwsjV/+N6hQo8MI5YeoSGGnEwxaBjPX5hg6M8na7TlGzk1Rvj3H4Lkj1O7MMn7uKM0JRenGQwzbZOT0EUpX7gCQTtqUrt1FhxHCkEy89waVD68AkBoo4HzTMO6Hlztnwzk0hmUKatfvd4479+4bNO7dJTF1CPfRDNKxyZw6guqS8zIyKaSpUI06IPAXl7B/++exf9/3bfMLbpZv+spXvoLv+y/U/d2NFt6nQTgAnnEM70nu204UU3aDdrdGeyj1QbrKW6mlRFHEtWvXkFJy8eLFXSvXJlMpgkj1ENems6QhiFSLiAROYmuXolatksxk8SONKWMLbWtoJMRlJ0qgMHiSSSlE22WO0SbE9tISMLtOcdv1bVuYSoOdTKKQ8S66jqn4d3+SqN6AMEJrgXQsrIRNWHcJS1UOvXuShQ/vMnr+MGu3ZjtkZ9gmjpCszM5jZ9MUxgYo34ytrrH3X6fyjesMv3aG0v1phk8c7pCdtG2shEU0/bhDdvL4YWSzSv3addKvnaV+/RaFS2/TuHEt1nJMpjDSKVLHDuE/nsUHEocncQZyBI8fIcfH0FKiAw8jnyOYeYA5cxN5+NyTTv4mmKbJ0aNHd+T+Pqtsbp/wnhMOysLTWjM3N8fMzAxvvfUWjUaDUql0AEe4jo0uaLubYWpqamMl+VOPtW3NnXvtwpZWWjtR4T+BtQzRcjlFnJzwI42RzHS2j1oJi/b9IVuuaag0fusr2LJTftYD0SItBQQhhNvWFOuOpai6ybBr3aQhCVV8zKAJwojqv/g5/Adz6AgQEtMxQGv8YqxXlzoyiltcY+S1o6zdnGbo/FGqt2cwUwnSY0NUbz7k0Lvnqc4sUn0whzRNRt44S+WjuFspkUxQGB6gdj3OzNpDg6TGBmlevU7m7TfxFpYZ+KZ3qF+/1uF6ISH/7us0b17vEIu/tETmtVN4d293vo81No7/IN7GW1gk9/YbqMVpQsvCTCeIPvlN5KFTYDz9ltqYsHua+/ussr87TRy+rEO4hRB/GPivNrz8JvDdWustuzZeWcJrW1lCiE63hud5B+4qd7u03S1iW00RexK01oRq+1yr19Jt24qMIHYhA6Xxtvl6GjBFXOLhhqpVjtKL9vpRGGHIuOg2VL0ubWLDQ1+0OiJi8uy19p60XaREq3g5Pnp/tUj0u7+GnTXxlEI3faJQEZRrmJkkdi5J/cE8+fPHqJSaDL12nOqtR1jZNMlClsbDxySnRpFuk8b8MlY2Q35yjMrlGwBkL5wheDyLMOJYWvr0CUSjivcoTmx40zMMfO4dGteudc6KPTqCJEC76/WuiSOHkcLHsNZvjfTrFwjuXcOeOES4tIA9OQXNRvyAajYRziHCxQWMD38ZefG7n/wDtX+DpxDNRvf3WWV/X/Uh3Frrnwd+vv1vIcSfBf4E8MtP+swLcWn3S3jdjf/dOvt7lYfaDlJKwjDk7t27lEqlzljInaBtsUXb1N3F3Q3x340N/CRoxb1CRaTX42/dLo7WGlPGpSWNQOGYAl9151rXYYj1BEmgBaHa2ozTWmG0CpQ3kmH3sdFl6QWq153OmK1ja+0i+id/DxmFCNOAvE2j2iSoNHCG8gjLoDG7Qu7cUWp3Z8icPcbi717HHszjJByas4tkTh0mWCvTWC0y9s1v480uUr8Tu7QD3/Q2jes30VFE5u03SYyP4t65A62wiT06gj2QxnDWSSZ97jRUi4QL86QvXMCbfUz6wnmi5TlU4NNo1DFyOZLHjhBO34ld3VQGozCAiUe4UsI+cgwzmSAqr2GkHMTKHBQfw+D2k892U5K12+zvbtzfV53wuiGEOAP8VeD3aL05XdbGC7Hw9hPD267x/6DFOiG+KKrVKoVCgffee2/HF6rqsuo2olqtYifTm4gkUjpWGUGjpYG7YQNFHDtTukVeQLnpIc11At64R6NVAOxFmmbHrRWbSLPtevqRRiuB3uprtiy4uG1MEmwsaWmtI4jd61ALQg3hV3+DaPoRWim0ihBhSHKsgJlKEnk+/lKJ7OnD1O/NkjlzlPrdR+TPHScsVnAXVsi9form9Bw6CEidPIqdSlB5vAhSMvS5t6l+fKX1ZQ3sjE3tyjVoCwKcP0NUXMKfnSNxLL7c5blTREuziNaDqHHnDrmL7+DdWXdrCUMyr7+Gd/2jzmvB/BzpU8dQC7HVqIIQrSoQesjRcVS5iHnnq+hLf2jbPuP9DPA5SPf30xLDE0JYwP8B/EWt9fR2274yLu1OGv8POvvbbhGzLIuzZ8/u6DNt9/VJNp0faWRiM9lprWnUa9hOkpCtA22twhCCSFNvvd9NdhCTpilAaYUbbp3EkAKCKOqUqPiRptm1nWPErWNa69Y2mjACN1r/Xrn2vdQiOa3BizReawPTiV8UfgP1q7+AjlRcmKzBsC2sZAJ3uUpYb5A+NkH9/izZs8eo331EcmIEmc2zcvsRhfcuULt5B5Qi/foZvIfTBEtL2GMjpCZHOmRnFfKkjo1Tv3yZ3JvnqHx0jfzFt2lcX3dh/YVFBn/vJZqXL6+fi0SC9NmTGAkDv0VCwrLInD9DOH0XYVoQhch0hsTEMNK2O/E/I5VCphLo5Tm0NNCGia7XkA8/Rh1/5wlXwMEKB+zH/d1qGPhWqNfr+xKqfQ74UeCa1vr/97QNXxjh7WZyWbPZ5PLly4yOjm5b2HuQYp3tAUJvvvkml7tukO3Qtuq2OrpIadxo6/e8ZpNAC6QT67VtJDuj9VIj0NgGLZeVTdtIAXVf0ZIq2bSNII7xRVFEM9AtvbretdpuuKkVfqQJtjidhtCxdaQ07obni0BjyVYcD+DnfxpdqbWsQwEJB4EmXIsVSSI/Q+Ph45js7k2TmBpHuw2i8iqFb3qT2uU4IVG4+Da1K1fjfYwMYQ4UaFy+BUDy5FFk5OK2auUM2yD/zgWaXWTnTB7CSplYpqDZes0eH8dMWfgP7mKNjMafzeVITgwTztyLP3f6LMHCYxKjg+jSMn6lhJHKYE8dgaUZFGNgWoh6ET0c94eL4iyMnYLU1kK2Bz2xrI2duL8DAwMMDQ2RyWQ+FRaeEOLbgP8A2NG0pWcew9typ7twaXfT+H8QFt5OW8Q2fW6bxEQzUB2rQANuo0EilUJoTaXpYlhOR7YmaFmHgth9DSKodvmOfsvKEi3X0W3UsBMpKl0mY8oUPe6mJSDUioqnUBqylugR54zjgPH/66GiFkDS7FVaMUTszvqRphpobCk7mV+hNaYRu7GNUNMEbBP0/WtEN66io1hBBSkhjAirVcxUCiOZpPjhnXXL7sghomoZ1XTJvvEalYdLICX5997okF3bRbUTJkUg9dZ5oumHqNbvbk6MQ7NGsLzWOfbsW68TzE8TrvioZh1tGGTOniZamidaibP6wfIS6bfegtIi0dLj9ZMXBDhDBfTaSvzvKMQ6chI9fy8uWVpdxD7/FmJtBrU8h546DpUixqOPiM5/69bXynOShnqa+9ueH53NZkkkEk9c52WdWCaEGAD+N+A/1FpXd/KZl9albTf+l8vlHScK9kt4ruty+fJlRkZGntoi1n2cUcsq2vAGvooJbCM8z0VYNhESY0PPqiYmqEaoaWweX4smzqJGGqp+hDKThBv8YyHAbGnZVf1ok5UWqNhNlcSxpHqkCDfsK66za5FcqKlu8I0FGlvGSY1mpONSk9b5cAxQkcL5t79ImLFpVl2E1ijPQ/s+Zj4XJ4PWVsieP0n95j2Sxw8TFVfixMOFczRu3iJx9BRWNkP9Stzzmr/4Fs1bN0EpvNkZBr/1IvWPP+kcU/LCecLZR4SVEH3oMDSaZN44h//gzromoOsiL5wheHCv5/dNnT+PlZC41bXOa/bkFDKsY+YLhNVYaso+cgJdml93dQdHkVFr1oNhIBwLXSkjfA9ZmkENbC5delFaeBvd32vXrqGU4saNG4RhSD6f7wzv6bb8XmIL788Bo8Df2XCv/o0nubcvJeF1N/6/9957Ow7w7kdrrt0idu7cuc4T8WnQWm9JaBDHuzbGz9rdCXEMT2zyOk0JNV+hDEG4hStpG9AIIhpabEpoQOzS2lLgBorqVr4oYLWIrNb0wTTZaI8KNJYQhJGiueEnisksVm3xol531mxZgLVA0Qwh+/V/g6yUsC2Jn3QI1qoIrbCGBsH3iCoVEpOT1FcapE8dxV9cREhB6sQxmrfvYA4UcApJVj6+ijAM8u+9TuN67N6agwUSY0PQCuMK2yZ74Szu7VsdFzaTTeEdmyB8eLdz/ciBARLDeTzld1x+YZqkL5wneHQbZZqIdAZdr5E4fRbKCxCFiNFY9MI6ehKqy6A15pFTREtzWCkLVudhdAIjnYXSPDo7jHSryNXHqMwYbGg7exnEP4UQSCmZnJzsuLflcplisciDBw867m+pVNpTHd6XvvQlfuiHfogoirh3794XtdY/tmH/DvCPgPeAVeD7tNYPd7MPrfXfAP7Gbj7zQlxawzCe6NLutjd1J/vbDlprpqenmZ+f31WLmO6K13VThtKaZouMut+TQD2IuysM08IU6+UephQ0AkW95YeGG8pKLANqXki5lRFImr03SztmVnLDOIOLQsr1J7QAEqagGSqKbkyESdErDOBIQaAUZS8+xpGU0TkGsxUfrPmaeotIk6aB0BrLEPiRotI6dq016eYa1vWvdB4+ZsZBNVxkOk1UqyIDH2dyAm9mhuTRk5S/cRWZTOKMDOI+eIg1eQgZ+Xi3b5A6dQwzaXfILnnqBLpexpueJnHiJPbYGFYmgXv7Vuf7pi+8Rrg4gyks2leZc+Y0enWRaHEeQwiidBpp2ySH852yE6II58QRpGmgHq9bgMHMQ+xT52F1Lm6vA6JyEWvyMKLSknHTEiOsIZRC2wlE6KFCH6s0TTBysiem+jIQ3sbjMAyjk92Fdff3J37iJ/ja177GX/krf4U//If/MN/1Xd/11Nkz7QE+X/7yl5mamsJxnO8XQvyi1vp612Z/GihprU8JIf448OPA9v15B4AXctZN09xk4bXVVW7fvs277777XLJC7all1WqVS5cu7ZrsNL1kF0TrZAcxSQhiAqsFva1kQrRidEpT9qIeSzFQ8XuWhEYQstIIcLvMRTeMS1cSpqDeaLDSDFlthutFxci4CDgK8Bs1Kq7PUiOk6ndZfSpEaoUpNM1AsdwMWfPWj1EpjSMBrVnzIopu1EmWOIYgVIpmpFjzIhph3GebMuPvnPudfwa+H+dOEJgpB5lJE62VkSrCGh3Fm5klcfwourqKkc9h5dJ4s3MkTp+CRoWovIZ96BDpo+O4D+JkRPbdNwkX54gq8cAdI+lgWhAszMfnO5Eg+9YFwpm74HskjxyOrb+33kDPP0IEcYGx0JrE2TOYVkS0srD+mySSWJkkev5+z8PTOXkGM53okB2ANTKKaa/bCzKZBDu+foQ00FYiloxx6xjN3u6fl4XwtktatN3fn/mZn+HcuXP8xb/4FymVSu0pZNuie4BPKxTVHuDTjT8I/HTr7/8U+P3iOSiivhQubbdA6EE2/m+HdovYxuLlJ6EtgtiO2eneN7d0YZWOXdSNP2Po+yjTpBFuTqa2M6luqKgHm91+Q8QWoRdq1rwAjA2xTa1JWZIwVJQjCeYGEtcKGXrUfB+V2FzaYxsCA2iGCq/bXdeatBW70iU3ImlYKB2TsiWh4mtcT5O5/zHJxRloTS0ThoGpNVGpjLQkVqGA//gxiZPHCWYeYY6MYOUl/uwcqTdex79/G5QidfYswcIsMpdFODbZ187QvBV3VQjLInPhPN6dmyQOn6BWKuEcnsIwFP6DO+vnUmiSU2P4D253CEzYNurQBImohhusVwqI0TEsM0JN30YNDCNLKyAlidPn0EszqEy+s61z6hyy9LiTlZWjkxi1JRieREuJDBqozGBsTYQeZn2VyEpDK177KhBeN+r1OpcuXeLbvu3bdrTuDgf4TAIzAFrrUAhRBoaAlR3tZI94YS5tm/Dajf9byaE/K7Qzv6+//jr5fP6p23fHBrdKUHhPILtGoJAq7OmvNARUlUSEsZvpdX3QloK1ZoivYtLqRpvoluoBkYbB5IafLgqxJKwFUHRDhjb0h1kyXn+1ofCVia0D2ltopUgYEGhBsRW4KzgGiHVCK3ua5Vblclsy3jEEFX/9tbRUjH3yK3HxtI6lpHQYQrOBPTKAhpjsThwnmH6ANTkJ9QpGrkD67TfxbsUeT+atN3Fbf9deg9SRQzRbLqs9NoqVSeLduRmfF9sk89Yb+I/uEqn1B0Tq9deJ5h8Qh4pa53fiEKYj0OVFIsAcGiFcXSZ1/gJ6eRrhxd/FzOaJGjX04CB6KZ7LoGtljIkjmOkUshRncfXKPHJ0CosgvtZX52HqJNKrosvLMHIYUVuFZAbTqxIaFrRKp14WwtvJcXie90ooOO8EL8TCa9fLzczMMDs7y1tvvXWgWaAnSVJrrbl3796uW8Taxyuk3ER27ZKTdrxOAF6oO+6f53k4KRNDxK/XIr1pXqstBVUvZK3LHW4ECkuClLGk+lIj6Nl3u/eW0MdzPRpGosfq9CMFSFJm7H6uNHpjptqwMFBYUrAWKOrhesRR67jjw7EM1rxofW6F1mRtiRtqGqEi0KJl+UlqgWLw5q9jhm5cXSw0OogQgY/IZDASNu6NWyROniB4dB/72HHU6gIoRWJqhOrvfgVhW6ROn+qQXfLMGVRxATOVw6cVm5ufIVhYA+KaOStj4X50DdHqJjIKAyTGhwlnYkvPOX6CsLRG+vXXiebvo911t96eGMcZHUIvPeypjzRViD02iq6uu6JaCGpCMljqKlmxbMyBgbjuDsA04+ytBxgGmDZEHugIw6+hrCTKSe+r0+KgsRPCayc4doodDvCZAw4Ds0IIE8gTJy+eKV7IYyaKIlzXZW1tjUuXLh0o2T2p+DgIAj788EOUUrz//vs7JrvuNWNxzHXEDfoxDLGemOguDLaTaSRQ9lRPHA7iYuQoUizVg57YH6zH8JbrAQv1YBPRCsD3XIqBoL6B7AStvtsoZKHmbyK7tCUJw4Cyp1hxFaFudcZqTUoqdOjzuOZRapOd1mQsgRSw1Aip+IpQKdJmnLFdboao0hJjqw+RhhkTnlKIKELkcgjLQkpwTh6Pye7UadTSHMK0sCanoLyEMTBI4tA43r07ICSZt94gevwA7TZxhgtk336T4OFdtBfH4ZJnTmOnTYIHd0gcO9x67SyWownnp7vOhSZ97hRq7m7PnFz78DFMU3UsuM7rJ88hvSpGrrC+RiJF8thxBv0SuiXTpaRBlB+A4hzaiEMDYmQKWV2O/50bQTbW0E4aI2jG/cmhi1DRS2Ph7QR7mVjWPcCn1WDwx4Ff3LDZLwI/0Pr7HwV+TR/UOL9t8Nxd2nbjv2EYvPHGGwe+z7a73B2baLeInTx5sjNXY7draiF6sq5eq6G/DaXjkoxuYorLUDa7wHFTvWK5rkjbvRd+O6O6WPfJ2samIua0JfHCiMdVjyRhbEm0IAXkbIPlus+MqxhK9P68OVvSDBWPaz5gMWiBr2NSyFiSiq9YchUQu7OO1BCFVAPNUmi0jl2Rtw0CBcvNsHVMgnMPfxMdBGAYcbJGgcjlETqCSglzeArv5k2cs+eIHt1FDgwjbQO1MIs8dAQrWSdYmMfIZklMjuHfi11Wa3QMK+1Qb3dZ2DaZ82fwH3RJNw0OYKTTBNN3e665xJnzUF4k8roI37KIxg9BdQlVExjDY0Qri4hEEmfqCHplrvU7xOQoB4axUzaiEoeWjIFR1PIciYlDyMYaaGgkC2itKDRLCCGIEhkMIVo90a3fIIqQoYcRxYT9qhBeG7uxSLsH+LRCV/9kiwE+fx/434UQd4EiMSk+czxXl7a78f/q1avPZB8bFVO6W8T2qviQzeUQXWUeodI9vbBxyYaCKAAZP+0NEQf+QxW7rG1YUrBabRDJzQmDpCkoNQOKbrx4LYg6AncpSxJEivnqupRROpVizYswBGRtg8Wax1pzvYLYNAQi0uQcSdmLmKn2tvOZRDi2xWozouqvx79MARlLEmmohBJaKitZM84oLzQ0KUJySRtDSpL3L5OoFWP32zJRQiJyabQfIOoVxMRhxMoK9tnzRI/uYExMQaOCLtUxTp5DLDzCyGQxshmEXyeYfRSfj3OvEc4/IpipIkwTe3wsllfvIjvn+CnMhKR2d72MxMgXYpd0KV7HnjyBe/sG1sQU0tRQW+lki4zCYCzbLhR6Zd1djRbmsI6exGiWEG6t87quV7DGJ5GNdXc3ZZuYho7JHWg06mRlXMsTKIUh7FhUVYAMmhSy6fWQxEuOvVqjXQN8AP46sHGAjwv8sYM4xt3guRDeVo3/z2pyWVsxRSnFzZs38X1/Vy1iWx37+KH1uqN2k3zb2uuQHTERShmTWqUr9uWrVn+phqW63yFFaEk6SUEjUjyu9WZlQwUDCYNmoFjoIro2/Ehhhk3KkUmp2dsqIUV8sH6kmK70urSOIRCBS8O3qHldBNkiuqVGwJobcnIwidaagmNQ9SOWXA1IbAlJ06IeCUTT5a3HH8WxESljlzaVQnseslmDiSmYn8U8fBz36x9injiNnp8GrTBOv4aYiedJJI5O0LzycaymkkiQPH6cYLo1a0IIchffxb1xpZOYEIkkqVMnCafvEQIynUHVayTOnIO1RfTSbOd7CaFJnH8dtfCg9wRKiZFKwMocPQVGUmIfP410LHRteX2ddA4rm0I6Np2G3GQ2NrLTeagV0aZNNp1Bp/LgVpBaUWm4SG3S1qx2DJtIv9gpZjv1HhuNxsvaZbEnPHOXtt34PzY21tOu9awmlxmGQbPZ5OrVq4yOjnL+/Pn9BYiFIApDaGWpmq0nc1vost5V22Zadite10tcpojl2ksbOu2lAFMIGlFExet94ltSYEqoehFrbi9hGQIyjsFMxcNG0C1rJwUUEibzFY/ZIIr7V1twDEHKFMxWPEIlGXIUSLmJ6KCV+NExUc/XY1KUaPK2wXzNpy4Eoxmbd+Z+B1PHcySEYSBME9VsIv0memwSufgYOXkUsTCNdf4N1J2rkEwjR8YQM3cRtoN1+CiR54OKsKYOI5VPMB037xsDQ1iFAtrQ0CI75/gJpN8gbG0DkDxxAuV76MVedSBzbBLTFPhLMz3xV2NkHCuVgKVpzKERotW4gFjmB7HyWcTaPKIwsl44PjSOZSiEW4VUy1NIZDDSaWToro/gLYwj/Traq6MSORxDYKOJEg6mgDXXx3AMPNdjeXmZgYGBPT+M94PdqB1/WiaWwTMmvCiK+Pjjjzl37tymxv9nNbksCAKuX7/OhQsXdtwith0ipXESiVax8bodEJedRHTrnxiCTS1fthSsNDYrw9hCU/EVjVCRT/R2RWRsyeOqT9gqT2lnnSWQSxjMVX2WWxZdRka4xHGzgYTJfNXnXqPZWW8gKZEiJrqZssdS1+G5kWY40Ut0AFlL4oWKqhdSCeOg9WDCYLURMlPx0VqTT5pk60ukS48xDSM+C0IgDYEMPBidRKzMI0YnYPkxHDmFWFhGjIwjtEIuzWIMjyFNSTT3EJ0pkHrtdYKZu52QhHPmPGppjmhpDmPiCMJJkDp9inD63vo4DiGwT5xF2BbejfXpY8J2cI6dRC3OoD2wJg4TzDwAaRCOT+K4FajG50nmB4hWlzCPnsJoFBH12F3Va8uIzAAyX8B0S4h20La0COkBjFQCGcRriMoyeuQIhl+P/+030bkRiFxAIC0brRW5pEMtVAzls8wsrvDo0SOklAwODnZUTJ5HBvfTJP65GzxTwjMMg8997nNb/oDbtZftBVprHj16RLlc3lU/7NPW1LTkrDyPoMsVdf2ARr1OMhOLkBoizsQCnbYxS8JifZ3sMrakESgCt8GCWl+r4kZYBiQtg7VmyHR53c1sBIqUiEgnHJYaAStrva5rpCFvw4qruFts9rznGIKMKZip+D1EJwWkCVis6o5IJ8QqK1LDbDl2nxOWJGsZuEHETDn+HhlLopTmUbHBd7gfYwkFIh7saIQ+kTDQw+PI4hLG4DBUishDR5BL04jCIWRxCRH6iCMnobiACgNkJo85PEzt+nVQCpnNY4+NEc2tu6CGY5MYHeix6oyhUYxMGr08A5l1MVjryAlk0EAvzazP90gkMUYmMByTRKPc+zu7dZzjpxGVxd4LwDAwDx1GrjzsvYZTWcTwGLK83qWhM4MIJwVhLCQQFx63ahSTWYzQJbJSSHQsrGAZnDpxAnXiBL7vs7q62lExyWaznTav3VQT7AZ9wntGkFI+cXLZQYl1hmHItWvXME2TycnJAxtz151djVjP0vquS2TYpDLZzhyJtS6X1JSiVW7SS+gCaPgRDdVr1VqGwDFiC2wjklJhmhb319xN7w0lTRaLLotubxbNlIIBW/Kg5OJI0ZNNHkmZLJQ9HnX6cgVeBMnW/tubpkxBEEYdN9wQcTHy9Fq8zXfKBzhehbjaTyGUii03J42af4yRzYLnIgeHkKuPCSdPIGpxeYY/eYxkqxwkHD1EImigl+cwh0Ywsln02jJRq7REJNM4h4+i5h8hnWRMIaaJc/wM0dI0uhRbVLpWwZo8ipFMopZne1tYLBsjlYTVx4hG77VoTB7DCGoggt7SnvwQViaJdNfQ3WsNjGOIEBGsP1x0egBp2wi3Glv8holhmsigSeRkEJaDIKKnqKmjHh2PNO1WMalWqxSLRa5evYpSqkN+uVzuwEJAOw0n1ev1vkt7EDgodeKN8y3u379/YCKg7VkUYRiCNDEANwgIhNkiP4ElodRVzCoAN4xY2xCvS1mCR2W3J2MLkHMM5qseGbuXpKWKsA3BbC1kcEN3WN4xaHgRNxfj2aijaUEjivc9mraYLjZZqsTHVPdCQDCcNCk2Am4tNTrrGCKWolpoBCy3FZTRDCZNHpY8Fqo+E4UEw0mTlXrAo2aIRHPcdDnhLkAUYQgdt6uh0bkBqHnxABzTwjBE3Bc7fhR7eZowO44YHSe5+hhMC+f4KazHD+Nzbdp4iRyJ+Ued47OPn0HU11Ct18zBITBtBBFq8dE6fQiBdew0QkrCrjYyAHPqOEbYgJVpGBhCleLyEpHOYg2PdJr/xcAoUTmWgDKmTmK6xTheB5AbhsoKYuwo0i3HCaFGGZ3OgwbpOEitIFKo9CDCdpCqZdkLidStHkIhUEgQGklLRHWDJKwQglwuRy6X49ixY4RhSLFYZGFhgdu3b5NMJjvu73Yadk/DTodwv6wTy/aKZ054z2qQD8DS0hJ37tzpaRE7yLkWHYvODxCWQ6gUQRghWrLqsRxSr2KK1nFyImPLTvbWNgTTLestZRv4bkwUlpQ8KseWW8kNcQxBoDRm0KQUWZ0C5mIzJOsYSCGwBNxdbtANW2gyKZulqseNxXrPe0prHKG5veEzg5ZiualYqQexEILWjKQslmo+d1fjY8rYkgHH4NFafOwDCYO6r7jo3sAyDaLWg8UAyOSRYYAwDHRuEKO2ik6kEckkVnGOcPQwZhARlZYIswVS2TSqRXbm1HHMZhnDSuEDKplG5wdgZa5zXkUqjVEoEM496LHejLFJTEtC6TFiZL0nWuYHMQcKiPLS+ra5Aqq0gj98iIxuriudALpZg2QGa3gYo9HbzikSKcgcx2yUeo00Jxsr0+guS9604lq7Tu9uIq6VVCFIiZYSgWrNEFYgticd0zQZHR1ldHQ0HgPQaFAsFrl58yZBEOx5glnfpX3eO97HIJ/txEEPcuZt+/mrhKQtlmTZToeIQhWrpsTSS7F2StsFDKJ4HkSkFY+r69+zGShMHVDxoTsxqwEr8qh5ilXVq1NntAqKby83Ng0GyhiKhgf313qJLm1Jkpbk1nKDE10m4lDSoOlH3K/Ex5lwI3IJE6U1d1eb7S/PZM7mftFlPOdgCM1wyuJByeNzcpZxOwIl0DpECoFO5ZAozKABzjBm+R5q+BBGo4yoNwgPnSRRnME3HMxT5zAXZtDlYqxOMjGFarm30krhnHoNXVqAduIAgTc8TtKvEpUW10UAUlns8Qn06hx4rU6RyipYFtbhE3GWtYvsAIQUGIemyDbXNv3eMp3FTCeR9V5lE9J5pGMjqr0kqHMjGAaIcP1aU5lBDB2g7RQiaKKSOQyhUEYCJQRSK3Tko4TsXFtx9HNnSQohBOl0mnQ6zeHDhzdJuFuWxdDQEIODg6RSqW2THzslvEaj0Se8g8Beicn3fa5cuUI2m91SHLQ9n/ag4Af+upUhJUGgkMTVHm19ulDF7kmxK9OpdDxIZ7XZS+qmFJT9CE/3ZmYNv8FyJHA3/CSDSZOlisdSK2vbRsKUZG2Dm0v1TpmKQmBKwUja4vZyvTOg25KCtC1JWwa3V3pdWhPFfMXrJC4GEwZupLi1EpOfLUEKwYOSx4B0+fecVbQWcbxOA8kUUkrMxhpufhyrXsOfOI61OoNKZNCFQRLFGcJEmuTAEPWr1xBozKlj0Kysk11hGDObw725LplmjE4gTQOr3CKbZhXPThBkB8ioBhQf98rQD4wgC0Oturou2AnM8bjtiw0KNCI7gJnLYbhrqMIhqK+tvzl2FCOoIRslVHYIqnGrpx4+jAw9ZOij0gOIegmVKmAYcSY9Mix06CPtRKwsHbiETqYzhrP9MwopEHrzSICdYqOEu+u6rK6ucv/+fZrNJrlcrhP/21j6stMYXq1W69fh7QY7UUzZKSqVCleuXOHUqVNPbBE7qEE+sbsmCIIQdOyWt3thTdmbpJBC4HcpdZhSUPNDzK54ndGquZsuu+SM9Us8aQiKlRpVFf8UeUfSjBSOIUgYklstF7XihiSseGj2eNbm7nKDuVZNYKRhIGliGwazZZerC17PfkGzXPOZi9bFASbSFgs1n5srPqeH09T8iOGUyb2iG2emBYxnLCpuRNmN3/u/RjMYKsIyBG6gMRJJMC3M+ipBfpRUfYVKahR79jLh8CSWV8WortAYnCQbVBGlReTAEK5pYZZaGU7Twpo6Biuz6NUq2AmEITEnptCL0z1kYEwcJiOMjivchp/KYaeSGPUV9NAUnV9CyDgp4ZY7GVhdGEasPI4TC4eOYjRWke5avHnUStok0sjCMIZXWd+JZaOFRIwciS3Z9k+rNTqZw7BMZOtopVdDZwfj+CbE7q20QAcowyZv2ygt44lwHVtv/0gkEkxOTjI5OYlSikql0plh0S59GRwcJJvN7jiGV6/Xn5uK0fPAC3Vpd2OJzc3NMT09zdtvv73tE+cgXFrXdbl3/wGnz54lmUzSDBSe66LMuPg40jGpBa2RiCuNALv1+DYFNPywowzsGPEM2LofstIqSK5FEik0aRMelJoosf4z5BIGGW3wYLVBs0umPdIwkXV4XPa4Or/e6gSxW7tWWmMp6pXwOZSN43ofzlZIOyYIQUJEpByLW12WXs6RVP2Iu8U4djecMqm6ATeXG5wfSTGethh1Fxg2K1iGpGXjguVgNkpEmQEMr06QLmB7DfxDJ0gUZ1GGTXP0KLlKTG5idAqzVCa1HLdwGROHkaELy7GVJ6TEPnEGtTjdU0AsB4Yxs1koLaKHpzo1eCKdwxwcxirNI1r9so1aBQdQA6PYjonR1SkBIAwDPztEJmMjN8TqqK7GVl3YQHaTHSB8F4YPYwS9sVCBRiTS60kKQKULSCvZqsGDyMkgiTtvtLTi6W1tZZoDIruNkFJSKBQoFAqcaJW+FItFZmdnqVarSCnJZDL4vr9t6UvfpT0g7JSYulvELl68+NSq9P0SXlti/sKFC50ZFBsTL41AY0lBgMZtCQa4oSZjS0rNkFoXUWVtg0dlt+NeQut57tW5V7NArLsVSVPS8ELuF3tLUGxDUHBMFsoui7X1OjxLCsYyFtcWqgym1snOEXGc8Mr8+gNlLNnO+ioW625nf4Mpi5V6QNmNM7CTeYcbS3V0y2oMIsX8WoU/XljCUhIlTUwp0a6P4dcRTgItJKYhIPLxk3kSC9fw82OYhGQrC5BIIgdGEKUFhJEmtBIkJw7B6nrvqhw5FI9/FALfj49PpNJYY5OwMgulmGiEimJZpokjiLUFxNpCTxIjnXCIDh0hUS8i3A1kks7HqshBGeFvkMtK5RGZAtJ2kKVestMDE/F+bQfC9XIUlRvBQKGdJDRjwlOpQjwBTgWgNZGVjDO4CCLDXvd4pGSH3V0HAtu2GR8fZ3x8HK01d+7cwff9TunLwMAAg4OD5PP5Hlf3JR7gsye8MMmGnRCT67p88MEHpFIp3nrrrR214OzHpZ2ZmeHWrVu8++67naxv1FpKC4ltxDEy1eqntQU95BZEuqcJP2MbPK71xt5SlqTacCn31g8zkrJYrnrcWGqQd9ZdjfGMTdUNubpYY67i0faSJ7I2QRRxeb5KpGMZqZwtOVpwKDYjpruMwLwMCHyPB5V1KfkjhQRuEHFzqU6pGTCUNElakuuLdZTSHB9MsloPuLHU4M8ebuBoHwwLU0qilqCpQUCQzJHwK/iJLNIwsIIGzdFjJL0ytlcjHJ7CsExEaQEQmIUCdsJYJ7tMHnPyOEajBPU1pGmAYWIdO4PlmDHZtSElMp3BymaQpccdDTwg7mmdOoElXGxT9IRSlJWgmR/FNCKSbgnfWr+BtWHB6HGkZWJ4tVapSOs904HhIxiRj9RR5+GkEeiBCUyiWBkmaBUbJ3PI1nhLqQIiKxGv3zoWLeQ6OUtr04iA5wUhBKZpMj4+zrvvvsvbb79NLpdjaWmJr3/961y+fJnZ2VlmZ2f3VZZSLBb5ju/4DoQQd4QQX26NVdx4LG8LIf6dEOKaEOKyEOKZzrV4aWN4xWKRGzducP78+c5gkZ1gLxZee1RdFEVcvHixK7YRz2sNI+IaKr0uvCkAL1q/4ZKm4HHNJ9MSw4zbw1wiDcMpi6V6QN6WPCo1CDEAg0LCpOZH5GyDawvrDJVxTPwobiu7PL8+btOLNEcLNs1QcW2hdwzneMYmYUg+nF23ThxDkBU+9ypwYiAudrZFRELozv4EmpQhmK+4eFGsYjyecbi+EM8t/Y9OwmBQQRrx4KFIGghhYLpV/OwIqdoy1ewh8s1lmk4W306RXbmBZ6dRmRyZWitTWhhBSpBKYbSttPEjiNI8rK13LEgngT04AKtdRCcExqFjyKCOKD9GWSa0HxhO3EEhG6vI+nL8w6RzqEoRDBMxOoXtlkmoZodsfNPBCRvUEwVSCbs3Vldfi0kqMxCH3vz17LdoltGmjcgOYXRNPpOhR5gewDQk3WWWynQwulxXIWMlmdD3sR3ZIryDi+HtBt29tKZpMjIywsjICFprms0mxWKRH/qhH+L69esEQUCxWOTbvu3bdmXt/diP/Ri///f/fr785S+fFkJ8Efgi8F9s2KwB/Cmt9R0hxCHgG0KIX9Zarx3MN+3FC7PwnlSWorXm4cOH3Llzh/fee29XZAeb5aGeBs/z+OCDD0in07zxxhs9gVxBy52NIrQ04hGLrYvcMmLrLmnFXRLztdilsUxJ2pLM1/xOh4MXabIm3Cs1CbtOedY2CFpWVjcipVmpedzY8PrRvEPFDbi9vP66JQXHCgluLNZ6pKEmMybNpse91r08Xws5krNxI8lcKwyVMRRpHfDJXJWsJRjP2BhCcHO5QcIUvDMg+aahCEOFGEKgEAjTxopchGViulWa6WHyzWXWshMkREQirFMZmMI2NZnGKtpJIsaPxImDRhmEppEbwcpkEMW5eNANsXimMTSK4VfAXf9+xqFjWKNjGNUlROt1mRuMuyemTmBlHMz6csttbP1uQiPGjmDmC1iN1Vhmvwu2bcPoUXKOgal7H45amujRY0gVItWGB2cigxgYj8muCypVwEikesgudHJxMXbr946suExEAE2/e5jJ8yc7eHJZihCCVCrF1NQUP/dzP8frr7/OF77wBX7zN3+Tv/W3/tau9vELv/AL/MAPtDU++WngD23cRmt9W2t9p/X3x8ASMLK7b7NzvFQxvDAMuXr1KrZt73mYz24Kj8vlMlevXt2291aIONBNECANaERxS1Cj5bpKAWVvvS3JDxVVL+pxY1Xos1BuAOvB4ZyhuL1UpxH0ZndH0hYfzVWYyjvUW0Nmso6BLeHDuQopK7YiFILJnMNixeMbLatuutRkOGOTEBHXl5q0b6acYzCUiDst6n6E1prTQ0luL9Zxwzg+6Sif+0UfhWA4IWn6iu89GpE0dOvG12AnESpEmBYhElsaiMinlhljwC/RMNM0rQQDpVtxO9boYYx6MY6zAbowjmHa5Fcf006lisFxpCEQ9a4EgmkhhycwCBEbkg6YNkZ+ECOsxRZdF7QQiKFJpBQYxQU2QiezBIksyciDoLnhs5IwO4xFSN1tku3yTLSQUBhDRh6665rUgMoOYwoFkd+x1UIn2yG/yDDjCXJta1ArdGvwUnyFvFyEtxGu6/Kd3/md/Ik/8Sd2vY/FxUUmJiba/1wAtlXfFUJcIr5J7m233X7w0ri07RaxI0eOPHXu5XbYqUvbzvq+8847T+wVlCLOjgohiAIP0zLRgGOst5MJwJCSuNsW3EjhmAJaRkBCBzwoK8bSaZotmaWCCbeL8d+PFBJMr7kMJk2qbthxNRNmfDEeLTjcXKzRaMUKG4HitdE0Sms+mut1aw8XEtRrTW4318n2zHCKB0t1bq65vH04T9pWDDgGl1ufzdoGQ0mLQBgofI7nLW4vN/lz5wRTGUlQrWGhEZZNKCRpEVIiSSGoUEqNklMN7KBKMTnKQLCGiBT19BA5R0K7FCQbN9Yb9RKRap3r/DAykUBuLOgdPISVU4hulxbASiBHJxGNMlqE6GjdmtVCxkSnAqQXnz+VyscWJaCdFCI/inCrJJQHAqJUAdGuq8uNIE2DRBQAgqwh0FGsWNyQDmYiRbLlwmqvFmdWpURnhrBEq0dWKyIrGbeStdrIIE6yKDPRITwlLQwzvj7VCyI72F2nRTabfeL73/7t387CwuaHy1//63+9599aay2EeGLIUggxAfzvwA9orQ+mN3QLvBQWXrtF7I033iCXyz3lkztfdyu0xUg9z3tq1ldKiYoUaI3RFZ/ROs5wNkNFxVufa5G2JDMVD0Ec0wvdJtPN+EOL9YCcYyA0PcW/XhhxOO9wbaHWYxUWGwEjKaMnJgcxQXp+xNUudzdtG4wkTS5Plzk9ZHVem0hbXJlZVwYRWuN5Ibdb7WzHBxIslj3uLNUZzVqcGE5zbb7Gt4xpPj9hIqTECD2kFASGjaM8mkYSy/MpZ8YZDNao2nlMoRkKSjRlgrJMMRotxpGZZAaRG0ZWliGMM8a+hjA/QjqoQhCTkwYYmkIKjWxWwcmuB/OdNHJ4AlEvrXc7uLU4/tUmushHer3kTzqHDjwYGEd4tfj9Ln4Rpo1O5hCpHGbYXM9OAUKFqMwAWA7pyOuQVfscliKDTDqHIza7w6KL7DRxwiSuwWtJiZk2WTseBvUiNY93Wofn+/62E8t+5Vd+5YnvjY2NMT8/z8TERJvQlrbaTgiRA/4V8F9qrb/y1IPaB15YDK+dTb1z5w7T09NcvHhx32QHT+7dhfjH+8Y3voHjOLvI+gosEU/xgnXhT0PEsbuqH9EIFIOJWJATWhd6o8pcc/1GsQ2BLQR3NnQ6aKWZK7s9ZDeZc1ioNPG6MsCmFJwcSHBltsKtpXqnyPXkYBKvGXD9cXzDrzbh5GAC5Udca71mGYLXRtN8eL9E0w8RaM6PpLmzUKfcDBlKmUgF82WPiZTmz75mIYREaIVNiDIdhBAYaCJp4UuTVFhn2RmOLbzIY8kZwTYlw8IFy0GMn4hjVpXY7dSpPI3UEAkD0m2iEwI9cgQxOIHhVhDNFmkZFjqZQ06ewkjYyOoyojsOpyIYO4EsjGB4VWTYW8+prQQkc4h0Jn5/Qy40NBywk3FmNux1bYFYACBTwFR+D9kBROlBciNjOGbvrdM0kvG119UbG1kppJC0nVdl2p2JdS/SnYWdd1rsR5vve77ne/jpn/7p9j9/APiFLda3gZ8H/pHW+p/ueWc7xDMnvCedMN/3aTbji+299947MN2vJ+2vUqnwwQcfcOzYMU6cOLHjH1IAhhG3UsXu7HpZSjeaXTMKjMhjVTkkWzeFJQUq0txdbdAeN+tIjSPh2mKNXKsMRQBHCwk+ni2z1gw7JDietXEEfDgTW3t1P+LUcIpTAwmuzJSptFrabEMylrEpld1OAuNQ3iFvGXz8qEwQaU4NppjMJLg8W0EDJ4eSVBsB08UmU1mbL77tkDAllmUSBCHSkATSIqma1O0cBVx8JcG0GI3KrNiDBHaaMR2TlZEfRiRSiPJifM7SBfTQFFKFpJUbE0giDWPHkANjGI01pLdurapUHp3MYFoyJrou70bbSdTgFCKVR9j2ZqJLZNBDUwgngRG6yA0PPu2kcNPDmMkEpl9FWL1qIyqRRedHMYXCCDckJkwHnR/FsgxMFcRxPeLsq2tlcOy4xq7ajK1nXzrI1hwUqRWRMJGt6WZa6xfqzsLOXNq9TCzrxhe/+EW+/OUvI4S4A3w78GMAQoj3hRA/1drse4FvBX5QCPFx68/be97pU/BCXNp2i5hlWZw+ffqZ7689yOdpXRpbQYi439E2DQTxUJZ2xajSsZWWMCXzVY+CqSkHioYyCLViPGMzX/HQSvO4Zf0dG0iw1oiTGNVWGGqmFcMLI8UH02udfT8sNrkwluHrj8odqap4jSTaj7jc1XFxuJCg3gj45FGZt4/kma8FXBjPcHU6JjqAUyMpIj/iwWoDrTWvj2f4eLqMBs6MpPiDR2AsBbZlo7SAMECJuGVKmw6ODlgzMlhUcQ2HppFlRDeIEMwZA4yaAaJZQYQ+QSKLkcphNNbWhQBa4wuFvYaoFTvHrgEK47EL3SgjI6/9anyeU3lwMkivinRj0hfGuqagzgwgnBTSrSFaMTwCF2UnEL6LdtKQziP8OikRy2VBK7YXemgrgU7l4zGKUUx0IvJRVhIRNNGZIaQRd8fQ+nRoJpCRj3LSdD+qs8kEjUiTsNePL9IaZVoda3FpZZWB4dFtr7vngR0/9Pdo5Q0NDfGrv/qrAD03udb668Cfaf39Z4Cf2dMO9oDnTnjdLWKffPLJM92X1prbt2/TaDT2NchHSEGzUWcgncGLBFqC8OOylMGk2bGw3FDhGAYrrar7UjPAFPCosm6JKBVnU7vHXgwkLbSKuNnl7mZsg7wtqTWDDtlJAedG0nz0cA3LiC1PpQUXxjN88qhM1LIIK42AE4UkHz1Yi48fzWvjWT56tMZEIUHKloynbT6aLqO15s1DWU7mNOcLIbZtEel4X4mgimemyekGZSNHQTcRIqKiTUZkiNIhC8YAWSNiSrTaqFI5IiR2swyNeP++tJGZAUy/hqgXOxPbtGFBYQwRuOvacwB+M4535UcRhkQ2a4gNMTqtwjjZYJgYQRO8ek/HBYBOD0FGI/w6Mmhseh8hUPlRZOj3SDp1Pm+nEKks5haxdi1NtGltcpG06WDbZsdbVVoTCBNTyLgMSwhmHi+8FIT3NOw0sfEq4blladvFvWEYdpIFz2pyGcQu8+XLlykUCrz99tv7ikUYUrI4/5iR0bG4/atVWLzmhTQDTaneBGGSSjg0u+SCkoakSxuUiazN1YUqExmbh+W2xZfkw5kyoxm7M7viSCHBQqnJ7VLAaDZ+fThjY2v48OFa/P0ieOdQhnIj5MMWsQGcHEkxv9ogm45JZSBpkrYMPnoUbyOBAdvg5kINS8Kp4QwycPkTbwxgm3Fnp5QGgeuSNCwkGs9IkselaGQYEB6Odlk08qQMmOgQXR5pWLGV1YwTJQ3pYGfy2G4F4a4nT3wMrKEppFvtzI9oQ1sOIjcMTiqO6QX0EJE2bcgMYqAQtRKoDS0rECuY2E58PNXlTUQWSRORHUJKEF5zEw9qw4otPsNAblhfCxn3xrbaxbp7YiM7jtlpYbSSFDFpOq3OlDDSLK+WqFarfO1rX6NQKDA0NLRrLbvnhU9bWxk8JwvPdV0++eQTxsbGOHr06DOfXBZFER988AGnT59mdHT/T9K4v9PHkoJQaixDUPU1SUPQcJukbJNKAL5SVLwollhPmFxfqGEbAseUDCZNbi3VCZXGa1liRwsJvtYioscVj2MDCVKWwcfTax0JoaWqz7tTOT6ZqdDsals7O5qmUQ+528rWSgGvTWT48H4JDRwfTZN1LGZXGyy25OHPj2e4MVPhzWMFCkmLjCVZLTf4yT90hIxoIIgnpTUigYoiGjLBoHRZ1mkMI2REuCypBNp0GBcNlIZZlWYgYZIJPQg9FOAlCigVkiaElguqEejccCuh08DYSHS5YYSdQDYrCLdCZPbGdHVmAGEl4oxrEH/ntssKscWl0gMYUmOqEEK3Z5obxDFAVzqkbIkkBAWRnUT4zdYaBipdwEBjCAVKoYQRt5URJyEwjDgJIgSRtDCUjxIGykp2XFbRIjtlJuKxle3rSBrYiVix+OzZs6ytrXXknNpadkNDQy+NpPqnTRoKngPhKaX45JNPOH369KauiWcxuWxhYQHXdbl06VKnH/agIKXAMUU8ZxZF5NZJ2AlKjYiRlMGtYuySHsrafNKqc/MjzbFCgq9Nr8fhVhshQ9Lng+l1V9cxJTnb4GstCw7izOzpoRRrVa9DdqaEMyNxxtUQUMg6mIYka0m+cT8mEUGsQnx9LiYb2XJp25ZgFEZEYcRK0+N//eOnycgmWomOjoGQEjNsog1JTaQYlT6LYQLPEow5EeVqwAw58mbEYSMCInSrzEN5DZxGZV09yU5BpoDwm7FbCfEN7a6hLQc/kcNQPnbkQXP9fAjLiV3e7BBChxihB36tN7HppGNrKpVDRC6WDnpqPUTgxq6n5SCSWaTyyWx0W60EOnDRqQGkAdaGjK42bVTko+z0pmyvQKGkhTad3tIVIDQSGOb6da10XKnZ9mi65ZqATjvX3bt3cV33mVp/O01EfNrUjuE5DfH5pm/6pq13vg/V441oqyBXKhVyuRzJZPLpH9olhBAYQqK8KpEXkM9liHmoNRya2MGpeVFsDSpNPmFye6UeS3pHMYllLMFaOaKdJB9ImohI8cHDNfIJk7IbMpSysDRxvE4KHBNySRtDaT5sEVukY0vv8kyZhVYcMZc0GUpa/NsbKxwfz1APIgZss0N2FyazXH1UZnDA4e9832mytsDyQ4SUKDRKSEwVEUmTAemxopMoYTKejGgqyUyQZMCyOSLjOKVvZ7CcBMKrI70aBhBKA50ZBMNAuNWOiwstS89yEMOTyGaVpOpVhtFAXTgEfkTeSXSsuZ5thIR0AawkUq8gtigt0cRKzNq0Mf06QgebY3RCxjMysoOdntdNa0gLpLmJ7NpST0izZ9m2ZdeTVNEQtvSNnxTCSSaTPVp23dafbds9Ssb7xW4G+PQJbw94lnMtIJ5Fe/nyZbLZLO+++y4fffTRgQ3y6Ua7aNn3fU6de42iq/CaYdwTqxSTWZuKH3FvucFUzmFmzaXqhqw1Q04Npbi/2iBtidZ8CYPhZNynu7rWoNHi/alCguFAMb1Up9oisUBp3pnI8fWHZdyulrbXD+W4/7hKpRkghOD4SIrlosvNYmxdTuQc7szXuFOMhQDeOZLn6/dLmBJ+8o+eYiBlQbOCKQU+kqShqUcCS0WEQlKTKUaMkLXIZC5KMe4oBsMIKRQPghRDCUmeEFqZUV+YmOk8IooQQWO9wR/QyTzYCWTgxrVotQ0STKl8XGQcuORUSGglkeVe7bnQTmMkMwjlI7VCic0ZRG06seS8jjDQKMuOj6ULkTBQiSyGjGsLN+YkNBDZaRAGWzUHKGmhWlZdJAyMlsurEbFr27LIlG5Zey2ya19DTyObray/1dVV7ty5g+d5+7b+djPA52Vxrw8Krzzh1Wo1Ll++zIkTJzrKrAc5yKcNrTUffvghAwMDnDt3LtaLI8KLFLVAUqqHVIMI0SLax1WPwaTJlVar2ELVI2vFjfltHBlM89V7xR7V8craGg9LiqAVgJICzo+lufO4RtMLEUKQT1oMJgy+fjcu7TgxnmEgY/HhvVInU/vW4Ty3p9dYdSMSluT4cCYmO6H5x3/2TUZSJlEUYEuNkBKBxDYiakrSDBTjVsRi5ODhMJKMGECx6ErKHhy2EpxwFKBQhkU1hFTCxiGCoE4YxUStnTQkMsjQR0Z+hxjbYw+1k4ZkLm7UD73O+wBGq+5RW0l0MgNRhC0URF21d60SEo2AVB5hWcgoQHQP1emq42tEYGUGMIXG6CLKyHAwW2KdoZUCabS6auJzGcfqghahxSIAnXhdu6hYGLHFuWEqXVzmvf6aUmrXCbRkMsnU1BRTU1NEUUS5XN5k/Q0NDe3Yq/msDvCBF9haBvufTbu0tMTdu3d54403evr9DspybKNer1Ov13uk5YWApCUZSVmsNgLySZOSF5Iy2m6qRcNdN3GytiToug9PD6X42v0S+YTFSt3HlIITg0kuT5c5P5rk1rJLytSkhOYb99cAODORQWnN4mqTW62h2wlLMp61+Le3WyMGpeDCoSwf3I7bsC6dGWKl6nN1pkwmKfgHP/gmQ2kTJQSWahIhsE2oehrfkOQtzVID6naKCUfRCBWPGiYZK67R84MQlKZiZEg7BkboUjAFbbdemw5kh0CFGIHbQ2LQ6oJw0vHYy6AJ/hYuq2lDMgNCIEMPoYItmxI8P8QlQS6ViAVIVbjJbRWhh2ckCJQgk3Va62xYzDCJRBJlmJ25E72LCCLDAcPaRFZSKyJpI0wb0UV2WsdnZKOi8X6rEgzD2NL6u337Np7ndYQ8t7P+DqqP9lXECyU8wzD2FMPTWnP//n1KpRLvv//+pi6N3UpEbYeVlRVu3bpFMpnclPE1pCTnCE4NONwregwlTe4Wm0xkY9HO2YrPZM7BkvCN2QqOKcnYkkO5BB8/WkMD43kHN4woWAaXp+NY12KlyWTOolQLma2tnx/p17m5EHYyuON5Bx0pvnprlYRtkLBijb2v34mb4k+MJok8j+mVJocHE/zk958lnzIwpCSKAlKGpikMFIqEKaiEBgVbM+aErEUWVc9gPKE5akOg4EFNsOYJRjMJ8jKEKCYYZSfBTCB0hIx8dOgioq6BRolMPKtCtd9vojeqlVjJuPcWHdfEKZ9IiM0uq5VAOykkgjQRDsYm2XUAZdhoO4mOIsIgIpPYTDIaEW9jmMgoYCsKiISJkhZSyk2cq4SMCX5DHE/pXje25zMHXIa10fprx/7u3buH4zhbWn+7mVjWz9LuAQc5yCcMQ65cuUIymeTdd9/d8uI5CJdWa82jR49YWlri/fff78QFN14oQggKSYvJnMILY8UUxzK43nJlM7bBVx7FSQYvVLwxlua3bq92Pl+sB+RM0SkvARjJJgkDRbEl526bkpNDST5+UGIkZ1NsRBzOCWaLddwgZr9/78QAN2bK3F6Nb/43D2e4fH8FKeE73zvK//PbD8fSUlJimRA2XQxb4EVgSJNCAlZdzVw1ZNI2GbM0fgQzTYlGMJ6EYznBbR8sCbVIkMjkMHWsl9ctfY4wUKk0wrQQURC/30VwQgi0YaEsB+EkEVphRH5nBkQHlgOtTgjsVDxmUUd0p2KFaXVihVoYBIaD0nH3C1qBFOhksscV1tKMuyhiysNQUSxE0OX+trOvgrhvOkJ0iXlCZNhIw0ZK0SPVvh3ZwcETXjc2TjHbyvobGhra8THUarUDr3R40XjhFt5uiKnRaPDJJ59w9OhRDh06dGDrboRSiuvX43GB77//fqeM4EnBXkPGPayNQPE5K8u9osvp4RS3lhus1D3OjKS5uVTnaCHB1x+VGUiZlBoh41mHctVjqpAAYkJ4bSzFh/fLnBhJx8Oxcw6m1nzUysweHkxzeBi+1kWaJwYEN+8/ZrkZWxpvH8nywe1YmOI//e7z/JH3xhEiFicVAoIwxJQSpCBtCRqRxAg1Q0lJw/VZ8iSGkIwl4UgrhFPxNY9qGtuUKNMha4sOiWhayQLDiV1KLWICC3qtdy3NuEzFMMHxMIMmhBtIrr2elUIbFsK0kCpECPVEPXTlpOPhOCrE3uLh6rkuliVoRALDSWBJgdygVaINCxF6PUTX/aAWMh6mrYSBNp1eoVjRGsuJYF00bGtorZ8Z4W3EVtbfysoKKysrCCFIJpPbxv7q9TpTU1Nbvveq4oXH8HY6uWx5eZnbt2/z+uuvP/Wps5+5Fr7v8/HHHzM6OtpTJP20NU3DYDLrUPcj3h7P8Gv3Vjkx4PD12Qo5x2Qia3NvqY4bKk4MpUlZPssll0ozpNoMGHAEw5kEH96P3dr7y3UunRjgyoMS5UZswiRtA88PuLu4Xmz81pEcX70xD8C5qSSB5/HB7SWStuT/8+e+maMFCynBMQ1CrbGloF73UAo8Jck6gtDTrPmSehTLHx3OSAIFjxsaD0nWloylJNkU1GpxvFFLK5Y+EhIRhQgddfpQddsSEgJtZ8C0QKtWQiGCMEKJ3pteSxNlp0G211MIaSL15pYwLWRr3wYIkIECHW1uHWutm8ykibQiuU2uQAuDyM5sIro2hFatchNz0/tKa7wwHuaktcYwjDixsQWxKaX23OK4H3Rbf/l8nmo1zuTfvn0b3/d7Mr/t4+4nLfaI/bi0bcn35eVl3n///W21uXaz7laoVqtcvnyZs2fPMjw83PPeTkg0aRuMZU0ergX83uODuGHElYUqNT9kMmtTb5WUrDVDIj+i0hrSbUnB8eEMv9tltb0xlWOl2OiQ3VjegSjiG3dXuXR6mNuLdQ7ljA7ZjeQSFBKSr8x6fPfFKf78F86TECGOEZOdFBCGoKKIQUdTDiSVAIQhGUhKckqz0owIhGTWhbGU4HBh/XdbrEckTUEmW0BFAUKFyGhD2xWiZenZMWFFQWxJhVs81IQRl36YNigdi3eqsFckrstXVEZseUGsVyfRoEPQMbF2D98JFYhEOk56aBUrRLfavboRaU3NizCdBLY04sHiG7szhIgtV8PcTLyARqKlxLRiZZEoijrXSRiGHe+gTSLP0qXdKaIoIpFIbGn93b17l0QiwbVr1yiVSnuO4RWLRb7v+76Phw8fcvfu3S8D36u1Lm21bUsP7zrwz7XW/8nev9nT8VK7tFEUceXKFWzb7riWB7HuVlhcXOTevXu89dZbWz7VnkZ47Yt9OGFRskKWmxGWhP/088eZW2vwd353huGMRRhpylWPwVRcmJqxJSlD8sH9EiM5h+WKx1uTWb56K86ynhrPYBqCh/MVqi3Jp3LdI2tEXH0YW4Mnx7Msr5RYKgb8w7/wrRwbS6N9H8eQWIbENKAZKLQQ+K6PlTHJCE3JU6w2FfUABpMSS8J4TtIMNbM1TSNQ2KZkNCUZy8Zko6MIocL4ZjeszlQuoRWoEEHUseZ6zo8w4rm+htEhMsNvwAYZps72CLQ0iJxsvB4qtg5hM/EYNkQBFS/ESSRxbKNFXHp9W2nGld+0yNOwQQiyXWaf63odlZNQ6Vhl2VzPzHZ71BoRk2jbA+hql4SY2NrkF0VR53o8qEL7/WBj0mJj7K/RaPBrv/Zr/O7v/i6/8zu/w3d/93fzx/7YH+Nzn/vcjvfRHuDzxS9+ESHEr7L1AJ82fhT4rT1/oV3ghbu0TyKmdrzu8OHDu44jGIaB7299I21Ed8b34sWLT2xz247wtNadC1lKydmRNAsPS5RdRT1QJE2Dv/pdp1mpuvyzr89xZTVgtR5wbjTB4lrA9Gocv5ssJBhMGHy1y9Iby9n89rXFTn3d+cks92cWOX90iEfL8NaxAoHX5K/9wDfz2tEhUgkT3/VIWaI1kEPE0kZKoPwwLkHxNfmEQdI2qHoRVV8zU1NUGwFRUjCcMjjWZd0preP4mzBjeXXTQqgAoXVcMrIJItaP65BhFGdoibpIp9dS1yKODSINQMezM4gQOnxiREzJmHAjDEwhydnb1KEJEUuwS6MzTGcj7GQKrSICDMzEulhnz3ESk7dGbOlCt7HRqtNa4/s+a2trDA0NEQRBnPl9guv7LKGU2lZ/MpVK8Rf+wl/g448/5kd+5EdYWlraUsZ9O/zCL/wCv/Ebv9H+508Dv8EWhCeEeI941sWXgPd3tZM94IW7tFs98VZXV7l58yYXLlygUCjsen87zdJGUdQZGvSkjG/3mhsJT2uNUqpTTNr9Pb/1aIF/catIzY8IDMFKw+XYQIIf/vfPslj1uDVf5ZOHa1x+FMdS0o7BWs2j2bLihIC3Dmf59U/mODuZ5/Z8jXeP5/ng2gxKa1bLDf6r73+bk2NZDg1nsE2JaUiaTZekAZGOjyVpSRxDEilNPQwIlcYVAg/IWpJs0iTb4ol7fixnfq+scMN48EzeMTiUi+vXBAoReZ1iW4iJKm6xMug010UBUgVPIMN1Symy4yLftnUoiRv2e7aVZkftOLYS7Th2Fw8+RACNeoN8cvODSguJMmyQEhBP5Cfd2o+WJpgO1hYbRpFifmmJWr3JwOAgAwMDO+5ykDKWhrp+/TpTU1MMDg52rL+2BQjx/fA8yG83ZSkjIyO89957u97HTgb4CCEk8BPAnyQWCH3meKlc2nYpyOLiIu+99x6JRGKbT+983a3gui4ff/xxJ47xNGwkvO3IDmKS/33H8/zL20XKKh60/bDk8qioODaU5PNnhvk9Jwf5M992jLlSk/lik393exU/ZbGw5nJ8OMnXbsWZ1lzS4k/93iOgFX/0W76FY8NZxgfTmIYgVKojI95oelgi7odFg2XIOKkgJabUjCQlfquTouopqr5G6wjLlCQtScaxGMqYbJzf1p4foTUIMxFP7tI6jtNpFRNglwS73vhZw4rJpCV/LnSEFq36uW1+p5iwLDSJ1ud013leP9+pVDKO59EmRSv+3vQ+bDeG6GKyNltW39ZE0/7umCZjE5PYpVIn1uU4DiMjIwwPD297rQZBwMcff8zhw4d7uoGAHtLrdn2fpfW3m8Lj7WJ4BzDA5z8G/rXWenY/8m27wUvj0kZRxLVr15BS7nlEYxtPs/DW1ta4du3aroZ8dxPe08iujYxj8vkjOX7pbpGFaoglJIOZBLPlgCuzVc6MZZjIOZw/ZHN6NMvnz46CjNd3gwitY7EBQwrQce7TMuOpWFprIt0id6UJggBbghCxNWeZcXypGUQESrNSrnNqyCEJdOe43UDRDCNqbojvR1xdDIg0mEKQTxiMZMxY7VkIlNZxHdwW51YDSBMtDbTSYDpxIkHHtYnx37us+Q3Xf5zwsFvEGCchhFYgrU72d8ssLCANkwgzzvDyZI+io1PXafrv/e3W1e26SB7ZE6fbGOtaWVnpDKseHBxkZGSEfD7fWbed9T927NiWUmVt19c0zY7r2231RVHUIb6DIr+Dai07gAE+3wx8XgjxHwMZwBZC1LTWX3zqwe0RL4WF17a2Dh06xJEjRw5k3SfF2x4/fsyjR4949913d6Wo0j7WdnKiLdb5tCfTeMZiOCjyIMxSSDus1FyGcwnSGZtbS3UWaz6jaZuhtEXGiclCa0EmEd+8SsejnKWM96XRcT2tITBlTG5eGJA0W4F1FQfqgzCiHqm4q8KLcCzJQi1EKUXCMnBMSdKUJGyThG2yXPU5O7x1o7huHUfT8yEKENLAtB0sy2zlBnTHzW13bgm1dXBeA7REMiMr1bLENGjVIsaN9XabiTHUUG96ZLKZjiWk25/dcp9xAkTLVkxxm99MI1pEt32MDuJY15EjRzhy5AhhGFIsFnn8+DE3btwgk8lQKBSYm5vj1KlTm7L+W6FNaIZhYFlWh/ja11z779uVvewEO80UR1G051kz7QE+X/ziF+EJA3y01p1ht0KIHwTef5ZkBy84hieEIAgCvvGNb/Daa68xMDBwIPvbyqXtlnt/2njGrdC28LqTE0+D53lcvnyZi4cP4dQcPpyvMV5IcONxmclCCidpUYs0MzNrjOfi8YuvHcowkIylw9uWnWpZeqYUBJFGozENiW1KKg0v7tONFH7YUtklHjRkGiaRUriBT0IKGl6EYUgqboAwJFppQq1RSlOt+TT9CEPERHp0OEWiPXGo1RGaNJ24oLhzUrfJWiNAGjHRtNxF0fpMxynVej3zuuUaMZTRjhECWmNKSd7pdSE3dkp0u6ux6kmr2X+LY+6Ul3QEAXfvXpmmyejoKKOjo2itWV1d5dq1a9i2zYMHD6hWqwwPD5PJZHYsHrBV4qO77GWv1t9OLbz9DvD53u/9Xv7+3//7EMfnvhdACPE+8Oe01n9mz4vvAy/UwpuensbzPD7/+c/vOV63FTZaeGEYduSj9iP3vrKyQjab3dGxVqtVrl27xpkzZxgcHGQSWKx63HhcYShtM1uqk3VMMimHQj7J43ITrxkQaMimLJTn89pUnsFk7Ko1vYBsMnavfKUIvIhmEJKxDYJIE2iNEgaRUp32NlsKEpZJ04WRzPZP6rvzmtOjGy28jYKXtJROWuQgBJFSBGFIGMZKLpZlIQWxS936zFYkI9ZXbO1JrBNUK8nQjrr1kOI2v52SZlx+0orJbdxyfUU6D4aY5J5uze0Gruty9+5d3nrrLQqFAr7vs7q6yoMHD6jX6+TzeYaHhxkaGtpV4gM2l73sxfrb6cQyeLKx8jR0DfCBroRE9wCfDfv7h8A/3NPOdoEXQnjt1i2lFKlU6kDJDnpjeO3ylmPHjnVnjXaMdkxlYmKC+fl5rl69Gs+YGP7/t3fm4VHV9/5/zZLJvm8sCRAISyBkUbBqVdRqaTEkaQWUeqvWBerFVr29Vv1pLV1ca2+tWpdWK61eCyaAIASsoq1XARUkG1kIkH2byWTPTGY75/dHPMckJGQymZlM4Lyeh0eTOTPznck57/P97DHExsYSHBx8xklhMBg4deoUS5cuHeL0vXXZTJ77vxpaem2oRDB0W4gJthERFkhgsD8OEfQ9/TS0deGvVWNWqTCbrUSH+hMfpGVxUAR+GhW9/Ta0GhUhflq0auiz2BFEEbtDQKtRERrgR2iAFq1azanWbpJjAhEEEatDwOYYOM7iEHA4RGwOAbtDRFSpOW20EKTTEB8umfrDzMlBaW3SJ9Zq1Gg1OvD/WlBNJhN+/mcK7ICZKImlGjRfByGGNlH6+r3Fr+o2VMMfkV9HM/BaTrgXvvbLqZwyWV3BZDJRXFxMSkqKXBGk0+mYPn0606dPRxAEurq6aGtro7q6Gj8/P2JiYoiJiRlX77mxdn8jJT1LnIvDeZzF6ybt8PkWhw4dcvv7SSZte3s75eXlTpWjjcTg4IROp2POnDnMmTMHq9VKW1sbp06dwmw2D3FW19fX09bWxoUXXjhiTt9PLpvNr/95ks5+B2FBfnSYbTR39hMdHkBMRAA9pn4cX5mCp5s6CAnwo9nYQ1tsGMeaetDYrVyYPI24YD+C/LX09tsHopkqgaAAP8L8NQTptAiCiLHPgtUhcMpoHmgRrwK+CrT4a1X4a9SEBfjRZbIwN36wc3pkU0Y841FJ/QZ2SQNCpMI/OAwBsDvsOL4aaqTz80OjUQ9+1kBiyVnMYol+iw1BFAkIChnIjVOpz8ilExkhCjvofWQ59WA0sLe3l5KSElJTU0dtq6RWq4mMjJTdN2azWe7IY7FYiIqKIiYmZkiJ11iMtvsbnvQs+Tud8eHZbDa3jl7wFby6w5Oio4sWLZIjXZ6YXKbRaDCbzVRVVbmc3nK24IROp2PGjBnMmDFDFtampiaKiorQarUkJyeP+nlUKhWPXDuPn2wvo9FiIzRAR2CQH21dZpoM3cxNiMLY3ktIiIY+B5hMdlSimsrGDvq6ewkM8Kexy0yfyYJarSZlZgQxQTqS48OYFh+Gv1ZDe5+Fjj4rXf0WQnVaVKiYERlERKB2yOwFiVqjeSB1ZPAWbuQvBeGrU2ako+TfiQJqUUCn1cJZfKV2x0ArfDncoRoo05IEVPo7CFoIGiPA9LWZ6j2BG0xPTw+lpaUsXbp0XPWngYGBJCYmkpiYKJ9Lra2tVFZWEhQURGxsLNHR0U6VVEoM3/0N/yeJ4dlM376+vnOu2zF4UfCkebSZmZlDvkgpNcVdgicIAhUVFdjtdpYtW+bS1n2w2I21Lo1GQ0REBPX19cyePZvIyEgMBgM1NTVynlZsbOyQE1ajVvO77EXc/XYJLWYbEYE6/IN0mM12jle3MS08gBZ9J9Ex4Zh7zWgD/ekwdhMRE4Optw99m4nwyHDsViv7ihpRadSEhQaj0miYFx3E3Kgg5kUFoNOomT8tQn5fu0PA0Guhy2THZLXhsAkDU8osNvosdoL8h54Ow6ViINXXOUf20F2gasD3p/rq/xGx2ez099vQ6XT4+/vL3/MZfjeVioBRxG7wDk7+eZR8Ok/S1dVFeXk5aWlpE+ofp9Fo5PNFFEX6+vpoa2ujpKQEQRCIjo4mJiaGsLAwlwIfDoeDEydOEB0dLVsvku91eNJzb2/vOdc4ALwkeKIoYrFYuOiii84QIHdOLrNarRQVFREdHU1AQIBLYufM3W8wJpOJkpISkpKS5DyriIgI5s+fj8lkQq/XU1JScobfL9hfyx++v4T7dpTR2mPB0dbHjGmhOBxqqlp6CAn1x97STkBQAG3NRqLjo+lo60BUawiNCKO/pweVWkN4TCQIAt0d3fhpVXyhb+MIKnpEP0S1hqgQf6JFC0nTIpkT5U9CZAhz4kKZP+1rk8tssRKoO/NUEIZo28CAhtHlbtAFKApfVWaM+OhAUMVfg5+//xmDrEd7ZWnnxqD/emv3djY6OzupqKggPT3drYOjVCoVISEhhISEMGfOHGw2G0ajkfr6enp6eggLCyMmJoaoqCinrh1pyJVarWbBggWyZTVa0vO5KniqMULPrselh2G1WkcMcxcVFTFv3rwJf7nSbIvk5GTi4uI4ePAgl156qdPPdzaZeDCdnZ2Ul5ezePHiMX2Ekt/PYDAM8fvZNYH851vFmFQqVDY7QToVQWHB2Exm7Dp/OvRGIsKCsZv6iI4Mpd9qQ6sCTWAQlv5+NA47bZ19+Ov86LapcDgEtCoHKgbmLnR09uEfHAYWE/12FaKlH7Vaiz8C8+JDuXPlQi5ZMvPsJqr0HY3wu9G+y+FTvkY8jqHJvgAWq5XGxiZsNht2h4OgoGAio6IIDQ11OWLoKdrb2zlx4gQZGRluD7ydDVEU6e7uxmAw0N7eLhf/x8bGEhQUdGaX6K9SskRRZOHChSN+j8OTnvPy8tiyZYu7fOw+84fzmknryUE+BoOBqqqqM2ZbOIsrYtfc3Ex9fT2ZmZlOnewj+f2am5vp6uriv5YH88fDfRjtAlZRQ7++E1GrQejtJzgqEqPBSFBkJPWGbtT+A9Fcu751oKOwfyAabQDtxi60Oj8CQwbmXth7eum3CoQE6OjrbMeuC0NlNaMSwWEXsApWLlkUxSVLBsrqRpIncYTfjiZjw78xYYRzfHgcVpa8r77vgYDWwECm2NhYeVdTW1srd9+NjY0lKipq0qOMRqORkydPkpmZOS7/mjtQqVSEh4fLN1mLxSKXu5nNZiIiIoiJiSEyMhK1Wk1VVRWCILBo0aJRz+3BgY/y8nKef/55/vKXv3jtM3kLr+3wbDbbiNUP5eXlxMfHO13iNRipV15bWxvp6elDssKd3eGNt3JC6q7S09NDamrqhJs5SnfrxuYWNu9rxmB2oAoMxNZnIjhIh8NuRRcehmg2QWAw/d3dBPgPjAnsbW8n2N8Pu1aHVqPF2tVBT3cf/gGBCNpANCqB/p5eHDYHGq0fWpWKfnM/foKF//5+Jjdcs3RCa3cnfX19lJSUsHDhwhET0KV0DmlX42wdqycwGAxUV1eTkZHhciWCpxAEgY6v6n07Ojqw2+34+/uTmprqlMldVlbGj370I/Ly8li0aJG7luUzO7xJF7yqqirCw8NHrDM8G4IgyLW3KSkpZ/jbDh48yCWXXHL2MqJxip3D4aCsrAydTif7QdyJKIr84u0iPi7Xo/X3wyYM5MfpVHasVhsWSz9R0eH09fQR4O+HWqPFaOzEX63CJmjQBkegFiz09/aiRsSuCkQQ7Kit/QM7bJuFQI3Ak3dewRXpSW5d+0To7u7m+PHjZ03nGI7JZMJgMNDW1obD4ZBNOk+bvq2trdTV1ZGRkeHTaRuiKHLq1ClMJhPh4eEYjcZR630lKisrueWWW3jrrbdITU1153LOP8Gz2+0jmq6nT58mMDBwXEnBFouFwsJCpk+fPmrt7eHDh1m+fPlZR9WNx4SVAiLTp0/3eJ//A8VN/DL/OA67Df9AP/osdrR+fqhVKvq6uggMjwKLaUDUtIHYrf1gNaP1D8Bus4CgAYcVu82BXeVHoGDG5nAQEyDyyv3XkZwQ69H1j4eOjg4qKytJS0tzOQ1CMn0NBoNHTd/m5mYaGxvJyMiYlDbt4+HUqVP09/ezePFi+fyW6n3b2tro6uoiJCSEsLAwAgMD6enp4aabbuLvf/87GRkZ7l6OzwjepP/VxuvD6+7upqSkZEgu39led/gJ74q/rre3l9LSUubPn3/W93QX30qbwTcXxvLQG0c4UNKKn84Pm7kbQaMhKFCHra8LdWAYWHuhvwc/VJgsVqwmCw5tMH4aEXNXNyqNDj+xD6ujn2syEnj67ut86kLV6/VUV1dP2A/m5+fHtGnTmDZt2hDTVxpV6A7Tt6GhAb1eT2Zm5qT7D8dCSohfsmTJkPN7eL1vT08PRUVF/OxnP8NgMLBmzRrUarVs8ZyLTPrZr9VqsdlGbhQ5nJaWFk6fPk1GRsaY+U7jbdg5GpIzODU11ath+gB/P/5wxyUcKmvkF298gbFfjcoBnf0iOsGCvc+IXdSgtfdiwx+Nfwg6oRvMbfTZ1QRiw9ZvIjE2kKfuyiVtwUyvrd0ZmpqaaGpq4oILLnCraTi8kkEyfY8fP+6y6VtXV4fRaCQ9Pd3nxe706dMjit1wVCoVYWFhJCUlodVqef311zEajTz++OPce++942rnPpXwmknrcDhG7G7c0tJCX18f8+bNG30RX/kjurq6SEtLc+oCKSwsZP78+bIwjtdfB1BfX09raytpaWmT7pze/UkFfy4opqXLhsncj90hEBwcNGDOigI9Zjt+WEEQ0OJg/swINq25lJWXLJ7UdY9EbW0t7e3tpKWleVVAXDF9a2pq6OrqYunSpZM+fGcsqqur6e3tJTU11elMgzVr1vDHP/6RK664wpNL85nt4qQLnsFgoKOjgwULFoz4PLvdTmlpKQEBAaPmEI1ESUkJc+bMITQ01KVIbGVlJXa7ncWLF/vUiW622Nj9SQXHqpqobmqnz9RPZ08ffogsSopnReZcLlsyDaPRiNlsJjIykri4OMLDwyf9c0g3LmkHMpnrGSvqK4qi3N1kstfqDDU1NXR3d5OamurUWltaWlizZg3PPPMMV199taeXpwieREdHBy0tLaSkpJzxmNlsprCwkFmzZjFz5vhMsuPHjzNz5kzCwsKGZJCPhd1up6SkhPDwcJKSknzalyEIAqWlpQQGBpKcnHzGWqV8P4PBQFdXF6GhoXJtprd9eaIoUl5ePjDkaBw3Lm8xPOoLA77B9PR0nxe72tpaurq6nBY7g8HA9ddfz2OPPcbKlSu9sMLzUPAEQRjRV9fd3U1tbS1Llw7NCevo6KCsrMzlxqAVFRXyYGFnTViz2UxxcTGzZ8+WZw/4KjabjeLiYuLi4khMTBzz+MHZ+W1tbaPW+XoCSZiDg4OZO3euz4ndYERRpKKiApPJhE6n87mE5+HU1tbS2dnptMltNBq5/vrr+eUvf8l1113nhRUCPiR4kx60GClKKzUaGG8bdglRFNFqtTQ0NAA4JZhdXV2UlZWRkpLi0qQ0byIJ8+D63bEYnJ2fnJws72hGqvN1pyBJzVdjYmLc0r7fk0hip1arueCCC+R6U09Efd1BXV0dHR0dpKWlOSV2nZ2drF27lv/3//6fN8XOp5j0HV5/fz/Hjx/nwgsvlH1nZrOZpUuXumR2De4C0dHRIZtz0l06Ojr6jJOjtbWVmpoa0tLS3FoA7gmkNkTuFObhdb6RkZHExsaOqyfbaK9bVFREQkKCS81XvYkoipSVleHv78+8efNGFf3JSngeTn19PUaj0Wmx6+7uZs2aNdxzzz2sXbvWCyscgs/s8LwmeNIg4uHY7XaOHj3KBRdcQHFxMeHh4Wc94cZ6j5GCE6Io0tnZiV6vp729neDgYOLi4oiOjqahoUE2CXwpR20kjEajXDM8kTZEZ8Ndfj+p0atUF+vLSCZ3SEgIc+fOdfp53kp4Hk5DQwMGg8Fp/2Jvby9r165lw4YN3HTTTWMe7wEUwRv8+08//RS1Ws3cuXNd9p2JoujUgB1RFOnt7aW1tZWGhgY0Go08Qs/bReDjoampicbGxjNqhj2Jq34/qS520aJFPu8eEARBDlLNmTNnQq/jjVpfSeycTekxmUysW7eOm2++mVtvvdVt6xgniuBJGI1Gjh49ysUXX0xYWJhLrzveZGKr1So7/GNiYjAYDBgMBkRRJDY2lri4OJ/p9io1SOjs7PR63tpwJHPOYDAgCIIsfoP9fq7UxU4WDodD9i86E/gZD54wfRsbG2ltbXU6AdpsNrN+/XrWrFnDnXfeOZnBIkXwYMDp2tzcjM1m47LLLnPpNccrdtLuY6RZoVarFb1ej8FgwGq1EhMTQ1xc3LhG67kTQRCorKxEFEUWLVrkU+kRg/1+JpOJqKgoAgICaGpqIj093WduGKPhcDgoLCxk2rRp4055Gi+S6dvW1kZPT49Lpm9TUxMtLS1Oi53FYuGmm25i1apVbNq0abIj4+ef4MHAHwEGLuTy8nIEQWDJkiUcPnx4XM06wTWxkxo2OlMmZrfbaWtrQ6/X09fXR1RUFHFxcXKai6dxOByUlJTI5T++nMrhcDiorq6moaEBnU5HWFjYpOX7OYPdbqewsJCZM2d6PZjiiunb1NREc3MzGRkZTomd1WrllltuYcWKFdx3332+cO5M+gIkvCp4VqsVi8VCUVERMTExzJkzB5VK5VJ34vGWiTU0NNDc3ExaWtq4fXWCINDe3o5er6erq4uwsDDi4uI85pyWopszZ85kxowZbn99dyPVxaanp6PVamW/n9FoRKfTeS3fzxlsNpuczB4fHz/ZyxnT9G1ubqapqclpsbPZbNx2220sX76cBx54wBfEDs5XwTMajRQXFzN//vwhkbtDhw7xjW98wymTzdngxODjq6qq6O/vZ8mSJRMWKFEU6erqQq/XYzQaCQ4Olu/Q7iiCl+aaeqszy0QZqy7WGb+ft7BarRQWFpKUlOSTkePhpq9Op8NisbBs2TKnAlV2u52NGzeyaNEiHn30Ubd8v7fddht79uwhLi6O0tLSMx4XRZF77rmHgoICgoKC2LJlCxdccMHww84/wRNFkc8//5zk5OQzzMkvvvjCqYaK4+1hJ5mFISEhLqe6nA0p4iuJn9R+x9XdjJT8PBUc/tJQGOlG4szNZyS/nzvy/ZxB6qGYnJw8JW4kLS0tVFdXExkZSWdn55imr8PhYNOmTSQmJvLb3/7Wbef6xx9/TEhICDfffPOIgldQUMDzzz9PQUEBn332Gffccw+fffbZ8MPOP8GD0bsef/nll6SkpIya9OuKv66/v5/i4mISEhK8ZhaazWY56DHeiK/BYOD06dNTIvnZHXWxDoeDjo4O2U3gyTrf/v5+CgsLWbBggUujBLyN1FU5MzNT/i5GM32lzcO9995LREQETz/9tNtvHjU1NWRlZY0oeBs3buTKK69k/fr1ACxcuJB//etfw32jPiN4PuFRPlsTUFfETkqNWLRokUt1uK4SGBjI7NmzmT17NlarFYPBQGVlJVarlejoaOLi4kZMS2hoaKClpcXtveE8gZS3FhoaOqFgikajISYmhpiYmCH5fjU1Nfj5+ckpQxPNYTObzRQVFU2JnEAYaIo6XOwAgoKC5HNLMn1Pnz7Nj370IyIiIoiLi+PZZ5/1eiS/sbFxSEpPQkICjY2NPltZ49OC50pwQuqiO9mpETqdjpkzZzJz5kzsdvuQ6VuDTbnTp09jMpmmRCddqS42NjbWrXlro9X5Sk07pfSg8fr9pBSkxYsXu5Tj6W30ej21tbVjtpCXOjzHxcXxne98h8bGRpKSklixYgUbNmxg48aNXlz11MInBE+r1Z7ROsqV4ITkQPe1nZJWqyU+Pp74+Hg54tvS0kJRURH+/v4kJydP9hLHxJt1scN3M21tbfJAGmf9fr29vZSUlEwJfygg724zMzOdHqz961//mu7ubrZt2ybfLEdK7vckM2fOpL6+Xv65oaHB43mNE8Grgjfa3Xn4Dm+8wQlBEKioqAAgIyPDpxJ0h6NWq4mIiKCuro6kpCQiIiLQ6/XyMCPJlPMlwZbqYufNm3dGsran8fPzY/r06UyfPl2+WbS2tlJZWTmq309qsJCWluaxmmN3Io19HI/YPfHEEzQ3N7Nly5YhloG3O3NnZ2fzwgsvcOONN/LZZ58RHh7us+Ys+MgOTxI8V/x1Ul84qf2Qj+QdjYoUTJk9e7acBxYREYEoivT19aHX6zl27NiEI77uoq+vj+LiYp9om6VWq8f0+/n7+3Pq1KlJd2k4S1tbmzzj1lmx+/3vf09VVRX/+7//63E3yPr16/nXv/5FW1sbCQkJ/OpXv5K7Hv34xz9m1apVFBQUkJycTFBQEK+//rpH1zNRvBqlHW1UY11dHSqVihkzZuBwOFCr1U4Jl5SzNnfu3HHPtZ0MJDPLmWDKRCK+7mIq1cWaTCbq6upoamoiKChIns41Gfl+zmI0Gjl58iSZmZlO7cxEUeT555/n888/Z9u2bT5lBYyBz/wBvCp4o7V5b2hooL+/n9mzZzu9s+vo6KCiomJKXIwwUNZWWVnJ0qVLxz39TIr46vX6MSO+7lzviRMnJjQv1pu0t7dTVVUl15pKZYHezvdzFlfE7pVXXuGjjz5i+/btkz5Uapwogie/wVfJuxUVFdhsNmJiYoiPjz/rnbmpqYmGhgbS0tImveusM7S0tFBXV0d6evqEzVMp4qvX68+I+LrrYtbr9dTU1Lhlvd5ACmqMJB6S389gMNDZ2Tmpcz0kJHEej9j99a9/Ze/evbzzzjtT4pwfhiJ40s+D/XVSRE6v12M2m+V0BGknI0296uvrIzU11efTOAZHjtPS0tx+gXmixrexsZHm5mbS09OnhMkkiXNGRsaY4jHY72c0GvHz85NL3bwlItLOeTzDx//+97+Tn5/Pu+++6/NJ6aNwfgqe1ObdmeCEw+GQxa+3t5fIyEh6e3sJCwtj/vz5PuuXkZDa1TscDlJSUjxuSg2u8W1vb3cp4ltTUyPPSPD1mwkM7Jzr6+uddvgPx2w2y3W+Ur6fVL3gifOro6ODysrKcYnd1q1beeONN9izZ8+UiDiPgs9crF4XPKvVOu5IrNlsliOXDodDnrUaGRnpk8LncDiGtAz39hoHR3zb2trQarVy0GOkC02qi7VYLD43h3c0pJZJUoeWiSJZFwaDQW4H5k5XQWdnJxUVFWRkZDi9m9yxYwd//vOf2bt375TwU58Fn7lIvSp4XV1dcgTWWbHr6enh+PHjch2kIAh0dHTQ2toqD+eRzDhfuFClbsrTpk0jISFhspcDfL2T0ev1csRX6lgi1cVqNBoWLFjgkzeQ4TQ0NKDX651uhjle3O33c0Xs3n33XZ577jn27t076elAbsBnTiqvCt5LL73ESy+9xFVXXUVubi7Lly8/q0hJo/FGG1ojDedpbW2lo6OD0NBQeTjPZJhkUt3mvHnzfLL9EAyN+FosFhwOB1FRUSxcuNAnbhhjUVdXR3t7O0uXLvXK33iifr+uri7Ky8vHJXb79+/n6aefZu/evVOis4sTnJ+CBwOi8M9//pP8/HwKCwu5/PLLyc3N5ZJLLpFPYFEUqa+vx2AwsHTpUqcjWd3d3bS2tsp96iQfljeicVLO2uLFiwkPD/f4+00UqetvYGAggiDIflKpq7Mvil91dTXd3d1OD532BOPx+0lil56e7nSw4cCBA/z617+moKDAZ2+aLnD+Ct5gLBYLBw4cIC8vjy+++IJLL72U6667jq1bt3L99dfzne98x6UTe/Bksra2NgICAuSqBU9EHtva2jh58uSUyVmT6mITExPlKXGSq0Cv19PZ2TmkTftkBzBEUZSbLDjbe88bnM3v19vbS1lZ2bjE7uOPP+bhhx9m7969Lk/vG87+/fu55557cDgc3HHHHTz44INDHt+yZQv333+/XP969913c8cdd7jlvQehCN5wbDYbe/fu5ac//SkxMTGkpaWRm5vLlVdeOeEkS6lJp+TAl7Lw3ZG82djYKLc3nwrJoFJvuJGGGElIEV/JjJvMGl8poGK1Wlm8eLHP+hgH+/2MRiM2m43k5GSmT5/ulIXx6aef8vOf/5y9e/e6rX+jw+FgwYIFvP/++yQkJLB8+XL+8Y9/sHjxYvmYLVu2cOTIEV544QW3vOco+MwfzSdqaWGgTvL3v/89f/jDH8jJyeGTTz4hPz+fX/ziF6Snp5OTk8O3vvUtl/KlQkJC5IipyWRCr9dTVFSEWq2Wd37jfV1p19HT08MFF1ww6bsgZ3C2LlalUhEREUFERATJycln1Ph6K3dNSu0BfFrs4Os6X39/fzo7O5k/fz49PT0cPXp0TL/fZ599xv3338+7777r1ma1Uodxabj4jTfeyK5du4YI3vmGz+zwADnqOhiHw8GhQ4fYvn07Bw4cYNGiReTm5vLtb397wuZjf38/er1ejl5KO7+xTBBp6ppGo3G546+3kdrHu1LaNpjBPixBEIb0qnMnUvRYq9VOibxL+LpLy/DGBSP5/cLCwoiKiqKwsJBNmzaxa9euCQ0CH4n8/Hz279/Pq6++CsAbb7zBZ599NmQ3t2XLFh566CFiY2NZsGABf/jDH9w+oxdlhzcyIzn7NRoNl112GZdddhmCIHD06FHy8vJ4+umnmTt3Ljk5OXznO99xKU8pICCAWbNmMWvWLHkmbXl5OXa7Xc5bG34h2+12SkpKiIyMlGt/fR0puz8jI2PCmfqBgYFDvrO2tjZ5SJLkwA8LC5vQ9yIIAmVlZQQEBHhkFokn6O3tlVtSDb8RD/7OJL/f3/72N15//XVsNhuPP/74pKUwrV69mvXr1+Pv788rr7zCLbfcwocffjgpa/EGPrXDGw+CIFBcXExeXh779+9nxowZ5OTksGrVqgnnLdlsNgwGA62trUMGcvv5+VFcXExiYqJP9/wajLfqYqXKGIPBQE9Pj8sRX0EQKC0tlVvITwWkLjjj6b9XVlbG7bffzt13382xY8f45JNPOHDggFsjs4cOHWLz5s289957ADzxxBMAPPTQQyMeL6UodXV1uW0NX+Ezd6wpK3iDEUWR48ePk5+fT0FBAVFRUeTk5JCVlTXhPCZpIHdTUxMdHR3ExcUxa9asCe9ivMFk1cUOj/g6mx8p3cSk3fNUQPKLjsdVUFFRwa233spbb71FamoqgDzGwJ3Y7XYWLFjAgQMHmDlzJsuXL+ett95iyZIl8jHNzc3yzXvnzp089dRTHD582K3rQBE8zyGKIidOnCA/P589e/YQFBRETk4Oq1evJi4uzqWTqrOzk/LyclJSUrBarbS2tsqdSqRdjK+Jn6/UxUr5kdIoy9Eivg6Hg6KiIrfPy/AkrojdyZMn+Y//+A/eeOMN0tPTPbzCgTGK9957Lw6Hg9tuu42HH36YRx99lGXLlpGdnc1DDz3E7t270Wq1REVF8dJLL7Fo0SJ3L8NnLo5zTvAGI4oi1dXVbN++nXfeeQc/Pz9Wr15NTk4O06dPd0qkWltbZZNwcIRNEAS5TVN3d7c8OSoyMnJS88R8uS5WqvGVHPgajUYuC6yoqGDatGk+PQ9hMK6IXU1NDevXr+e1115j2bJlHl6hT6EInrcRRZGGhga2b9/Ozp07cTgcZGVlkZubS2Ji4ojiV1dXh8FgIC0t7awmoSAIcomblLQrmXDeFBwpeqzVaqdEXWx/fz/Nzc3U1NSg0+mYMWOGRyK+7sZkMlFUVDSu5rP19fWsW7eOV155hYsvvtjDK/Q5fOZEPG8EbzCiKNLS0sKOHTvYsWMHJpOJ6667jpycHObOnYsgCBw+fJiwsLBxZ/ZLSbutra20t7cTEhJCfHy8xysWpA4tE50X601sNhuFhYXMnj2biIgIuR2YOyO+7sYVsWtqamLt2rU899xzXH755R5eoU/iM3/A81LwhmMwGNi5cyfbt2+nra0NtVrNhRdeyDPPPDOhHdpI/qv4+Hi31/fa7XaKioqIi4ubMv4vq9VKYWEhSUlJZ0Qm3RXxdTdSc4jxzLltaWlhzZo1PPPMM1x99dUeXqHPogieL9LZ2Ul2djazZ8+ms7OTxsZGVq5cyfe+970J+8Ok+l6pxE2n0xEfHz/h+l5JOGbNmuW2+ktPY7FY5PK2saLorkZ83Y0rYmcwGPj+97/PE088wbe//W0Pr9CnUQTPF3nzzTcJDQ0lJycHGKhOePfdd9mxYwenT5/m2muvJTc3l/T09AnvNKRyLYPB4HJ9r3QRnq0u1teQ1rxw4cIxJ7cNZ6Qds1Sy5cm0G2nNKSkpTnfCMRqNXH/99fzyl7/kuuuu89japgiK4E01ent7KSgoID8/n4qKCq6++mpycnLG7OnnDNJIRr1ej0qlksXvbLWqvjQv1lmksZrjEY6z0dvbe0bE1901vlKzhfGsubOzk+9///s8+OCD5Obmum0tUxhF8KYyZrOZ9957j/z8fIqKirjiiivIyckZ0tPPVfr7++UGnYIgjDiP1l11sd5EEuglS5Y4bRKOB6kuWqpXHa00cLyvWVhYyKJFi5y+qXR3d7NmzRruuece1q5d6/J7n2MogneuYLFY+OCDD8jLy+PIkSNceuml5Obm8s1vfnPCZpbUnbi1tRWbzUZsbCw6nY6GhoZx9VmbbKTSK28JtFQaKEV8pTm+44n4WiwWjh07Ni7Tu7e3l7Vr17Jx40Z+8IMfTOQjnGsogncuYrPZ+Oijj8jPz+fgwYMsX76c3NxcVqxYMeFeeTabjVOnTtHc3ExAQACxsbHEx8d7bMKWu5A6QY+nztSdOBwOOUFcivjGxsaeNUHcFbEzmUysW7eOm2++mVtvvdWNn+CcwGdOUK8IXl5eHps3b6a8vJzPP/981CzzsbqzTiXsdjv/93//R35+Ph9//DHp6enk5uZy9dVXu+RjamhooLW1lbS0NFQqFUajkdbWVkwmE1FRUcTHx/tczprU4txXOkFLEV+DwTDqDBQpgjx//nyioqKcel2z2cz69etZs2YNGzZs8ORHmKr4zEnpFcErLy9HrVazceNGnnnmmREFz5nurFMVh8PBwYMH5Z5+ixcvJjc3l2uvvdYpIaipqaGzs3PEwTUj7WDi4+Mnvb5XmsE6nuE13mR4xDcgIICoqCiamprkCXnOYLFYuOmmm1i1ahWbNm1y23c+1s3fYrFw8803c/ToUaKjo9m2bZvb++m5EZ8RPK/0w0tJSRnzmHO5O6tGo+Hyyy/n8ssvRxAEjhw5Ql5eHk8++STJyclkZ2eP2NNPFEWqqqqwWq2kpaWNaIJJ0cm4uDi5zXhzczMVFRWEh4cTHx/v9fpeo9HIyZMnxzVw2tuoVCrCw8MJDw9n/vz5dHZ2UlxcjFarpbq6mt7e3jEj5VarlVtvvZVrrrnGrWLncDjYtGnTkJt/dnb2kGvhtddeIzIykpMnT7J161YeeOABtm3b5pb3P5fxmQagjY2NQ6oEEhIS+OyzzyZxRZ5BrVZz0UUXcdFFF/HUU09RVFREXl4ef/zjH0lISCA7O5tVq1YRFBTEtm3buOiii1iyZIlTF5PUZjwmJgZRFOWE3RMnTsj1vVFRUR5N2DUYDFRXV5OZmTklZnzAgHCdOHGCJUuWEB0dLUfKjx8/Lkd8pclkEjabjdtvv51LLrmE++67z627aWdu/rt27WLz5s0ArFmzhrvvvtsjLabONdwmeNdccw0tLS1n/P6xxx6TE3kVhqJWq8nMzCQzM5PHHnuM0tJS8vPzWb16Nd3d3WRmZvLd737XpZNYpVIRFRVFVFSUXN+r1+s5efIkwcHBcombO8VPr9dTW1tLZmam14f9uIpUzzt37ly56iMgIIDExEQSExPliO+pU6cwm82cOnWKadOm8eabb5Kens4DDzzgdpFx5uY/+BitVkt4eDhGo3HKJKBPFm4TvA8++GBCz585cyb19fXyzw0NDVOmVZA7UKlULF26lNmzZ3Pw4EFWr16NVqtl3bp1hIaGkp2dzerVq4mNjR33BTZ4KI8oivT09KDX66murnbbRLLm5mYaGxvJyMiYUmJ37NgxkpKSRhUKPz8/ZsyYwYwZM3A4HLS0tPCb3/yG2tpaoqOjOXDgAFddddWUGOKkAD7TLG358uVUVVVRXV2N1Wpl69atZGdnT/ayvE59fT0bNmxg8+bNPPLIIxw6dIiXX34Zs9nMD37wA7Kysnj55Zdpbm5mjIDTiKhUKsLCwkhOTubiiy9m3rx5mM1mvvzyS44dO0ZjYyNWq3Vcr9nU1ERTU9OUFTtn26qrVCo+/PBDVqxYQV1dHddffz379+93+9qcufkPPsZut9PV1TXh7t7nA16J0u7cuZOf/OQnGAwGIiIiyMjI4L333qOpqYk77riDgoICYOTurApfI4oidXV17Nixg507dyIIAqtXryY3N5eEhIQJm1bSCEu9Xj8kGHK2wEN9fT0Gg4H09PQps8sZ3JYqLi7OqecIgsD999+Pn58fzz77rEeDQM60Zv/Tn/5ESUkJL7/8Mlu3bmXHjh28/fbbHlvTBPEZx6KSeDxFEUWR5uZmuaef2Wwe0tNvouI3eIQlIJdqDa7uqK2tldvI+1Jn5bNht9s5duwYs2bNIj4+3qnnCILAww8/jMVi4cUXX/TKZx2rNXt/fz8//OEPOXbsGFFRUWzdulUOcvggiuApuBe9Xs/OnTvZsWMHHR0dfPe73yU3N9ctnY8tFossflLU0mq1YrFYSE1NnVJiV1hYSGJiotNiJ4oimzdvxmg08pe//GXK7GJ9DEXwFDyH0Whk165d7Nixg+bmZrmnX0pKyoTFyWKxUFZWRk9PD/7+/sTExBAfH09wcLBPp0RIYpeQkOB030BRFHniiSeora1ly5Ytiti5js+cGOeN4LW3t3PDDTdQU1PDnDlzePvtt0esk9RoNCxduhSAWbNmsXv3bm8v1a10dnbKPf1qamq45pprXO7pJyVC2+12UlJScDgccpG+2WwmOjqa+Ph4QkNDfUr8HA4HhYWFzJgxw+l5wqIo8vvf/56ysjLefPNNt3ao9iaiKHL55Zfz8MMP893vfhcYKPV87bXXPBJwGQWfORnOG8H7+c9/TlRUFA8++CBPPvkkHR0dPPXUU2ccFxISQm9v7ySs0PP09PTIPf0qKyv51re+RU5ODsuWLRtT/ERRpLKyEoCFCxeeIWhSW3a9Xi+PsIyPjyc8PHxSxc9VsXv++ef5/PPP2bZt25SJPI9GaWkpa9eu5dixY9jtdjIzM9m/fz/z5s3z1hIUwfM2Cxcu5F//+hfTp0+nubmZK6+8Ur6AB3MuC95gzGYz+/btY/v27RQXF7NixQpycnK4+OKLzzDdRFGkrKwMnU5HcnLymAI2fITlZM2kkMRu+vTpzJgxw6nniKLIK6+8wkcffcT27dunTLXIWPz85z8nODiYvr4+QkND+cUvfuHNt1cEz9tERETQ2dkJDJzUkZGR8s+D0Wq1ZGRkoNVqz5uOtRaLhffff5+8vDyOHj3KpZdeyve+9z2++c1vIggCe/bsIT093aXo7/CZFOHh4XKJmyfFTxrsHR8f73QCuyiK/PWvf6WgoICdO3f6ZNMDV+nr6+OCCy5Ap9Nx5MgRb9c4+4zgTU3HxCicrbxtMCqVatQLt7a2lpkzZ3L69Gmuvvpqli5d6s2t/6Tg7+9PVlYWWVlZWK1Wuaffz372MzQaDcuWLSMrK8sl01StVhMdHU10dDSiKNLZ2Yler6eqqspjA3lcETuAN954g927d7N79+5zSuwAgoODueGGGwgJCfHZhg7e4JwSvLOVt8XHx9Pc3CybtKMlnEoXyNy5c7nyyis5duzYOS94g9HpdKxcuZIVK1awbt06EhMTEUWRyy67jMzMTHJzc7nqqqtcEgSVSkVkZCSRkZFD2jOdPn2aoKAgucRtIgECQRAoLi4mLi5uXGK3detWtm3bxp49e6ZMJ+nxolarp0wKkac4bz59dnY2f/vb3wD429/+NmJDg46ODiwWCwBtbW18+umn50R7Klc4duwYWVlZ/OlPf+LFF1+kqKiIO++8k48//pgVK1Zw2223sWvXLkwmk0uvL7Vnmj9/Pt/4xjdISkqit7eXI0eOUFhYSFNTEzabbVyvKQgCRUVFxMTEkJCQ4PTztm/fzpYtW9i9e/ekdGVW8B7njQ/PaDSybt066urqmD17Nm+//TZRUVEcOXKEl19+mVdffZWDBw+yceNG1Go1giBw7733cvvtt0/20n0OQRD4/PPPyc/P5/333yc5OZnc3FxWrlzplpkVfX19tLa20tbW5vQIS2lnFx0dPa5h5Lt37+b5559n7969U2b6m6ts3ryZkJAQ/vu//9vbb+0zPrzzRvAUPIMgCBQWFpKXl8f+/ftJTEwkJyeHVatWuWUUo1TfazAYUKvVconbYJNaEARKSkqIjIxk1qxZTr/2vn37+N3vfkdBQYHTHY4VXEIRPIVzD1EUKS0tJS8vj4KCAmJjY8nJySErK8stgjK4vlcURbkx58mTJ4mIiGD27NlOv9YHH3zAb37zG3mdnuB8TXYfAUXwFM5tRFGkoqKC/Px89uzZQ3h4ONnZ2WRlZbnU0284VquV1tZWTp8+jVqtJiEhwek5tP/+97955JFHKCgocLqm1hWUZHcZRfDOJ86xgSzjRhRFTp06xfbt29m1axf+/v6sXr2anJwcpk2b5pL4CYJAaWkpoaGhJCQkyPN7LRaLbPaONMLy008/5YEHHmDPnj1OJyO7ipLsLqMI3vmCM9PYXnzxRYqLi+XeZjt37jxnB7KIokhtba3c0w8gKytrXD39JNM5JCSEpKSkIY/Z7Xa5xM1kMhEdHU1ISAjx8fF88cUX3Hfffbz77rvjCmy4ipLsLqMI3vnCoUOH2Lx5M++99x4ATzzxBAAPPfSQfMzKlSvZvHkzl1xyCXa7nWnTpmEwGHyqAN8TSD39tm/fzo4dO+jv7ycrK4ucnBySkpJG/PyiKHL8+HGCgoLG7P8mjbB87bXXePPNN7Hb7fzP//wP119/vdvy0c6W7H7LLbcMEbjIyEg6OjrOOLaxsXFIsvuBAwfOtdxPnzmRz5s8vMlipIEsjY2Nox4zeCDLuY5KpWLGjBn85Cc/4cMPP+Sdd94hOjqa//qv/+Kqq67i6aefprKyUm5l73A4KC0tJTAw0Klml1LX5lWrVhEWFsajjz7Ke++9R0ZGBnV1dW75DB988AGlpaVn/MvJyZGT3YFxJ7sreAZF8BR8ApVKRXx8PD/+8Y/55z//yb59+0hMTOSRRx7hiiuu4Le//S1r167l8OHD4+rse/z4cTZu3Mi2bdu48847efXVV/nyyy+9YtIqye6+hyJ4HkYZyOIa0dHR3H777ezdu5f333+fgwcP0tLSwuuvv86vfvUrCgsLEQThrK9RUVHB7bffzltvvcWiRYvk32u1Wq+4Cx588EHef/995s+fzwcffCAHq44cOcIdd9wBQHl5OcuWLSM9PZ2rrrqKBx98UBE8D6L48DzMOTiQxetIKR1PPvkkPT097N27lx07dnDixAmuvvpqcnNzufDCC4f45aqqqvjhD3/IG2+8QXp6+iSuXgEf8uEpgucFzrGBLF6nr6+PoKCgM3ZlJpNJ7ulXUlLCihUryM3NJT4+nptuuonXX3+dCy+8cJJWrTAIRfAUFNxJf38/77//Pm+//Tbvvvsu+/fv5+KLL57sZSkMoAiegoKnsNlsU74t+zmGIngKCgrnDT4jeEqU9jxi//79LFy4kOTkZJ588skzHt+yZQuxsbFkZGSQkZHBq6++OgmrVFDwHOdUx2OF0XE4HGzatGlIiVt2dvYZKRA33HADL7zwwiStUkHBsyg7vPOEzz//nOTkZObOnYtOp+PGG29k165dk70sBQWvogieG6mvrycpKYn29nZgIIs+KSmJmpqayV0YzpW4wUC787S0NNasWTMkYVpB4VxAETw3kpiYyF133SVn1D/44INs2LBhyrR6Wr16NTU1NRQXF3Pttddyyy23TPaSFBTciiJ4bua+++7j8OHDPPvss3zyySeTMT9gRJwpcYuOjpZH+N1xxx0cPXrUq2tUUPA0iuC5GT8/P373u99x33338eyzz/pMPtjy5cupqqqiuroaq9XK1q1byc7OHnKM1NkDBobbpKSkeHuZk05eXh5LlixBrVZz5MiRUY8bK+Kt4JsogucB9u3bx/Tp0yktLZ3spchotVpeeOEFVq5cSUpKCuvWrWPJkiU8+uij8gyF5557jiVLlpCens5zzz3Hli1bJnfRk0Bqaio7duzgiiuuGPUYKeK9b98+ysrK+Mc//kFZWZkXV6ngMqIonu2fwjg5duyYuHjxYrG2tlZMTEwUm5qaJntJCi6wYsUK8YsvvhjxsYMHD4rf/va35Z8ff/xx8fHHH/fW0qYiY+mM1/4pOzw3Iooid911F88++yyzZs3i/vvv9xkfnoL7cDbireB7KILnRv7yl78wa9Ysrr32WgD+8z//k/Lycv79739P8soUBnPNNdeQmpp6xj8lL/HcR6m0cCMbNmxgw4YN8s8ajYYvv/xyElekMBIffPDBhJ7vTMRbwTdRdngKXue2224jLi6O1NTUER8XRZGf/vSnJCcnk5aW5nM3DWci3gq+iSJ4Cl7n1ltvZf/+/aM+vm/fPqqqqqiqquLPf/4zd911l9fWtnPnThISEjh06BDXXXcdK1euBKCpqYlVq1YBo0e8FXwfpT2UwqRQU1NDVlbWiKk7Gzdu5Morr2T9+vXA0IHWClMSn2kPNZbgKSh4BJVKNQfYI4riGXatSqXaAzwpiuInX/18AHhAFMXRM4EVFJxAMWkVFBTOGxTBU/BFGoHBg2MTvvqdgsKEUARPwRfZDdysGuBioEsUxeaxnqSgMBZKHp6C11GpVP8ArgRiVCpVA/BLwA9AFMWXgQJgFXASMAE/mpyVKpxrKEELBQWF8wbFpFVQUDhvUARPQUHhvEERPAUFhfMGRfAUFBTOGxTBU1BQOG9QBE9BQeG8QRE8BQWF84b/D8x9/4WjQ2lQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from scipy import special\n", + "\n", + "def drumhead_height(n, k, distance, angle, t):\n", + " kth_zero = special.jn_zeros(n, k)[-1]\n", + " return np.cos(t) * np.cos(n*angle) * special.jn(n, distance*kth_zero)\n", + "\n", + "theta = np.r_[0:2*np.pi:50j]\n", + "radius = np.r_[0:1:50j]\n", + "x = np.array([r * np.cos(theta) for r in radius])\n", + "y = np.array([r * np.sin(theta) for r in radius])\n", + "z = np.array([drumhead_height(1, 1, r, theta, 0.5) for r in radius])\n", + "\n", + "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", + "fig = plt.figure()\n", + "ax = fig.add_axes(rect=(0, 0.05, 0.95, 0.95), projection='3d')\n", + "ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='RdBu_r', vmin=-0.5, vmax=0.5)\n", + "ax.set_xlabel('X')\n", + "ax.set_ylabel('Y')\n", + "ax.set_xticks(np.arange(-1, 1.1, 0.5))\n", + "ax.set_yticks(np.arange(-1, 1.1, 0.5))\n", + "ax.set_zlabel('Z')\n", + "\n", + "plt.show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "needs_background": "light" + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "\n", + "x = np.linspace(0,0.1,1000)\n", + "y = np.sin(100 * 2.0*np.pi*x+1.5*np.sin(30 * 2.0*np.pi*x))\n", + "plt.plot(x, y, '-')\n", + "plt.show()" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "interpreter": { + "hash": "916dbcbb3f70747c44a77c7bcd40155683ae19c65e1c03b4aa3499c5328201f1" + }, + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 3.8.10 64-bit", + "language": "python", + "name": "python3" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 3 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", + "version": "3.8.10" + }, + "orig_nbformat": 4 + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 2 +} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.py b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf30e16 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Python animation/Bessel-FM.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +import numpy as np +from scipy import signal +from scipy.fft import fft, ifft, fftfreq +import scipy.special as sc +import scipy.fftpack +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt +from matplotlib.widgets import Slider + +# Number of samplepoints +N = 600 +# sample spacing +T = 1.0 / 800.0 +x = np.linspace(0.01, N*T, N) +beta = 1.0 +y_old = np.sin(100.0 * 2.0*np.pi*x+beta*np.sin(50.0 * 2.0*np.pi*x)) +y = 0*x; +xf = fftfreq(N, 1 / 400) +for k in range (-5, 5): + y = sc.jv(k,beta)*np.sin((100.0+k*50) * 2.0*np.pi*x) + yf = fft(y) + plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf)) + +axbeta =plt.axes([0.25, 0.1, 0.65, 0.03]) +beta_slider = Slider( +ax=axbeta, +label="Beta", +valmin=0.1, +valmax=3, +valinit=beta, +) + +def update(val): + line.set_ydata(fm(beta_slider.val)) + fig.canvas.draw_idle() + + +beta_slider.on_changed(update) +plt.show() + +yf_old = fft(y_old) +plt.plot(xf, np.abs(yf_old)) +plt.show()
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/A2-14.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/A2-14.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7348cca --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/A2-14.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/FM_presentation.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/FM_presentation.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..496e35e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/FM_presentation.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6e701c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Frequency modulation (FM) and Bessel functions.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a0bddd --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/Quellen/Seydel2022_Book_HöhereMathematikImAlltag.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/main.tex b/buch/papers/fm/main.tex index 1e75235..731f56f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/main.tex @@ -1,36 +1,42 @@ +% !TeX root = ../../buch.tex % % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <fm> % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:fm}} -\lhead{Thema} +% + +\chapter{FM Bessel\label{chapter:fm}} +\lhead{FM} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - -\input{papers/fm/teil0.tex} -\input{papers/fm/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/fm/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/fm/teil3.tex} + +\chapterauthor{Joshua Bär} + +Die Frequenzmodulation ist eine Modulation die man auch schon im alten Radio findet. +Falls du dich an die Zeit erinnerst, konnte man zwischen \textit{FM-AM} Umschalten, +dies bedeutete so viel wie: \textit{F}requenz-\textit{M}odulation und \textit{A}mplituden-\textit{M}odulation. +Durch die Modulation wird ein Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) auf ein Trägersignal (z.B. ein Sinus- oder Rechtecksignal) abgebildet (kombiniert). +Durch dieses Auftragen vom Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) kann das modulierte Signal in einem gewünschten Frequenzbereich übertragen werden. +Der ursprünglich Frequenzbereich des Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) erstreckt sich typischerweise von 0 Hz bis zur Bandbreite \(B_m\). +\newline +Beim Empfänger wird dann durch Demodulation das ursprüngliche Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) so originalgetreu wie möglich zurückgewonnen. +\newline +Beim Trägersignal \(x_c(t)\) handelt es sich um ein informationsloses Hilfssignal. +Durch die Modulation mit dem Nachrichtensignal \(m(t)\) wird es zum modulierten zu übertragenden Signal. +Für alle Erklärungen wird ein sinusförmiges Trägersignal benutzt, jedoch kann auch ein Rechtecksignal, +welches Digital einfach umzusetzten ist, +genauso als Trägersignal genutzt werden kann. +Zuerst wird erklärt was \textit{FM-AM} ist, danach wie sich diese im Frequenzspektrum verhalten. +Erst dann erklär ich dir wie die Besselfunktion mit der Frequenzmodulation( acro?) zusammenhängt. +Nun zur Modulation im nächsten Abschnitt.\cite{fm:NAT} + + +\input{papers/fm/00_modulation.tex} +\input{papers/fm/01_AM.tex} +\input{papers/fm/02_FM.tex} +\input{papers/fm/03_bessel.tex} +\input{papers/fm/04_fazit.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex b/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex index 4cba2b6..f0ca8cc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/fm/packages.tex @@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ % if your paper needs special packages, add package commands as in the % following example %\usepackage{packagename} - +\usepackage{xcolor} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/references.bib b/buch/papers/fm/references.bib index 76eb265..21b910b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/fm/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/fm/references.bib @@ -23,6 +23,17 @@ volume = {2} } +@book{fm:NAT, + title = {Nachrichtentechnik 1 + 2}, + author = {Thomas Kneubühler}, + publisher = {None}, + year = {2021}, + isbn = {}, + inseries = {Script for students}, + volume = {} +} + + @article{fm:mendezmueller, author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex b/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c161ed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/fm/standalone.tex @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +\documentclass{book} + +\def\IncludeBookCover{0} +\input{common/packages.tex} + +% additional packages used by the individual papers, add a line for +% each paper +\input{papers/common/addpackages.tex} + +% workaround for biblatex bug +\makeatletter +\def\blx@maxline{77} +\makeatother +\addbibresource{chapters/references.bib} + +% Bibresources for each article +\input{papers/common/addbibresources.tex} + +% make sure the last index starts on an odd page +\AtEndDocument{\clearpage\ifodd\value{page}\else\null\clearpage\fi} +\makeindex + +%\pgfplotsset{compat=1.12} +\setlength{\headheight}{15pt} % fix headheight warning +\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + +\begin{document} + \input{common/macros.tex} + \def\chapterauthor#1{{\large #1}\bigskip\bigskip} + \input{papers/fm/main.tex} +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil0.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 55697df..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil0.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -% -% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 0\label{fm:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{fm:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil1.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 6f9edf1..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil1.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil1.tex -- Beispiel-File für das Paper -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 1 -\label{fm:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{fm:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. - -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{fm:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{fm:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil2.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 6ab6fa0..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil2.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil2.tex -- Beispiel-File für teil2 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 2 -\label{fm:section:teil2}} -\rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/fm/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/fm/teil3.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 3bcfc4d..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/fm/teil3.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -% -% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 -% -% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil -% -\section{Teil 3 -\label{fm:section:teil3}} -\rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{fm:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex index e63a118..f6000a1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/main.tex @@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Schwingungen einer kreisförmligen Membran\label{chapter:kreismembran}} -\lhead{Schwingungen einer kreisförmligen Membran} +\chapter{Schwingungen einer kreisförmigen Membran\label{chapter:kreismembran}} +\lhead{Schwingungen einer kreisförmigen Membran} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Andrea Mozzini Vellen und Tim Tönz} @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ \input{papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex} \input{papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex} \input{papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib b/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib index 0b6a683..acf8f90 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/references.bib @@ -4,6 +4,25 @@ % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % +@online{kreismembran:Duden:Membran, + title = {Duden:Membran}, + url = {https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Membran}, + date = {2022-07-20}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {20} +} + +@online{kreismembran:wellengleichung_herleitung, + title = {Derivation of the 2D Wave Equation}, + author = {Dr. Christopher Lum}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAS7JBztw8E&t=0s}, + date = {2022-07-20}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {20} +} + @online{kreismembran:bibtex, title = {BibTeX}, url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, @@ -24,7 +43,7 @@ } @article{kreismembran:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, + author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, year = 2019, @@ -33,3 +52,33 @@ url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@book{lokenath_debnath_integral_2015, + edition = {Third Edition}, + title = {Integral Tansforms and Their Applications}, + publisher = {{CRC} Press}, + author = {{Lokenath Debnath} and Dambaru Bhatta}, + date = {2015}, +} + +@thesis{nishanth_p_vibrations_2018, + title = {Vibrations of a Circular Membrane - Some Undergraduadte Exercises}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {{Nishanth P.} and {Udayanandan K. M.}}, + date = {2018}, +} + +@thesis{prof_dr_horst_knorrer_kreisformige_2013, + title = {Kreisförmige Membranen}, + institution = {{ETHZ}}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {{Prof. Dr. Horst Knörrer}}, + date = {2013}, +} + +@thesis{kreismembran:membrane_vs_thin_plate, + title = {Modeling and Control of SPIDER Satellite Components}, + institution = {{faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}}, + type = {Dissertation}, + author = {{Eric John Ruggiero Doctor of Philosophy In Mechanical Engineering}}, + date = {2005}, +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex index 1552259..bb8188d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil0.tex @@ -4,7 +4,79 @@ % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % \section{Einleitung\label{kreismembran:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Einleitung} +\rhead{Membran} +Eine Membran oder selten ein Schwingblatt ist laut Duden \cite{kreismembran:Duden:Membran} ein "dünnes Blättchen aus Metall, Papier o. Ä., das durch seine Schwingungsfähigkeit geeignet ist, Schallwellen zu übertragen ...". +Ein dünnes Blättchen aus Metall zeig jedoch nicht die selben dynamischen Eigenschaften auf, wie ein gespanntes Stück Papier. +Beschreibt man das dynamische Verhalten, muss zwischen einer dünnen Platte und einer Membrane unterschieden werden \cite{kreismembran:membrane_vs_thin_plate}. +Eine dünne Platte zum Beispiel aus Metall, wirkt selbst entgegen ihrer Deformation sobald sie gekrümmt wird. +Eine Membran auf der anderen Seite besteht aus einem Material welches sich ohne Kraftaufwand verbiegen lässt wie zum Beispiel Papier. +Bevor Papier als schwingende Membran betrachtet werden kann wird jedoch noch eine Spannung $ T $ benötigt welche das Material daran hindert aus der Ruhelage gebracht zu werden. +Ein geläufiges Beispiel einer Kreismembran ist eine runde Trommel. +Sie besteht herkömmlicher weise aus einem Leder (Fell), welches auf einen offenen Zylinder (Zargen) aufgespannt wird. +Das Leder alleine erzeugt nach einem Aufschlag keine hörbaren Schwingungen. +Sobald das Fell jedoch über den Zargen gespannt wird, kann das Fell auf verschiedensten weisen weiter schwingen, was für den Klang der Trommel verantwortlich ist. +Wie genau diese Schwingungen untersucht werden können wird in der Folgenden Arbeit Diskutiert. +\paragraph{Annahmen} +Um die Wellengleichung herzuleiten \cite{kreismembran:wellengleichung_herleitung}, muss ein Modell einer Membran definiert werden. +Das untersuchte Modell einer Membrane Erfüllt folgende Eigenschaften: +\begin{enumerate}[i] + \item Die Membran ist homogen. + Dies bedeutet, dass die Membran über die ganze Fläche die selbe Dichte $ \rho $ und Elastizität hat. + Durch die konstante Elastizität ist die ganze Membran unter gleichmässiger Spannung $ T $. + \item Die Membran ist perfekt flexibel. + Daraus folgt, dass die Membran ohne Kraftaufwand verbogen werden kann. + Die Membran ist dadurch nicht allein stehend schwing-fähig, hierzu muss sie gespannt werden mit einer Kraft $ T $. + \item Die Membran kann sich nur in Richtung ihrer Normalen in kleinem Ausmass Auslenken. + Auslenkungen in der ebene der Membran sind nicht möglich. + \item Die Membran erfährt keine Art von Dämpfung. + Die Membran wird also nicht durch ihr umliegendes Medium abgebremst noch erfährt sie Wärmeverluste durch Deformation. + Die resultierende Schwingung wird daher nicht gedämpft sein. + +\end{enumerate} + +\subsection{Wellengleichung} Um die Wellengleichung einer Membran herzuleiten wird vorerst eine schwingende Saite betrachtet. +Es lohnt sich das Verhalten einer Saite zu beschreiben da eine Saite das selbe Verhalten wie eine Membran aufweist mit dem Unterschied einer fehlenden Dimension. +Die Verbindung zwischen Membran und Saite ist intuitiv ersichtlich, stellt man sich einen Querschnitt einer Trommel vor. +%Wie analog zur Membran kann eine Saite erst unter Spannung schwingen. + +Abbildung \ref{TODO} ist ein infinitesimales Stück einer Saite mit Länge $ dx $ skizziert. +Wie für die Membran ist die Annahme iii gültig, keine Bewegung in die Richtung $ \hat{x} $. +Um dies zu erfüllen muss der Punkt $ P_1 $ gleich stark in Richtung $ -\hat{x} $ gezogen werden wie der Punkt $ P_2 $ in Richtung $ \hat{x} $ gezogen wird. Ist $ T_1 $ die Kraft welche mit Winkel $ \alpha $ auf Punkt $ P_1 $ wirkt sowie $ T_2 $ und $ \beta$ das analoge für Punkt $ P_2 $ ist, so können die Kräfte +\begin{equation}\label{kreismembran:eq:no_translation} + T_1 \cos \alpha = T_2 \cos \beta = T +\end{equation} +gleichgesetzt werden. +Das dynamische verhalten der senkrechten Auslenkung $ u(x,t) $ muss das newtonsche Gesetz +\begin{equation*} + \sum F = m \cdot a +\end{equation*} +befolgen. Die senkrecht wirkenden Kräfte werden mit $ T_1 $ und $ T_2 $ ausgedrückt, die Masse als Funktion der Dichte $ \rho $ und die Beschleunigung in Form der zweiten Ableitung als +\begin{equation*} + T_2 \sin \beta - T_1 \sin \alpha = \rho dx \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} . +\end{equation*} +Die Gleichung wird durch $ T $ dividiert, wobei $ T $ nach \ref{kreismembran:eq:no_translation} geschickt gewählt wird. Somit kann +\begin{equation*} + \frac{T_2 \sin \beta}{T_2 \cos \beta} - \frac{T_1 \sin \alpha}{T_1 \cos \alpha} = \frac{\rho dx}{T} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} +\end{equation*} +vereinfacht als +\begin{equation*} + \tan \beta - \tan \alpha = \frac{\rho dx}{T} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2} +\end{equation*} +geschrieben werden. +Der $ \tan \alpha $ entspricht der örtlichen Ableitung von $ u(x,t) $ an der Stelle $ x_0 $ und analog der $ \tan \beta $ für die Stelle $ x_0 + dx $. +Die Gleichung wird dadurch zu +\begin{equation*} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \big\vert_{x_0 + dx} - \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \big\vert_{x_0} = \frac{\rho dx}{T} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}. +\end{equation*} +Durch die Division mit $ dx $ entsteht +\begin{equation*} + \frac{1}{dx} \bigg[\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \big\vert_{x_0 + dx} - \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \big\vert_{x_0}\bigg] = \frac{\rho}{T}\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}. +\end{equation*} +Auf der Linken Seite der Gleichung wird die Differenz der Steigungen durch die Intervall-Länge geteilt, in anderen Worten die zweite Ableitung von $ u(x,t) $ nach $ x $ berechnet. Der Term $ \frac{\rho}{T} $ wird mit $ c^2 $ ersetzt, da der Bruch für eine gegebene Membran eine positive Konstante sein muss. Somit resultiert die, in der Literatur gebräuchliche Form +\begin{equation} + \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = \Delta u. +\end{equation} +In dieser Form ist die Gleichung auch gültig für eine Membran. Für den Fall einer Membran muss lediglich die Ableitung in zwei Dimensionen gerechnet werden.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex index aef5b79..39ca598 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil1.tex @@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ \section{Lösungsmethode 1: Separationsmethode \label{kreismembran:section:teil1}} \rhead{Lösungsmethode 1: Separationsmethode} -An diesem Punkt bleibt also nur noch die Lösung der partiellen Differentialgleichung. In diesem Kapitel wird sie mit Hilfe der Separationsmetode gelöst. +An diesem Punkt bleibt also nur noch die Lösung der partiellen Differentialgleichung. In diesem Kapitel wird sie mit Hilfe der Separationsmethode gelöst. -Wie im vorherigen Kapitel gezeigt, lautet die partielle Differentialgleichung, die die Schwingungen einer Membran beschreibt: +\subsection{Aufgabestellung\label{sub:aufgabestellung}} +Wie im vorherigen Abschnitt gezeigt, lautet die partielle Differentialgleichung, die die Schwingungen einer Membran beschreibt: \begin{equation*} - \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = \Delta u + \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = \Delta u. \end{equation*} -Da es sich um eine Kreisscheibe handelt, werden Polarkoordinaten verwendet, so dass sich der Laplaceoperator ergibt: +Da es sich um eine Kreisscheibe handelt, werden Polarkoordinaten verwendet, so dass sich der Laplaceoperator \begin{equation*} \Delta = @@ -23,78 +24,98 @@ Da es sich um eine Kreisscheibe handelt, werden Polarkoordinaten verwendet, so d \frac{\partial}{\partial r} + \frac{1}{r 2} - \frac{\partial^2}{\partial\varphi^2}. + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial\varphi^2} \label{buch:pde:kreis:laplace} \end{equation*} +ergibt. -Es wird eine runde elastische Membran berücksichtigt, die den Gebietbereich $\Omega$ abdeckt und am Rand $\Gamma$ befestigt ist. +Es wird eine runde elastische Membran berücksichtigt, die das Gebiet $\Omega$ abdeckt und am Rand $\Gamma$ befestigt ist. Es wird daher davon ausgegangen, dass die Membran aus einem homogenen Material von vernachlässigbarer Dicke gefertigt ist. -Die Membran kann verformt werden, aber innere elastische Kräfte wirken den Verformungen entgegen. Es wirken keine äusseren Kräfte. Es handelt sich somit von einer kreisförmligen eigespannten homogenen schwingenden Membran. +Die Membran kann verformt werden, aber innere elastische Kräfte wirken den Verformungen entgegen. Es wirken keine äusseren Kräfte. Es handelt sich somit von einer kreisförmligen eingespannten homogenen schwingenden Membran. Daher ist die Membranabweichung im Punkt $(r,\varphi)$ $\in$ $\overline{\rm \Omega}$ zum Zeitpunkt $t$: \begin{align*} u: \overline{\rm \Omega} \times \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0} &\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}\\ (r,\varphi,t) &\longmapsto u(r,\varphi,t) \end{align*} -Da die Membran am Rand befestigt ist, kann es keine Schwingungen geben, so dass die \textit{Dirichlet-Randbedingung} gilt: +Da die Membran am Rand befestigt ist, kann es keine Schwingungen geben, so dass die \textit{Dirichlet-Randbedingung} \cite{prof_dr_horst_knorrer_kreisformige_2013} \begin{equation*} - u\big|_{\Gamma} = 0 + u\big|_{\Gamma} = 0 \quad \text{für} \quad 0 \leq \varphi \leq 2\pi,\quad t \geq 0 \end{equation*} +gilt. + Um eine eindeutige Lösung bestimmen zu können, werden die folgenden Anfangsbedingungen festgelegt: \begin{align*} u(r,\varphi, 0) &= f(r,\varphi)\\ - \frac{\partial}{\partial t} u(r,\varphi, 0) &= g(r,\varphi) + u_t(r,\varphi, 0) &= g(r,\varphi). \end{align*} + +\subsection{Lösung\label{sub:lösung1}} +\subsubsection{Ansatz der Separation der Variablen\label{subsub:ansatz_separation}} Daher muss an dieser Stelle von einer Separation der Variablen ausgegangen werden: \begin{equation*} u(r,\varphi, t) = F(r)G(\varphi)T(t) \end{equation*} -Dank der Randbedingungen kann also gefordert werden, dass $F(R)=0$ ist, und natürlich, dass $G(\varphi)$ $2\pi$ periodisch ist. Eingesetz in der Differenzialgleichung ergibt: +Dank der Randbedingungen kann also gefordert werden, dass $F(R)=0$ ist, und natürlich, dass $G(\varphi)$ $2\pi$ periodisch ist. Eingesetzt in der Differenzialgleichung ergibt sich: \begin{equation*} - \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{T''(t)}{T(t)}=\frac{F''(r)}{F(r)}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{F'(r)}{F(r)}+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{G''(\varphi)}{G(\varphi)} + \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{T''(t)}{T(t)}=\frac{F''(r)}{F(r)}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{F'(r)}{F(r)}+\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{G''(\varphi)}{G(\varphi)}. \end{equation*} -Da die linke Seite nur von $t$ und die rechte Seite nur von $r$ und $\varphi$ abhängt, müssen sie gleich einer reellen Zahl sein. Aus physikalischen Grunden suchen wir nach Lösungen, die weder exponentiell in der Zeit wachsen noch exponentiell abklingen. Dies bedeutet, dass die Konstante negativ sein muss, also schreibt man $k=-k^2$. Daraus ergeben sich die folgenden zwei Gleichungen: -\begin{gather*} - T''(t) + c^2\kappa^2T(t) = 0\\ - r^2\frac{F''(r)}{F(r)} + r \frac{F'(r)}{F(r)} +\kappa^2 r^2 = - \frac{G''(\varphi)}{G(\varphi)} -\end{gather*} +Da die linke Seite nur von $t$ und die rechte Seite nur von $r$ und $\varphi$ abhängt, müssen sie gleich einer reellen Zahl sein. Aus physikalischen Gründen suchen wir nach Lösungen, die weder exponentiell in der Zeit wachsen noch exponentiell abklingen. Dies bedeutet, dass die Konstante negativ sein muss, also schreibt man $k=-k^2$. Daraus ergeben sich die folgenden zwei Gleichungen: +\begin{align*} + T''(t) + c^2\kappa^2T(t) &= 0\\ + r^2\frac{F''(r)}{F(r)} + r \frac{F'(r)}{F(r)} +\kappa^2 r^2 &= - \frac{G''(\varphi)}{G(\varphi)}. +\end{align*} In der zweiten Gleichung hängt die linke Seite nur von $r$ ab, während die rechte Seite nur von $\varphi$ abhängt. Sie müssen also wiederum gleich einer reellen Zahl $\nu$ sein. Also das: -\begin{gather*} - r^2F''(r) + rF'(r) + (\kappa^2 r^2 - \nu)F(r) = 0 \\ - G''(\varphi) = \nu G(\varphi) -\end{gather*} -$G$ kann in einer Fourierreihe entwickelt werden, so dass man sieht, dass $\nu$ die Form $n^2$ mit einer positiven ganzen Zahl sein muss, also: +\begin{align*} + r^2F''(r) + rF'(r) + (\kappa^2 r^2 - \nu)F(r) &= 0 \\ + G''(\varphi) &= \nu G(\varphi). +\end{align*} + +\subsubsection{Lösung für $G(\varphi)$\label{subsub:lösung_G}} +Da für die Zweite Gelichung Lösungen von Schwingungen erwartet werden, für die $G''(\varphi)=-\omega^2 G(\varphi)$ gilt, schreibt die gemeinsame Konstante als $-\nu^2$, was die Formeln später vereinfacht. Also: \begin{equation*} G(\varphi) = C_n \cos(\varphi) + D_n \sin(\varphi) + \label{eq:cos_sin_überlagerung} \end{equation*} -Die Gleichung $F$ hat die Gestalt -\begin{equation*} - r^2F''(r) + rF'(r) + (\kappa^2 r^2 - n^2)F(r) = 0 \quad (*) -\end{equation*} -Wir bereits in der Vorlesung von Prof. Müller gezeigt, sind die Besselfunktionen + +\subsubsection{Lösung für $F(r)$\label{subsub:lösung_F}} +Die Gleichung für $F$ hat die Gestalt +\begin{align} + r^2F''(r) + rF'(r) + (\kappa^2 r^2 - n^2)F(r) = 0 + \label{eq:2nd_degree_PDE} +\end{align} +Wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{buch:differntialgleichungen:section:bessel} gezeigt, sind die Besselfunktionen \begin{equation*} J_{\nu}(x) = r^\nu \displaystyle\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^m x^{2m}}{2^{2m+\nu}m! \Gamma (\nu + m+1)} \end{equation*} -Lösungen der "Besselschen Differenzialgleichung" +Lösungen der Besselschen Differenzialgleichung \begin{equation*} x^2 y'' + xy' + (x^2 - \nu^2)y = 0 \end{equation*} -Die Funktionen $F(r) = J_n(\kappa r)$ lösen also die Differentialgleichung $(*)$. Die +Die Funktionen $F(r) = J_n(\kappa r)$ lösen also die Differentialgleichung \eqref{eq:2nd_degree_PDE}. Die Randbedingung $F(R)=0$ impliziert, dass $\kappa R$ eine Nullstelle der Besselfunktion $J_n$ sein muss. Man kann zeigen, dass die Besselfunktionen $J_n, n \geq 0$, alle unendlich viele Nullstellen \begin{equation*} \alpha_{1n} < \alpha_{2n} < ... \end{equation*} -haben, und dass $\underset{\substack{m\to\infty}}{\text{lim}} \alpha_{mn}=\infty$. Somit ergit sich, dass $\kappa = \frac{\alpha_{mn}}{R}$ für ein $m\geq 1$, und dass +haben, und dass $\underset{\substack{m\to\infty}}{\text{lim}} \alpha_{mn}=\infty$. Somit ergibt sich, dass $\kappa = \frac{\alpha_{mn}}{R}$ für ein $m\geq 1$, und dass \begin{equation*} - F(r) = J_n (\kappa_{mn}r) \quad mit \quad \kappa_{mn}=\frac{\alpha_{mn}}{R} + F(r) = J_n (\kappa_{mn}r) \quad \text{mit} \quad \kappa_{mn}=\frac{\alpha_{mn}}{R} \end{equation*} -Die Differenzialgleichung $T''(t) + c^2\kappa^2T(t) = 0$, wird auf ähnliche Weise gelöst wie $G(\varphi)$. Durch Überlagerung aller Ergebnisse erhält man die Lösung -\begin{equation} - u(r, \varphi, t) = \displaystyle\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} J_n (k_{mn}r)\cos(n\varphi)[a_{mn}\cos(c \kappa_{mn} t)+b_{mn}\sin(c \kappa_{mn} t)] -\end{equation} -Dabei sind m und n ganze Zahlen, wobei m für die Anzahl der Knotenkreise und n -für die Anzahl der Knotenlinien steht. Es gibt bestimmte Bereiche auf der Membran, in denen es keine Bewegung oder Vibration gibt. Wenn der nicht schwingende Bereich ein Kreis ist, nennt man ihn einen Knotenkreis, und wenn er eine Linie ist, nennt man ihn ebenfalls eine Knotenlinie. $Jn(\kappa_{mn}r)$ ist die Besselfunktion $n$-ter Ordnung, wobei kmn die Wellenzahl und $r$ der Radius ist. $a_{mn}$ und $b_{mn}$ sind die zu bestimmenden Konstanten. -An diesem Punkt stellte sich die Frage, ob es möglich wäre, die partielle Differentialgleichung mit einer anderen Methode als der der Trennung der Variablen zu lösen. Nach einer kurzen Recherche und Diskussion mit Prof. Müller wurde festgestellt, dass die beste Methode die Transformationsmethode ist, genauer gesagt die Anwendung der Hankel-Transformation. Im nächsten Kapitel wird daher diese Integraltransformation vorgestellt und entwickelt, und es wird erläutert, warum sie für diese Art von Problem geeignet ist. +\subsubsection{Lösung für $T(t)$\label{subsub:lösung_T}} +Die Differenzialgleichung $T''(t) + c^2\kappa^2T(t) = 0$, wird auf ähnliche Weise gelöst wie $G(\varphi)$. + +\subsubsection{Zusammenfassung der Lösungen\label{subsub:zusammenfassung_lösungen}} +Durch Überlagerung aller Ergebnisse erhält man die Lösung +\begin{align} + u(r, \varphi, t) = \displaystyle\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} J_n (k_{mn}r)[a_{mn}\cos(n\varphi) + b_{mn}\sin(n\varphi)](n\varphi)[c_{mn}\cos(c \kappa_{mn} t)+d_{mn}\sin(c \kappa_{mn} t)] + \label{eq:lösung_endliche_generelle} +\end{align} + +Dabei sind $m$ und $n$ ganze Zahlen, wobei $m$ für die Anzahl der Knotenkreise und $n$ +für die Anzahl der Knotenlinien steht. Es gibt bestimmte Bereiche auf der Membran, in denen es keine Bewegung oder Vibration gibt. Wenn der nicht schwingende Bereich ein Kreis ist, nennt man ihn einen Knotenkreis, und wenn er eine Linie ist, nennt man ihn ebenfalls eine Knotenlinie. $Jn(\kappa_{mn}r)$ ist die Besselfunktion $n$-ter Ordnung, wobei $\kappa mn$ die Wellenzahl und $r$ der Radius ist. $a_{mn}$ und $b_{mn}$ sind die zu bestimmenden Konstanten. + + +An diesem Punkt stellte sich die Frage, ob es möglich wäre, die partielle Differentialgleichung mit einer anderen Methode als der der Trennung der Variablen zu lösen. Nach einer kurzen Recherche wurde festgestellt, dass die beste Methode die Transformationsmethode ist, genauer gesagt die Anwendung der Hankel-Transformation. Im nächsten Kapitel wird daher diese Integraltransformation vorgestellt und entwickelt, und es wird erläutert, warum sie für diese Art von Problem geeignet ist. diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex index 8afe817..6efda49 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil2.tex @@ -5,95 +5,98 @@ \section{Die Hankel Transformation \label{kreismembran:section:teil2}} \rhead{Die Hankel Transformation} -Hermann Hankel (1839-1873) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, der für seinen Beitrag zur mathematischen Analyse und insbesondere für seine namensgebende Transformation bekannt ist. -Diese Transformation tritt bei der Untersuchung von funktionen auf, die nur von der Enternung des Ursprungs abhängen. -Er studierte auch funktionen, jetzt Hankel- oder Bessel- Funktionen genannt, der dritten Art. -Die Hankel Transformation mit Bessel Funktionen al Kern taucht natürlich bei achsensymmetrischen Problemen auf, die in Zylindrischen Polarkoordinaten formuliert sind. -In diesem Kapitel werden die Theorie der Transformation und einige Eigenschaften der Grundoperationen erläutert. - - -Wir führen die Definition der Hankel Transformation aus der zweidimensionalen Fourier Transformation und ihrer Umkehrung ein, die durch: +Hermann Hankel (1839--1873) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, der für seinen Beitrag zur mathematischen Analysis und insbesondere für die nach ihm benannte Transformation bekannt ist. +Diese Transformation tritt bei der Untersuchung von Funktionen auf, die nur von der Entfernung des Ursprungs abhängen. +Er studierte auch Funktionen, jetzt Hankel- oder Bessel- Funktionen genannt, der dritten Art. +Die Hankel-Transformation, die die Bessel-Funktion enthält, taucht natürlich bei achsensymmetrischen Problemen auf, die in zylindrischen Polarkoordinaten formuliert sind. +In diesem Abschnitt werden die Theorie der Transformation und einige Eigenschaften der Grundoperationen erläutert. + +\subsubsection{Hankel-Transformation \label{subsub:hankel_tansformation}} +Wir führen die Definition der Hankel-Transformation \cite{lokenath_debnath_integral_2015} aus der zweidimensionalen Fourier-Transformation und ihrer Umkehrung ein, die durch: \begin{align} - \mathscr{F}\{f(x,y)\} & = F(k,l)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-i( \bm{\kappa}\cdot \mathbf{r})}f(x,y) dx dy,\label{equation:fourier_transform}\\ - \mathscr{F}^{-1}\{F(x,y)\} & = f(x,y)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{i(\bm{\kappa}\cdot \mathbf{r}))}F(k,l) dx dy \label{equation:inv_fourier_transform} + \mathscr{F}\{f(x,y)\} & = F(k,l)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-i( \bm{\kappa}\cdot \mathbf{r})}f(x,y) \; dx dy,\label{equation:fourier_transform}\\ + \mathscr{F}^{-1}\{F(x,y)\} & = f(x,y)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{i(\bm{\kappa}\cdot \mathbf{r}))}F(k,l) \; dx dy \label{equation:inv_fourier_transform} \end{align} -wo $\mathbf{r}=(x,y)$ und $\bm{\kappa}=(k,l)$. Wie bereits erwähnt, sind Polarkoordinaten für diese Art von Problemen am besten geeignet, also mit, $(x,y)=r(\cos\theta,\sin\theta)$ und $(k,l)=\kappa(\cos\phi,\sin\phi)$, findet man $\bm{\kappa}\cdot\mathbf{r}=\kappa r(\cos(\theta-\phi))$ und danach: +wo $\mathbf{r}=(x,y)$ und $\bm{\kappa}=(k,l)$. Polarkoordinaten sind für diese Art von Problemen am besten geeignet, mit $(x,y)=r(\cos\theta,\sin\theta)$ und $(k,l)=\kappa(\cos\phi,\sin\phi)$ findet man $\bm{\kappa}\cdot\mathbf{r}=\kappa r(\cos(\theta-\phi))$ und danach: \begin{align} - F(k,\phi)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}r dr \int_{0}^{2\pi}e^{-ikr\cos(\theta-\phi)}f(r,\theta) d\phi. + F(k,\phi)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}r \; dr \int_{0}^{2\pi}e^{-ikr\cos(\theta-\phi)}f(r,\theta) \; d\phi. \label{equation:F_ohne_variable_wechsel} \end{align} Dann wird angenommen dass, $f(r,\theta)=e^{in\theta}f(r)$, was keine strenge Einschränkung ist, und es wird eine Änderung der Variabeln vorgenommen $\theta-\phi=\alpha-\frac{\pi}{2}$, um \eqref{equation:F_ohne_variable_wechsel} zu reduzieren: \begin{align} - F(k,\phi)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}rf(r) dr \int_{\phi_{0}}^{2\pi+\phi_{0}}e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})+i(n\alpha-kr\sin\alpha)} d\alpha, + F(k,\phi)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}rf(r) \; dr \int_{\phi_{0}}^{2\pi+\phi_{0}}e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})+i(n\alpha-kr\sin\alpha)} \; d\alpha, \label{equation:F_ohne_bessel} \end{align} wo $\phi_{0}=(\frac{\pi}{2}-\phi)$. -Unter Verwendung der Integral Darstellung der Besselfunktion vom Ordnung n -\begin{align} - J_n(\kappa r)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\phi_{0}}^{2\pi + \phi_{0}}e^{i(n\alpha-\kappa r \sin \alpha)} d\alpha +Unter Verwendung der Integraldarstellung der Besselfunktion vom Ordnung $n$ \eqref{buch:fourier:eqn:bessel-integraldarstellung} +\begin{equation*} + J_n(\kappa r)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\phi_{0}}^{2\pi + \phi_{0}}e^{i(n\alpha-\kappa r \sin \alpha)} \; d\alpha \label{equation:bessel_n_ordnung} -\end{align} +\end{equation*} \eqref{equation:F_ohne_bessel} wird sie zu: \begin{align} - F(k,\phi)&=e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})}\int_{0}^{\infty}rJ_n(\kappa r) f(r) dr \label{equation:F_mit_bessel_step_1} \\ + F(k,\phi)&=e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})}\int_{0}^{\infty}rJ_n(\kappa r) f(r) \; dr \nonumber \\ &=e^{in(\phi-\frac{\pi}{2})}\tilde{f}_n(\kappa), \label{equation:F_mit_bessel_step_2} \end{align} -wo $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$ ist die \textit{Hankel Transformation} von $f(r)$ und ist formell definiert durch: +wo $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$ ist die \textit{Hankel-Transformation} von $f(r)$ und ist formell definiert durch: \begin{align} - \mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)=\int_{0}^{\infty}rJ_n(\kappa r) f(r) dr. + \mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)=\int_{0}^{\infty}rJ_n(\kappa r) f(r) \; dr. \label{equation:hankel} \end{align} +\subsubsection{Inverse Hankel-Transformation \label{subsub:inverse_hankel_tansformation}} Ähnlich verhält es sich mit der inversen Fourier Transformation in Form von polaren Koordinaten unter der Annahme $f(r,\theta)=e^{in\theta}f(r)$ mit \eqref{equation:F_mit_bessel_step_2}, wird die inverse Fourier Transformation \eqref{equation:inv_fourier_transform}: -\begin{align} - e^{in\theta}f(r)&=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa d\kappa \int_{0}^{2\pi}e^{i\kappa r \cos (\theta - \phi)}F(\kappa,\phi) d\phi\\ - &= \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) d\kappa \int_{0}^{2\pi}e^{in(\phi - \frac{\pi}{2})- i\kappa r \cos (\theta - \phi)} d\phi, -\end{align} +\begin{align*} + e^{in\theta}f(r)&=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa \; d\kappa \int_{0}^{2\pi}e^{i\kappa r \cos (\theta - \phi)}F(\kappa,\phi) \; d\phi \\ + &= \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) \; d\kappa \int_{0}^{2\pi}e^{in(\phi - \frac{\pi}{2})- i\kappa r \cos (\theta - \phi)} \; d\phi, +\end{align*} was durch den Wechsel der Variablen $\theta-\phi=-(\alpha+\frac{\pi}{2})$ und $\theta_0=-(\theta+\frac{\pi}{2})$, -\begin{align} - &= \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) d\kappa \int_{\theta_0}^{2\pi+\theta_0}e^{in(\theta + \alpha - i\kappa r \sin\alpha)} d\alpha \nonumber \\ - &= e^{in\theta}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) d\kappa,\quad \text{von \eqref{equation:bessel_n_ordnung}} -\end{align} +\begin{align*} + &= \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) \; d\kappa \int_{\theta_0}^{2\pi+\theta_0}e^{in(\theta + \alpha - i\kappa r \sin\alpha)} \; d\alpha \\ + &= e^{in\theta}\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) \; d\kappa, +\end{align*} -Also, die inverse \textit{Hankel Transformation} ist so definiert: +von \eqref{equation:bessel_n_ordnung} also ist, die inverse \textit{Hankel-Transformation} so definiert: \begin{align} - \mathscr{H}^{-1}_n\{\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)\}=f(r)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) d\kappa. + \mathscr{H}^{-1}_n\{\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)\}=f(r)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) \tilde{f}_n(\kappa) \; d\kappa. \label{equation:inv_hankel} \end{align} -Anstelle von $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$, wird häufig für die Hankel Transformation verwendet, indem die Ordnung angegeben wird. +Anstelle von $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$, wird häufig für die Hankel-Transformation verwendet, indem die Ordnung angegeben wird. \eqref{equation:hankel} und \eqref{equation:inv_hankel} Integralen existieren für eine grosse Klasse von Funktionen, die normalerweise in physikalischen Anwendungen benötigt werden. -Alternativ kann auch die berühmte Hankel Transformationsformel verwendet werden, +Alternativ kann auch die berühmte Hankel-Transformationsformel verwendet werden, -\begin{align} - f(r) = \int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) d\kappa \int_{0}^{\infty} p J_n(\kappa p)f(p) dp, +\begin{align*} + f(r) = \int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa J_n(\kappa r) \; d\kappa \int_{0}^{\infty} p J_n(\kappa p)f(p) \; dp, \label{equation:hankel_integral_formula} -\end{align} -um die Hankel Transformation \eqref{equation:hankel} und ihre Inverse \eqref{equation:inv_hankel} zu definieren. -Insbesondere die Hankel Transformation der nullten Ordnung ($n=0$) und der ersten Ordnung ($n=1$) sind häufig nützlich, um Lösungen für Probleme mit der Laplace Gleichung in einer achsensymmetrischen zylindrischen Geometrie zu finden. - -\subsection{Operative Eigenschaften der Hankel Transformation\label{sub:op_properties_hankel}} -In diesem Kapitel werden die operativen Eigenschaften der Hankel Transformation aufgeführt. Der Beweis für ihre Gültigkeit wird jedoch nicht analysiert. +\end{align*} +um die Hankel-Transformation \eqref{equation:hankel} und ihre Inverse \eqref{equation:inv_hankel} zu definieren. +Insbesondere die Hankel-Transformation der nullten Ordnung ($n=0$) und der ersten Ordnung ($n=1$) sind häufig nützlich, um Lösungen für Probleme mit der Laplace Gleichung in einer achsensymmetrischen zylindrischen Geometrie zu finden. -\subsubsection{Theorem 1: Skalierung \label{subsub:skalierung}} -Wenn $\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$, dann: +\subsection{Operative Eigenschaften der Hankel-Transformation\label{sub:op_properties_hankel}} +In diesem Kapitel werden die operativen Eigenschaften der Hankel-Transformation aufgeführt. Der Beweis für ihre Gültigkeit wird jedoch nicht analysiert. -\begin{equation*} - \mathscr{H}_n\{f(ar)\}=\frac{1}{a^{2}}\tilde{f}_n \left(\frac{\kappa}{a}\right), \quad a>0. -\end{equation*} +\begin{satz}{Skalierung:} + Wenn $\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$, dann: + + \begin{equation*} + \mathscr{H}_n\{f(ar)\}=\frac{1}{a^{2}}\tilde{f}_n \left(\frac{\kappa}{a}\right), \quad a>0. + \end{equation*} +\end{satz} -\subsubsection{Theorem 2: Persevalsche Relation \label{subsub:perseval}} +\begin{satz}{Persevalsche Relation (Skalarprodukt bleibt erhalten):} Wenn $\tilde{f}(\kappa)=\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}$ und $\tilde{g}(\kappa)=\mathscr{H}_n\{g(r)\}$, dann: \begin{equation*} - \int_{0}^{\infty}rf(r) dr = \int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa\tilde{f}(\kappa)\tilde{g}(\kappa) d\kappa. + \int_{0}^{\infty}rf(r)g(r) \; dr = \int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa\tilde{f}(\kappa)\tilde{g}(\kappa) \; d\kappa. \end{equation*} +\end{satz} -\subsubsection{Theorem 3: Hankel Transformationen von Ableitungen \label{subsub:ableitungen}} +\begin{satz}{Hankel-Transformationen von Ableitungen:} Wenn $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)=\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}$, dann: \begin{align*} @@ -101,13 +104,13 @@ Wenn $\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)=\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}$, dann: &\mathscr{H}_1\{f'(r)\}=-\kappa \tilde{f}_0(\kappa), \end{align*} bereitgestellt dass $[rf(r)]$ verschwindet als $r\to0$ und $r\to\infty$. +\end{satz} -\subsubsection{Theorem 4 \label{subsub:thorem4}} +\begin{satz} Wenn $\mathscr{H}_n\{f(r)\}=\tilde{f}_n(\kappa)$, dann: \begin{equation*} \mathscr{H}_n \left\{ \left( \nabla^2 - \frac{n^2}{r^2} f(r)\right)\right\}= \mathscr{H}_n\left\{\frac{1}{r}\frac{d}{dr}\left(r\frac{df}{dr}\right) - \frac{n^2}{r^2}f(r)\right\}=-\kappa^2\tilde{f}_{n}(\kappa), \end{equation*} -bereitgestellt dass $rf'(r)$ und $rf(r)$ verschwinden als $r\to0$ und $r\to\infty$. - - +bereitgestellt dass $rf'(r)$ und $rf(r)$ verschwinden für $r\to0$ und $r\to\infty$. +\end{satz} diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex index bef8b5f..7d5648a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil3.tex @@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ \section{Lösungsmethode 2: Transformationsmethode \label{kreismembran:section:teil3}} \rhead{Lösungsmethode 2: Transformationsmethode} -Die Hankel-Transformation wird dann zur Lösung der Differentialgleichung verwendet. Es müssen jedoch einige Änderungen an dem Problem vorgenommen werden, damit es mit den Annahmen übereinstimmt, die für die Verwendung der Hankel-Transformation erforderlich sind. Das heisst, dass die Funktion u nur von der Entfernung zum Ausgangspunkt abhängt. Wir führen also das Konzept einer unendlichen und achsensymmetrischen Membran ein: +Die Hankel-Transformation wird dann zur Lösung der Differentialgleichung verwendet. Es müssen jedoch einige Änderungen an dem Problem vorgenommen werden, damit es mit den Annahmen übereinstimmt, die für die Verwendung der Hankel-Transformation erforderlich sind. Das heisst, dass die Funktion $u$ nur von der Entfernung zum Ausgangspunkt abhängt. + +\subsubsection{Transformation und Reduktion auf eine algebraische Gleichung\label{subsub:transf_reduktion}} +Führt man also das Konzept einer unendlichen und achsensymmetrischen Membran ein: \begin{equation*} \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = @@ -18,16 +21,15 @@ Die Hankel-Transformation wird dann zur Lösung der Differentialgleichung verwen \end{equation*} \begin{align} - u(r,0)=f(r), \quad \frac{\partial}{\partial t} u(r,0) = g(r), \quad \text{für} \quad 0<r<\infty + u(r,0)=f(r), \quad u_t(r,0) = g(r), \quad \text{für} \quad 0<r<\infty \label{eq:PDE_inf_membane_RB} \end{align} Mit Anwendung der Hankel-Transformation nullter Ordnung in Abhängigkeit von $r$ auf die Gleichungen \eqref{eq:PDE_inf_membane} und \eqref{eq:PDE_inf_membane_RB}: \begin{align} - \tilde{u}(\kappa,t)=\int_{0}^{\infty}r J_0(\kappa r)u(r,t) dr, + \tilde{u}(\kappa,t)=\int_{0}^{\infty}r J_0(\kappa r)u(r,t) \; dr, \end{align} - bekommt man: \begin{equation*} @@ -36,43 +38,47 @@ bekommt man: \begin{equation*} \tilde{u}(\kappa,0)=\tilde{f}(\kappa), \quad - \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\tilde{u}(\kappa,0)=\tilde{g}(\kappa). + \tilde{u}_t(\kappa,0)=\tilde{g}(\kappa). \end{equation*} - -Die allgemeine Lösung für diese Transformation lautet, wie schon gesehen, wie folgt +Die allgemeine Lösung für diese Transformation lautet, wie in Gleighung \eqref{eq:cos_sin_überlagerung} gesehen, wie folgt \begin{equation*} \tilde{u}(\kappa,t)=\tilde{f}(\kappa)\cos(c\kappa t) + \frac{1}{c\kappa}\tilde{g}(\kappa)\sin(c\kappa t). \end{equation*} - Wendet man an nun die inverse Hankel-Transformation an, so erhält man die formale Lösung \begin{align} - u(r,t)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa\tilde{f}(\kappa)\cos(c\kappa t) J_0(\kappa r) d\kappa +\frac{1}{c}\int_{0}^{\infty}\tilde{g}(\kappa)\sin(c\kappa t)J_0(\kappa r) d\kappa. + u(r,t)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\kappa\tilde{f}(\kappa)\cos(c\kappa t) J_0(\kappa r) \; d\kappa +\frac{1}{c}\int_{0}^{\infty}\tilde{g}(\kappa)\sin(c\kappa t)J_0(\kappa r) \; d\kappa. \label{eq:formale_lösung} \end{align} -Es wird daher davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Membran verformt und zum Zeitpunkt $t=0$ freigegeben wird +\subsubsection{Erfüllung der Anfangsbedingungen\label{subsub:erfüllung_AB}} +Es wird in Folgenden davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Membran verformt und zum Zeitpunkt $t=0$ freigegeben wird \begin{equation*} - u(r,0)=f(r)=Aa(r^2 + a^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}, \quad \frac{d}{dt}(r,0)=g(r)=0 + u(r,0)=f(r)=Aa(r^2 + a^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}, \quad u_t(r,0)=g(r)=0 \end{equation*} - so dass $\tilde{g}(\kappa)\equiv 0$ und - \begin{equation*} - \tilde{f}(\kappa)=Aa\int_{0}^{\infty}r(a^2 + r^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} J_0 (\kappa r) dr=\frac{Aa}{\kappa}e^{-a\kappa} + \tilde{f}(\kappa)=Aa\int_{0}^{\infty}r(a^2 + r^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} J_0 (\kappa r) \; dr=\frac{Aa}{\kappa}e^{-a\kappa} \end{equation*} - Die formale Lösung \eqref{eq:formale_lösung} lautet also \begin{align*} - u(r,t)&=Aa\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-a\kappa} J_0(\kappa r)\cos(c\kappa t)dk=AaRe\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-\kappa(a+ict)} J_0(\kappa r)dk\\ + u(r,t)&=Aa\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-a\kappa} J_0(\kappa r)\cos(c\kappa t) \; dk=AaRe\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-\kappa(a+ict)} J_0(\kappa r) \; dk\\ &=AaRe\left\{r^2+\left(a+ict\right)^2\right\}^{-\frac{1}{2}} \end{align*} +Nimmt man jedoch die allgemeine Lösung mit Summationen, + +\begin{align} + u(r, t) = \displaystyle\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} J_0 (k_{m}r)[a_{m}\cos(c \kappa_{m} t)+b_{m}\sin(c \kappa_{m} t)] + \label{eq:lösung_unendliche_generelle} +\end{align} +kann man die Lösungsmethoden 1 und 2 vergleichen. -\subsection{Vergleich der Lösungen +\subsection{Vergleich der Analytischen Lösungen \label{kreismembran:vergleich}} -Hier kommt noch der Vergleich der Lösungen ;) +Bei der Analyse der Gleichungen \eqref{eq:lösung_endliche_generelle} und \eqref{eq:lösung_unendliche_generelle} fällt sofort auf, dass die Gleichung \eqref{eq:lösung_unendliche_generelle} nicht mehr von $m$ und $n$ abhängt, sondern nur noch von $n$ \cite{nishanth_p_vibrations_2018}. Das macht Sinn, denn $n$ beschreibt die Anzahl der Knotenlinien, und in einer unendlichen Membran gibt es keine. Tatsächlich werden $a_{m0}$, $b_{m0}$ und $\kappa_{m0}$ in $a_m$, $b_m$ bzw. $\kappa_m$ umbenannt. Die beiden Termen $\cos(n\varphi)$ und $\sin(n\varphi)$ verschwinden ebenfalls, da für $n=0$ der $\cos(n\varphi)$ gleich 1 und der $\sin(n \varphi)$ gleich 0 ist. +Die Funktion hängt also nicht mehr von der Besselfunktionen $n$-ter Ordnung ab, sondern nur von der $0$-ter Ordnung. diff --git a/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c124354 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kreismembran/teil4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +% +% einleitung.tex -- Beispiel-File für die Einleitung +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Lösungsmethode 3: Simulation + \label{kreismembran:section:teil4}} +\paragraph{TODO Einleitung} + +Um numerisch das Verhalten einer Membran zu ermitteln, muss eine numerische Darstellung definiert werden. +Die Membran wird hier in Form der Matrix $ A $ digitalisiert. +Jedes Element $ A_{ij} $ steh für die Auslenkung der Membran $ u(x,y,t) $ an der Stelle $ \{x,y\}=\{i,j\} $. +Die zeitliche Dimension wird in Form des Array $ X[] $ aus $ v \times A $ Matrizen dargestellt. +Das Element auf Zeile $ i $, Spalte $ j $ der $ w $-ten Matrix von $ X[] $ also $ X[w]_{ij} $ entspricht der Auslenkung $ u(i,j,w) $. + +\paragraph{title}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2f227e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/applications.tex @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell: + +\section{Applications} + +\subsection{Electroencephalography (EEG)} + +\subsection{Measuring Gravitational Fields} + +\subsection{Quantisation of Angular Momentum} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b09e9c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/introduction.tex @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=78: + +\section{Introduction} + +This chapter of the book is devoted to the sef of functions called +\emph{spherical harmonics}. However, before we dive into the topic, we want to +make a few preliminary remarks to avoid ``upsetting'' a certain type of +reader. Specifically, we would like to specify that the authors of this +chapter not mathematicians but engineers, and therefore the text will not be +always complete with sound proofs after every claim. Instead we will go +through the topic in a more intuitive way including rigorous proofs only if +they are enlightening or when they are very short. Where no proofs are given +we will try to give an intuition for why it is true. + +That being said, when talking about spherical harmonics one could start by +describing their name. The latter may be a cause of some confusion because of +the misleading translations in other languages. In German the name for this +set of functions is ``Kugelfunktionen'', which puts the emphasis only on the +spherical context, whereas the English name ``spherical harmonics'' also +contains the \emph{harmonic} part hinting at Fourier theories and harmonic +analysis in general. + +The structure of this chapter is organized in the following way. First, we +will quickly go through some fundamental linear algebra and Fourier theory to +refresh a few important concepts. In principle, we could have written the +whole thing starting from a much more abstract level without much preparation, +but then we would have lost some of the beauty that comes from the +appreciation of the power of some surprisingly simple ideas. Then once the +basics are done, we can explore the main topic of spherical harmonics which as +we will see arises from the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian operator in +spherical coordinates. Finally, after studying what we think are the most +beautiful and interesting properties of the spherical harmonics, to conclude +this journey we will present a few real-world applications, which are of +course most of interest for engineers. + diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex index 06368af..98d9cb2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/main.tex @@ -1,39 +1,20 @@ -% +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et: % main.tex -- Paper zum Thema <kugel> % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Recurrence Relations for Spherical Harmonics in Quantum Mechanics\label{chapter:kugel}} -\lhead{Recurrence Relations in Quantum Mechanics} +\begin{otherlanguage}{english} +\chapter{Spherical Harmonics\label{chapter:kugel}} +\lhead{Spherical Harmonics} \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Manuel Cattaneo, Naoki Pross} -\begin{verbatim} - -Ideas and current research goals --------------------------------- - -- Recurrence relations for spherical harmonics -- Associated Legendre polynomials -- Rodrigues' type formula aka Rodrigues' formula -- Applications: - * Quantization of angular momentum - * Gravitational field measurements (NASA ebb and flow, ESA goce) - * Literally anything that needs basis functions on the surface of a sphere - -Literature ----------- - -- Nichtkommutative Bildverarbeitung, T. Mendez, p57+ -- Linear Algebra Done Right, S. Axler, p212,221,231,237 -- Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D. J. Griffith, p201+ -- Seminar Quantenmechanik, A. Müller, p101,106,114,121 -- Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, J. Oliver, p510+ -- Partial Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, K. Miller, p175,190 - -\end{verbatim} - +\input{papers/kugel/introduction} +\input{papers/kugel/preliminaries} +\input{papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics} +\input{papers/kugel/applications} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} +\end{otherlanguage} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03cd421 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/preliminaries.tex @@ -0,0 +1,346 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell tw=78: + +\section{Preliminaries} + +The purpose of this section is to dust off some concepts that will become +important later on. This will enable us to be able to get a richer and more +general view of the topic than just liming ourselves to a specific example. + +\subsection{Vectors and inner product spaces} + +We shall start with a few fundamentals of linear algebra. We will mostly work +with complex numbers, but for the sake of generality we will do what most +textbook do, and write \(\mathbb{K}\) instead of \(\mathbb{C}\) since the +theory works the same when we replace \(\mathbb{K}\) with the real +numbers \(\mathbb{R}\). + +\begin{definition}[Vector space] + \label{kugel:def:vector-space} \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + A \emph{vector space} over a field \(\mathbb{K}\) is a set \(V\) with an + addition on \(V\) and a multiplication on \(V\) such that the following + properties hold: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item (Commutativity) \(u + v = v + u\) for all \(u, v \in V\); + \item (Associativity) \((u + v) + w = u + (v + w)\) and \((ab)v = a(bv)\) + for all \(u, v, w \in V\) and \(a, b \in \mathbb{K}\); + \item (Additive identity) There exists an element \(0 \in V\) such that + \(v + 0 = v\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Additive inverse) For every \(v \in V\), there exists a \(w \in V\) + such that \(v + w = 0\); + \item (Multiplicative identity) \(1 v = v\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Distributive properties) \(a(u + v) = au + av\) and \((a + b)v = av + + bv\) for all \(a, b \in \mathbb{K}\) and all \(u,v \in V\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +\begin{definition}[Dot product] + \label{kugel:def:dot-product} + In the vector field \(\mathbb{K}^n\) the scalar or dot product between two + vectors \(u, v \in \mathbb{K}^n\) is + \( + u \cdot v + = u_1 \overline{v}_1 + u_2 \overline{v}_2 + \cdots + u_n \overline{v}_n + = \sum_{i=1}^n u_i \overline{v}_i. + \) +\end{definition} + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Span] +\end{definition} + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Linear independence] +\end{definition} + + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Basis] +\end{definition} + +\texttt{TODO: Text here.} + +\begin{definition}[Inner product] + \label{kugel:def:inner-product} \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + The \emph{inner product} on \(V\) is a function that takes each ordered pair + \((u, v)\) of elements of \(V\) to a number \(\langle u, v \rangle \in + \mathbb{K}\) and has the following properties: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item (Positivity) \(\langle v, v \rangle \geq 0\) for all \(v \in V\); + \item (Definiteness) \(\langle v, v \rangle = 0\) iff \(v = 0\); + \item (Additivity) \( + \langle u + v, w \rangle = + \langle u, w \rangle + \langle v, w \rangle + \) for all \(u, v, w \in V\); + \item (Homogeneity) \( + \langle \lambda u, v \rangle = + \lambda \langle u, v \rangle + \) for all \(\lambda \in \mathbb{K}\) and all \(u, v \in V\); + \item (Conjugate symmetry) + \(\langle u, v \rangle = \overline{\langle v, u \rangle}\) for all + \(u, v \in V\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +This newly introduced inner product is thus a generalization of the scalar +product that does not explicitly depend on rows or columns of vectors. This +has the interesting consequence that anything that behaves according to the +rules given in definition \ref{kugel:def:inner-product} \emph{is} an inner +product. For example if we say that the vector space \(V = \mathbb{R}^n\), +then the dot product defined in definition \ref{kugel:def:dot-product} +\( + u \cdot v = u_1 \overline{v}_1 + u_2 \overline{v}_2 + \cdots + u_n \overline{v}_n +\) +is an inner product in \(V\), and the two are said to form an \emph{inner +product space}. + +\begin{definition}[Inner product space] + \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + An inner product space is a vector space \(V\) equipped with an inner + product on \(V\). +\end{definition} + +How about a more interesting example: the set of continuous complex valued +functions on the interval \([0; 1]\) can behave like vectors. Functions can +be added, subtracted, multiplied with scalars, are associative and there is +even the identity element (zero function \(f(x) = 0\)), so we can create an +inner product +\[ + \langle f, g \rangle = \int_0^1 f(x) \overline{g(x)} \, dx, +\] +which will indeed satisfy all of the rules for an inner product (in fact this +is called the Hermitian inner product\nocite{allard_mathematics_2009}). If +this last step sounds too good to be true, you are right, because it is not +quite so simple. The problem that we have swept under the rug here is +convergence, which any student who took an analysis class will know is a +rather hairy question. We will not need to go too much into the details since +formally discussing convergence is definitely beyond the scope of this text, +however, for our purposes we will still need to dig a little deeper for a few +more paragraph. + +\subsection{Convergence} + +In the last section we hinted that we can create ``infinite-dimensional'' +vector spaces using functions as vectors, and inner product spaces by +integrating the product of two functions of said vector space. However, there +is a problem with convergence which twofold: the obvious problem is that the +integral of the inner product may not always converge, while the second is a +bit more subtle and will be discussed later. The inner product that does +not converge is a problem because we want a \emph{norm}. + +\begin{definition}[\(L^2\) Norm] + \nocite{axler_linear_2014} + The norm of a vector \(v\) of an inner product space is a number + denoted as \(\| v \|\) that is computed by \(\| v \| = \sqrt{\langle v, v + \rangle}\). +\end{definition} + +In \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with the dot product (Euclidian space) the norm is the +geometric length of a vector, while in a more general inner product space the +norm can be thought of as a more abstract measure of ``length''. In any case +it is rather important that the expression \(\sqrt{\langle v, v \rangle}\), +which when using functions \(f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{C}\) becomes +\[ + \sqrt{\langle f, f \rangle} = + \sqrt{\int_\mathbb{R} f(x) \overline{f(x)} \, dx} = + \sqrt{\int_\mathbb{R} |f(x)|^2 \, dx}, +\] +always exists. So, to fix this problems we do what mathematicians do best: +make up the solution. Since the integrand under the square root is always the +square of the magnitude, we can just specify that the functions must be +\emph{absolutely square integrable}. To be more compact it is common to just +write \(f \in L^2\), where \(L^2\) denotes the set of absolutely square +integrable functions. + +Now we can tackle the second (much more difficult) problem of convergence +mentioned at the beginning. Using the technical jargon, we need that our inner +product space is what is called a \emph{complete metric space}, which just +means that we can measure distances. For the more motivated readers although +not really necessary we can also give a more formal definition, the others can +skip to the next section. + +\begin{definition}[Metric space] + \nocite{tao_analysis_2016} + A metric space \((X, d)\) is a space \(X\) of objects (called points), + together with a distance function or metric \(d: X \times X \to [0, + +\infty)\), which associates to each pair \(x, y\) of points in \(X\) a + non-negative real number \(d(x, y) \geq 0\). Furthermore, the metric must + satisfy the following four axioms: + \begin{enumerate}[(a)] + \item For any \(x\in X\), we have \(d(x, x) = 0\). + \item (Positivity) For any \emph{distinct} \(x, y \in X\), we have + \(d(x,y) > 0\). + \item (Symmetry) For any \(x,y \in X\), we have \(d(x, y) = d(y, x)\). + \item (Triangle inequality) For any \(x, y, z \in X\) we have + \(d(x, z) \leq d(x, y) + d(y, z)\). + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +As is seen in the definition metric spaces are a very abstract concept and +rely on rather weak statements, which makes them very general. Now, the more +intimidating part is the \emph{completeness} which is defined as follows. + +\begin{definition}[Complete metric space] + \label{kugel:def:complete-metric-space} + A metric space \((X, d)\) is said to be \emph{complete} iff every Cauchy + sequence in \((X, d)\) is convergent in \((X, d)\). +\end{definition} + +To fully explain definition \ref{kugel:def:complete-metric-space} it would +take a few more pages, which would get a bit too heavy. So instead we will +give an informal explanation through an counterexample to get a feeling of +what is actually happening. Cauchy sequences is a rather fancy name for a +sequence for example of numbers that keep changing, but in a such a way that +at some point the change keeps getting smaller (the infamous +\(\varepsilon-\delta\) definition). For example consider the sequence of +numbers +\[ + 1, + 1.4, + 1.41, + 1.414, + 1.4142, + 1.41421, + \ldots +\] +in the metric space \((\mathbb{Q}, d)\) with \(d(x, y) = |x - y|\). Each +element of this sequence can be written with some fraction in \(\mathbb{Q}\), +but in \(\mathbb{R}\) the sequence is converging towards the number +\(\sqrt{2}\). However, \(\sqrt{2} \notin \mathbb{Q}\). Since we can find a +sequence of fractions whose distance's limit is not in \(\mathbb{Q}\), the +metric space \((\mathbb{Q}, d)\) is \emph{not} complete. Conversely, +\((\mathbb{R}, d)\) is a complete metric space since \(\sqrt{2} \in +\mathbb{R}\). + +Of course the analogy above also applies to vectors, i.e. if in an inner +product space \(V\) over a field \(\mathbb{K}\) all sequences of vectors have +a distance that is always in \(\mathbb{K}\), then \(V\) is also a complete +metric space. In the jargon, this particular case is what is known as a +Hilbert space, after the incredibly influential German mathematician David +Hilbert. + +\begin{definition}[Hilbert space] + A Hilbert space is a vector space \(H\) with an inner product \(\langle f, g + \rangle\) and a norm \(\sqrt{\langle f, f \rangle}\) defined such that \(H\) + turns into a complete metric space. +\end{definition} + +\subsection{Orthogonal basis and Fourier series} + +Now we finally have almost everything we need to get into the domain of +Fourier theory from the perspective of linear algebra. However, we still need +to briefly discuss the matter of orthogonality\footnote{See chapter +\ref{buch:chapter:orthogonalitaet} for more on orthogonality.} and +periodicity. Both should be very straightforward and already well known. + +\begin{definition}[Orthogonality and orthonormality] + \label{kugel:def:orthogonality} + In an inner product space \(V\) two vectors \(u, v \in V\) are said to be + \emph{orthogonal} if \(\langle u, v \rangle = 0\). Further, if both \(u\) + and \(v\) are of unit length, i.e. \(\| u \| = 1\) and \(\| v \| = 1\), then + they are said to be ortho\emph{normal}. +\end{definition} + +\begin{definition}[1-periodic function and \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\)] + A function is said to be 1-periodic if \(f(x + 1) = f(x)\). The set of + 1-periodic function from the real to the complex + numbers is denoted by \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\). +\end{definition} + +In the definition above the notation \(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}\) was borrowed +from group theory, and is what is known as a quotient group; Not really +relevant for our discussion but still a ``good to know''. More importantly, it +is worth noting that we could have also defined more generally \(L\)-periodic +functions with \(L\in\mathbb{R}\), however, this would introduce a few ugly +\(L\)'s everywhere which are not really necessary (it will always be possible +to extend the theorems to \(\mathbb{R} / L\mathbb{Z}\)). Thus, we will +continue without the \(L\)'s, and to simplify the language unless specified +otherwise ``periodic'' will mean 1-periodic. Having said that, we can +officially begin with the Fourier theory. + +\begin{lemma} + The subset of absolutely square integrable functions in + \(C(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\) together with the Hermitian inner + product + \[ + \langle f, g \rangle = \int_{[0; 1)} f(x) \overline{g(x)} \, dx + \] + form a Hilbert space. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + It is not too difficult to show that the functions in \(C(\mathbb{R} / + \mathbb{Z}; \mathbb{C})\) are well behaved and form a vector space. Thus, + what remains is that the norm needs to form a complete metric space. + However, this follows from the fact that we defined the functions to be + absolutely square integrable\footnote{For the curious on why, it is because + \(L^2\) is what is known as a \emph{compact metric space}, and compact + metric spaces are always complete (see \cite{eck_metric_2022, + tao_analysis_2016}). To explain compactness and the relationship between + compactness and completeness is definitely beyond the goals of this text.}. +\end{proof} + +This was probably not a very satisfactory proof since we brushed off a lot of +details by referencing other theorems. However, the main takeaway should be +that we have ``constructed'' this new Hilbert space of functions in a such a +way that from now on we will not have to worry about the details of +convergence. + +\begin{lemma} + \label{kugel:lemma:exp-1d} + The set of functions \(E_n(x) = e^{i2\pi nx}\) on the interval + \([0; 1)\) with \(n \in \mathbb{Z} \) are orthonormal. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + We need to show that \(\langle E_m, E_n \rangle\) equals 1 when \(m = n\) + and zero otherwise. This is a straightforward computation: We start by + unpacking the notation to get + \[ + \langle E_m, E_n \rangle + = \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi mx} e^{- i2\pi nx} \, dx + = \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi (m - n)x} \, dx, + \] + then inside the integrand we can see that when \(m = n\) we have \(e^0 = 1\) and + thus \( \int_0^1 dx = 1, \) while when \(m \neq n\) we can just say that we + have a new non-zero integer + \(k := m - n\) and + \[ + \int_0^1 e^{i2\pi kx} \, dx + = \frac{e^{i2\pi k} - e^{0}}{i2\pi k} + = \frac{1 - 1}{i2\pi k} + = 0 + \] + as desired. \qedhere +\end{proof} + +\begin{definition}[Spectrum] +\end{definition} + +\begin{theorem}[Fourier Theorem] + \[ + \lim_{N \to \infty} \left \| + f(x) - \sum_{n = -N}^N \hat{f}(n) E_n(x) + \right \|_2 = 0 + \] +\end{theorem} + +\begin{lemma} + The set of functions \(E_{m, n}(\xi, \eta) = e^{i2\pi m\xi}e^{i2\pi n\eta}\) + on the square \([0; 1)^2\) with \(m, n \in \mathbb{Z} \) are orthonormal. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + The proof is almost identical to lemma \ref{kugel:lemma:exp-1d}, with the + only difference that the inner product is given by + \[ + \langle E_{m,n}, E_{m', n'} \rangle + = \iint_{[0;1)^2} + E_{m, n}(\xi, \eta) \overline{E_{m', n'} (\xi, \eta)} + \, d\xi d\eta + .\qedhere + \] +\end{proof} + +\subsection{Laplacian operator} + +\subsection{Eigenvalue Problem} diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib b/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib index 013da60..b74c5cd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/references.bib @@ -1,35 +1,195 @@ -% -% references.bib -- Bibliography file for the paper kugel -% -% (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil -% - -@online{kugel:bibtex, - title = {BibTeX}, - url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX}, - date = {2020-02-06}, - year = {2020}, - month = {2}, - day = {6} -} - -@book{kugel:numerical-analysis, - title = {Numerical Analysis}, - author = {David Kincaid and Ward Cheney}, - publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, - year = {2002}, - isbn = {978-8-8218-4788-6}, - inseries = {Pure and applied undegraduate texts}, - volume = {2} -} - -@article{kugel:mendezmueller, - author = { Tabea Méndez and Andreas Müller }, - title = { Noncommutative harmonic analysis and image registration }, - journal = { Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.}, - year = 2019, - volume = 47, - pages = {607--627}, - url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} + +@article{carvalhaes_surface_2015, + title = {The surface Laplacian technique in {EEG}: Theory and methods}, + volume = {97}, + issn = {01678760}, + url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167876015001749}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.023}, + shorttitle = {The surface Laplacian technique in {EEG}}, + pages = {174--188}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, + shortjournal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, + author = {Carvalhaes, Claudio and de Barros, J. Acacio}, + urldate = {2022-05-16}, + date = {2015-09}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Submitted Version:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/SN4YUNQC/Carvalhaes and de Barros - 2015 - The surface Laplacian technique in EEG Theory and.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@video{minutephysics_better_2021, + title = {A Better Way To Picture Atoms}, + url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2Xb2GFK2yc}, + abstract = {Thanks to Google for sponsoring a portion of this video! +Support {MinutePhysics} on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics + +This video is about using Bohmian trajectories to visualize the wavefunctions of hydrogen orbitals, rendered in 3D using custom python code in Blender. + +{REFERENCES} +A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I +David Bohm, Physical Review, Vol 85 No. 2, January 15, 1952 + +Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics +J. S. Bell + +Trajectory construction of Dirac evolution +Peter Holland + +The de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and its Application to some Simple Systems by Caroline Colijn + +Bohmian Trajectories as the Foundation of Quantum Mechanics +http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.2666v1 + +The Pilot-Wave Perspective on Quantum Scattering and Tunneling +http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.7265v2 + +A Quantum Potential Description of One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Scattering From Square Barriers and Square Wells +Dewdney, Foundations of Physics, {VoL} 12, No. 1, 1982 + +Link to Patreon Supporters: http://www.minutephysics.com/supporters/ + +{MinutePhysics} is on twitter - @minutephysics +And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics + +Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute! + +Created by Henry Reich}, + author = {{minutephysics}}, + urldate = {2022-05-19}, + date = {2021-05-19}, +} + +@article{ries_role_2013, + title = {Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in speech monitoring}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1662-5161}, + url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00703/abstract}, + doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00703}, + journaltitle = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, + shortjournal = {Front. Hum. Neurosci.}, + author = {Riès, Stephanie K. and Xie, Kira and Haaland, Kathleen Y. and Dronkers, Nina F. and Knight, Robert T.}, + urldate = {2022-05-16}, + date = {2013}, + file = {Full Text:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/W7KTJB8E/Riès et al. - 2013 - Role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in speech mo.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@online{saylor_academy_atomic_2012, + title = {Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies}, + url = {http://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-chemistry-principles-patterns-and-applications-v1.0/s10-05-atomic-orbitals-and-their-ener.html}, + author = {{Saylor Academy}}, + urldate = {2022-05-30}, + date = {2012}, + file = {Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/LJ8DM3YI/s10-05-atomic-orbitals-and-their-ener.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{schmitz_using_2012, + location = {Santa Clara, {CA}, {USA}}, + title = {Using spherical harmonics for modeling antenna patterns}, + isbn = {978-1-4577-1155-8 978-1-4577-1153-4 978-1-4577-1154-1}, + url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6175298/}, + doi = {10.1109/RWS.2012.6175298}, + eventtitle = {2012 {IEEE} Radio and Wireless Symposium ({RWS})}, + pages = {155--158}, + booktitle = {2012 {IEEE} Radio and Wireless Symposium}, + publisher = {{IEEE}}, + author = {Schmitz, Arne and Karolski, Thomas and Kobbelt, Leif}, + urldate = {2022-05-16}, + date = {2012-01}, +} + +@online{allard_mathematics_2009, + title = {Mathematics 203-204 - Basic Analysis I-{II}}, + url = {https://services.math.duke.edu/~wka/math204/}, + author = {Allard, William K.}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Mathematics 203-204 - Basic Analysis I-II:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/LJISXBCM/math204.html:text/html}, +} + +@book{olver_introduction_2013, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Introduction to partial differential equations}, + isbn = {978-3-319-02098-3}, + publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media, {LLC}}, + author = {Olver, Peter J.}, + date = {2013}, +} + +@book{miller_partial_2020, + location = {Mineola, New York}, + title = {Partial differential equations in engineering problems}, + isbn = {978-0-486-84329-2}, + abstract = {"Requiring only an elementary knowledge of ordinary differential equations, this concise text begins by deriving common partial differential equations associated with vibration, heat flow, electricity, and elasticity. The treatment discusses and applies the techniques of Fourier analysis to these equations and extends the discussion to the Fourier integral. Final chapters discuss Legendre, Bessel, and Mathieu functions and the general structure of differential operators"--}, + publisher = {Dover Publications, Inc}, + author = {Miller, Kenneth S.}, + date = {2020}, + keywords = {Differential equations, Partial}, +} + +@book{asmar_complex_2018, + location = {Cham}, + title = {Complex analysis with applications}, + isbn = {978-3-319-94062-5}, + series = {Undergraduate texts in mathematics}, + pagetotal = {494}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Asmar, Nakhlé H. and Grafakos, Loukas}, + date = {2018}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-94063-2}, + file = {Table of Contents PDF:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/G2Q2RDFU/Asmar and Grafakos - 2018 - Complex analysis with applications.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{adkins_ordinary_2012, + location = {New York}, + title = {Ordinary differential equations}, + isbn = {978-1-4614-3617-1}, + series = {Undergraduate texts in mathematics}, + pagetotal = {799}, + publisher = {Springer}, + author = {Adkins, William A. and Davidson, Mark G.}, + date = {2012}, + keywords = {Differential equations}, +} + +@book{griffiths_introduction_2015, + title = {Introduction to electrodynamics}, + isbn = {978-93-325-5044-5}, + author = {Griffiths, David J}, + date = {2015}, + note = {{OCLC}: 965197645}, +} + +@book{tao_analysis_2016, + title = {Analysis 2}, + isbn = {978-981-10-1804-6}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1804-6}, + author = {Tao, Terence}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2016}, + note = {{OCLC}: 965325026}, +} + +@book{axler_linear_2015, + location = {Cham}, + title = {Linear Algebra Done Right}, + isbn = {978-3-319-11079-0 978-3-319-11080-6}, + url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-11080-6}, + series = {Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics}, + publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, + author = {Axler, Sheldon}, + urldate = {2022-07-25}, + date = {2015}, + langid = {english}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-11080-6}, + file = {Submitted Version:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/3Y8MX74N/Axler - 2015 - Linear Algebra Done Right.pdf:application/pdf}, } +@online{eck_metric_2022, + title = {Metric Spaces: Completeness}, + url = {https://math.hws.edu/eck/metric-spaces/completeness.html}, + titleaddon = {Math 331: Foundations of Analysis}, + author = {Eck, David J.}, + urldate = {2022-08-01}, + date = {2022}, + file = {Metric Spaces\: Completeness:/Users/npross/Zotero/storage/5JYEE8NF/completeness.html:text/html}, +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex b/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b23ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/kugel/spherical-harmonics.tex @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +% vim:ts=2 sw=2 et spell: + +\section{Spherical Harmonics} + +\subsection{Eigenvalue Problem in Spherical Coordinates} + +\subsection{Properties} + +\subsection{Recurrence Relations} + +\section{Series Expansions in \(C(S^2)\)} + +\nocite{olver_introduction_2013} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile index 0f0985a..85a1b83 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile @@ -3,9 +3,42 @@ # # (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Mueller # +IMGFOLDER := images +PRESFOLDER := presentation -images: images/laguerre_polynomes.pdf +FIGURES := \ + images/targets.pdf \ + images/rel_error_complex.pdf \ + images/estimates.pdf \ + images/integrand.pdf \ + images/integrand_exp.pdf \ + images/laguerre_poly.pdf \ + images/rel_error_mirror.pdf \ + images/rel_error_range.pdf \ + images/rel_error_shifted.pdf \ + images/rel_error_simple.pdf \ + images/gammaplot.pdf -images/laguerre_polynomes.pdf: scripts/laguerre_plot.py - python3 scripts/laguerre_plot.py +.PHONY: all +all: images presentation +.PHONY: images +images: $(FIGURES) + +.PHONY: presentation +presentation: $(PRESFOLDER)/presentation.pdf + +images/%.pdf images/%.pgf: scripts/%.py scripts/gamma_approx.py + python3 $< + +images/gammaplot.pdf: images/gammaplot.tex images/gammapaths.tex + cd $(IMGFOLDER) && latexmk -quiet -pdf gammaplot.tex + +$(PRESFOLDER)/%.pdf: $(PRESFOLDER)/%.tex $(FIGURES) + cd $(PRESFOLDER) && latexmk -quiet -pdf $(<F) + +.PHONY: clean +clean: + rm $(FIGURES) + cd $(IMGFOLDER) && latexmk -C + cd $(PRESFOLDER) && latexmk -C
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc index 12b0935..39b5d6f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/Makefile.inc @@ -10,6 +10,4 @@ dependencies-laguerre = \ papers/laguerre/definition.tex \ papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex \ papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex \ - papers/laguerre/gamma.tex - - + papers/laguerre/gamma.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex index d111f6f..61549e0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/definition.tex @@ -3,35 +3,58 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Definition +\section{Herleitung% + % \section{Einleitung + % \section{Definition \label{laguerre:section:definition}} -\rhead{Definition} -Die verallgemeinerte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung ist gegeben durch +\rhead{Definition}% +In einem ersten Schritt möchten wir die Laguerre-Polynome +aus der Laguerre-\-Differentialgleichung herleiten. +Zudem werden wir die Lösung auf die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome ausweiten. +Im Anschluss soll dann noch die Orthogonalität dieser Polynome bewiesen werden. + +\subsection{Assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} +Die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung ist gegeben durch \begin{align} x y''(x) + (\nu + 1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) = 0 , \quad -n \in \mathbb{N}_0 +n \in \mathbb{N} , \quad x \in \mathbb{R} -. \label{laguerre:dgl} +. \end{align} +Spannenderweise wurde die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung +zuerst von Yacovlevich Sonine (1849 - 1915) beschrieben, +aber aufgrund ihrer Ähnlichkeit nach Laguerre benannt. Die klassische Laguerre-Diffentialgleichung erhält man, wenn $\nu = 0$. -Hier wird die verallgemeinerte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung verwendet, -weil die Lösung mit der selben Methode berechnet werden kann, -aber man zusätzlich die Lösung für den allgmeinen Fall erhält. -Zur Lösung der Gleichung \eqref{laguerre:dgl} verwenden wir einen -Potenzreihenansatz. -Da wir bereits wissen, dass die Lösung orthogonale Polynome sind, -erscheint dieser Ansatz sinnvoll. -Setzt man nun den Ansatz + +\subsection{Potenzreihenansatz% +\label{laguerre:subsection:potenzreihenansatz}} +Hier wird die assoziierte Laguerre-Differentialgleichung verwendet, +weil die Lösung mit derselben Methode berechnet werden kann. +Zusätzlich erhält man aber die Lösung für den allgmeinen Fall. +Wir stellen die Vermutung auf, +dass die Lösungen orthogonale Polynome sind. +Die Orthogonalität der Lösung werden wir im +Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal} beweisen. +Zur Lösung von \eqref{laguerre:dgl} verwenden wir aufgrund +der getroffenen Vermutungen einen Potenzreihenansatz. +Der Potenzreihenansatz ist gegeben als +% Da wir bereits wissen, +% dass die Lösung orthogonale Polynome sind, +% erscheint dieser Ansatz sinnvoll. \begin{align*} y(x) & = \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k -\\ +% \\ +. +\end{align*} +Für die 1. und 2. Ableitungen erhalten wir +\begin{align*} y'(x) & = \sum_{k=1}^\infty k a_k x^{k-1} @@ -43,8 +66,16 @@ y''(x) \sum_{k=2}^\infty k (k-1) a_k x^{k-2} = \sum_{k=1}^\infty (k+1) k a_{k+1} x^{k-1} +. \end{align*} -in die Differentialgleichung ein, erhält man: + +\subsection{Lösen der Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} +Setzt man nun den Potenzreihenansatz in +\eqref{laguerre:dgl} +%die Differentialgleichung +ein, +% erhält man +resultiert \begin{align*} \sum_{k=1}^\infty (k+1) k a_{k+1} x^k + @@ -61,18 +92,21 @@ n \sum_{k=0}^\infty a_k x^k 0. \end{align*} Daraus lässt sich die Rekursionsbeziehung -\begin{align*} +\begin{align} a_{k+1} & = \frac{k-n}{(k+1) (k + \nu + 1)} a_k -\end{align*} +\label{laguerre:rekursion} +\end{align} ableiten. Für ein konstantes $n$ erhalten wir als Potenzreihenlösung ein Polynom vom Grad $n$, denn für $k=n$ wird $a_{n+1} = 0$ und damit auch $a_{n+2}=a_{n+3}=\ldots=0$. -Aus der Rekursionsbeziehung ist zudem ersichtlich, +Aus %der Rekursionsbeziehung +\eqref{laguerre:rekursion} ist zudem ersichtlich, dass $a_0 \neq 0$ beliebig gewählt werden kann. -Wählen wir nun $a_0 = 1$, dann folgt für die Koeffizienten $a_1, a_2, a_3$ +Wählen wir nun $a_0 = 1$, dann folgt für die Koeffizienten +% $a_1, a_2, a_3$ \begin{align*} a_1 = @@ -102,8 +136,10 @@ k & >n: & a_k & = -0. +0 +. \end{align*} +Die Koeffizienten wechseln also für $k \leq n$ das Vorzeichen. Somit erhalten wir für $\nu = 0$ die Laguerre-Polynome \begin{align} L_n(x) @@ -111,29 +147,45 @@ L_n(x) \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k \label{laguerre:polynom} \end{align} -und mit $\nu \in \mathbb{R}$ die verallgemeinerten Laguerre-Polynome +und mit $\nu \in \mathbb{R}$ die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome \begin{align} L_n^\nu(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{(\nu + 1)_k} \binom{n}{k} x^k. \label{laguerre:allg_polynom} \end{align} +Die Laguerre-Polynome von Grad $0$ bis $7$ sind in +Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:polyeval} dargestellt. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \scalebox{0.8}{\input{papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf} +\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} +\label{laguerre:fig:polyeval} +\end{figure} \subsection{Analytische Fortsetzung} -Durch die analytische Fortsetzung erhalten wir zudem noch die zweite Lösung der -Differentialgleichung mit der Form +Durch die analytische Fortsetzung können wir zudem noch die zweite Lösung der +Differentialgleichung erhalten. +Laut \eqref{buch:funktionentheorie:singularitäten:eqn:w1} hat die Lösung +die Form \begin{align*} \Xi_n(x) = -L_n(x) \ln(x) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty d_k x^k +L_n(x) \log(x) + \sum_{k=1}^\infty d_k x^k +. \end{align*} -Nach einigen mühsamen Rechnungen, -die den Rahmen dieses Kapitel sprengen würden, +Eine Herleitung dazu lässt sich im +Abschnitt \ref{buch:funktionentheorie:subsection:dglsing} +im ersten Teil des Buches finden. +Nach einigen aufwändigen Rechnungen, +% die am besten ein Computeralgebrasystem übernimmt, +die den Rahmen dieses Kapitels sprengen würden, erhalten wir \begin{align*} \Xi_n = -L_n(x) \ln(x) +L_n(x) \log(x) + \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} (\alpha_{n-k} - \alpha_n - 2 \alpha_k)x^k @@ -142,16 +194,5 @@ L_n(x) \ln(x) \end{align*} wobei $\alpha_0 = 0$ und $\alpha_k =\sum_{i=1}^k i^{-1}$, $\forall k \in \mathbb{N}$. -Die Laguerre-Polynome von Grad $0$ bis $7$ sind in -Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:polyeval} dargestellt. -\begin{figure} -\centering -\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{% - papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_polynomes.pdf% -} -\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} -\label{laguerre:fig:polyeval} -\end{figure} - % https://www.math.kit.edu/iana1/lehre/hm3phys2012w/media/laguerre.pdf % http://www.physics.okayama-u.ac.jp/jeschke_homepage/E4/kapitel4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex index b0cc3a3..b007c2d 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/eigenschaften.tex @@ -3,36 +3,83 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Eigenschaften - \label{laguerre:section:eigenschaften}} -{ -\large \color{red} -TODO: -Evtl. nur Orthogonalität hier behandeln, da nur diese für die Gauss-Quadratur -benötigt wird. -} - -Die Laguerre-Polynome besitzen einige interessante Eigenschaften -\rhead{Eigenschaften} - -\subsection{Orthogonalität - \label{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal}} -Im Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:section:definition} haben wir behauptet, -dass die Laguerre-Polynome orthogonale Polynome sind. +\subsection{Orthogonalität% +\label{laguerre:subsection:orthogonal}} +\rhead{Orthogonalität}% +Im Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:potenzreihenansatz} +haben wir die Behauptung aufgestellt, +dass die Laguerre-Polynome orthogonal sind. Zu dieser Behauptung möchten wir nun einen Beweis liefern. -Wenn wir die Laguerre\--Differentialgleichung in ein -Sturm\--Liouville\--Problem umwandeln können, haben wir bewiesen, dass es sich -bei -den Laguerre\--Polynomen um orthogonale Polynome handelt (siehe -Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}). -Der Sturm-Liouville-Operator hat die Form +% +Um die Orthogonalität von Funktionen zu zeigen, +bieten sich folgende Möglichkeiten an: +\begin{enumerate} +\item Identifizieren der Funktion als Eigenfunktion eines Skalarproduktes +mit einem selbstadjungierten Operator. +Dafür muss aber zuerst bewiesen werden, +dass der verwendete Operator selbstadjungiert ist. +Die Theorie dazu findet sich in den +Abschnitten~\ref{buch:orthogonal:section:orthogonale-polynome-und-dgl} und +\ref{buch:orthogonalitaet:section:bessel}. +\item Umformen der Differentialgleichung in die Form der +Sturm-Liouville-Differentialgleichung, +denn für dieses verallgemeinerte Problem +ist die Orthogonalität bereits bewiesen. +Die Theorie dazu findet sich im Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}. +\end{enumerate} + +% \subsubsection{Plan} +\subsubsection{Idee} +Für den Beweis der Orthogonalität der Laguerre-Polynome möchten +wir den zweiten Ansatz über das Sturm-Liouville-Problem verwenden. +% Dazu müssen wir die Laguerre-Differentialgleichung~\eqref{laguerre:dgl} +% in die Form der Sturm-Liouville-Differentialgleichung bringen. +Allerdings möchten wir nicht die Laguerre-Differentialgleichung +in die richtige Form bringen, +sondern den Laguerre-Operator +\begin{align} +\Lambda += +x \frac{d}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 -x) \frac{d}{dx} +\label{laguerre:lagop} +. +\end{align} +Da es sich beim Sturm-Liouville-Problem um ein Eigenwertproblem handelt, +kann die Orthogonalität äquivalent über denn Sturm-Liouville-Operator \begin{align} S = \frac{1}{w(x)} \left(-\frac{d}{dx}p(x) \frac{d}{dx} + q(x) \right). \label{laguerre:slop} \end{align} -Aus der Beziehung +bewiesen werden. +Dazu müssen wir die Operatoren einander gleichsetzen. + +% Wenn wir \eqref{laguerre:dgl} in ein +% Sturm-Liouville-Problem umwandeln können, haben wir bewiesen, dass es sich +% bei den Laguerre-Polynomen um orthogonale Polynome handelt (siehe +% Abschnitt~\ref{buch:integrale:subsection:sturm-liouville-problem}). +% Der Beweis kann äquivalent auch über den Sturm-Liouville-Operator +% \begin{align} +% S +% = +% \frac{1}{w(x)} \left(-\frac{d}{dx}p(x) \frac{d}{dx} + q(x) \right). +% \label{laguerre:slop} +% \end{align} +% und den Laguerre-Operator +% \begin{align} +% \Lambda +% = +% x \frac{d}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 -x) \frac{d}{dx} +% \end{align} +% erhalten werden, +% indem wir diese Operatoren einander gleichsetzen. + +\subsubsection{Umformen in Sturm-Liouville-Operator} +% Aus der Beziehung von +Setzen wir nun +\eqref{laguerre:lagop} und \eqref{laguerre:slop} +einander gleich \begin{align} S & = @@ -43,45 +90,52 @@ S & = x \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 - x) \frac{d}{dx} \label{laguerre:sl-lag} +, \end{align} lässt sich sofort erkennen, dass $q(x) = 0$. Ausserdem ist ersichtlich, dass $p(x)$ die Differentialgleichung \begin{align*} x \frac{dp}{dx} = --(\nu + 1 - x) p, +(\nu + 1 - x) p \end{align*} erfüllen muss. Durch Separation erhalten wir dann \begin{align*} \int \frac{dp}{p} & = --\int \frac{\nu + 1 - x}{x}dx +\int \frac{\nu + 1 - x}{x} \, dx += +\int \frac{\nu + 1}{x} \, dx - \int 1\, dx \\ \log p & = --\log \nu + 1 - x + C +(\nu + 1)\log x - x + c \\ p(x) & = --C x^{\nu + 1} e^{-x} +C x^{\nu + 1} e^{-x} +. \end{align*} -Eingefügt in Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sl-lag} erhalten wir +Eingefügt in Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sl-lag} ergibt sich \begin{align*} \frac{C}{w(x)} \left( -x^{\nu+1} e^{-x} \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + +-x^{\nu+1} e^{-x} \frac{d^2}{dx^2} - (\nu + 1 - x) x^{\nu} e^{-x} \frac{d}{dx} \right) = x \frac{d^2}{dx^2} + (\nu + 1 - x) \frac{d}{dx}. \end{align*} -Mittels Koeffizientenvergleich kann nun abgelesen werden, dass $w(x) = x^\nu -e^{-x}$ und $C=1$ mit $\nu > -1$. -Die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ wächst für $x\rightarrow-\infty$ sehr schnell an, -deshalb ist die Laguerre-Gewichtsfunktion nur geeignet für den -Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$. -Bleibt nur noch sicherzustellen, dass die Randbedingungen, +Mittels Koeffizientenvergleich kann nun abgelesen werden, +dass $w(x) = x^\nu e^{-x}$ und $C=-1$. %mit $\nu \geq 0$. +Die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ wächst für $x\rightarrow-\infty$ sehr schnell an. +Ausserdem hat die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ für negative $\nu$ einen Pol bei $x=0$, +daher ist die Laguerre-Gewichtsfunktion nur für den +Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ geeignet. + +\subsubsection{Randbedingungen} +Bleibt nur noch sicherzustellen, dass die Randbedingungen \begin{align} k_0 y(0) + h_0 p(0)y'(0) & = @@ -94,10 +148,12 @@ k_\infty y(\infty) + h_\infty p(\infty) y'(\infty) \label{laguerre:sllag_randb} \end{align} mit $|k_i|^2 + |h_i|^2 \neq 0,\,\forall i \in \{0, \infty\}$, erfüllt sind. -Am linken Rand (Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sllag_randa}) kann $y(0) = 1$, $k_0 = -0$ und $h_0 = 1$ verwendet werden, +% +Am linken Rand \eqref{laguerre:sllag_randa} kann $y(0) = 1$, $k_0 = 0$ und +$h_0 = 1$ verwendet werden, was auch die Laguerre-Polynome ergeben haben. -Für den rechten Rand ist die Bedingung (Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sllag_randb}) + +Für den rechten Rand ist die Bedingung \eqref{laguerre:sllag_randb} \begin{align*} \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty} p(x) y'(x) & = @@ -106,14 +162,27 @@ Für den rechten Rand ist die Bedingung (Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:sllag_randb}) 0 \end{align*} für beliebige Polynomlösungen erfüllt für $k_\infty=0$ und $h_\infty=1$. -Damit können wir schlussfolgern, dass die Laguerre-Polynome orthogonal -bezüglich des Skalarproduktes auf dem Intervall $(0, \infty)$ mit der Laguerre\--Gewichtsfunktion -$w(x)=x^\nu e^{-x}$ sind. - - -\subsection{Rodrigues-Formel} - -\subsection{Drei-Terme Rekursion} -\subsection{Beziehung mit der Hypergeometrischen Funktion} +% Somit können wir schlussfolgern: +\begin{satz} +Die Laguerre-Polynome %($\nu=0$) +\eqref{laguerre:polynom} +% \begin{align*} +% L_n(x) +% = +% \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k +% \end{align*} +sind orthognale Polynome bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +im Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ mit der Gewichts\-funktion~$w(x)=e^{-x}$. +\end{satz} +\begin{satz} +Die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome \eqref{laguerre:allg_polynom} +% \begin{align*} +% L_n^\nu(x) +% = +% \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{(\nu + 1)_k} \binom{n}{k} x^k. +% \end{align*} +sind orthogonale Polynome bezüglich des Skalarproduktes +im Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ mit der Gewichts\-funktion~$w(x)=x^\nu e^{-x}$. +\end{satz} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex index e3838b0..0cf17b9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/gamma.tex @@ -3,74 +3,605 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Anwendung: Berechnung der Gamma-Funktion +\section{Anwendung: Berechnung der + Gamma-Funktion% \label{laguerre:section:quad-gamma}} +\rhead{Approximation der Gamma-Funktion}% Die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur kann nun verwendet werden, -um exponentiell abfallende Funktionen im Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ zu -berechnen. -Dabei bietet sich z.B. die Gamma-Funkion bestens an, wie wir in den folgenden -Abschnitten sehen werden. +um exponentiell abfallende Funktionen im Definitionsbereich~$(0, \infty)$ +zu berechnen. +Dabei bietet sich zum Beispiel die Gamma-Funktion hervorragend an, +wie wir in den folgenden Abschnitten sehen werden. -\subsection{Gamma-Funktion} +Im ersten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gamma} möchten wir noch einmal +die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der Gamma-Funktion betrachten, +bevor wir dann im zweiten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma} +diese Eigenschaften nutzen werden, +damit wir die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion +markant verbessern können. +% damit wir sie dann in einem nächsten Schritt verwenden können, +% um unsere Approximationsmethode zu verbessern +% Im zweiten Abschnitt~\ref{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma} +% wenden wir dann die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur auf die Gamma-Funktion und +% erweitern die Methode + +\subsection{Gamma-Funktion% +\label{laguerre:subsection:gamma}} Die Gamma-Funktion ist eine Erweiterung der Fakultät auf die reale und komplexe Zahlenmenge. +Mehr Informationen zur Gamma-Funktion lassen sich im +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:rekursion:section:gamma} finden. Die Definition~\ref{buch:rekursion:def:gamma} beschreibt die Gamma-Funktion als Integral der Form \begin{align} \Gamma(z) & = -\int_0^\infty t^{z-1} e^{-t} dt +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx , \quad -\text{wobei Realteil von $z$ grösser als $0$} -, +\text{wobei } \operatorname{Re}(z) > 0 \label{laguerre:gamma} +. \end{align} -welches alle Eigenschaften erfüllt, um mit der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur -berechnet zu werden. +Der Term $e^{-x}$ im Integranden und der Integrationsbereich erfüllen +genau die Bedingungen der Gauss-Laguerre-Integration. +% Der Term $e^{-t}$ ist genau die Gewichtsfunktion der Laguerre-Integration und +% der Definitionsbereich passt ebenfalls genau für dieses Verfahren. +Weiter zu erwähnen ist, dass für die assoziierte Gauss-Laguerre-Integration die +Gewichtsfunktion $x^\nu e^{-x}$ exakt dem Integranden +für $\nu = z - 1$ entspricht. \subsubsection{Funktionalgleichung} -Die Funktionalgleichung besagt +Die Gamma-Funktion besitzt die gleiche Rekursionsbeziehung wie die Fakultät, +nämlich \begin{align} -z \Gamma(z) = \Gamma(z+1). +\Gamma(z+1) += +z \Gamma(z) +\quad +\text{mit } +\Gamma(1) += +1 +. \label{laguerre:gamma_funktional} \end{align} -Mittels dieser Gleichung kann der Wert an einer bestimmten, -geeigneten Stelle evaluiert werden und dann zurückverschoben werden, -um das gewünschte Resultat zu erhalten. -\subsection{Berechnung mittels Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\subsubsection{Reflektionsformel} +Die Reflektionsformel +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) \Gamma(1 - z) += +\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi z} +,\quad +\text{für } +z \notin \mathbb{Z} +\label{laguerre:gamma_refform} +\end{align} +stellt eine Beziehung zwischen den zwei Punkten, +die aus der Spiegelung an der Geraden $\real z = 1/2$ hervorgehen, +her. +Dadurch lassen Werte der Gamma-Funktion sich für $z$ in der rechten Halbebene +leicht in die linke Halbebene übersetzen und umgekehrt. -Fehlerterm: +\subsection{Berechnung mittels +Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur% +\label{laguerre:subsection:gauss-lag-gamma}} +In den vorherigen Abschnitten haben wir gesehen, +dass sich die Gamma-Funktion bestens für die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx += +\int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\end{align*} +eignet. +Nun bieten sich uns zwei Optionen, +diese zu berechnen: +\begin{enumerate} +\item Wir verwenden die assoziierten Laguerre-Polynome $L_n^\nu(x)$ mit +$w(x) = x^\nu e^{-x}$, $\nu = z - 1$ und $f(x) = 1$. +% $f(x)=1$. +% \begin{align*} +% \int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +% = +% \int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +% \quad +% \text{mit } +% w(x) +% = +% x^\nu e^{-x}, +% \nu +% = +% z - 1 +% \text{ und } +% f(x) = 1 +% . +% \end{align*} +\item Wir verwenden die Laguerre-Polynome $L_n(x)$ mit +$w(x) = e^{-x}$ und $f(x) = x^{z - 1}$. +% $f(x)=x^{z-1}$ +% \begin{align*} +% \int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +% = +% \int_0^\infty f(x) w(x) \, dx +% \quad +% \text{mit } +% w(x) +% = +% e^{-x} +% \text{ und } +% f(x) = x^{z - 1} +% . +% \end{align*} +\end{enumerate} +Die erste Variante wäre optimal auf das Problem angepasst, +allerdings müssten die Gewichte und Nullstellen für jedes $z$ +neu berechnet werden, +da sie per Definition von $z$ abhängen. +Dazu kommt, +dass die Berechnung der Gewichte $A_i$ nach +\cite{laguerre:Cassity1965AbcissasCA} \begin{align*} +A_i += +\frac{ +\Gamma(n) \Gamma(n+\nu) +} +{ +(n+\nu) +\left[L_{n-1}^{\nu}(x_i)\right]^2 +} +\end{align*} +Evaluationen der Gamma-Funktion benötigen. +Somit ist diese Methode eindeutig nicht geeignet für unser Vorhaben. + +Bei der zweiten Variante benötigen wir keine Neuberechung der Gewichte +und Nullstellen für unterschiedliche $z$. +In \eqref{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} ist ersichtlich, +dass die Gewichte einfach zu berechnen sind. +Auch die Nullstellen können vorgängig, +mittels eines geeigneten Verfahrens, +aus den Polynomen bestimmt werden. +Als problematisch könnte sich höchstens +die zu integrierende Funktion $f(x)=x^{z-1}$ für $|z| \gg 0$ erweisen. +Somit entscheiden wir uns aufgrund der vorherigen Punkte, +die zweite Variante weiterzuverfolgen. + +\subsubsection{Direkter Ansatz} +% +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des direkten Ansatzes +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Grade $n$ der +Laguerre-Polynome}% +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple} +\end{figure} +%. +Wenden wir also die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur aus +\eqref{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} auf die Gamma-Funktion +\eqref{laguerre:gamma} an, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n x_i^{z-1} A_i +\label{laguerre:naive_lag} +. +\end{align} +Bevor wir die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur anwenden, +möchten wir als ersten Schritt eine Fehlerabschätzung durchführen. +Für den Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:lag_error} wird die $2n$-te Ableitung +der zu integrierenden Funktion $f(\xi)$ benötigt. +Für das Integral der Gamma-Funktion ergibt sich also +\begin{align*} +\frac{d^{2n}}{d\xi^{2n}} f(\xi) + & = +\frac{d^{2n}}{d\xi^{2n}} \xi^{z-1} +\\ + & = +(z - 2n)_{2n} \xi^{z - 2n - 1} +. +\end{align*} +Eingesetzt im Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:lag_error} resultiert +\begin{align} R_n = (z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z-2n-1} -\end{align*} +, +\label{laguerre:gamma_err_simple} +\end{align} +wobei $\xi$ ein geeigneter Wert im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ ist +und $n$ der Grad des verwendeten Laguerre-Polynoms. +Eine Fehlerabschätzung mit dem Fehlerterm stellt sich als unnütz heraus, +da $R_n$ für $z < 2n - 1$ bei $\xi \rightarrow 0$ eine Singularität aufweist +und für $z > 2n - 1$ bei $\xi \rightarrow \infty$ divergiert. +Nur für den unwahrscheinlichen Fall $ z = 2n - 1$ +wäre eine Fehlerabschätzung plausibel. -\subsubsection{Finden der optimalen Berechnungsstelle} +Wenden wir nun also direkt die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +auf die Gamma-Funktion an. +Dazu benötigen wir die Gewichte nach +\eqref{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} +und als Stützstellen die Nullstellen des Laguerre-Polynomes $L_n$. +Evaluieren wir den relativen Fehler unserer Approximation zeigt sich ein +Bild wie in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple}. +Man kann sehen, +wie der relative Fehler Nullstellen aufweist für ganzzahlige $z \leq 2n$. +Laut der Theorie der Gauss-Quadratur ist das auch zu erwarten, +da die Approximation via Gauss-Quadratur +exakt ist für zu integrierende Polynome mit Grad $\leq 2n-1$ und +der Integrand $x^{z-1}$ wird für $z \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$ +zu einem Polynom . +% Hinzukommt, dass zudem von $z$ noch $1$ abgezogen wird im Exponenten. +Es ist ersichtlich, +dass sich für den Polynomgrad $n$ ein Intervall gibt, +in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist. +Links steigt der relative Fehler besonders stark an, +während er auf der rechten Seite zu konvergieren scheint. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_mirror.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit Spiegelung negativer Realwerte +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Grade $n$ der Laguerre-Polynome} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_mirror} +\end{figure} + +Um die linke Hälfte in den Griff zu bekommen, +könnten wir die Reflektionsformel der Gamma-Funktion verwenden. +Spiegelt man nun $z$ mit negativem Realteil mittels der Reflektionsformel, +ergibt sich ein stabilerer Fehler in der linken Hälfte, +wie in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_mirror}. +Die Spiegelung bringt nur für wenige Werte einen, +für praktische Anwendungen geeigneten, +relativen Fehler. +Wie wir aber in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_simple} sehen konnten, +gibt es für jeden Polynomgrad $n$ ein Intervall $[a(n), a(n) + 1]$, +$a(n) \in \mathbb{Z}$, +in welchem der relative Fehler minimal ist. +Die Funktionalgleichung der Gamma-Funktion \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} +könnte uns hier helfen, +das Problem in den Griff zu bekommen. + +\subsubsection{Analyse des Integranden} +Wie wir im vorherigen Abschnitt gesehen haben, +scheint der Integrand problematisch. +Darum möchten wir ihn jetzt analysieren, +damit wir ihn besser verstehen können. +Dies sollte es uns ermöglichen, +anschliessend geeignete Gegenmassnahmen zu entwickeln. + +% Dieser Abschnitt soll eine grafisches Verständnis dafür schaffen, +% wieso der Integrand so problematisch ist. +% Was das heisst sollte in Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand} +% und Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} grafisch dargestellt werden. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\label{laguerre:fig:integrand} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand} ist der Integrand $x^z$ für +unterschiedliche Werte von $z$ dargestellt. +Dies entspricht der zu integrierenden Funktion $f(x)$ +der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion. +Man erkennt, +dass für kleine $z$ sich ein singulärer Integrand ergibt +und auch für grosse $z$ wächst der Integrand sehr schnell an. +Das heisst, +die Ableitungen im Fehlerterm divergieren noch schneller +und das wirkt sich negativ auf die Genauigkeit der Approximation aus. +Somit lässt sich hier sagen, +dass kleine Exponenten um $0$ genauere Resultate liefern sollten. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Integrand $x^z e^{-x}$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\label{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:integrand_exp} fügen wir +die Dämpfung der Gewichtsfunktion $w(x)$ +der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur wieder hinzu +und erhalten so wieder den kompletten Integranden $x^{z} e^{-x}$ +der Gamma-Funktion. +Für negative $z$ ergeben sich immer noch Singularitäten, +wenn $x \rightarrow 0$. +Um $x = 1$ wächst der Term $x^z$ für positive $z$ +schneller als die Dämpfung $e^{-x}$, +aber für $x \rightarrow \infty$ geht der Integrand gegen $0$. +Das führt zu glockenförmigen Kurven, +die für grosse Exponenten $z$ nach der Stelle $x=1$ schnell anwachsen. +Zu grosse Exponenten $z$ sind also immer noch problematisch. +Kleine positive $z$ scheinen nun aber auch zulässig zu sein. +Damit formulieren wir die Vermutung, +dass $a(n)$, +welches das Intervall $[a(n), a(n) + 1]$ definiert, +in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist, +grösser als $0$ und kleiner als $2n-1$ ist. + +\subsubsection{Ansatz mit Verschiebungsterm} +% Mittels der Funktionalgleichung \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} +% kann der Wert von $\Gamma(z)$ im Intervall $z \in [a,a+1]$, +% in dem der relative Fehler minimal ist, +% evaluiert werden und dann mit der Funktionalgleichung zurückverschoben werden. Nun stellt sich die Frage, ob die Approximation mittels Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur verbessert werden kann, -wenn man das Problem an einer geeigneten Stelle evaluiert und -dann zurückverschiebt mit der Funktionalgleichung. -Dazu wollen wir den Fehlerterm in -Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:lagurre:lag_error} anpassen und dann minimieren. -Zunächst wollen wir dies nur für $z\in \mathbb{R}$ und $0<z<1$ definieren. -Zudem nehmen wir an, dass die optimale Stelle $x^* \in \mathbb{R}$, $z < x^*$ -ist. -Dann fügen wir einen Verschiebungsterm um $m$ Stellen ein, daraus folgt +wenn man das Problem in einem geeigneten Intervall $[a(n), a(n)+1]$, +$a(n) \in \mathbb{Z}$, +evaluiert und dann mit der +Funktionalgleichung \eqref{laguerre:gamma_funktional} zurückverschiebt. +Für dieses Vorhaben führen wir einen Verschiebungsterm $m \in \mathbb{Z}$ ein. +Passen wir \eqref{laguerre:naive_lag} +mit dem Verschiebungsterm $m$ +%,der $z$ and die Stelle $z_m = z + m$ verschiebt, +an, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +s(z, m) \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^{z + m - 1} A_i +% && +% \text{mit } +% s(z, m) +% = +% \begin{cases} +% \displaystyle +% \frac{1}{(z - m)_m} & \text{wenn } m \geq 0\\ +% (z + m)_{-m} & \text{wenn } m < 0 +% \end{cases} +% . +\label{laguerre:shifted_lag} +\end{align} +mit \begin{align*} -R_n +s(z, m) = -\frac{(z - 2n)_{2n}}{(z - m)_m} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z + m - 2n - 1} +\begin{cases} +\displaystyle +\frac{1}{(z)_m} & \text{wenn } m \geq 0 \\ +(z + m)_{-m} & \text{wenn } m < 0 +\end{cases} . \end{align*} -{ -\large \color{red} -TODO: -Geeignete Minimierung für Fehler finden, so dass sie mit den emprisich -bestimmen optimalen Punkten übereinstimmen. -} +\subsubsection{Finden der optimalen Berechnungsstelle} +Um die optimale Stelle $z^*(n) \in \left[a(n), a(n) + 1\right]$, +$z^*(n) \in \mathbb{R}$, +zu finden, +erweitern wir denn Fehlerterm \eqref{laguerre:gamma_err_simple} +und erhalten +\begin{align} +R_{n,m}(\xi) += +s(z, m) \cdot (z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z + m - 2n - 1} +,\quad +\text{für } +\xi \in (0, \infty) +\label{laguerre:gamma_err_shifted} +. +\end{align} +% +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf} +% %\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{$m^*$ in Abhängigkeit von $z$ und $n$} +\label{laguerre:fig:targets} +\end{figure} +% +Daraus formulieren wir das Optimierungproblem +\begin{align*} +m^* += +\operatorname*{argmin}_m \max_\xi R_{n,m}(\xi) +. +\end{align*} +Allerdings ist die Funktion $R_{n,m}(\xi)$ unbeschränkt und +hat die gleichen Probleme wie die Fehlerabschätzung des direkten Ansatzes. +Dazu müssten wir $\xi$ versuchen, +unter Kontrolle zu bringen, +was ein äussersts schwieriges Unterfangen zu sein scheint. +Da die Gauss-Quadratur aber sowieso +nur wirklich praktisch sinnvoll für kleine $n$ ist, +können die Intervalle $[a(n), a(n)+1]$ empirisch gesucht werden. + +Wir bestimmen nun die optimalen Verschiebungsterme empirisch +für $n = 1,\ldots, 12$ im Intervall $z \in (0, 1)$, +da $z$ sowieso mit den Term $m$ verschoben wird, +reicht es, +die $m^*$ nur in diesem Intervall zu analysieren. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:targets} sind die empirisch bestimmten $m^*$ +abhängig von $z$ und $n$ dargestellt. +In $n$-Richtung lässt sich eine klare lineare Abhängigkeit erkennen und +die Beziehung zu $z$ ist negativ, +d.h. wenn $z$ grösser ist, wird $m^*$ kleiner. +Allerdings ist die genaue Beziehung zu $z$ +aus dieser Grafik nicht offensichtlich, +aber sie scheint regelmässig zu sein. +Es lässt die Vermutung aufkommen, +dass die Restriktion von $m^* \in \mathbb{Z}$ Rundungsprobleme verursacht. +Wir versuchen, +dieses Problem via lineare Regression und geeignete Rundung zu beheben. +Den linearen Regressor +\begin{align*} +\hat{m} += +\alpha n + \beta +\end{align*} +machen wir nur abhängig von $n$, +in dem wir den Mittelwert $\overline{m}$ von $m^*$ über $z$ berechnen. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Schätzung Mittelwert von $m$ und Fehler} +\label{laguerre:fig:schaetzung} +\end{figure} + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:schaetzung} sind die Resultate +der linearen Regression aufgezeigt mit $\alpha = 1.34154$ und $\beta = +0.848786$. +Die lineare Beziehung ist ganz klar ersichtlich und der Fit scheint zu genügen. +Der optimale Verschiebungsterm kann nun mit +\begin{align*} +m^* +\approx +\lceil \hat{m} - z \rceil += +\lceil \alpha n + \beta - z \rceil +\end{align*} +% kann nun mit dem linearen Regressor und $z$ +gefunden werden. + +\subsubsection{Evaluation des Schätzers} +In einem ersten Schritt möchten wir analysieren, +wie gut die Abschätzung des optimalen Verschiebungsterms ist. +Dazu bestimmen wir den relativen Fehler für verschiedene Verschiebungsterme $m$ +in der Nähe von $m^*$ bei gegebenem Polynomgrad $n = 8$ für $z \in (0, 1)$. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_shifted} sind die relativen Fehler +der Approximation dargestellt. +Man kann deutlich sehen, +dass der relative Fehler anwächst, +je weiter der Verschiebungsterm vom idealen Wert abweicht. +Zudem scheint der Schätzer den optimalen Verschiebungsterm gut zu bestimmen, +da der Schätzer zuerst der grünen Linie folgt und +dann beim Übergang auf die orange Linie wechselt. +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit Verschiebungsterm +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Verschiebungsterme $m$. +Das verwendete Laguerre-Polynom besitzt den Grad $n = 8$. +$m^*$ bezeichnet hier den optimalen Verschiebungsterm.} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_shifted} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Resultate} +Das Verfahren scheint für den Grad $n=8$ und $z \in (0,1)$ gut zu funktioneren. +Es stellt sich nun die Frage, +wie der relative Fehler sich für verschiedene $z$ und $n$ verhält. +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range} sind die relativen Fehler für +unterschiedliche $n$ dargestellt. +Der relative Fehler scheint immer noch Nullstellen aufzuweisen +für ganzzahlige $z$. +Durch das Verschieben ergibt sich jetzt aber, +wie zu erwarten war, +ein periodischer relativer Fehler mit einer Periodendauer von $1$. +Zudem lässt sich erkennen, +dass der Fehler abhängig von der Ordnung $n$ +des verwendeten Laguerre-Polynoms ist. +Wenn der Grad $n$ um $1$ erhöht wird, +verbessert sich die Genauigkeit des Resultats um etwa eine signifikante Stelle. + +In Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_complex} +ist der Betrag des relativen Fehlers in der komplexen Ebene dargestellt. +Je stärker der Imaginäranteil von $z$ von $0$ abweicht, +umso schlechter wird die Genauigkeit der Approximation. +Das erstaunt nicht weiter, +da die Gauss-Quadratur eigentlich nur für reelle Zahlen definiert ist. +Wenn der Imaginäranteil von $z$ ungefähr $0$ ist, +lässt sich das gleiche Bild beobachten wie in +Abbildung~\ref{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range}. + +\begin{figure} +\centering +% \input{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pgf} +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des Ansatzes mit optimalen Verschiebungsterm +für verschiedene reelle Werte von $z$ und Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $n$} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_range} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure} +\centering +\includegraphics{papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_complex.pdf} +%\vspace{-12pt} +\caption{Absolutwert des relativen Fehlers in der komplexen Ebene} +\label{laguerre:fig:rel_error_complex} +\end{figure} + +\subsubsection{Vergleich mit Lanczos-Methode} +Nun stellt sich die Frage, +wie das in diesem Abschnitt beschriebene Approximationsverfahren +der Gamma-Funktion sich gegenüber den üblichen Approximationsverfahren schlägt. +Eine häufig verwendete Methode ist die Lanczos-Approximation, +welche gegeben ist durch +\begin{align} +\Gamma(z + 1) +\approx +\sqrt{2\pi} \left( z + \sigma + \frac{1}{2} \right)^{z + 1/2} +e^{-(z + \sigma + 1/2)} \sum_{k=0}^n g_k H_k(z) +, +\end{align} +wobei +\begin{align*} +g_k = \frac{e^\sigma \varepsilon_k (-1)^k}{\sqrt{2\pi}} +\sum_{r=0}^k (-1)^r \, \binom{k}{r} \, (k)_r +\left( \frac{e}{r + \sigma + \frac{1}{2}}\right)^{r + 1/2} +, +\end{align*} +\begin{align*} +\varepsilon_k += +\begin{cases} +1 & \text{für } k = 0 \\ +2 & \text{sonst} +\end{cases} +\quad \text{und}\quad +H_k(z) += +\frac{(-1)^k (-z)_k}{(z+1)_k} +\end{align*} +mit $H_0 = 1$ und $\sum_0^n g_k = 1$ (siehe \cite{laguerre:lanczos}). +Diese Methode wurde zum Beispiel in +{\em GNU Scientific Library}, {\em Boost}, {\em CPython} und +{\em musl} implementiert. +Diese Methode erreicht für $n = 7$ typischerweise eine Genauigkeit von $13$ +korrekten, signifikanten Stellen für reelle Argumente. +Zum Vergleich: die vorgestellte Methode erreicht für $n = 7$ +eine minimale Genauigkeit von $6$ korrekten, signifikanten Stellen +für reelle Argumente. -\subsection{Resultate} +\subsubsection{Fazit} +% Das Resultat ist etwas enttäuschend, +Die Genauigkeit der vorgestellten Methode schneidet somit schlechter ab +als die Lanczos-Methode. +Dieser Erkenntnis kommt nicht ganz unerwartet, +% aber nicht unerwartet, +da die Lanczos-Methode spezifisch auf dieses Problem zugeschnitten ist und +unsere Methode eine erweiterte allgemeine Methode ist. +Allerdings besticht die vorgestellte Methode +durch ihre stark reduzierte Komplexität. % und Rechenaufwand. +% Was die Komplexität der Berechnungen im Betrieb angeht, +% ist die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur wesentlich ressourcensparender, +% weil sie nur aus $n$ Funktionsevaluationen, +% wenigen Multiplikationen und Additionen besteht. +Was den Rechenaufwand angeht, +benötigt die vorgestellte Methode, +für eine Genauigkeit von $n-1$ signifikanten Stellen, +nur $n$ Funktionsevaluationen +und wenige zusätzliche Multiplikationen und Additionen. +Demzufolge könnte diese Methode Anwendung in Systemen mit wenig Rechenleistung +und/oder knappen Energieressourcen finden. +Die vorgestellte Methode ist ein weiteres Beispiel dafür, +wie Verfahren durch die Kenntnis der Eigenschaften einer Funktion +verbessert werden können.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe48f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/estimates.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efa0863 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammapaths.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@ +\def\gammaplus{({\dx*0.0190},{\dy*52.0728}) + -- ({\dx*0.0200},{\dy*49.4422}) + -- ({\dx*0.0400},{\dy*24.4610}) + -- ({\dx*0.0600},{\dy*16.1457}) + -- ({\dx*0.0800},{\dy*11.9966}) + -- ({\dx*0.1000},{\dy*9.5135}) + -- ({\dx*0.1200},{\dy*7.8633}) + -- ({\dx*0.1400},{\dy*6.6887}) + -- ({\dx*0.1600},{\dy*5.8113}) + -- ({\dx*0.1800},{\dy*5.1318}) + -- ({\dx*0.2000},{\dy*4.5908}) + -- ({\dx*0.2200},{\dy*4.1505}) + -- ({\dx*0.2400},{\dy*3.7855}) + -- ({\dx*0.2600},{\dy*3.4785}) + -- ({\dx*0.2800},{\dy*3.2169}) + -- ({\dx*0.3000},{\dy*2.9916}) + -- ({\dx*0.3200},{\dy*2.7958}) + -- ({\dx*0.3400},{\dy*2.6242}) + -- ({\dx*0.3600},{\dy*2.4727}) + -- ({\dx*0.3800},{\dy*2.3383}) + -- ({\dx*0.4000},{\dy*2.2182}) + -- ({\dx*0.4200},{\dy*2.1104}) + -- ({\dx*0.4400},{\dy*2.0132}) + -- ({\dx*0.4600},{\dy*1.9252}) + -- ({\dx*0.4800},{\dy*1.8453}) + -- ({\dx*0.5000},{\dy*1.7725}) + -- ({\dx*0.5200},{\dy*1.7058}) + -- ({\dx*0.5400},{\dy*1.6448}) + -- ({\dx*0.5600},{\dy*1.5886}) + -- ({\dx*0.5800},{\dy*1.5369}) + -- ({\dx*0.6000},{\dy*1.4892}) + -- ({\dx*0.6200},{\dy*1.4450}) + -- ({\dx*0.6400},{\dy*1.4041}) + -- ({\dx*0.6600},{\dy*1.3662}) + -- ({\dx*0.6800},{\dy*1.3309}) + -- ({\dx*0.7000},{\dy*1.2981}) + -- ({\dx*0.7200},{\dy*1.2675}) + -- ({\dx*0.7400},{\dy*1.2390}) + -- ({\dx*0.7600},{\dy*1.2123}) + -- ({\dx*0.7800},{\dy*1.1875}) + -- ({\dx*0.8000},{\dy*1.1642}) + -- ({\dx*0.8200},{\dy*1.1425}) + -- ({\dx*0.8400},{\dy*1.1222}) + -- ({\dx*0.8600},{\dy*1.1031}) + -- ({\dx*0.8800},{\dy*1.0853}) + -- ({\dx*0.9000},{\dy*1.0686}) + -- ({\dx*0.9200},{\dy*1.0530}) + -- ({\dx*0.9400},{\dy*1.0384}) + -- ({\dx*0.9600},{\dy*1.0247}) + -- ({\dx*0.9800},{\dy*1.0119}) + -- ({\dx*1.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*1.0200},{\dy*0.9888}) + -- ({\dx*1.0400},{\dy*0.9784}) + -- ({\dx*1.0600},{\dy*0.9687}) + -- ({\dx*1.0800},{\dy*0.9597}) + -- ({\dx*1.1000},{\dy*0.9514}) + -- ({\dx*1.1200},{\dy*0.9436}) + -- ({\dx*1.1400},{\dy*0.9364}) + -- ({\dx*1.1600},{\dy*0.9298}) + -- ({\dx*1.1800},{\dy*0.9237}) + -- ({\dx*1.2000},{\dy*0.9182}) + -- ({\dx*1.2200},{\dy*0.9131}) + -- ({\dx*1.2400},{\dy*0.9085}) + -- ({\dx*1.2600},{\dy*0.9044}) + -- ({\dx*1.2800},{\dy*0.9007}) + -- ({\dx*1.3000},{\dy*0.8975}) + -- ({\dx*1.3200},{\dy*0.8946}) + -- ({\dx*1.3400},{\dy*0.8922}) + -- ({\dx*1.3600},{\dy*0.8902}) + -- ({\dx*1.3800},{\dy*0.8885}) + -- ({\dx*1.4000},{\dy*0.8873}) + -- ({\dx*1.4200},{\dy*0.8864}) + -- ({\dx*1.4400},{\dy*0.8858}) + -- ({\dx*1.4600},{\dy*0.8856}) + -- ({\dx*1.4800},{\dy*0.8857}) + -- ({\dx*1.5000},{\dy*0.8862}) + -- ({\dx*1.5200},{\dy*0.8870}) + -- ({\dx*1.5400},{\dy*0.8882}) + -- ({\dx*1.5600},{\dy*0.8896}) + -- ({\dx*1.5800},{\dy*0.8914}) + -- ({\dx*1.6000},{\dy*0.8935}) + -- ({\dx*1.6200},{\dy*0.8959}) + -- ({\dx*1.6400},{\dy*0.8986}) + -- ({\dx*1.6600},{\dy*0.9017}) + -- ({\dx*1.6800},{\dy*0.9050}) + -- ({\dx*1.7000},{\dy*0.9086}) + -- ({\dx*1.7200},{\dy*0.9126}) + -- ({\dx*1.7400},{\dy*0.9168}) + -- ({\dx*1.7600},{\dy*0.9214}) + -- ({\dx*1.7800},{\dy*0.9262}) + -- ({\dx*1.8000},{\dy*0.9314}) + -- ({\dx*1.8200},{\dy*0.9368}) + -- ({\dx*1.8400},{\dy*0.9426}) + -- ({\dx*1.8600},{\dy*0.9487}) + -- ({\dx*1.8800},{\dy*0.9551}) + -- ({\dx*1.9000},{\dy*0.9618}) + -- ({\dx*1.9200},{\dy*0.9688}) + -- ({\dx*1.9400},{\dy*0.9761}) + -- ({\dx*1.9600},{\dy*0.9837}) + -- ({\dx*1.9800},{\dy*0.9917}) + -- ({\dx*2.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*2.0200},{\dy*1.0086}) + -- ({\dx*2.0400},{\dy*1.0176}) + -- ({\dx*2.0600},{\dy*1.0269}) + -- ({\dx*2.0800},{\dy*1.0365}) + -- ({\dx*2.1000},{\dy*1.0465}) + -- ({\dx*2.1200},{\dy*1.0568}) + -- ({\dx*2.1400},{\dy*1.0675}) + -- ({\dx*2.1600},{\dy*1.0786}) + -- ({\dx*2.1800},{\dy*1.0900}) + -- ({\dx*2.2000},{\dy*1.1018}) + -- ({\dx*2.2200},{\dy*1.1140}) + -- ({\dx*2.2400},{\dy*1.1266}) + -- ({\dx*2.2600},{\dy*1.1395}) + -- ({\dx*2.2800},{\dy*1.1529}) + -- ({\dx*2.3000},{\dy*1.1667}) + -- ({\dx*2.3200},{\dy*1.1809}) + -- ({\dx*2.3400},{\dy*1.1956}) + -- ({\dx*2.3600},{\dy*1.2107}) + -- ({\dx*2.3800},{\dy*1.2262}) + -- ({\dx*2.4000},{\dy*1.2422}) + -- ({\dx*2.4200},{\dy*1.2586}) + -- ({\dx*2.4400},{\dy*1.2756}) + -- ({\dx*2.4600},{\dy*1.2930}) + -- ({\dx*2.4800},{\dy*1.3109}) + -- ({\dx*2.5000},{\dy*1.3293}) + -- ({\dx*2.5200},{\dy*1.3483}) + -- ({\dx*2.5400},{\dy*1.3678}) + -- ({\dx*2.5600},{\dy*1.3878}) + -- ({\dx*2.5800},{\dy*1.4084}) + -- ({\dx*2.6000},{\dy*1.4296}) + -- ({\dx*2.6200},{\dy*1.4514}) + -- ({\dx*2.6400},{\dy*1.4738}) + -- ({\dx*2.6600},{\dy*1.4968}) + -- ({\dx*2.6800},{\dy*1.5204}) + -- ({\dx*2.7000},{\dy*1.5447}) + -- ({\dx*2.7200},{\dy*1.5696}) + -- ({\dx*2.7400},{\dy*1.5953}) + -- ({\dx*2.7600},{\dy*1.6216}) + -- ({\dx*2.7800},{\dy*1.6487}) + -- ({\dx*2.8000},{\dy*1.6765}) + -- ({\dx*2.8200},{\dy*1.7051}) + -- ({\dx*2.8400},{\dy*1.7344}) + -- ({\dx*2.8600},{\dy*1.7646}) + -- ({\dx*2.8800},{\dy*1.7955}) + -- ({\dx*2.9000},{\dy*1.8274}) + -- ({\dx*2.9200},{\dy*1.8600}) + -- ({\dx*2.9400},{\dy*1.8936}) + -- ({\dx*2.9600},{\dy*1.9281}) + -- ({\dx*2.9800},{\dy*1.9636}) + -- ({\dx*3.0000},{\dy*2.0000}) + -- ({\dx*3.0200},{\dy*2.0374}) + -- ({\dx*3.0400},{\dy*2.0759}) + -- ({\dx*3.0600},{\dy*2.1153}) + -- ({\dx*3.0800},{\dy*2.1559}) + -- ({\dx*3.1000},{\dy*2.1976}) + -- ({\dx*3.1200},{\dy*2.2405}) + -- ({\dx*3.1400},{\dy*2.2845}) + -- ({\dx*3.1600},{\dy*2.3297}) + -- ({\dx*3.1800},{\dy*2.3762}) + -- ({\dx*3.2000},{\dy*2.4240}) + -- ({\dx*3.2200},{\dy*2.4731}) + -- ({\dx*3.2400},{\dy*2.5235}) + -- ({\dx*3.2600},{\dy*2.5754}) + -- ({\dx*3.2800},{\dy*2.6287}) + -- ({\dx*3.3000},{\dy*2.6834}) + -- ({\dx*3.3200},{\dy*2.7397}) + -- ({\dx*3.3400},{\dy*2.7976}) + -- ({\dx*3.3600},{\dy*2.8571}) + -- ({\dx*3.3800},{\dy*2.9183}) + -- ({\dx*3.4000},{\dy*2.9812}) + -- ({\dx*3.4200},{\dy*3.0459}) + -- ({\dx*3.4400},{\dy*3.1124}) + -- ({\dx*3.4600},{\dy*3.1807}) + -- ({\dx*3.4800},{\dy*3.2510}) + -- ({\dx*3.5000},{\dy*3.3234}) + -- ({\dx*3.5200},{\dy*3.3977}) + -- ({\dx*3.5400},{\dy*3.4742}) + -- ({\dx*3.5600},{\dy*3.5529}) + -- ({\dx*3.5800},{\dy*3.6338}) + -- ({\dx*3.6000},{\dy*3.7170}) + -- ({\dx*3.6200},{\dy*3.8027}) + -- ({\dx*3.6400},{\dy*3.8908}) + -- ({\dx*3.6600},{\dy*3.9814}) + -- ({\dx*3.6800},{\dy*4.0747}) + -- ({\dx*3.7000},{\dy*4.1707}) + -- ({\dx*3.7200},{\dy*4.2694}) + -- ({\dx*3.7400},{\dy*4.3711}) + -- ({\dx*3.7600},{\dy*4.4757}) + -- ({\dx*3.7800},{\dy*4.5833}) + -- ({\dx*3.8000},{\dy*4.6942}) + -- ({\dx*3.8200},{\dy*4.8083}) + -- ({\dx*3.8400},{\dy*4.9257}) + -- ({\dx*3.8600},{\dy*5.0466}) + -- ({\dx*3.8800},{\dy*5.1711}) + -- ({\dx*3.9000},{\dy*5.2993}) + -- ({\dx*3.9200},{\dy*5.4313}) + -- ({\dx*3.9400},{\dy*5.5673}) + -- ({\dx*3.9600},{\dy*5.7073}) + -- ({\dx*3.9800},{\dy*5.8515}) + -- ({\dx*4.0000},{\dy*6.0000}) + -- ({\dx*4.0200},{\dy*6.1530}) + -- ({\dx*4.0400},{\dy*6.3106}) + -- ({\dx*4.0600},{\dy*6.4730}) + -- ({\dx*4.0800},{\dy*6.6403}) + -- ({\dx*4.0810},{\dy*6.6488})} +\def\gammaone{({\dx*-0.9810},{\dy*-53.0814}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9800},{\dy*-50.4512}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9600},{\dy*-25.4802}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9400},{\dy*-17.1763}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9200},{\dy*-13.0397}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9000},{\dy*-10.5706}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8800},{\dy*-8.9355}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8600},{\dy*-7.7775}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8400},{\dy*-6.9182}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8200},{\dy*-6.2583}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8000},{\dy*-5.7386}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7800},{\dy*-5.3211}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7600},{\dy*-4.9809}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7400},{\dy*-4.7006}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7200},{\dy*-4.4678}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7000},{\dy*-4.2737}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6800},{\dy*-4.1114}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6600},{\dy*-3.9760}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6400},{\dy*-3.8636}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6200},{\dy*-3.7714}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6000},{\dy*-3.6969}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5800},{\dy*-3.6386}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5600},{\dy*-3.5950}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5400},{\dy*-3.5652}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5200},{\dy*-3.5487}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5000},{\dy*-3.5449}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4800},{\dy*-3.5538}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4600},{\dy*-3.5756}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4400},{\dy*-3.6105}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4200},{\dy*-3.6594}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4000},{\dy*-3.7230}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3800},{\dy*-3.8027}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3600},{\dy*-3.9004}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3400},{\dy*-4.0181}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3200},{\dy*-4.1590}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3000},{\dy*-4.3269}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2800},{\dy*-4.5267}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2600},{\dy*-4.7652}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2400},{\dy*-5.0514}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2200},{\dy*-5.3976}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2000},{\dy*-5.8211}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1800},{\dy*-6.3472}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1600},{\dy*-7.0135}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1400},{\dy*-7.8795}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1200},{\dy*-9.0442}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1000},{\dy*-10.6863}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0800},{\dy*-13.1627}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0600},{\dy*-17.3067}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0400},{\dy*-25.6183}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0200},{\dy*-50.5974}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0190},{\dy*-53.2279})} +\def\gammatwo{({\dx*-1.9810},{\dy*26.7952}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9800},{\dy*25.4804}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9600},{\dy*13.0001}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9400},{\dy*8.8538}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9200},{\dy*6.7915}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9000},{\dy*5.5635}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8800},{\dy*4.7529}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8600},{\dy*4.1815}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8400},{\dy*3.7599}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8200},{\dy*3.4386}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8000},{\dy*3.1881}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7800},{\dy*2.9894}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7600},{\dy*2.8301}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7400},{\dy*2.7015}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7200},{\dy*2.5976}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7000},{\dy*2.5139}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6800},{\dy*2.4473}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6600},{\dy*2.3952}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6400},{\dy*2.3559}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6200},{\dy*2.3280}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6000},{\dy*2.3106}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5800},{\dy*2.3029}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5600},{\dy*2.3045}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5400},{\dy*2.3151}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5200},{\dy*2.3346}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5000},{\dy*2.3633}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4800},{\dy*2.4012}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4600},{\dy*2.4490}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4400},{\dy*2.5073}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4200},{\dy*2.5770}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4000},{\dy*2.6593}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3800},{\dy*2.7556}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3600},{\dy*2.8679}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3400},{\dy*2.9986}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3200},{\dy*3.1508}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3000},{\dy*3.3283}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2800},{\dy*3.5365}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2600},{\dy*3.7819}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2400},{\dy*4.0737}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2200},{\dy*4.4243}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2000},{\dy*4.8510}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1800},{\dy*5.3790}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1600},{\dy*6.0461}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1400},{\dy*6.9118}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1200},{\dy*8.0752}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1000},{\dy*9.7148}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0800},{\dy*12.1877}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0600},{\dy*16.3271}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0400},{\dy*24.6330}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0200},{\dy*49.6053}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0190},{\dy*52.2354})} +\def\gammathree{({\dx*-2.9810},{\dy*-8.9887}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9800},{\dy*-8.5505}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9600},{\dy*-4.3919}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9400},{\dy*-3.0115}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9200},{\dy*-2.3259}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9000},{\dy*-1.9184}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8800},{\dy*-1.6503}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8600},{\dy*-1.4621}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8400},{\dy*-1.3239}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8200},{\dy*-1.2194}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8000},{\dy*-1.1386}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7800},{\dy*-1.0753}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7600},{\dy*-1.0254}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7400},{\dy*-0.9859}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7200},{\dy*-0.9550}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7000},{\dy*-0.9311}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6800},{\dy*-0.9132}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6600},{\dy*-0.9004}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6400},{\dy*-0.8924}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6200},{\dy*-0.8886}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6000},{\dy*-0.8887}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5800},{\dy*-0.8926}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5600},{\dy*-0.9002}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5400},{\dy*-0.9115}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5200},{\dy*-0.9264}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5000},{\dy*-0.9453}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4800},{\dy*-0.9682}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4600},{\dy*-0.9955}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4400},{\dy*-1.0276}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4200},{\dy*-1.0649}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4000},{\dy*-1.1080}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3800},{\dy*-1.1578}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3600},{\dy*-1.2152}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3400},{\dy*-1.2815}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3200},{\dy*-1.3581}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3000},{\dy*-1.4471}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2800},{\dy*-1.5511}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2600},{\dy*-1.6734}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2400},{\dy*-1.8186}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2200},{\dy*-1.9929}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2000},{\dy*-2.2050}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1800},{\dy*-2.4674}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1600},{\dy*-2.7991}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1400},{\dy*-3.2298}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1200},{\dy*-3.8091}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1000},{\dy*-4.6261}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0800},{\dy*-5.8595}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0600},{\dy*-7.9258}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0400},{\dy*-12.0750}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0200},{\dy*-24.5571}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0190},{\dy*-25.8719})} +\def\gammafour{({\dx*-3.9950},{\dy*8.3966}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9800},{\dy*2.1484}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9600},{\dy*1.1091}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9400},{\dy*0.7643}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9200},{\dy*0.5933}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9000},{\dy*0.4919}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8800},{\dy*0.4253}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8600},{\dy*0.3788}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8400},{\dy*0.3448}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8200},{\dy*0.3192}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8000},{\dy*0.2996}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7800},{\dy*0.2845}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7600},{\dy*0.2727}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7400},{\dy*0.2636}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7200},{\dy*0.2567}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7000},{\dy*0.2516}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6800},{\dy*0.2481}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6600},{\dy*0.2460}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6400},{\dy*0.2452}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6200},{\dy*0.2455}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6000},{\dy*0.2469}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5800},{\dy*0.2493}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5600},{\dy*0.2529}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5400},{\dy*0.2575}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5200},{\dy*0.2632}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5000},{\dy*0.2701}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4800},{\dy*0.2782}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4600},{\dy*0.2877}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4400},{\dy*0.2987}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4200},{\dy*0.3114}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4000},{\dy*0.3259}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3800},{\dy*0.3425}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3600},{\dy*0.3617}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3400},{\dy*0.3837}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3200},{\dy*0.4091}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3000},{\dy*0.4385}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2800},{\dy*0.4729}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2600},{\dy*0.5133}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2400},{\dy*0.5613}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2200},{\dy*0.6189}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2000},{\dy*0.6891}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1800},{\dy*0.7759}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1600},{\dy*0.8858}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1400},{\dy*1.0286}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1200},{\dy*1.2209}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1000},{\dy*1.4923}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0800},{\dy*1.9024}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0600},{\dy*2.5901}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0400},{\dy*3.9720}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0200},{\dy*8.1315}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0050},{\dy*33.1259})} +\def\gammafive{({\dx*-4.9990},{\dy*-8.3476}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9800},{\dy*-0.4314}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9600},{\dy*-0.2236}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9400},{\dy*-0.1547}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9200},{\dy*-0.1206}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9000},{\dy*-0.1004}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8800},{\dy*-0.0872}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8600},{\dy*-0.0779}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8400},{\dy*-0.0712}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8200},{\dy*-0.0662}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8000},{\dy*-0.0624}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7800},{\dy*-0.0595}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7600},{\dy*-0.0573}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7400},{\dy*-0.0556}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7200},{\dy*-0.0544}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7000},{\dy*-0.0535}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6800},{\dy*-0.0530}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6600},{\dy*-0.0528}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6400},{\dy*-0.0528}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6200},{\dy*-0.0531}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6000},{\dy*-0.0537}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5800},{\dy*-0.0544}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5600},{\dy*-0.0555}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5400},{\dy*-0.0567}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5200},{\dy*-0.0582}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5000},{\dy*-0.0600}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4800},{\dy*-0.0621}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4600},{\dy*-0.0645}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4400},{\dy*-0.0673}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4200},{\dy*-0.0704}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4000},{\dy*-0.0741}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3800},{\dy*-0.0782}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3600},{\dy*-0.0830}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3400},{\dy*-0.0884}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3200},{\dy*-0.0947}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3000},{\dy*-0.1020}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2800},{\dy*-0.1105}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2600},{\dy*-0.1205}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2400},{\dy*-0.1324}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2200},{\dy*-0.1467}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2000},{\dy*-0.1641}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1800},{\dy*-0.1856}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1600},{\dy*-0.2129}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1400},{\dy*-0.2485}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1200},{\dy*-0.2963}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1000},{\dy*-0.3640}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0800},{\dy*-0.4663}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0600},{\dy*-0.6380}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0400},{\dy*-0.9832}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0200},{\dy*-2.0228}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0010},{\dy*-41.6040})} +\def\gammasix{({\dx*-5.9998},{\dy*6.9470}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9800},{\dy*0.0721}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9600},{\dy*0.0375}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9400},{\dy*0.0260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9200},{\dy*0.0204}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9000},{\dy*0.0170}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8800},{\dy*0.0148}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8600},{\dy*0.0133}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8400},{\dy*0.0122}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8200},{\dy*0.0114}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8000},{\dy*0.0108}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7800},{\dy*0.0103}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7600},{\dy*0.0099}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7400},{\dy*0.0097}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7200},{\dy*0.0095}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7000},{\dy*0.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6800},{\dy*0.0093}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6600},{\dy*0.0093}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6400},{\dy*0.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6200},{\dy*0.0095}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6000},{\dy*0.0096}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5800},{\dy*0.0098}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5600},{\dy*0.0100}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5400},{\dy*0.0102}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5200},{\dy*0.0105}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5000},{\dy*0.0109}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4800},{\dy*0.0113}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4600},{\dy*0.0118}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4400},{\dy*0.0124}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4200},{\dy*0.0130}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4000},{\dy*0.0137}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3800},{\dy*0.0145}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3600},{\dy*0.0155}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3400},{\dy*0.0166}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3200},{\dy*0.0178}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3000},{\dy*0.0192}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2800},{\dy*0.0209}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2600},{\dy*0.0229}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2400},{\dy*0.0253}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2200},{\dy*0.0281}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2000},{\dy*0.0316}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1800},{\dy*0.0358}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1600},{\dy*0.0413}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1400},{\dy*0.0483}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1200},{\dy*0.0579}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1000},{\dy*0.0714}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0800},{\dy*0.0918}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0600},{\dy*0.1261}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0400},{\dy*0.1951}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0200},{\dy*0.4029}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0002},{\dy*41.6525})} +\def\gammasinplus{({\dx*0.0190},{\dy*52.1325}) + -- ({\dx*0.0200},{\dy*49.5050}) + -- ({\dx*0.0400},{\dy*24.5863}) + -- ({\dx*0.0600},{\dy*16.3331}) + -- ({\dx*0.0800},{\dy*12.2453}) + -- ({\dx*0.1000},{\dy*9.8225}) + -- ({\dx*0.1200},{\dy*8.2314}) + -- ({\dx*0.1400},{\dy*7.1145}) + -- ({\dx*0.1600},{\dy*6.2930}) + -- ({\dx*0.1800},{\dy*5.6676}) + -- ({\dx*0.2000},{\dy*5.1786}) + -- ({\dx*0.2200},{\dy*4.7879}) + -- ({\dx*0.2400},{\dy*4.4701}) + -- ({\dx*0.2600},{\dy*4.2074}) + -- ({\dx*0.2800},{\dy*3.9874}) + -- ({\dx*0.3000},{\dy*3.8006}) + -- ({\dx*0.3200},{\dy*3.6401}) + -- ({\dx*0.3400},{\dy*3.5005}) + -- ({\dx*0.3600},{\dy*3.3776}) + -- ({\dx*0.3800},{\dy*3.2680}) + -- ({\dx*0.4000},{\dy*3.1692}) + -- ({\dx*0.4200},{\dy*3.0790}) + -- ({\dx*0.4400},{\dy*2.9955}) + -- ({\dx*0.4600},{\dy*2.9173}) + -- ({\dx*0.4800},{\dy*2.8433}) + -- ({\dx*0.5000},{\dy*2.7725}) + -- ({\dx*0.5200},{\dy*2.7039}) + -- ({\dx*0.5400},{\dy*2.6369}) + -- ({\dx*0.5600},{\dy*2.5709}) + -- ({\dx*0.5800},{\dy*2.5055}) + -- ({\dx*0.6000},{\dy*2.4402}) + -- ({\dx*0.6200},{\dy*2.3748}) + -- ({\dx*0.6400},{\dy*2.3090}) + -- ({\dx*0.6600},{\dy*2.2425}) + -- ({\dx*0.6800},{\dy*2.1752}) + -- ({\dx*0.7000},{\dy*2.1071}) + -- ({\dx*0.7200},{\dy*2.0380}) + -- ({\dx*0.7400},{\dy*1.9679}) + -- ({\dx*0.7600},{\dy*1.8969}) + -- ({\dx*0.7800},{\dy*1.8249}) + -- ({\dx*0.8000},{\dy*1.7520}) + -- ({\dx*0.8200},{\dy*1.6783}) + -- ({\dx*0.8400},{\dy*1.6039}) + -- ({\dx*0.8600},{\dy*1.5289}) + -- ({\dx*0.8800},{\dy*1.4534}) + -- ({\dx*0.9000},{\dy*1.3776}) + -- ({\dx*0.9200},{\dy*1.3017}) + -- ({\dx*0.9400},{\dy*1.2258}) + -- ({\dx*0.9600},{\dy*1.1501}) + -- ({\dx*0.9800},{\dy*1.0747}) + -- ({\dx*1.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*1.0200},{\dy*0.9261}) + -- ({\dx*1.0400},{\dy*0.8531}) + -- ({\dx*1.0600},{\dy*0.7814}) + -- ({\dx*1.0800},{\dy*0.7110}) + -- ({\dx*1.1000},{\dy*0.6423}) + -- ({\dx*1.1200},{\dy*0.5755}) + -- ({\dx*1.1400},{\dy*0.5106}) + -- ({\dx*1.1600},{\dy*0.4480}) + -- ({\dx*1.1800},{\dy*0.3879}) + -- ({\dx*1.2000},{\dy*0.3304}) + -- ({\dx*1.2200},{\dy*0.2757}) + -- ({\dx*1.2400},{\dy*0.2240}) + -- ({\dx*1.2600},{\dy*0.1754}) + -- ({\dx*1.2800},{\dy*0.1302}) + -- ({\dx*1.3000},{\dy*0.0885}) + -- ({\dx*1.3200},{\dy*0.0503}) + -- ({\dx*1.3400},{\dy*0.0159}) + -- ({\dx*1.3600},{\dy*-0.0146}) + -- ({\dx*1.3800},{\dy*-0.0412}) + -- ({\dx*1.4000},{\dy*-0.0638}) + -- ({\dx*1.4200},{\dy*-0.0822}) + -- ({\dx*1.4400},{\dy*-0.0965}) + -- ({\dx*1.4600},{\dy*-0.1065}) + -- ({\dx*1.4800},{\dy*-0.1123}) + -- ({\dx*1.5000},{\dy*-0.1138}) + -- ({\dx*1.5200},{\dy*-0.1110}) + -- ({\dx*1.5400},{\dy*-0.1039}) + -- ({\dx*1.5600},{\dy*-0.0926}) + -- ({\dx*1.5800},{\dy*-0.0772}) + -- ({\dx*1.6000},{\dy*-0.0575}) + -- ({\dx*1.6200},{\dy*-0.0339}) + -- ({\dx*1.6400},{\dy*-0.0062}) + -- ({\dx*1.6600},{\dy*0.0254}) + -- ({\dx*1.6800},{\dy*0.0607}) + -- ({\dx*1.7000},{\dy*0.0996}) + -- ({\dx*1.7200},{\dy*0.1421}) + -- ({\dx*1.7400},{\dy*0.1879}) + -- ({\dx*1.7600},{\dy*0.2368}) + -- ({\dx*1.7800},{\dy*0.2888}) + -- ({\dx*1.8000},{\dy*0.3436}) + -- ({\dx*1.8200},{\dy*0.4010}) + -- ({\dx*1.8400},{\dy*0.4609}) + -- ({\dx*1.8600},{\dy*0.5229}) + -- ({\dx*1.8800},{\dy*0.5869}) + -- ({\dx*1.9000},{\dy*0.6527}) + -- ({\dx*1.9200},{\dy*0.7201}) + -- ({\dx*1.9400},{\dy*0.7887}) + -- ({\dx*1.9600},{\dy*0.8584}) + -- ({\dx*1.9800},{\dy*0.9289}) + -- ({\dx*2.0000},{\dy*1.0000}) + -- ({\dx*2.0200},{\dy*1.0714}) + -- ({\dx*2.0400},{\dy*1.1429}) + -- ({\dx*2.0600},{\dy*1.2142}) + -- ({\dx*2.0800},{\dy*1.2852}) + -- ({\dx*2.1000},{\dy*1.3555}) + -- ({\dx*2.1200},{\dy*1.4249}) + -- ({\dx*2.1400},{\dy*1.4933}) + -- ({\dx*2.1600},{\dy*1.5603}) + -- ({\dx*2.1800},{\dy*1.6258}) + -- ({\dx*2.2000},{\dy*1.6896}) + -- ({\dx*2.2200},{\dy*1.7514}) + -- ({\dx*2.2400},{\dy*1.8111}) + -- ({\dx*2.2600},{\dy*1.8685}) + -- ({\dx*2.2800},{\dy*1.9234}) + -- ({\dx*2.3000},{\dy*1.9757}) + -- ({\dx*2.3200},{\dy*2.0253}) + -- ({\dx*2.3400},{\dy*2.0719}) + -- ({\dx*2.3600},{\dy*2.1155}) + -- ({\dx*2.3800},{\dy*2.1560}) + -- ({\dx*2.4000},{\dy*2.1932}) + -- ({\dx*2.4200},{\dy*2.2272}) + -- ({\dx*2.4400},{\dy*2.2578}) + -- ({\dx*2.4600},{\dy*2.2851}) + -- ({\dx*2.4800},{\dy*2.3089}) + -- ({\dx*2.5000},{\dy*2.3293}) + -- ({\dx*2.5200},{\dy*2.3463}) + -- ({\dx*2.5400},{\dy*2.3599}) + -- ({\dx*2.5600},{\dy*2.3701}) + -- ({\dx*2.5800},{\dy*2.3770}) + -- ({\dx*2.6000},{\dy*2.3807}) + -- ({\dx*2.6200},{\dy*2.3812}) + -- ({\dx*2.6400},{\dy*2.3786}) + -- ({\dx*2.6600},{\dy*2.3731}) + -- ({\dx*2.6800},{\dy*2.3647}) + -- ({\dx*2.7000},{\dy*2.3537}) + -- ({\dx*2.7200},{\dy*2.3402}) + -- ({\dx*2.7400},{\dy*2.3242}) + -- ({\dx*2.7600},{\dy*2.3062}) + -- ({\dx*2.7800},{\dy*2.2861}) + -- ({\dx*2.8000},{\dy*2.2643}) + -- ({\dx*2.8200},{\dy*2.2409}) + -- ({\dx*2.8400},{\dy*2.2162}) + -- ({\dx*2.8600},{\dy*2.1903}) + -- ({\dx*2.8800},{\dy*2.1637}) + -- ({\dx*2.9000},{\dy*2.1364}) + -- ({\dx*2.9200},{\dy*2.1087}) + -- ({\dx*2.9400},{\dy*2.0810}) + -- ({\dx*2.9600},{\dy*2.0535}) + -- ({\dx*2.9800},{\dy*2.0264}) + -- ({\dx*3.0000},{\dy*2.0000}) + -- ({\dx*3.0200},{\dy*1.9746}) + -- ({\dx*3.0400},{\dy*1.9505}) + -- ({\dx*3.0600},{\dy*1.9280}) + -- ({\dx*3.0800},{\dy*1.9072}) + -- ({\dx*3.1000},{\dy*1.8886}) + -- ({\dx*3.1200},{\dy*1.8723}) + -- ({\dx*3.1400},{\dy*1.8587}) + -- ({\dx*3.1600},{\dy*1.8480}) + -- ({\dx*3.1800},{\dy*1.8404}) + -- ({\dx*3.2000},{\dy*1.8362}) + -- ({\dx*3.2200},{\dy*1.8356}) + -- ({\dx*3.2400},{\dy*1.8390}) + -- ({\dx*3.2600},{\dy*1.8464}) + -- ({\dx*3.2800},{\dy*1.8581}) + -- ({\dx*3.3000},{\dy*1.8744}) + -- ({\dx*3.3200},{\dy*1.8954}) + -- ({\dx*3.3400},{\dy*1.9213}) + -- ({\dx*3.3600},{\dy*1.9523}) + -- ({\dx*3.3800},{\dy*1.9885}) + -- ({\dx*3.4000},{\dy*2.0301}) + -- ({\dx*3.4200},{\dy*2.0773}) + -- ({\dx*3.4400},{\dy*2.1301}) + -- ({\dx*3.4600},{\dy*2.1886}) + -- ({\dx*3.4800},{\dy*2.2530}) + -- ({\dx*3.5000},{\dy*2.3234}) + -- ({\dx*3.5200},{\dy*2.3997}) + -- ({\dx*3.5400},{\dy*2.4821}) + -- ({\dx*3.5600},{\dy*2.5706}) + -- ({\dx*3.5800},{\dy*2.6652}) + -- ({\dx*3.6000},{\dy*2.7660}) + -- ({\dx*3.6200},{\dy*2.8729}) + -- ({\dx*3.6400},{\dy*2.9859}) + -- ({\dx*3.6600},{\dy*3.1051}) + -- ({\dx*3.6800},{\dy*3.2303}) + -- ({\dx*3.7000},{\dy*3.3616}) + -- ({\dx*3.7200},{\dy*3.4989}) + -- ({\dx*3.7400},{\dy*3.6421}) + -- ({\dx*3.7600},{\dy*3.7911}) + -- ({\dx*3.7800},{\dy*3.9459}) + -- ({\dx*3.8000},{\dy*4.1064}) + -- ({\dx*3.8200},{\dy*4.2724}) + -- ({\dx*3.8400},{\dy*4.4440}) + -- ({\dx*3.8600},{\dy*4.6209}) + -- ({\dx*3.8800},{\dy*4.8030}) + -- ({\dx*3.9000},{\dy*4.9903}) + -- ({\dx*3.9200},{\dy*5.1826}) + -- ({\dx*3.9400},{\dy*5.3799}) + -- ({\dx*3.9600},{\dy*5.5819}) + -- ({\dx*3.9800},{\dy*5.7887}) + -- ({\dx*4.0000},{\dy*6.0000}) + -- ({\dx*4.0200},{\dy*6.2158}) + -- ({\dx*4.0400},{\dy*6.4359}) + -- ({\dx*4.0600},{\dy*6.6603}) + -- ({\dx*4.0800},{\dy*6.8889}) + -- ({\dx*4.0810},{\dy*6.9005})} +\def\gammasinone{({\dx*-0.9810},{\dy*-53.1410}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9800},{\dy*-50.5140}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9600},{\dy*-25.6055}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9400},{\dy*-17.3637}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9200},{\dy*-13.2884}) + -- ({\dx*-0.9000},{\dy*-10.8796}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8800},{\dy*-9.3036}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8600},{\dy*-8.2033}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8400},{\dy*-7.3999}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8200},{\dy*-6.7941}) + -- ({\dx*-0.8000},{\dy*-6.3263}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7800},{\dy*-5.9586}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7600},{\dy*-5.6655}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7400},{\dy*-5.4296}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7200},{\dy*-5.2384}) + -- ({\dx*-0.7000},{\dy*-5.0827}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6800},{\dy*-4.9557}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6600},{\dy*-4.8523}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6400},{\dy*-4.7685}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6200},{\dy*-4.7012}) + -- ({\dx*-0.6000},{\dy*-4.6480}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5800},{\dy*-4.6072}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5600},{\dy*-4.5773}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5400},{\dy*-4.5573}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5200},{\dy*-4.5467}) + -- ({\dx*-0.5000},{\dy*-4.5449}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4800},{\dy*-4.5519}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4600},{\dy*-4.5677}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4400},{\dy*-4.5928}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4200},{\dy*-4.6279}) + -- ({\dx*-0.4000},{\dy*-4.6740}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3800},{\dy*-4.7325}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3600},{\dy*-4.8052}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3400},{\dy*-4.8944}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3200},{\dy*-5.0033}) + -- ({\dx*-0.3000},{\dy*-5.1359}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2800},{\dy*-5.2972}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2600},{\dy*-5.4942}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2400},{\dy*-5.7359}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2200},{\dy*-6.0350}) + -- ({\dx*-0.2000},{\dy*-6.4089}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1800},{\dy*-6.8830}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1600},{\dy*-7.4952}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1400},{\dy*-8.3052}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1200},{\dy*-9.4124}) + -- ({\dx*-0.1000},{\dy*-10.9953}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0800},{\dy*-13.4114}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0600},{\dy*-17.4941}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0400},{\dy*-25.7436}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0200},{\dy*-50.6602}) + -- ({\dx*-0.0190},{\dy*-53.2876})} +\def\gammasintwo{({\dx*-1.9810},{\dy*26.8549}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9800},{\dy*25.5432}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9600},{\dy*13.1254}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9400},{\dy*9.0411}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9200},{\dy*7.0402}) + -- ({\dx*-1.9000},{\dy*5.8725}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8800},{\dy*5.1211}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8600},{\dy*4.6073}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8400},{\dy*4.2416}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8200},{\dy*3.9745}) + -- ({\dx*-1.8000},{\dy*3.7759}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7800},{\dy*3.6268}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7600},{\dy*3.5146}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7400},{\dy*3.4305}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7200},{\dy*3.3681}) + -- ({\dx*-1.7000},{\dy*3.3229}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6800},{\dy*3.2916}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6600},{\dy*3.2715}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6400},{\dy*3.2607}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6200},{\dy*3.2578}) + -- ({\dx*-1.6000},{\dy*3.2616}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5800},{\dy*3.2715}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5600},{\dy*3.2868}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5400},{\dy*3.3072}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5200},{\dy*3.3327}) + -- ({\dx*-1.5000},{\dy*3.3633}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4800},{\dy*3.3993}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4600},{\dy*3.4412}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4400},{\dy*3.4896}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4200},{\dy*3.5456}) + -- ({\dx*-1.4000},{\dy*3.6103}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3800},{\dy*3.6854}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3600},{\dy*3.7727}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3400},{\dy*3.8749}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3200},{\dy*3.9951}) + -- ({\dx*-1.3000},{\dy*4.1374}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2800},{\dy*4.3070}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2600},{\dy*4.5109}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2400},{\dy*4.7583}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2200},{\dy*5.0617}) + -- ({\dx*-1.2000},{\dy*5.4387}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1800},{\dy*5.9148}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1600},{\dy*6.5279}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1400},{\dy*7.3376}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1200},{\dy*8.4433}) + -- ({\dx*-1.1000},{\dy*10.0238}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0800},{\dy*12.4364}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0600},{\dy*16.5145}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0400},{\dy*24.7583}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0200},{\dy*49.6681}) + -- ({\dx*-1.0190},{\dy*52.2951})} +\def\gammasinthree{({\dx*-2.9810},{\dy*-9.0483}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9800},{\dy*-8.6133}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9600},{\dy*-4.5173}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9400},{\dy*-3.1989}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9200},{\dy*-2.5746}) + -- ({\dx*-2.9000},{\dy*-2.2274}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8800},{\dy*-2.0184}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8600},{\dy*-1.8878}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8400},{\dy*-1.8057}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8200},{\dy*-1.7552}) + -- ({\dx*-2.8000},{\dy*-1.7264}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7800},{\dy*-1.7127}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7600},{\dy*-1.7099}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7400},{\dy*-1.7149}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7200},{\dy*-1.7255}) + -- ({\dx*-2.7000},{\dy*-1.7401}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6800},{\dy*-1.7575}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6600},{\dy*-1.7768}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6400},{\dy*-1.7972}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6200},{\dy*-1.8183}) + -- ({\dx*-2.6000},{\dy*-1.8397}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5800},{\dy*-1.8612}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5600},{\dy*-1.8825}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5400},{\dy*-1.9036}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5200},{\dy*-1.9245}) + -- ({\dx*-2.5000},{\dy*-1.9453}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4800},{\dy*-1.9663}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4600},{\dy*-1.9877}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4400},{\dy*-2.0099}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4200},{\dy*-2.0335}) + -- ({\dx*-2.4000},{\dy*-2.0591}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3800},{\dy*-2.0876}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3600},{\dy*-2.1200}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3400},{\dy*-2.1578}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3200},{\dy*-2.2024}) + -- ({\dx*-2.3000},{\dy*-2.2561}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2800},{\dy*-2.3216}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2600},{\dy*-2.4024}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2400},{\dy*-2.5032}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2200},{\dy*-2.6303}) + -- ({\dx*-2.2000},{\dy*-2.7928}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1800},{\dy*-3.0032}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1600},{\dy*-3.2809}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1400},{\dy*-3.6556}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1200},{\dy*-4.1772}) + -- ({\dx*-2.1000},{\dy*-4.9351}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0800},{\dy*-6.1082}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0600},{\dy*-8.1132}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0400},{\dy*-12.2003}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0200},{\dy*-24.6199}) + -- ({\dx*-2.0190},{\dy*-25.9316})} +\def\gammasinfour{({\dx*-3.9950},{\dy*8.4124}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9800},{\dy*2.2112}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9600},{\dy*1.2344}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9400},{\dy*0.9517}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9200},{\dy*0.8420}) + -- ({\dx*-3.9000},{\dy*0.8009}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8800},{\dy*0.7935}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8600},{\dy*0.8045}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8400},{\dy*0.8265}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8200},{\dy*0.8550}) + -- ({\dx*-3.8000},{\dy*0.8874}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7800},{\dy*0.9219}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7600},{\dy*0.9573}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7400},{\dy*0.9926}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7200},{\dy*1.0272}) + -- ({\dx*-3.7000},{\dy*1.0607}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6800},{\dy*1.0925}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6600},{\dy*1.1223}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6400},{\dy*1.1500}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6200},{\dy*1.1752}) + -- ({\dx*-3.6000},{\dy*1.1979}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5800},{\dy*1.2179}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5600},{\dy*1.2351}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5400},{\dy*1.2496}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5200},{\dy*1.2612}) + -- ({\dx*-3.5000},{\dy*1.2701}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4800},{\dy*1.2763}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4600},{\dy*1.2798}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4400},{\dy*1.2810}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4200},{\dy*1.2800}) + -- ({\dx*-3.4000},{\dy*1.2769}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3800},{\dy*1.2723}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3600},{\dy*1.2665}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3400},{\dy*1.2600}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3200},{\dy*1.2534}) + -- ({\dx*-3.3000},{\dy*1.2475}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2800},{\dy*1.2434}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2600},{\dy*1.2423}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2400},{\dy*1.2458}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2200},{\dy*1.2563}) + -- ({\dx*-3.2000},{\dy*1.2768}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1800},{\dy*1.3117}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1600},{\dy*1.3676}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1400},{\dy*1.4544}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1200},{\dy*1.5890}) + -- ({\dx*-3.1000},{\dy*1.8013}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0800},{\dy*2.1511}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0600},{\dy*2.7775}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0400},{\dy*4.0974}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0200},{\dy*8.1943}) + -- ({\dx*-3.0050},{\dy*33.1416})} +\def\gammasinfive{({\dx*-4.9990},{\dy*-8.3507}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9800},{\dy*-0.4942}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9600},{\dy*-0.3489}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9400},{\dy*-0.3421}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9200},{\dy*-0.3693}) + -- ({\dx*-4.9000},{\dy*-0.4094}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8800},{\dy*-0.4553}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8600},{\dy*-0.5037}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8400},{\dy*-0.5530}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8200},{\dy*-0.6021}) + -- ({\dx*-4.8000},{\dy*-0.6502}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7800},{\dy*-0.6969}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7600},{\dy*-0.7418}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7400},{\dy*-0.7846}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7200},{\dy*-0.8249}) + -- ({\dx*-4.7000},{\dy*-0.8626}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6800},{\dy*-0.8973}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6600},{\dy*-0.9291}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6400},{\dy*-0.9577}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6200},{\dy*-0.9829}) + -- ({\dx*-4.6000},{\dy*-1.0047}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5800},{\dy*-1.0230}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5600},{\dy*-1.0377}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5400},{\dy*-1.0488}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5200},{\dy*-1.0563}) + -- ({\dx*-4.5000},{\dy*-1.0600}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4800},{\dy*-1.0601}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4600},{\dy*-1.0566}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4400},{\dy*-1.0496}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4200},{\dy*-1.0390}) + -- ({\dx*-4.4000},{\dy*-1.0251}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3800},{\dy*-1.0080}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3600},{\dy*-0.9878}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3400},{\dy*-0.9647}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3200},{\dy*-0.9390}) + -- ({\dx*-4.3000},{\dy*-0.9110}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2800},{\dy*-0.8810}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2600},{\dy*-0.8495}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2400},{\dy*-0.8169}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2200},{\dy*-0.7841}) + -- ({\dx*-4.2000},{\dy*-0.7518}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1800},{\dy*-0.7215}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1600},{\dy*-0.6947}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1400},{\dy*-0.6742}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1200},{\dy*-0.6644}) + -- ({\dx*-4.1000},{\dy*-0.6730}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0800},{\dy*-0.7150}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0600},{\dy*-0.8253}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0400},{\dy*-1.1085}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0200},{\dy*-2.0855}) + -- ({\dx*-4.0010},{\dy*-41.6072})} +\def\gammasinsix{({\dx*-5.9998},{\dy*6.9477}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9800},{\dy*0.1349}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9600},{\dy*0.1629}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9400},{\dy*0.2134}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9200},{\dy*0.2691}) + -- ({\dx*-5.9000},{\dy*0.3260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8800},{\dy*0.3829}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8600},{\dy*0.4391}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8400},{\dy*0.4940}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8200},{\dy*0.5472}) + -- ({\dx*-5.8000},{\dy*0.5985}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7800},{\dy*0.6477}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7600},{\dy*0.6945}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7400},{\dy*0.7387}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7200},{\dy*0.7800}) + -- ({\dx*-5.7000},{\dy*0.8184}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6800},{\dy*0.8537}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6600},{\dy*0.8856}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6400},{\dy*0.9142}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6200},{\dy*0.9392}) + -- ({\dx*-5.6000},{\dy*0.9606}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5800},{\dy*0.9783}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5600},{\dy*0.9923}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5400},{\dy*1.0024}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5200},{\dy*1.0086}) + -- ({\dx*-5.5000},{\dy*1.0109}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4800},{\dy*1.0094}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4600},{\dy*1.0039}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4400},{\dy*0.9947}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4200},{\dy*0.9816}) + -- ({\dx*-5.4000},{\dy*0.9648}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3800},{\dy*0.9443}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3600},{\dy*0.9203}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3400},{\dy*0.8929}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3200},{\dy*0.8621}) + -- ({\dx*-5.3000},{\dy*0.8283}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2800},{\dy*0.7914}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2600},{\dy*0.7519}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2400},{\dy*0.7098}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2200},{\dy*0.6655}) + -- ({\dx*-5.2000},{\dy*0.6193}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1800},{\dy*0.5717}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1600},{\dy*0.5230}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1400},{\dy*0.4741}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1200},{\dy*0.4260}) + -- ({\dx*-5.1000},{\dy*0.3804}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0800},{\dy*0.3405}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0600},{\dy*0.3135}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0400},{\dy*0.3204}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0200},{\dy*0.4657}) + -- ({\dx*-5.0002},{\dy*41.6531})} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c195f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a68f0a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/gammaplot.tex @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +% +% gammaplot.tex -- template for standalon tikz images +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage{pgfplots} +\usepackage{csvsimple} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\input{gammapaths.tex} +\begin{document} +\def\skala{1} +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=\skala] + +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink + +\draw[->] (-6.1,0) -- (5.3,0) coordinate[label={$z$}]; +\draw[->] (0,-5.1) -- (0,6.4) coordinate[label={right:$\Gamma(z)$}]; + +\foreach \x in {-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6}{ + \draw (\x,-0.1) -- (\x,0.1); + \draw[line width=0.1pt] (\x,-5) -- (\x,6.2); +} +\foreach \x in {1,2,3,4,5}{ + \draw (\x,-0.1) -- (\x,0.1); + \node at (\x,0) [below] {$\x$}; +} +\foreach \y in {-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4,5,6}{ + \draw (-0.1,\y) -- (0.1,\y); +} +\foreach \y in {1,2,3,4,5,6}{ + \node at (0,\y) [left] {$\y$}; +} +\foreach \y in {-1,-2,-3,-4,-5}{ + \node at (0,\y) [right] {$\y$}; +} +\foreach \x in {-1,-3,-5}{ + \node at (\x,0) [below left] {$\x$}; +} +\foreach \x in {-2,-4,-6}{ + \node at (\x,0) [above left] {$\x$}; +} + +\def\dx{1} +\def\dy{1} + +\begin{scope} +\clip (-6.1,-5) rectangle (4.3,6.2); + +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinplus; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinone; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasintwo; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinthree; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinfour; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinfive; +% \draw[color=darkgreen,line width=1.4pt] \gammasinsix; + +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammaplus; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammaone; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammatwo; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammathree; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammafour; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammafive; +\draw[color=mainColor,line width=1.4pt] \gammasix; + +\end{scope} + +\end{tikzpicture} +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..76be412 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fe7a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/integrand_exp.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/laguerre_poly.pdf 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b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb8a2d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_range.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7e72dc --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_shifted.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0072d28 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/rel_error_simple.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc61c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/images/targets.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex index 00e3b43..133d686 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/main.tex @@ -8,7 +8,28 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Patrik Müller} -{\large \color{red} TODO: Einleitung} +{\parindent0pt Die} Laguerre\--Polynome, +benannt nach Edmond Laguerre (1834 -- 1886), +sind Lösungen der ebenfalls nach %Laguerre +ihm +benannten Differentialgleichung. +Laguerre entdeckte diese Polynome, als er Approximations\-methoden +für das Integral +% $\int_0^\infty \exp(-x) / x \, dx $ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty \frac{e^{-x}}{x} \, dx +\end{align*} +suchte. +Darum möchten wir uns in diesem Kapitel, +ganz im Sinne des Entdeckers, +den Laguerre-Polynomen für Approximationen von Integralen mit +exponentiell abfallenden Funktionen widmen. +Namentlich werden wir versuchen, mittels Laguerre-Polynomen und +der Gauss-Quadratur eine geeignete Approximation für die Gamma-Funktion zu +finden. + +Laguerre-Polynome tauchen zudem auch in der Quantenmechanik im radialen Anteil +der Lösung für die Schrödinger-Gleichung eines Wasserstoffatoms auf. \input{papers/laguerre/definition} \input{papers/laguerre/eigenschaften} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex index 4ebc172..a80d091 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/packages.tex @@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ % if your paper needs special packages, add package commands as in the % following example -\usepackage{derivative} +\DeclareMathOperator{\real}{Re}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3db69f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/presentation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +\documentclass[ngerman, aspectratio=169, xcolor={rgb}]{beamer} + +% style +\mode<presentation>{ + \usetheme{Frankfurt} +} +%packages +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{-} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{array} + +\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\raggedright\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}m{#1}} +\usepackage{ragged2e} + +\usepackage{bm} % bold math +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{mathtools} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{multirow} % multi row in tables +\usepackage{booktabs} %toprule midrule bottomrue in tables +\usepackage{scrextend} +\usepackage{textgreek} +\usepackage[rgb]{xcolor} + +\usepackage{ marvosym } % \Lightning + +\usepackage{multimedia} % embedded videos + +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{pgf} +\usepackage{pgfplots} + +\usepackage{algorithmic} + +%citations +\usepackage[style=verbose,backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{references.bib} + + +%math font +\usefonttheme[onlymath]{serif} + +%Beamer Template modifications +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{0065A3} % HSR blue +\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{D72864} % OST pink +\definecolor{invColor}{HTML}{28d79b} % OST pink +\definecolor{dgreen}{HTML}{38ad36} % Dark green + +%\definecolor{mainColor}{HTML}{000000} % HSR blue +\setbeamercolor{palette primary}{bg=white,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette secondary}{bg=orange,fg=mainColor} +\setbeamercolor{palette tertiary}{bg=yellow,fg=red} +\setbeamercolor{palette quaternary}{bg=mainColor,fg=white} %bg = Top bar, fg = active top bar topic +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=black} % itemize, enumerate, etc (bullet points) +\setbeamercolor{section in toc}{fg=black} % TOC sections +\setbeamertemplate{section in toc}[sections numbered] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{% + \hspace{1.2em}{$\bullet$}~\inserttocsubsection\par} + +\setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{description item}[circle] +\setbeamertemplate{title page}[default][colsep=-4bp,rounded=true] +\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty + +\setbeamercolor{footline}{fg=gray} +\setbeamertemplate{footline}{% + \hfill\usebeamertemplate***{navigation symbols} + \hspace{0.5cm} + \insertframenumber{}\hspace{0.2cm}\vspace{0.2cm} +} + +\usepackage{caption} +\captionsetup{labelformat=empty} + +%Title Page +\title{Laguerre-Polynome} +\subtitle{Anwendung: Approximation der Gamma-Funktion} +\author{Patrik Müller} +% \institute{OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule} +% \institute{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{../img/ost_logo.png}} +\date{\today} + +\input{../packages.tex} + +\newcommand*{\QED}{\hfill\ensuremath{\blacksquare}}% + +\newcommand*{\HL}{\textcolor{mainColor}} +\newcommand*{\RD}{\textcolor{red}} +\newcommand*{\BL}{\textcolor{blue}} +\newcommand*{\GN}{\textcolor{dgreen}} + +\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} + + +\makeatletter +\newcount\my@repeat@count +\newcommand{\myrepeat}[2]{% + \begingroup + \my@repeat@count=\z@ + \@whilenum\my@repeat@count<#1\do{#2\advance\my@repeat@count\@ne}% + \endgroup +} +\makeatother + +\usetikzlibrary{automata,arrows,positioning,calc,shapes.geometric, fadings} + +\begin{document} + +\begin{frame} + \titlepage +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Inhaltsverzeichnis} + \tableofcontents +\end{frame} + +\input{sections/laguerre} + +\input{sections/gaussquad} + +\input{sections/gamma} + +\input{sections/gamma_approx} + +\appendix +\begin{frame} + % \centering + % \Large + % \textbf{Vielen Dank für die Aufmerksamkeit} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7dca39b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +\section{Gamma-Funktion} + +\begin{frame}{Gamma-Funktion} +\begin{columns} + +\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] +\vspace{-16pt} +\centering +% \scalebox{0.51}{\input{../images/gammaplot.pdf}} +\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{../images/gammaplot.pdf} +% \caption{Gamma-Funktion} +\end{figure} +\end{column} + +\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth} +Verallgemeinerung der Fakultät +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(n) = (n-1)! +\end{align*} + +Integralformel +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) += +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +,\quad +\operatorname{Re} z > 0 +\end{align*} + +Funktionalgleichung +\begin{align*} +z \Gamma(z) += +\Gamma(z + 1) +\end{align*} + +Reflektionsformel +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) \Gamma(1 - z) += +\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi z} +, \quad +\text{für } +z \notin \mathbb{Z} +\end{align*} + +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5e1131 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gamma_approx.tex @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +\section{Approximieren der Gamma-Funktion} + +\begin{frame}{Anwenden der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur auf $\Gamma(z)$} + +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) + & = +\int_0^\infty x^{z-1} e^{-x} \, dx +\uncover<2->{ +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i) A_i +} +\uncover<3->{ += +\sum_{i=1}^{n} x^{z-1} A_i +} +\\\\ +\uncover<4->{ + & \text{wobei } +A_i = \frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} +\text{ und $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$} +} +\end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Fehlerabschätzung} +\begin{align*} +R_n(\xi) + & = +\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) +\\ + & = +(z - 2n)_{2n} \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \xi^{z - 2n - 1} +,\quad +0 < \xi < \infty +\end{align*} + +% \textbf{Probleme:} +\begin{itemize} +\item Funktion ist unbeschränkt +\item Maximum von $R_n$ gibt oberes Limit des Fehlers an +\uncover<2->{\item[$\Rightarrow$] Schwierig ein Maximum von $R_n(\xi)$ zu finden} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Einfacher Ansatz} + +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/rel_error_simple.pgf}} +% \resizebox{!}{0.72\textheight}{\input{../images/rel_error_simple.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.77\textwidth]{../images/rel_error_simple.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler des einfachen Ansatzes für verschiedene reelle Werte +von $z$ und Grade $n$ der Laguerre-Polynome} +\end{figure} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Wieso sind die Resultate so schlecht?} + +\textbf{Beobachtungen} +\begin{itemize} +\item Wenn $z \in \mathbb{Z}$ relativer Fehler $\rightarrow 0$ +\item Gewisse Periodizität zu erkennen +\item Für grosse und kleine $z$ ergibt sich ein schlechter relativer Fehler +\item Es gibt Intervalle $[a,a+1]$ mit minimalem relativem Fehler +\item $a$ ist abhängig von $n$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<2->{ +\textbf{Ursache?} +\begin{itemize} +\item Vermutung: Integrand ist problematisch +} +\uncover<3->{ +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Analysieren von $f(x)$ und dem Integranden +} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{$f(x) = x^z$} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/integrand.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{../images/integrand.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Integrand $x^z e^{-x}$} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.91}{\input{../images/integrand_exp.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{../images/integrand_exp.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Neuer Ansatz?} + +\textbf{Vermutung} +\begin{itemize} +\item Es gibt Intervalle $[a(n), a(n)+1]$ in denen der relative Fehler minimal +ist +\item $a(n) > 0$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<2->{ +\textbf{Idee} +\begin{itemize} +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Berechnen von $\Gamma(z)$ im geeigneten Intervall und dann +mit Funktionalgleichung zurückverschieben +\end{itemize} +} + +\uncover<3->{ +\textbf{Wie finden wir $\boldsymbol{a(n)}$?} +\begin{itemize} +\item Minimieren des Fehlerterms mit zusätzlichem Verschiebungsterm +} +\uncover<4->{$\Rightarrow$ Schwierig das Maximum des Fehlerterms zu bestimmen} +\uncover<5->{\item Empirisch $a(n)$ bestimmen} +\uncover<6->{$\Rightarrow$ Sinnvoll, +da Gauss-Quadratur nur für kleine $n$ praktischen Nutzen hat} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Verschiebungsterm} +\begin{columns} +\begin{column}{0.625\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{../images/targets.pdf} +\caption{Optimaler Verschiebungsterm $m^*$ in Abhängigkeit von $z$ und $n$} +\end{figure} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.375\textwidth} +\begin{align*} +\Gamma(z) +\approx +\frac{1}{(z-m)_{m}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i^{z + m - 1} A_i +\end{align*} +\end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Schätzen von $m^*$} +\begin{columns} +\begin{column}{0.65\textwidth} +\begin{figure} +\centering +\vspace{-12pt} +% \scalebox{0.7}{\input{../images/estimates.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{../images/estimates.pdf} +% \caption{Integrand $x^z$ mit unterschiedlichen Werten für $z$} +\end{figure} +\end{column} +\begin{column}{0.34\textwidth} +\begin{align*} +\hat{m} +&= +\alpha n + \beta +\\ +&\approx +1.34154 n + 0.848786 +\\ +m^* +&= +\lceil \hat{m} - \operatorname{Re}z \rceil +\end{align*} +\end{column} +\end{columns} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/rel_error_shifted.pgf}} +\includegraphics{../images/rel_error_shifted.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler mit $n=8$, unterschiedlichen Verschiebungstermen $m$ und $z\in(0, 1)$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \scalebox{0.6}{\input{../images/rel_error_range.pgf}} +\includegraphics{../images/rel_error_range.pdf} +\caption{Relativer Fehler mit $n=8$, Verschiebungsterm $m^*$ und $z\in(-5, 5)$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Vergleich mit Lanczos-Methode} +Maximaler relativer Fehler für $n=6$ +\begin{itemize} + \item Lanczos-Methode $< 10^{-12}$ + \item Unsere Methode $\approx 10^{-6}$ +\end{itemize} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d973b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/gaussquad.tex @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +\section{Gauss-Quadratur} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Quadratur} +\textbf{Idee} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Polynome können viele Funktionen approximieren +\item Wenn Verfahren gut für Polynome funktioniert, +sollte es auch für andere Funktionen funktionieren +\item Integrieren eines Interpolationspolynom +\item Interpolationspolynom ist durch Funktionswerte $f(x_i)$ bestimmt +$\Rightarrow$ Integral kann durch Funktionswerte berechnet werden +\item Evaluation der Funktionswerte an geeigneten Stellen +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Quadratur} +\begin{align*} +\int_{-1}^{1} f(x) \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\end{align*} + +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Exakt für Polynome mit Grad $2n-1$ +\item Interpolationspolynome müssen orthogonal sein +\item Stützstellen $x_i$ sind Nullstellen des Polynoms +\item Fehler: +\begin{align*} +E += +\frac{f^{(2n)}(\xi)}{(2n)!} \int_{-1}^{1} l(x)^2 \, dx +,\quad +\text{wobei } +l(x) = \prod_{i=1}^n (x-x_i) +\end{align*} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Erweiterung des Integrationsintervall von $[-1, 1]$ auf $(a, b)$ +\item Hinzufügen einer Gewichtsfunktion +\item Bei uneigentlichen Integralen muss Gewichtsfunktion schneller als jedes +Integrationspolynom gegen $0$ gehen +\item[$\Rightarrow$] Für Laguerre-Polynome haben wir den Definitionsbereich +$(0, \infty)$ und die Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty & f(x) e^{-x} \, dx +\approx +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i +\\ + & \text{wobei } +A_i = \frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} +\text{ und $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$} +\end{align*} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Fehler der Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur} +\begin{align*} +R_n += +\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) +,\quad +0 < \xi < \infty +\end{align*} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f99214e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/presentation/sections/laguerre.tex @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +\section{Laguerre-Polynome} + +\begin{frame}{Laguerre-Differentialgleichung} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Benannt nach Edmond Nicolas Laguerre (1834-1886) +\item Aus Artikel von 1879, +in dem er $\int_0^\infty \exp(-x)/x \, dx$ analysierte +\end{itemize} + +\begin{align*} +x y''(x) + (1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) + & = +0 +, \quad +n \in \mathbb{N}_0 +, \quad +x \in \mathbb{R} +\end{align*} + +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Lösen der Differentialgleichung} + +\begin{align*} +x y''(x) + (1 - x) y'(x) + n y(x) + & = +0 +\\ +\end{align*} + +\uncover<2->{ +\centering +\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay] +%% use here too +\path[draw=mainColor, very thick,->](0, 1.1) to +node[anchor=west]{Potenzreihenansatz} (0, -0.8); +\end{tikzpicture} +} + +\begin{align*} +\uncover<3->{ +L_n(x) + & = +\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!} \binom{n}{k} x^k +} +\end{align*} +\uncover<4->{ +\begin{itemize} + \item Die Lösungen der DGL sind die Laguerre-Polynome +\end{itemize} +} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering +% \resizebox{0.74\textwidth}{!}{\input{../images/laguerre_poly.pgf}} +\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{../images/laguerre_poly.pdf} +\caption{Laguerre-Polynome vom Grad $0$ bis $7$} +\end{figure} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Orthogonalität} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item Beweis: Umformen in Sturm-Liouville-Problem (siehe Paper) +\begin{alignat*}{5} +((p(x) &y'(x)))' + q(x) &y(x) +&= +\lambda &w(x) &y(x) +\\ +((x e^{-x} &y'(x)))' + 0 &y(x) +&= +n &e^{-x} &y(x) +\end{alignat*} +\item Definitionsbereich $(0, \infty)$ +\item Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ +\end{itemize} + +\uncover<4->{ +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty e^{-x} L_n(x) L_m(x) \, dx += +0 +,\quad +n \neq m +,\quad +n, m \in \mathbb{N} +\end{align*} +} +\end{frame}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex b/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex index 60fad7f..0e32012 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/quadratur.tex @@ -3,37 +3,96 @@ % % (c) 2022 Patrik Müller, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule % -\section{Gauss-Quadratur +\section{Gauss-Quadratur% \label{laguerre:section:quadratur}} - {\large \color{red} TODO: Einleitung und kurze Beschreibung Gauss-Quadratur} +\rhead{Gauss-Quadratur}% +Die Gauss-Quadratur ist ein numerisches Integrationsverfahren, +welches die Eigenschaften von orthogonalen Polynomen verwendet. +Herleitungen und Analysen der Gauss-Quadratur können im +Abschnitt~\ref{buch:orthogonal:section:gauss-quadratur} gefunden werden. +Als grundlegende Idee wird die Beobachtung, +dass viele Funktionen sich gut mit Polynomen approximieren lassen, +verwendet. +Stellt man also sicher, +dass ein Verfahren gut für Polynome funktioniert, +sollte es auch für andere Funktionen angemessene Resultate liefern. +Es wird ein Interpolationspolynom verwendet, +welches an den Punkten $x_0 < x_1 < \ldots < x_n$ +die Funktionwerte~$f(x_i)$ annimmt. +Als Resultat kann das Integral via einer gewichteten Summe der Form \begin{align} -\int_a^b f(x) w(x) +\int_a^b f(x) w(x) \, dx \approx -\sum_{i=1}^N f(x_i) A_i +\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i \label{laguerre:gaussquadratur} \end{align} +berechnet werden. +Die Gauss-Quadratur ist exakt für Polynome mit Grad $2n -1$, +wenn ein Interpolationspolynom von Grad $n$ gewählt wurde. -\subsection{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur +\subsection{Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur% \label{laguerre:subsection:gausslag-quadratur}} -Die Gauss-Quadratur kann auch auf Skalarprodukte mit Gewichtsfunktionen -ausgeweitet werden. -In unserem Falle möchten wir die Gauss Quadratur auf die Laguerre-Polynome -$L_n$ ausweiten. -Diese sind orthogonal im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ bezüglich -der Gewichtsfunktion $e^{-x}$. -Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} lässt sich wiefolgt umformulieren: +Wir möchten nun die Gauss-Quadratur auf die Berechnung +von uneigentlichen Integralen erweitern, +spezifisch auf das Intervall~$(0, \infty)$. +Mit dem vorher beschriebenen Verfahren ist dies nicht direkt möglich. +% Mit einer Transformation +% \begin{align*} +% x +% = +% % a + +% \frac{1 - t}{t} +% \end{align*} +% die das unendliche Intervall~$(0, \infty)$ +% auf das Intervall~$[0, 1]$ transformiert, +% kann dies behoben werden. +% % Für unseren Fall gilt $a = 0$. +Das Integral eines Polynomes in diesem Intervall ist immer divergent. +Es ist also nötig, +den Integranden durch Funktionen zu approximieren, +die genügend schnell gegen $0$ gehen. +Man kann Polynome beliebigen Grades verwenden, +wenn sie mit einer Funktion multipliziert werden, +die schneller gegen $0$ geht als jedes Polynom. +Damit stellen wir sicher, +dass das Integral immer noch konvergiert. +% Darum müssen wir das Polynom mit einer Funktion multiplizieren, +% die schneller als jedes Polynom gegen $0$ geht, +% damit das Integral immer noch konvergiert. +Die Laguerre-Polynome $L_n$ schaffen hier Abhilfe, +da ihre Gewichtsfunktion $w(x) = e^{-x}$ schneller +gegen $0$ konvergiert als jedes Polynom. +% In unserem Falle möchten wir die Gauss Quadratur auf die Laguerre-Polynome +% $L_n$ ausweiten. +% Diese sind orthogonal im Intervall $(0, \infty)$ bezüglich +% der Gewichtsfunktion $e^{-x}$. +Um also das Integral einer Funktion $g(x)$ im Intervall~$(0,\infty)$ zu +berechen, +formt man das Integral wie folgt um: +\begin{align*} +\int_0^\infty g(x) \, dx += +\int_0^\infty f(x) e^{-x} \, dx +\end{align*} +Wir approximieren dann $f(x)$ durch ein Interpolationspolynom +wie bei der Gauss-Quadratur. +% Die Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:gaussquadratur} lässt sich daher wie folgt +% umformulieren: +Die Gleichung~\eqref{laguerre:gaussquadratur} wird also +für die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur zu \begin{align} \int_{0}^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} dx \approx -\sum_{i=1}^{N} f(x_i) A_i +\sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i) A_i \label{laguerre:laguerrequadratur} +. \end{align} \subsubsection{Stützstellen und Gewichte} Nach der Definition der Gauss-Quadratur müssen als Stützstellen die Nullstellen -des verwendeten Polynoms genommen werden. -Das heisst für das Laguerre-Polynom $L_n$ müssen dessen Nullstellen $x_i$ und -als Gewichte $A_i$ werden die Integrale $l_i(x)e^{-x}$ verwendet werden. +des Approximationspolynoms genommen werden. +Für das Laguerre-Polynom $L_n(x)$ müssen demnach dessen Nullstellen $x_i$ und +als Gewichte $A_i$ die Integrale von $l_i(x) e^{-x}$ verwendet werden. Dabei sind \begin{align*} l_i(x_j) @@ -41,39 +100,117 @@ l_i(x_j) \delta_{ij} = \begin{cases} -1 & i=j \\ -0 & \text{sonst.} +1 & i=j \\ +0 & \text{sonst} \end{cases} +% . \end{align*} -Laut \cite{abramowitz+stegun} sind die Gewichte also -\begin{align} +die Lagrangeschen Interpolationspolynome. +Laut \cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction} können die Gewichte mit +\begin{align*} +A_i + & = +-\frac{C_{n+1} \gamma_n}{C_n \phi'_n(x_i) \phi_{n+1} (x_i)} +\end{align*} +berechnet werden. +$C_i$ entspricht dabei dem Koeffizienten von $x^i$ +des orthogonalen Polynoms $\phi_n(x)$, $\forall i =0,\ldots,n$ und +\begin{align*} +\gamma_n += +\int_0^\infty w(x) \phi_n^2(x)\,dx +\end{align*} +dem Normalisierungsfaktor. + +Wir setzen nun $\phi_n(x) = L_n(x)$ und +nutzen den Vorzeichenwechsel der Laguerre-Koeffizienten +(ersichtlich am Term $(-1)^k$ in \eqref{laguerre:polynom}) +aus, +damit erhalten wir +\begin{align*} A_i + & = +-\frac{C_{n+1} \gamma_n}{C_n L'_n(x_i) L_{n+1} (x_i)} +\\ + & = \frac{C_n}{C_{n-1}} \frac{\gamma_{n-1}}{L_{n-1}(x_i) L'_n(x_i)} +. +\end{align*} +Für Laguerre-Polynome gilt +\begin{align*} +\frac{C_n}{C_{n-1}} = -\frac{x_i}{(n + 1)^2 \left[ L_{n + 1}(x_i)\right]^2} +-\frac{1}{n} +\quad \text{und} \quad +\gamma_n += +1 +. +\end{align*} +Daraus folgt +\begin{align} +A_i + & = +- \frac{1}{n L_{n-1}(x_i) L'_n(x_i)} +\label{laguerre:gewichte_lag_temp} +. +\end{align} +Nun kann die Rekursionseigenschaft der Laguerre-Polynome +\cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction} +% (siehe \cite{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction}) +\begin{align*} +x L'_n(x) + & = +n L_n(x) - n L_{n-1}(x) +\\ + & = (x - n - 1) L_n(x) + (n + 1) L_{n+1}(x) +\end{align*} +umgeformt werden und da $x_i$ die Nullstellen von $L_n(x)$ sind, +vereinfacht sich die Gleichung zu +\begin{align*} +x_i L'_n(x_i) + & = +- n L_{n-1}(x_i) +\\ + & = +(n + 1) L_{n+1}(x_i) +. +\end{align*} +Setzen wir diese Beziehung nun in \eqref{laguerre:gewichte_lag_temp} ein, +ergibt sich +\begin{align} +\nonumber +A_i + & = +\frac{1}{x_i \left[ L'_n(x_i) \right]^2} +\\ + & = +\frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 \left[ L_{n+1}(x_i) \right]^2} . \label{laguerre:quadratur_gewichte} \end{align} \subsubsection{Fehlerterm} +Die Gauss-Laguerre-Quadratur mit $n$ Stützstellen berechnet Integrale +von Polynomen bis zum Grad $2n - 1$ exakt. +Für beliebige Funktionen kann eine Fehlerabschätzung angegeben werden. Der Fehlerterm $R_n$ folgt direkt aus der Approximation \begin{align*} -\int_0^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} dx +\int_0^{\infty} f(x) e^{-x} \, dx = \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) A_i + R_n \end{align*} -un \cite{abramowitz+stegun} gibt in als +und \cite{laguerre:abramowitz+stegun} gibt ihn als \begin{align} R_n -= + & = +\frac{f^{(2n)}(\xi)}{(2n)!} \int_0^\infty l(x)^2 e^{-x}\,dx +\\ + & = \frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\xi) ,\quad 0 < \xi < \infty -\label{lagurre:lag_error} +\label{laguerre:lag_error} \end{align} an. - -{ -\large \color{red} -TODO: -Noch mehr Text / bessere Beschreibungen in allen Abschnitten -} +Der Fehler ist also abhängig von der $2n$-ten Ableitung +der zu integrierenden Funktion. diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib b/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib index 6956ade..1a4a903 100644 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/references.bib @@ -3,13 +3,20 @@ % % (c) 2020 Autor, Hochschule Rapperswil % +@book{laguerre:hildebrand2013introduction, + title={Introduction to Numerical Analysis: Second Edition}, + author={Hildebrand, F.B.}, + isbn={9780486318554}, + series={Dover Books on Mathematics}, + year={2013}, + publisher={Dover Publications}, + pages = {389-392} +} -@book{abramowitz+stegun, +@book{laguerre:abramowitz+stegun, added-at = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, address = {New York}, author = {Abramowitz, Milton and Stegun, Irene A.}, - biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/223ec744709b3a776a1af0a3fd65cd09f/a_olympia}, - description = {BibTeX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia}, edition = {ninth Dover printing, tenth GPO printing}, interhash = {d4914a420f489f7c5129ed01ec3cf80c}, intrahash = {23ec744709b3a776a1af0a3fd65cd09f}, @@ -19,4 +26,23 @@ timestamp = {2008-06-25T06:25:58.000+0200}, title = {Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables}, year = 1972 +} + +@article{laguerre:Cassity1965AbcissasCA, + title={Abcissas, coefficients, and error term for the generalized Gauss-Laguerre quadrature formula using the zero ordinate}, + author={C. Ronald Cassity}, + journal={Mathematics of Computation}, + year={1965}, + volume={19}, + pages={287-296} +} + +@online{laguerre:lanczos, + title = {Lanczos Approximation}, + author={Eric W. Weisstein}, + url = {https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LanczosApproximation.html}, + date = {2022-07-18}, + year = {2022}, + month = {7}, + day = {18} }
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1acd7f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/estimates.py @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + import gamma_approx as ga + import targets + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 200 + ns = np.arange(1, 13) + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + + bests = targets.find_best_loc(N, ns=ns) + mean_m = np.mean(bests, -1) + + intercept, bias = np.polyfit(ns, mean_m, 1) + fig, axs = plt.subplots( + 2, num=1, sharex=True, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4.5, 3.6) + ) + xl = np.array([ns[0] - 0.5, ns[-1] + 0.5]) + axs[0].plot(xl, intercept * xl + bias, label=r"$\hat{m}$") + axs[0].plot(ns, mean_m, "x", label=r"$\overline{m}$") + axs[1].plot( + ns, ((intercept * ns + bias) - mean_m), "-x", label=r"$\hat{m} - \overline{m}$" + ) + axs[0].set_xlim(*xl) + axs[0].set_xticks(ns) + axs[0].set_yticks(np.arange(np.floor(mean_m[0]), np.ceil(mean_m[-1]) + 0.1, 2)) + # axs[0].set_title("Schätzung von Mittelwert") + # axs[1].set_title("Fehler") + axs[-1].set_xlabel(r"$n$") + for ax in axs: + ax.grid(1) + ax.legend() + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/estimates.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/estimates.pdf") + + print(f"Intercept={intercept:.6g}, Bias={bias:.6g}") + predicts = np.ceil(intercept * ns[:, None] + bias - np.real(x)) + print(f"Error: {np.mean(np.abs(bests - predicts))}") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.ipynb b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.ipynb deleted file mode 100644 index 44f3abd..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.ipynb +++ /dev/null @@ -1,395 +0,0 @@ -{ - "cells": [ - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "# Gauss-Laguerre Quadratur für die Gamma-Funktion\n", - "\n", - "$$\n", - " \\Gamma(z)\n", - " = \n", - " \\int_0^\\infty t^{z-1}e^{-t}dt\n", - "$$\n", - "\n", - "$$\n", - " \\int_0^\\infty f(x) e^{-x} dx \n", - " \\approx \n", - " \\sum_{i=1}^{N} f(x_i) w_i\n", - " \\qquad\\text{ wobei }\n", - " w_i = \\frac{x_i}{(n+1)^2 [L_{n+1}(x_i)]^2}\n", - "$$\n", - "und $x_i$ sind Nullstellen des Laguerre Polynoms $L_n(x)$\n", - "\n", - "Der Fehler ist gegeben als\n", - "\n", - "$$\n", - " E \n", - " =\n", - " \\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} f^{(2n)}(\\xi) \n", - " = \n", - " \\frac{(-2n + z)_{2n}}{(z-m)_m} \\frac{(n!)^2}{(2n)!} \\xi^{z + m - 2n - 1}\n", - "$$" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "import numpy as np\n", - "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", - "from cmath import exp, pi, sin, sqrt\n", - "import scipy.special\n", - "\n", - "EPSILON = 1e-07\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "lanczos_p = [\n", - " 676.5203681218851,\n", - " -1259.1392167224028,\n", - " 771.32342877765313,\n", - " -176.61502916214059,\n", - " 12.507343278686905,\n", - " -0.13857109526572012,\n", - " 9.9843695780195716e-6,\n", - " 1.5056327351493116e-7,\n", - "]\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def drop_imag(z):\n", - " if abs(z.imag) <= EPSILON:\n", - " z = z.real\n", - " return z\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def lanczos_gamma(z):\n", - " z = complex(z)\n", - " if z.real < 0.5:\n", - " y = pi / (sin(pi * z) * lanczos_gamma(1 - z)) # Reflection formula\n", - " else:\n", - " z -= 1\n", - " x = 0.99999999999980993\n", - " for (i, pval) in enumerate(lanczos_p):\n", - " x += pval / (z + i + 1)\n", - " t = z + len(lanczos_p) - 0.5\n", - " y = sqrt(2 * pi) * t ** (z + 0.5) * exp(-t) * x\n", - " return drop_imag(y)\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(8)\n", - "# zeros = np.array(\n", - "# [\n", - "# 1.70279632305101000e-1,\n", - "# 9.03701776799379912e-1,\n", - "# 2.25108662986613069e0,\n", - "# 4.26670017028765879e0,\n", - "# 7.04590540239346570e0,\n", - "# 1.07585160101809952e1,\n", - "# 1.57406786412780046e1,\n", - "# 2.28631317368892641e1,\n", - "# ]\n", - "# )\n", - "\n", - "# weights = np.array(\n", - "# [\n", - "# 3.69188589341637530e-1,\n", - "# 4.18786780814342956e-1,\n", - "# 1.75794986637171806e-1,\n", - "# 3.33434922612156515e-2,\n", - "# 2.79453623522567252e-3,\n", - "# 9.07650877335821310e-5,\n", - "# 8.48574671627253154e-7,\n", - "# 1.04800117487151038e-9,\n", - "# ]\n", - "# )\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def pochhammer(z, n):\n", - " return np.prod(z + np.arange(n))\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def find_shift(z, target):\n", - " factor = 1.0\n", - " steps = int(np.floor(target - np.real(z)))\n", - " zs = z + steps\n", - " if steps > 0:\n", - " factor = 1 / pochhammer(z, steps)\n", - " elif steps < 0:\n", - " factor = pochhammer(zs, -steps)\n", - " return zs, factor\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def laguerre_gamma(z, x, w, target=11):\n", - " # res = 0.0\n", - " z = complex(z)\n", - " if z.real < 1e-3:\n", - " res = pi / (\n", - " sin(pi * z) * laguerre_gamma(1 - z, x, w, target)\n", - " ) # Reflection formula\n", - " else:\n", - " z_shifted, correction_factor = find_shift(z, target)\n", - " res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w)\n", - " res *= correction_factor\n", - " res = drop_imag(res)\n", - " return res\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "def eval_laguerre(x, target=12):\n", - " return np.array([laguerre_gamma(xi, zeros, weights, target) for xi in x])\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def eval_lanczos(x):\n", - " return np.array([lanczos_gamma(xi) for xi in x])\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def eval_mean_laguerre(x, targets):\n", - " return np.mean([eval_laguerre(x, target) for target in targets], 0)\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def calc_rel_error(x, y):\n", - " return (y - x) / x\n", - "\n", - "\n", - "def evaluate(x, target=12):\n", - " lanczos_gammas = eval_lanczos(x)\n", - " laguerre_gammas = eval_laguerre(x, target)\n", - " rel_error = calc_rel_error(lanczos_gammas, laguerre_gammas)\n", - " return rel_error\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Test with real values" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "Empirische Tests zeigen:\n", - "- $n=4 \\Rightarrow m=6$\n", - "- $n=5 \\Rightarrow m=7$ oder $m=8$\n", - "- $n=6 \\Rightarrow m=9$\n", - "- $n=7 \\Rightarrow m=10$\n", - "- $n=8 \\Rightarrow m=11$ oder $m=12$\n", - "- $n=9 \\Rightarrow m=13$\n", - "- $n=10 \\Rightarrow m=14$\n", - "- $n=11 \\Rightarrow m=15$ oder $m=16$\n", - "- $n=12 \\Rightarrow m=17$\n", - "- $n=13 \\Rightarrow m=18 \\Rightarrow $ Beginnt numerisch instabil zu werden \n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(12)\n", - "targets = np.arange(16, 21)\n", - "mean_targets = ((16, 17),)\n", - "x = np.linspace(EPSILON, 1 - EPSILON, 101)\n", - "_, axs = plt.subplots(\n", - " 2, sharex=True, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(12, 12)\n", - ")\n", - "\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos(x)\n", - "for mean_target in mean_targets:\n", - " vals = eval_mean_laguerre(x, mean_target)\n", - " rel_error_mean = calc_rel_error(lanczos, vals)\n", - " axs[0].plot(x, rel_error_mean, label=mean_target)\n", - " axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error_mean), label=mean_target)\n", - "\n", - "mins = []\n", - "maxs = []\n", - "for target in targets:\n", - " rel_error = evaluate(x, target)\n", - " mins.append(np.min(np.abs(rel_error[(0.1 <= x) & (x <= 0.9)])))\n", - " maxs.append(np.max(np.abs(rel_error)))\n", - " axs[0].plot(x, rel_error, label=target)\n", - " axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error), label=target)\n", - "# axs[0].set_ylim(*(np.array([-1, 1]) * 3.5e-8))\n", - "\n", - "axs[0].set_xlim(x[0], x[-1])\n", - "axs[1].set_ylim(np.min(mins), 1.04*np.max(maxs))\n", - "for ax in axs:\n", - " ax.legend()\n", - " ax.grid(which=\"both\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "targets = (16, 17)\n", - "xmax = 15\n", - "x = np.linspace(-xmax + EPSILON, xmax - EPSILON, 1000)\n", - "\n", - "mean_lag = eval_mean_laguerre(x, targets)\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos(x)\n", - "rel_error = calc_rel_error(lanczos, mean_lag)\n", - "rel_error_simple = evaluate(x, targets[-1])\n", - "# rel_error = evaluate(x, target)\n", - "\n", - "_, axs = plt.subplots(\n", - " 2, sharex=True, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(12, 12)\n", - ")\n", - "axs[0].plot(x, rel_error, label=targets)\n", - "axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error), label=targets)\n", - "axs[0].plot(x, rel_error_simple, label=targets[-1])\n", - "axs[1].semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_error_simple), label=targets[-1])\n", - "axs[0].set_xlim(x[0], x[-1])\n", - "# axs[0].set_ylim(*(np.array([-1, 1]) * 4.2e-8))\n", - "# axs[1].set_ylim(1e-10, 5e-8)\n", - "for ax in axs:\n", - " ax.legend()\n", - "\n", - "x2 = np.linspace(-5 + EPSILON, 5, 4001)\n", - "_, ax = plt.subplots(constrained_layout=True, figsize=(8, 6))\n", - "ax.plot(x2, eval_mean_laguerre(x2, targets))\n", - "ax.set_xlim(x2[0], x2[-1])\n", - "ax.set_ylim(-7.5, 25)\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "markdown", - "metadata": {}, - "source": [ - "### Test with complex values" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "targets = (16, 17)\n", - "vals = np.linspace(-5 + EPSILON, 5, 100)\n", - "x, y = np.meshgrid(vals, vals)\n", - "mesh = x + 1j * y\n", - "input = mesh.flatten()\n", - "\n", - "mean_lag = eval_mean_laguerre(input, targets).reshape(mesh.shape)\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos(input).reshape(mesh.shape)\n", - "rel_error = np.abs(calc_rel_error(lanczos, mean_lag))\n", - "\n", - "lag = eval_laguerre(input, targets[-1]).reshape(mesh.shape)\n", - "rel_error_simple = np.abs(calc_rel_error(lanczos, lag))\n", - "# rel_error = evaluate(x, target)\n", - "\n", - "fig, axs = plt.subplots(\n", - " 2,\n", - " 2,\n", - " sharex=True,\n", - " sharey=True,\n", - " clear=True,\n", - " constrained_layout=True,\n", - " figsize=(12, 10),\n", - ")\n", - "_c = axs[0, 1].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(np.abs(lanczos - mean_lag)), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "_c = axs[0, 0].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(np.abs(lanczos - lag)), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "fig.colorbar(_c, ax=axs[0, :])\n", - "_c = axs[1, 1].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(rel_error), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "_c = axs[1, 0].pcolormesh(x, y, np.log10(rel_error_simple), shading=\"gouraud\")\n", - "fig.colorbar(_c, ax=axs[1, :])\n", - "_ = axs[0, 0].set_title(\"Absolute Error\")\n", - "_ = axs[1, 0].set_title(\"Relative Error\")\n" - ] - }, - { - "cell_type": "code", - "execution_count": null, - "metadata": {}, - "outputs": [], - "source": [ - "z = 0.5\n", - "ns = [4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12] # np.arange(4, 13)\n", - "ms = np.arange(6, 18)\n", - "xi = np.logspace(0, 2, 201)[:, None]\n", - "lanczos = eval_lanczos([z])[0]\n", - "\n", - "_, ax = plt.subplots(clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(12, 8))\n", - "ax.grid(1)\n", - "for n, m in zip(ns, ms):\n", - " zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n)\n", - " c = scipy.special.factorial(n) ** 2 / scipy.special.factorial(2 * n)\n", - " e = np.abs(\n", - " scipy.special.poch(z - 2 * n, 2 * n)\n", - " / scipy.special.poch(z - m, m)\n", - " * c\n", - " * xi ** (z - 2 * n + m - 1)\n", - " )\n", - " ez = np.sum(\n", - " scipy.special.poch(z - 2 * n, 2 * n)\n", - " / scipy.special.poch(z - m, m)\n", - " * c\n", - " * zeros[:, None] ** (z - 2 * n + m - 1),\n", - " 0,\n", - " )\n", - " lag = eval_laguerre([z], m)[0]\n", - " err = np.abs(lanczos - lag)\n", - " # print(m+z,ez)\n", - " # for zi,ezi in zip(z[0], ez):\n", - " # print(f\"{m+zi}: {ezi}\")\n", - " # ax.semilogy(xi, e, color=color)\n", - " lines = ax.loglog(xi, e, label=str(n))\n", - " ax.axhline(err, color=lines[0].get_color())\n", - " # ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xi[-1] + 1))\n", - " # ax.set_ylim(1e-8, 1e5)\n", - "_ = ax.legend()\n", - "# _ = ax.legend([f\"z={zi}\" for zi in z[0]])\n", - "# _ = [ax.axvline(x) for x in zeros]\n" - ] - } - ], - "metadata": { - "interpreter": { - "hash": "767d51c1340bd893661ea55ea3124f6de3c7a262a8b4abca0554b478b1e2ff90" - }, - "kernelspec": { - "display_name": "Python 3.8.10 64-bit", - "language": "python", - "name": "python3" - }, - "language_info": { - "codemirror_mode": { - "name": "ipython", - "version": 3 - }, - "file_extension": ".py", - "mimetype": "text/x-python", - "name": "python", - "nbconvert_exporter": "python", - "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", - "version": "3.8.10" - }, - "orig_nbformat": 4 - }, - "nbformat": 4, - "nbformat_minor": 2 -} diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b09e59 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/gamma_approx.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +from pathlib import Path + +import numpy as np +import scipy.special + +EPSILON = 1e-7 +root = str(Path(__file__).parent) +img_path = f"{root}/../images" +fontsize = "medium" +cmap = "plasma" + + +def _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n): + if x is None or w is None: + return np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n) + return x, w + + +def drop_imag(z): + if abs(z.imag) <= EPSILON: + z = z.real + return z + + +def pochhammer(z, n): + return np.prod(z + np.arange(n)) + + +def find_optimal_shift(z, n): + mhat = 1.34093 * n + 0.854093 + steps = int(np.floor(mhat - np.real(z))) + return steps + + +def get_shifting_factor(z, steps): + factor = 1.0 + if steps > 0: + factor = 1 / pochhammer(z, steps) + elif steps < 0: + factor = pochhammer(z + steps, -steps) + return factor + + +def laguerre_gamma_shifted(z, x=None, w=None, n=8, target=11): + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + n = len(x) + + z += 0j + steps = int(np.floor(target - np.real(z))) + z_shifted = z + steps + correction_factor = get_shifting_factor(z, steps) + + res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w) + res *= correction_factor + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_opt_shifted(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + n = len(x) + + z += 0j + opt_shift = find_optimal_shift(z, n) + correction_factor = get_shifting_factor(z, opt_shift) + z_shifted = z + opt_shift + + res = np.sum(x ** (z_shifted - 1) * w) + res *= correction_factor + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_simple(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + z += 0j + res = np.sum(x ** (z - 1) * w) + res = drop_imag(res) + return res + + +def laguerre_gamma_mirror(z, x=None, w=None, n=8): + if z == 0.0: + return np.infty + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + z += 0j + if z.real < 1e-3: + return np.pi / ( + np.sin(np.pi * z) * laguerre_gamma_simple(1 - z, x, w) + ) # Reflection formula + return laguerre_gamma_simple(z, x, w) + + +def eval_laguerre_gamma(z, x=None, w=None, n=8, func="simple", **kwargs): + x, w = _prep_zeros_and_weights(x, w, n) + if func == "simple": + f = laguerre_gamma_simple + elif func == "mirror": + f = laguerre_gamma_mirror + elif func == "optimal_shifted": + f = laguerre_gamma_opt_shifted + else: + f = laguerre_gamma_shifted + return np.array([f(zi, x, w, n, **kwargs) for zi in z]) + + +def calc_rel_error(x, y): + mask = np.abs(x) != np.infty + rel_error = np.zeros_like(y) + rel_error[mask] = (y[mask] - x[mask]) / x[mask] + rel_error[~mask] = 0.0 + return rel_error diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e970721 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +"""Plot for integrand of gamma function with shifting terms.""" + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + EPSILON = 1e-12 + xlims = np.array([-3, 3]) + + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + t = np.logspace(*xlims, 1001)[:, None] + + z = np.array([-4.5, -2, -1, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4.5]) + r = t ** z + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4, 2.4)) + ax.semilogx(t, r) + ax.set_xlim(*(10.0 ** xlims)) + ax.set_ylim(1e-3, 40) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$") + # ax.set_ylabel(r"$x^z$") + ax.grid(1, "both") + labels = [f"$z={zi: 3.1f}$" for zi in np.squeeze(z)] + ax.legend(labels, ncol=2, loc="upper left", fontsize="small") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e649b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/integrand_exp.py @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- +"""Plot for integrand of gamma function with shifting terms.""" + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + EPSILON = 1e-12 + xlims = np.array([-3, 3]) + + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + t = np.logspace(*xlims, 1001)[:, None] + + z = np.array([-1, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5]) + e = np.exp(-t) + r = t ** z * e + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=2, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(4, 2.4)) + ax.semilogx(t, r) + # ax.plot(t,np.exp(-t)) + ax.set_xlim(10 ** (-2), 20) + ax.set_ylim(1e-3, 10) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$") + # ax.set_ylabel(r"$x^z e^{-x}$") + ax.grid(1, "both") + labels = [f"$z={zi: 3.1f}$" for zi in np.squeeze(z)] + ax.legend(labels, ncol=2, loc="upper left", fontsize="small") + # fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand_exp.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/integrand_exp.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_plot.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_plot.py deleted file mode 100644 index b9088d0..0000000 --- a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_plot.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,100 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env python3 -# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- -"""Some plots for Laguerre Polynomials.""" - -import os -from pathlib import Path - -import matplotlib.pyplot as plt -import numpy as np -import scipy.special as ss - - -def get_ticks(start, end, step=1): - ticks = np.arange(start, end, step) - return ticks[ticks != 0] - - -N = 1000 -step = 5 -t = np.linspace(-1.05, 10.5, N)[:, None] -root = str(Path(__file__).parent) -img_path = f"{root}/../images" -os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) - - -# fig = plt.figure(num=1, clear=True, tight_layout=True, figsize=(5.5, 3.7)) -# ax = fig.add_subplot(axes_class=AxesZero) -fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(6, 4)) -for n in np.arange(0, 8): - k = np.arange(0, n + 1)[None] - L = np.sum((-1) ** k * ss.binom(n, k) / ss.factorial(k) * t ** k, -1) - ax.plot(t, L, label=f"n={n}") - -ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(int(t[0]), t[-1]), minor=True) -ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(0, t[-1], step)) -ax.set_xlim(t[0], t[-1] + 0.1 * (t[1] - t[0])) -ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$", x=1.0, labelpad=-10, rotation=0, fontsize="large") - -ylim = 13 -ax.set_yticks(np.arange(-ylim, ylim), minor=True) -ax.set_yticks(np.arange(-step * (ylim // step), ylim, step)) -ax.set_ylim(-ylim, ylim) -ax.set_ylabel(r"$y$", y=0.95, labelpad=-18, rotation=0, fontsize="large") - -ax.legend(ncol=2, loc=(0.125, 0.01), fontsize="large") - -# set the x-spine -ax.spines[["left", "bottom"]].set_position("zero") -ax.spines[["right", "top"]].set_visible(False) -ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom") -hlx = 0.4 -dx = t[-1, 0] - t[0, 0] -dy = 2 * ylim -hly = dy / dx * hlx -dps = fig.dpi_scale_trans.inverted() -bbox = ax.get_window_extent().transformed(dps) -width, height = bbox.width, bbox.height - -# manual arrowhead width and length -hw = 1.0 / 60.0 * dy -hl = 1.0 / 30.0 * dx -lw = 0.5 # axis line width -ohg = 0.0 # arrow overhang - -# compute matching arrowhead length and width -yhw = hw / dy * dx * height / width -yhl = hl / dx * dy * width / height - -# draw x and y axis -ax.arrow( - t[-1, 0] - hl, - 0, - hl, - 0.0, - fc="k", - ec="k", - lw=lw, - head_width=hw, - head_length=hl, - overhang=ohg, - length_includes_head=True, - clip_on=False, -) - -ax.arrow( - 0, - ylim - yhl, - 0.0, - yhl, - fc="k", - ec="k", - lw=lw, - head_width=yhw, - head_length=yhl, - overhang=ohg, - length_includes_head=True, - clip_on=False, -) - -fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_polynomes.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05db5d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/laguerre_poly.py @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +import numpy as np + + +def get_ticks(start, end, step=1): + ticks = np.arange(start, end, step) + return ticks[ticks != 0] + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import os + from pathlib import Path + + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import scipy.special as ss + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 1000 + step = 5 + t = np.linspace(-1.05, 10.5, N)[:, None] + root = str(Path(__file__).parent) + img_path = f"{root}/../images" + os.makedirs(img_path, exist_ok=True) + + # fig = plt.figure(num=1, clear=True, tight_layout=True, figsize=(5.5, 3.7)) + # ax = fig.add_subplot(axes_class=AxesZero) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(6, 4)) + for n in np.arange(0, 8): + k = np.arange(0, n + 1)[None] + L = np.sum((-1) ** k * ss.binom(n, k) / ss.factorial(k) * t ** k, -1) + ax.plot(t, L, label=f"$n={n}$") + + ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(int(t[0]), t[-1]), minor=True) + ax.set_xticks(get_ticks(0, t[-1], step)) + ax.set_xlim(t[0], t[-1] + 0.1 * (t[1] - t[0])) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$x$", x=1.0, labelpad=-10, rotation=0, fontsize="large") + + ylim = 13 + ax.set_yticks(get_ticks(-ylim, ylim), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(get_ticks(-step * (ylim // step), ylim, step)) + ax.set_ylim(-ylim, ylim) + ax.set_ylabel(r"$y$", y=0.95, labelpad=-14, rotation=0, fontsize="large") + + ax.legend(ncol=2, loc=(0.125, 0.01), fontsize="large") + + # set the x-spine + ax.spines[["left", "bottom"]].set_position("zero") + ax.spines[["right", "top"]].set_visible(False) + ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom") + hlx = 0.4 + dx = t[-1, 0] - t[0, 0] + dy = 2 * ylim + hly = dy / dx * hlx + dps = fig.dpi_scale_trans.inverted() + bbox = ax.get_window_extent().transformed(dps) + width, height = bbox.width, bbox.height + + # manual arrowhead width and length + hw = 1.0 / 60.0 * dy + hl = 1.0 / 30.0 * dx + lw = 0.5 # axis line width + ohg = 0.0 # arrow overhang + + # compute matching arrowhead length and width + yhw = hw / dy * dx * height / width + yhl = hl / dx * dy * width / height + + # draw x and y axis + ax.arrow( + t[-1, 0] - hl, + 0, + hl, + 0.0, + fc="k", + ec="k", + lw=lw, + head_width=hw, + head_length=hl, + overhang=ohg, + length_includes_head=True, + clip_on=False, + ) + + ax.arrow( + 0, + ylim - yhl, + 0.0, + yhl, + fc="k", + ec="k", + lw=lw, + head_width=yhw, + head_length=yhl, + overhang=ohg, + length_includes_head=True, + clip_on=False, + ) + + # fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_poly.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{img_path}/laguerre_poly.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a714fa --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_complex.py @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + xmax = 4 + vals = np.linspace(-xmax + ga.EPSILON, xmax, 100) + x, y = np.meshgrid(vals, vals) + mesh = x + 1j * y + input = mesh.flatten() + + lanczos = scipy.special.gamma(mesh) + lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(input, n=8, func="optimal_shifted").reshape(mesh.shape) + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(lanczos, lag)) + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(3.5, 2.1)) + _c = ax.pcolormesh( + x, y, rel_error, shading="gouraud", cmap=ga.cmap, norm=mpl.colors.LogNorm() + ) + cbr = fig.colorbar(_c, ax=ax) + cbr.minorticks_off() + # ax.set_title("Relative Error") + ax.set_xlabel("Re($z$)") + ax.set_ylabel("Im($z$)") + minor_ticks = np.arange(-xmax, xmax + ga.EPSILON) + ticks = np.arange(-xmax, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 2) + ax.set_xticks(ticks) + ax.set_xticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(ticks) + ax.set_yticks(minor_ticks, minor=True) + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_complex.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7348d5e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_mirror.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + xmin = -15 + xmax = 15 + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, 1]) + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, 400) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.5)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="mirror") + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 5)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=1, loc="upper left", fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_mirror.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_mirror.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ece3b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_range.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + N = 1201 + xmax = 6 + xmin = -xmax + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, -1.2]) + + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, N) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="optimal_shifted") + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 2)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 1), "", minor=True) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=1, loc="upper left", fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_range.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_range.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f53c89b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_shifted.py @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + n = 8 # order of Laguerre polynomial + N = 200 # number of points in interval + + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + targets = np.arange(10, 14) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.1)) + for target in targets: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, target=target, n=n, func="shifted") + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag)) + ax.semilogy(x, rel_error, label=f"$m={target}$", linewidth=3) + gamma_lgo = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n, func="optimal_shifted") + rel_error = np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lgo)) + ax.semilogy(x, rel_error, "m", linestyle=":", label="$m^*$", linewidth=3) + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(5e-9, 5e-8) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 1, 6)) + ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0, 1, 11), minor=True) + ax.grid(1, "both") + ax.legend(ncol=1, fontsize=ga.fontsize) + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_shifted.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_shifted.pdf") + # plt.show() diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1ea36a --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/rel_error_simple.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import numpy as np + import scipy.special + + import gamma_approx as ga + + # mpl.rc("text", usetex=True) + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + # mpl.rcParams.update({"font.family": "serif", "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes"}) + + # Simple / naive + xmin = -5 + xmax = 25 + ns = np.arange(2, 12, 2) + ylim = np.array([-11, 6]) + x = np.linspace(xmin + ga.EPSILON, xmax - ga.EPSILON, 400) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(5, 2.5)) + for n in ns: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, n=n) + rel_err = ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag) + ax.semilogy(x, np.abs(rel_err), label=f"$n={n}$") + ax.set_xlim(x[0], x[-1]) + ax.set_ylim(*(10.0 ** ylim)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax + ga.EPSILON, 5)) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(xmin, xmax), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(10.0 ** np.arange(*ylim, 2)) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + # ax.set_ylabel("Relativer Fehler") + ax.legend(ncol=3, fontsize=ga.fontsize) + ax.grid(1, "both") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_simple.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/rel_error_simple.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69f94ba --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/laguerre/scripts/targets.py @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +import numpy as np +import scipy.special + +import gamma_approx as ga + + +def find_best_loc(N=200, a=1.375, b=0.5, ns=None): + if ns is None: + ns = np.arange(2, 13) + bests = [] + step = 1 / (N - 1) + x = np.linspace(step, 1 - step, N + 1) + gamma = scipy.special.gamma(x) + for n in ns: + zeros, weights = np.polynomial.laguerre.laggauss(n) + est = np.ceil(b + a * n) + targets = np.arange(max(est - 2, 0), est + 3) + rel_error = [] + for target in targets: + gamma_lag = ga.eval_laguerre_gamma(x, target=target, x=zeros, w=weights, func="shifted") + rel_error.append(np.abs(ga.calc_rel_error(gamma, gamma_lag))) + rel_error = np.stack(rel_error, -1) + best = np.argmin(rel_error, -1) + targets[0] + bests.append(best) + return np.stack(bests, 0) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import matplotlib as mpl + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + + mpl.rcParams.update( + { + "mathtext.fontset": "stix", + "font.family": "serif", + "font.serif": "TeX Gyre Termes", + } + ) + + N = 200 + ns = np.arange(1, 13) + + bests = find_best_loc(N, ns=ns) + + fig, ax = plt.subplots(num=1, clear=True, constrained_layout=True, figsize=(3.5, 2.1)) + v = ax.imshow(bests, cmap=ga.cmap, aspect="auto", interpolation="nearest") + plt.colorbar(v, ax=ax, label=r"$m^*$") + ticks = np.arange(0, N + 1, N // 5) + ax.set_xlim(0, 1) + ax.set_xticks(ticks) + ax.set_xticklabels([f"{v:.2f}" for v in ticks / N]) + ax.set_xticks(np.arange(0, N + 1, N // 20), minor=True) + ax.set_yticks(np.arange(len(ns))) + ax.set_yticklabels(ns) + ax.set_xlabel(r"$z$") + ax.set_ylabel(r"$n$") + # fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/targets.pgf") + fig.savefig(f"{ga.img_path}/targets.pdf") diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0de3001 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e78abd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.png diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9b41bf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.py @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +""" +Created on Fri Jul 29 09:40:11 2022 + +@author: yanik +""" +import pylatex + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +N = np.array([0, 0]) +V = np.array([1, 4]) +Z = np.array([5, 5]) +VZ = Z-V +vzScale = 0.4 + + +a = [N, N, V] +b = [V, Z, vzScale*VZ] + +X = np.array([i[0] for i in a]) +Y = np.array([i[1] for i in a]) +U = np.array([i[0] for i in b]) +W = np.array([i[1] for i in b]) + +xlim = 6 +ylim = 6 +fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1) +ax.set_xlim([0, xlim]) #<-- set the x axis limits +ax.set_ylim([0, ylim]) #<-- set the y axis limits +#plt.figure(figsize=(xlim, ylim)) +ax.quiver(X, Y, U, W, angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=1, headwidth=5, headlength=7, headaxislength=5.5) + 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font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="876" y="1288">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="934" y="1288">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="934" y="1288">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="934" y="1288">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="980" y="1288">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="980" y="1288">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="980" y="1288">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1032" y="1288">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1032" y="1288">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1032" y="1288">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1083" y="1288">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1083" y="1288">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1083" y="1288">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1135" y="1288">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1135" y="1288">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1135" y="1288">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1187" y="1288">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1187" y="1288">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1187" y="1288">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1238" y="1288">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1238" y="1288">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1238" y="1288">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1290" y="1288">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1290" y="1288">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1290" y="1288">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1342" y="1288">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1342" y="1288">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1342" y="1288">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1393" y="1288">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1393" y="1288">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1393" y="1288">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1451" y="1288">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1451" y="1288">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1451" y="1288">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1497" y="1288">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1497" y="1288">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1497" y="1288">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1549" y="1288">2.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1549" y="1288">2.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1549" y="1288">2.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1600" y="1288">2.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1600" y="1288">2.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1600" y="1288">2.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1652" y="1288">2.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1652" y="1288">2.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1652" y="1288">2.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1704" y="1288">2.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1704" y="1288">2.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1704" y="1288">2.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1755" y="1288">2.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1755" y="1288">2.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1755" y="1288">2.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1807" y="1288">2.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1807" y="1288">2.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1807" y="1288">2.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1859" y="1288">2.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1859" y="1288">2.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1859" y="1288">2.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1910" y="1288">2.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1910" y="1288">2.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1910" y="1288">2.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1968" y="1288">3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="1968" y="1288">3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="1968" y="1288">3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2014" y="1288">3.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="2014" y="1288">3.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2014" y="1288">3.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2066" y="1288">3.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="2066" y="1288">3.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2066" y="1288">3.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2117" y="1288">3.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="2117" y="1288">3.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="2117" y="1288">3.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1226">0.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1226">0.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1226">0.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1174">0.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1174">0.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1174">0.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1122">0.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1122">0.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1122">0.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1071">0.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1071">0.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1071">0.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1019">0.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1019">0.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="1019">0.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="967">0.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="967">0.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="967">0.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="916">0.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="916">0.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="916">0.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="864">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="864">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="864">0.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="812">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="812">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="812">0.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="760">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="760">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="760">1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="709">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="709">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="709">1.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="657">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="657">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="657">1.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="605">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="605">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="605">1.3</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="554">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="554">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="554">1.4</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="502">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="502">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="502">1.5</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="450">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="450">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="450">1.6</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="399">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="399">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="399">1.7</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="347">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="347">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="347">1.8</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="295">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="295">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="295">1.9</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="244">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="244">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="405" y="244">2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="192">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke-linejoin="bevel" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-opacity="1" stroke-width="3" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="192">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="192">2.1</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" fill-opacity="1" stroke="none" text-anchor="start" x="395" y="140">2.2</text><text font-family="geogebra-sans-serif, sans-serif" font-size="12px" font-style="normal" font-weight="normal" text-decoration="normal" dominant-baseline="alphabetic" fill="none" stroke="rgb(255, 255, 255)" 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..754563d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.log @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 20 JUL 2022 18:38 +entering extended mode +**./main.tex +(main.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \chapter + {Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.6 \chapter{V + erfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.7 \lhead + {Thema} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Environment refsection undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.8 \begin{refsection} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.9 \chapterauthor + {David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no H in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--10 +[][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: File `papers/lambertw/teil0.tex' not found. + +Type X to quit or <RETURN> to proceed, +or enter new name. (Default extension: tex) + +Enter file name: +! Emergency stop. +<read *> + +l.30 \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} + +*** (cannot \read from terminal in nonstop modes) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 22 strings out of 478927 + 609 string characters out of 2852535 + 290175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17980 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 16i,0n,26p,94b,28s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex index c125c33..394963f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/main.tex @@ -3,34 +3,35 @@ % % (c) 2020 Hochschule Rapperswil % -\chapter{Thema\label{chapter:lambertw}} -\lhead{Thema} +\chapter{Verfolgungskurven\label{chapter:lambertw}} +\lhead{Verfolgungskurven} \begin{refsection} -\chapterauthor{Hans Muster} - -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} - +\chapterauthor{David Hugentobler und Yanik Kuster} +% +%Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes +%\begin{itemize} +%\item +%Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. +%Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. +%\item +%Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende +%Optionen werden gelöscht. +%Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. +%\item +%Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. +%Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen +%in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt +%anzuwenden. +%\item +%Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren +%Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. +%\end{itemize} +% \input{papers/lambertw/teil0.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} +%\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} +\input{papers/lambertw/teil4.tex} \input{papers/lambertw/teil1.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/lambertw/teil3.tex} - +% \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex index 6581a5a..366de78 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/packages.tex @@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ % following example %\usepackage{packagename} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{float}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5b3f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.log @@ -0,0 +1,3656 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 19 JUL 2022 16:20 +entering extended mode +**./teil0.tex +(teil0.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Was sind Verfolgungskurven? +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.6 \section{W + as sind Verfolgungskurven? +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no ? in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.8 \rhead + {Teil 0} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 0 in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--9 +[] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.10 V + erfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei fragen wie, welchen Pfad begeht e... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no H in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for +cmr on input line 10. +LaTeX Font Info: No file cmr.fd. on input line 10. + +LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `/cmr/m/n' undefined +(Font) using `/cmr/m/n' instead on input line 10. + +! Corrupted NFSS tables. +wrong@fontshape ...message {Corrupted NFSS tables} + error@fontshape else let f... +l.10 ...agen wie, welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund wä + hrend er einer Katze nachr... +This error message was generated by an \errmessage +command, so I can't give any explicit help. +Pretend that you're Hercule Poirot: Examine all clues, +and deduce the truth by order and method. + + +LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `/cmr/m/n' undefined +(Font) using `OT1/cmr/m/n' instead on input line 10. + +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00003pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 10--11 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.13 \subsection + {Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.13 \subsection{V + erfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no E in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no M in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--16 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Environment table undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.17 \begin{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 \begin{tabular} + {|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 18. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 18. + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +! LaTeX Error: Illegal character in array arg. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.18 ...|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +! Undefined control sequence. +<recently read> \text + +l.20 \text + {}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text + {Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 \text{}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text + {Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.20 ...text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text + {Richtung}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no R in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +<recently read> \text + +l.22 \text + {Strategie 1} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.23 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 \text + {Strategie 2} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text + {-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text + {konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.26 & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text + {direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.28 \text + {Strategie 3} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 3 in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text + {konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text + {-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.29 & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text + {etwas voraus Zielen}\\ +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{table}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.33 \end{table} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.00006pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 18--34 +[][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.42 I + n der Tabelle \eqref{lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no T in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.42 In der Tabelle \eqref + {lambertw:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategi... +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no F in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no I in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.45 In der Grafik \eqref + {lambertw:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no : in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 2 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no Z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 42--48 +[]$ + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.51 \quad|A\in\mathbb + {R}>0 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +Overfull \hbox (122.89459pt too wide) detected at line 52 +\OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 konst \/cmr/m/n/10 = \OML +/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j\OML/cmm/m/it/10 A \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 2 \OML/cmm +/m/it/10 R > \/cmr/m/n/10 0 + [] + +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (81.8452pt too wide) detected at line 58 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 j[]j \/cmr/m/n/10 = [] + [] + +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no A in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no W in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no O in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no y in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Environment align undefined. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.65 \begin{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +Missing character: There is no - in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +\frac #1#2->{\begingroup #1\endgroup \over #2} + +l.67 ...}{|\overrightarrow{Z}-\overrightarrow{V}|} + \cdot +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.69 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + +! Misplaced alignment tab character &. +l.73 & + = +I can't figure out why you would want to use a tab mark +here. If you just want an ampersand, the remedy is +simple: Just type `I\&' now. But if some right brace +up above has ended a previous alignment prematurely, +you're probably due for more error messages, and you +might try typing `S' now just to see what is salvageable. + + +! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{align}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.75 \end{align} + +Your command was ignored. +Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command, +or <return> to continue without it. + +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the <inserted text> above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +! Missing } inserted. +<inserted text> + } +l.75 \end{align} + +I've inserted something that you may have forgotten. +(See the <inserted text> above.) +With luck, this will get me unwedged. But if you +really didn't forget anything, try typing `2' now; then +my insertion and my current dilemma will both disappear. + +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no 1 in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 + $[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (10.00023pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (8.05556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 V$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (7.54167pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\OML/cmm/m/it/10 Z$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (152.45233pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 58--77 +[][]$[]$ + [] + +! Undefined control sequence. +l.79 \subsection + {Ziel +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 \subsection{Z + iel +You're in trouble here. 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil0.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 34 strings out of 478927 + 671 string characters out of 2852535 + 298175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17993 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 23i,13n,32p,801b,95s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex index 2b83d59..8fa8f9b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,114 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{lambertw:section:teil0}} -\rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{lambertw:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. +\section{Was sind Verfolgungskurven? +\label{lambertw:section:Was_sind_Verfolgungskurven}} +\rhead{Was sind Verfolgungskurven?} +% +Verfolgungskurven tauchen oft auf bei Fragen wie "Welchen Pfad begeht ein Hund während er einer Katze nachrennt?". +Ein solches Problem hat im Kern immer ein Verfolger und sein Ziel. +Der Verfolger verfolgt sein Ziel, das versucht zu entkommen. +Der Pfad, den der Verfolger während der Verfolgung begeht, wird Verfolgungskurve genannt. +Um diese Kurve zu bestimmen, kann das Verfolgungsproblem als Differentialgleichung formuliert werden. +Diese Differentialgleichung entspringt der Verfolgungsstrategie des Verfolgers. +% +\subsection{Verfolger und Verfolgungsstrategie +\label{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger}} +Wie bereits erwähnt, wird der Verfolger durch seine Verfolgungsstrategie definiert. +Wir nehmen an, dass sich der Verfolger stur an eine Verfolgungsstrategie hält. +Dabei gibt es viele mögliche Strategien, die der Verfolger wählen könnte. +Die möglichen Strategien entstehen durch Festlegung einzelner Parameter, die der Verfolger kontrollieren kann. +Der Verfolger hat nur einen direkten Einfluss auf seinen Geschwindigkeitsvektor. +Mit diesem kann er neben Richtung und Betrag auch den Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel kontrollieren. +Wenn zwei dieser drei Parameter durch die Strategie definiert werden, ist der dritte nicht mehr frei. +Daraus folgt, dass eine Strategie zwei dieser drei Parameter festlegen muss, um den Verfolger komplett zu beschreiben. +% +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|>{$}c<{$}|} + \hline + \text{Strategie}&\text{Geschwindigkeit}&\text{Abstand}&\text{Richtung}\\ + \hline + \text{Jagd} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ + + \text{Beschattung} + & \text{-} & \text{konstant} & \text{direkt auf Ziel hinzu}\\ + + \text{Vorhalt} + & \text{konstant} & \text{-} & \text{etwas voraus Zielen}\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{mögliche Verfolgungsstrategien} + \label{lambertw:table:Strategien} +\end{table} +% +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{./papers/lambertw/Bilder/Strategie.pdf} + \caption{Vektordarstellung Jagdstrategie} + \label{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} +\end{figure} +% +In der Tabelle \ref{lambertw:table:Strategien} sind drei mögliche Strategien aufgezählt. +Im Folgenden wird nur noch auf die Jagdstrategie eingegangen. +Bei dieser Strategie ist die Geschwindigkeit konstant und der Verfolger bewegt sich immer direkt auf sein Ziel zu. +Der Verfolger und sein Ziel werden als Punkte $V$ und $Z$ modelliert. +In der Abbildung \ref{lambertw:grafic:pursuerDGL2} ist das Problem dargestellt, +wobei $v$ der Ortsvektor des Verfolgers, $z$ der Ortsvektor des Ziels und $\dot{v}$ der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers ist. +Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor entspricht dem Richtungsvektors des Verfolgers. +Die konstante Geschwindigkeit kann man mit der Gleichung +% +\begin{equation} + |\dot{v}| + = \operatorname{const} = A + \text{,}\quad A\in\mathbb{R}^+ +\end{equation} +% +darstellen. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor kann mit der Gleichung +% +\begin{equation} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}| + = + \dot{v} +\end{equation} +% +beschrieben werden, wenn die Jagdstrategie verwendet wird. +Die Differenz der Ortsvektoren $v$ und $z$ ist ein Vektor der vom Punkt $V$ auf $Z$ zeigt. +Da die Länge dieses Vektors beliebig sein kann, wird durch Division durch den Betrag, ein Einheitsvektor erzeugt. +Aus dem Verfolgungsproblem ist auch ersichtlich, dass die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ nicht am gleichen Ort starten und so eine Division durch Null ausgeschlossen ist. +Wenn die Punkte $V$ und $Z$ trotzdem am gleichen Ort starten, ist die Lösung trivial. +% +Nun wird die Gleichung mit $\dot{v}$ skalar multipliziert, um das Gleichungssystem von zwei auf eine Gleichung zu reduzieren. Somit ergeben sich +\begin{align} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot|\dot{v}|\cdot\dot{v} + &= + |\dot{v}|^2 + \\ + \label{lambertw:pursuerDGL} + \frac{z-v}{|z-v|}\cdot \frac{\dot{v}}{|\dot{v}|} + &= + 1 \text{.} +\end{align} +Die Lösungen dieser Differentialgleichung sind die gesuchten Verfolgungskurven, insofern der Verfolger die Jagdstrategie verwendet. +% +\subsection{Ziel +\label{lambertw:subsection:Ziel}} +Als nächstes gehen wir auf das Ziel ein. +Wie der Verfolger wird auch unser Ziel sich strikt an eine Fluchtstrategie halten, welche von Anfang an bekannt ist. +Diese Strategie kann als Parameterdarstellung der Position nach der Zeit beschrieben werden. +Zum Beispiel könnte ein Ziel auf einer Geraden flüchten, welches auf einer Ebene mit der Parametrisierung +% +\begin{equation} + z(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +beschrieben werden könnte. +Mit dieser Gleichung ist das Ziel auch schon vollumfänglich definiert. +Für die Fluchtkurve kann eine beliebige Form gewählt werden, jedoch wird die zu lösende Differentialgleichung für die Verfolgungskurve komplexer. + -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. 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Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no D in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no L in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no P in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no z in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no G in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +! Undefined control sequence. +l.25 ... wird der Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref + {pursuer_grafik1} aufgezeigt. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.25 ... Sachverhalt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_ + grafik1} aufgezeigt. +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <7> on input line 25. +LaTeX Font Info: External font `cmex10' loaded for size +(Font) <5> on input line 25. +! Extra }, or forgotten $. +l.25 ...halt in der Grafik \eqref{pursuer_grafik1} + aufgezeigt. +I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be +spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and +you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases +the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the +deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'. + +! Missing $ inserted. +<inserted text> + $ +l.27 + +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (332.97824pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--27 +[]\OML/cmm/m/it/10 rafik\/cmr/m/n/10 1\OML/cmm/m/it/10 aufgezeigt:DerPunktPistd +erVerfolgerundderPunktAistseinZiel:$ + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.28 U + m dies mathematisch beschreiben zu können, wird der Richtungsvektor +You're in trouble here. 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+ +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (15.71458pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (15.40556pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +[]$ + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 a + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (5.00002pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 33--38 +\/cmr/m/n/10 o + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.39 N + un wird die Gleichung mit deren rechten Seite skalar multipliziert, um... + +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.49 \subsection + {Beispiel} +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.49 \subsection{B + eispiel} +You're in trouble here. 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Undefined control sequence. +l.50 ...ieses Problem wurde bereits die DGL \eqref + {eq:PursuerDGL} hergeleitet. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.53 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 53--53 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (135.67946pt too wide) detected at line 57 +[]\/cmr/m/n/10 (\OML/cmm/m/it/10 t\/cmr/m/n/10 )[][] = [][][] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.59 \begin{equation} + +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + + +Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 59--59 +[] + [] + + +Overfull \hbox (61.57726pt too wide) detected at line 65 +[] \OMS/cmsy/m/n/10 [] \/cmr/m/n/10 = 1 = \OML/cmm/m/it/10 v[] + [] + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.79 S + ed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem +You're in trouble here. 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+Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.98 U + t enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis +You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed. +If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit. + +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.110 animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref + {000tempmlate:equation1}. +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.112 E + t harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio +You're in trouble here. 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil1.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 35 strings out of 478927 + 720 string characters out of 2852535 + 294175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17993 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403738 words of font info for 28 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 23i,12n,32p,307b,98s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex index 7b545c3..2733759 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil1.tex @@ -3,53 +3,210 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 -\label{lambertw:section:teil1}} -\rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{lambertw:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +\section{Wird das Ziel erreicht? +\label{lambertw:section:Wird_das_Ziel_erreicht}} +\rhead{Wird das Ziel erreicht?} +% +Sehr oft kommt es vor, dass bei Verfolgungsproblemen die Frage auftaucht, ob das Ziel überhaupt erreicht wird. +Wenn zum Beispiel die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers kleiner ist als diejenige des Ziels, gibt es Anfangsbedingungen bei denen das Ziel nie erreicht wird. +Im Anschluss dieser Frage stellt sich meist die nächste Frage, wie lange es dauert bis das Ziel erreicht wird. +Diese beiden Fragen werden in diesem Kapitel behandelt und am Beispiel aus \ref{lambertw:section:teil4} betrachtet. +Das Beispiel wird bei dieser Betrachtung noch etwas erweitert indem alle Punkte auf der gesamtem $xy$-Ebene als Startwerte zugelassen werden. + +Nun gilt es zu definieren, wann das Ziel erreicht wird. +Da sowohl Ziel und Verfolger als Punkte modelliert wurden, gilt das Ziel als erreicht, wenn die Koordinaten des Verfolgers mit denen des Ziels bei einem diskreten Zeitpunkt $t_1$ übereinstimmen. +Somit gilt es +% +\begin{equation*} + z(t_1)=v(t_1) +\end{equation*} +% +zu lösen. +Die Parametrisierung von $z(t)$ ist im Beispiel definiert als +\begin{equation} + z(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right)\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Die Parametrisierung von $v(t)$ ist von den Startbedingungen abhängig. Deshalb wird die obige Bedingung jeweils für die unterschiedlichen Startbedingungen separat analysiert. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung im \RN{1}-Quadranten} +% +Wenn der Verfolger im \RN{1}-Quadranten startet, dann kann $v(t)$ mit den Gleichungen aus \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}, welche +\begin{align*} + x\left(t\right) + &= + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) \right)} \\ + y(t) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\\ + \chi + &= + \frac{r_0+y_0}{r_0-y_0}, \quad + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2,\quad + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2} +\end{align*} +% +Der Folger ist durch +\begin{equation} + v(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x(t) \\ y(t) \end{array} \right) + \text{.} +\end{equation} +% +parametrisiert, wobei $y(t)$ viel komplexer ist als $x(t)$. +Daher wird das Problem in zwei einzelne Teilprobleme zerlegt, wodurch die Bedingung der $x$- und $y$-Koordinaten einzeln überprüft werden müssen. Es entstehen daher folgende Bedingungen +% +\begin{align*} + 0 + &= + x(t) + = + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} + \\ + t + &= + y(t) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right)\text{,} +\end{align*} +% +welche Beide gleichzeitig erfüllt sein müssen, damit das Ziel erreicht wurde. +Zuerst wird die Bedingung der $x$-Koordinate betrachtet. +Da $x_0 \neq 0$ und $\chi \neq 0$ mit +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + x_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{\chi}W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)} +\end{equation} +ist diese Bedingung genau dann erfüllt, wenn +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) + \text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +\begin{equation} + W(0)=0 +\end{equation} +% +Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +Somit kann nach den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% +% +% +%Diese kann durch dividieren durch $x_0$, anschliessendes quadrieren und multiplizieren von $\chi$ vereinfacht werden. Daraus folgt +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% W\left(\chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) +% \text{.} +%5\end{equation} +% +%Es ist zu beachten, dass $W(x)$ die Lambert W-Funktion ist, welche im Kapitel \eqref{buch:section:lambertw} behandelt wurde. +%Diese Gleichung entspricht genau den Nullstellen der Lambert W-Funktion. Da die Lambert W-Funktion genau eine Nullstelle bei +% +%\begin{equation*} +% W(0)=0 +%\end{equation*} +% +%besitzt, kann die Bedingung weiter vereinfacht werden zu +% +%\begin{equation} +% 0 +% = +% \chi\cdot \exp\left( \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) +% \text{.} +%\end{equation} +% +%Da $\chi\neq0$ und die Exponentialfunktion nie null sein kann, ist diese Bedingung unmöglich zu erfüllen. +%Beim Grenzwert für $t\rightarrow\infty$ geht die Exponentialfunktion gegen null. +%Dies nützt nicht viel, da unendlich viel Zeit vergehen müsste damit ein Einholen möglich wäre. +%Somit kann nach den gestellten Bedingungen das Ziel nie erreicht werden. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung $y_0<0$} +Da die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers und des Ziels übereinstimmen, kann der Verfolgers niemals das Ziel einholen. +Dies kann veranschaulicht werden anhand +% +\begin{equation} + v(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + \leq + z(t)\cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}\right) + = + 1\text{.} +\end{equation} +% +Da der $y$-Anteil der Geschwindigkeit des Ziels grösser-gleich der des Verfolgers ist, können die $y$-Koordinaten nie übereinstimmen. +% +\subsection{Anfangsbedingung auf positiven $y$-Achse} +Wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet, befindet er sich direkt auf der Fluchtgeraden des Ziels. +Dies führt dazu, dass der Verfolger und das Ziel sich direkt aufeinander zu bewegen, da der Geschwindigkeitsvektor des Verfolgers auf das Ziel zeigt. +Die Folge ist, dass das Ziel zwingend erreicht wird. +Um $t_1$ zu bestimmen, kann die Verfolgungskurve in diesem Fall mit +% +\begin{equation} + v(t) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ y_0-t \end{array} \right) +\end{equation} +% +parametrisiert werden. +Nun kann der Abstand zwischen Verfolger und Ziel leicht bestimmt und nach 0 aufgelöst werden. +Woraus folgt +% +\begin{equation} + 0 + = + |v(t_1)-z(t_1)| + = + y_0-2t_1\text{,} +\end{equation} +% +was aufgelöst zu +% +\begin{equation} + t_1 + = + \frac{y_0}{2} +\end{equation} +% +führt. +Somit wird das Ziel immer erreicht bei $t_1$, wenn der Verfolger auf der positiven $y$-Achse startet. +\subsection{Fazit} +Durch die Symmetrie der Fluchtkurve an der $y$-Achse führen die Anfangsbedingungen in den Quadranten \RN{1} und \RN{2} zu den gleichen Ergebnissen. Nun ist klar, dass lediglich Anfangspunkte auf der positiven $y$-Achse oder direkt auf dem Ziel dazu führen, dass der Verfolger das Ziel bei $t_1$ einholt. +Bei allen anderen Anfangspunkten wird der Verfolger das Ziel nie erreichen. +Dieses Resultat ist aber eher akademischer Natur, weil der Verfolger und das Ziel als Punkt betrachtet wurden. +Wobei aber in Realität nicht von Punkten sondern von Objekten mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung gesprochen werden kann. +Somit wird in einer nächsten Betrachtung untersucht, ob der Verfolger dem Ziel näher kommt als ein definierter Trefferradius. +Falls dies stattfinden sollte, wird dies als Treffer interpretiert. +Mathematisch kann dies mit +% +\begin{equation} + |v-z|<a_{min} \text{,}\quad a_{min}\in\mathbb{R}^+ +\end{equation} +% +beschrieben werden, wobei $a_{min}$ dem Trefferradius entspricht. +Durch quadrieren verschwindet die Wurzel des Betrages, womit +% +\begin{equation} + |v-z|^2<a_{min}^2 \text{,}\quad a_{min}\in \mathbb{R}^+ +\end{equation} +% +die neue Bedingung ist. +Da sowohl der Betrag als auch $a_{min}$ grösser null sind, bleibt die Aussage unverändert. -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{lambertw:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{lambertw:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00ab7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.log @@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 18 JUL 2022 16:36 +entering extended mode +**./teil2.tex +(teil2.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Emergency stop. +<*> ./teil2.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 18 strings out of 478927 + 531 string characters out of 2852535 + 291175 words of memory out of 3000000 + 17978 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 13i,0n,12p,86b,18s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex index 9d840ab..c95511a 100644 --- a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,15 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 -\label{lambertw:section:teil2}} +\section{Verfolger +\label{lambertw:section:Verfolger}} \rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{lambertw:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +\subsection{Strategie 1 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie1}} + + +\subsection{Strategie 2 +\label{lambertw:subsection:Strategie2}} diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log new file mode 100644 index 0000000..018dcba --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil3.log @@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (MiKTeX 21.8) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2021.9.21) 5 APR 2022 21:53 +entering extended mode +**./teil3.tex +(teil3.tex +LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1 +L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> +! Undefined control sequence. +l.6 \section + {Teil 3 +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +Missing character: There is no B in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no V in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no k in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no S in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no h in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no f in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no N in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no g in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no . in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no U in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no v in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no p in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no b in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no r in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no , in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no l in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no m in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no d in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no i in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no c in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no o in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no n in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no s in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no q in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no u in font nullfont! +Missing character: There is no a in font nullfont! 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Undefined control sequence. +l.24 \subsection + {De finibus bonorum et malorum +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + + +! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}. + +See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. +Type H <return> for immediate help. + ... + +l.24 \subsection{D + e finibus bonorum et malorum +You're in trouble here. 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Emergency stop. +<*> teil4.tex + +*** (job aborted, no legal \end found) + + +Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: + 16 strings out of 478371 + 382 string characters out of 5852527 + 296836 words of memory out of 5000000 + 18226 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 403430 words of font info for 27 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 13i,0n,12p,83b,18s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s +! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced! diff --git a/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c79aa0c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/lambertw/teil4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,423 @@ +% +% teil3.tex -- Beispiel-File für Teil 3 +% +% (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil +% +\section{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve +\label{lambertw:section:teil4}} +\rhead{Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve} +In diesem Abschnitt wird rechnerisch das Beispiel einer Verfolgungskurve mit der Verfolgungsstrategie 1 beschreiben. Dafür werden zuerst Bewegungsraum, Anfangspositionen und Bewegungsverhalten definiert, in einem nächsten Schritt soll eine Differentialgleichung dafür aufgestellt und anschliessend gelöst werden. + +\subsection{Anfangsbedingungen definieren und einsetzen + \label{lambertw:subsection:Anfangsbedingungen}} +Das zu verfolgende Ziel \(Z\) bewegt sich entlang der \(y\)-Achse mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(v = 1\), beginnend beim Ursprung des Kartesischen Koordinatensystems. Der Verfolger \(V\) startet auf einem beliebigen Punkt im ersten Quadranten und bewegt sich auch mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit \(|\dot{V}| = 1\) in Richtung Ziel. Diese Anfangspunkte oder Anfangsbedingungen können wie folgt formuliert werden: +\begin{equation} + Z + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ v \cdot t \end{array} \right) + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ t \end{array} \right) + ,\: + V + = + \left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right) + \:\text{und}\:\: + \bigl| \dot{V} \bigl| + = + 1. + \label{lambertw:Anfangsbed} +\end{equation} +Wir haben nun die Anfangsbedingungen definiert, jetzt fehlt nur noch eine DGL, welche die fortlaufende Änderung der Position und Bewegungsrichtung des Verfolgers beschreibt. +Diese DGL haben wir bereits in Kapitel \ref{lambertw:subsection:Verfolger} definiert, und zwar Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL}. Wenn man die Startpunkte einfügt, ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + \frac{\left( \begin{array}{c} 0-x \\ t-y \end{array} \right)}{\sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}} + \cdot + \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{x} \\ \dot{y} \end{array}\right) + = + 1. + \label{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} +\end{equation} + +\subsection{Differentialgleichung vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach}} +Nun haben wir eine Gleichung, es stellt sich aber die Frage, ob es überhaupt eine geschlossene Lösung dafür gibt. Eine Funktion welche die Beziehung \(y(x)\) beschreibt oder sogar \(x(t)\) und \(y(t)\) liefert. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt mag es nicht trivial scheinen, aber mit den gewählten Anfangsbedingungen \eqref{lambertw:Anfangsbed} ist es möglich eine geschlossene Lösung für die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} zu finden. + +Auf dem Weg dahin muss die definierte DGL zuerst wesentlich vereinfacht werden, sei es mittels algebraischer Umformungen oder mit den Tools aus der Analysis. Da die nächsten Schritte sehr algebralastig sind und sie das Lesen dieses Papers einfach nur mühsam machen würden, werden wir uns hier nur die wesentlichsten Schritte konzentrieren, welche notwendig sind, um den Lösungsweg nachvollziehen zu können. + +\subsubsection{Skalarprodukt auflösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:SkalProdAufl}} +Zuerst müssen wir den Bruch und das Skalarprodukt in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitAnfangsbed} wegbringen, damit wir eine. Dies führt zu: +\begin{equation} + -x \cdot \dot{x} + (t-y) \cdot \dot{y} + = \sqrt{x^2 + (t-y)^2}. + \label{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} +\end{equation} +Im letzten Schritt, fällt die Nützlichkeit des Skalarproduktes in der Verfolgungsgleichung \eqref{lambertw:pursuerDGL} markant auf. Anstatt zwei gekoppelte Differentialgleichungen zu erhalten, eine für die \(x\) und die andere für die \(y\)-Komponente, erhält man einen einzigen Ausdruck, was in der Regel mit weniger Lösungsaufwand verbunden ist. + +\subsubsection{Quadrieren und Gruppieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:QuadUndGrup}} +Mit der Quadratwurzel in \ref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} kann man nichts anfangen, sie steht nur im Weg, also muss man sie loswerden. Wenn man dies macht, kann \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} auf folgende Form gebracht werden: +\begin{equation} + \left(\dot{x}^2-1\right) \cdot x^2 -2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \left(\dot{y}^2-1\right) \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0. + \label{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} +\end{equation} +Diese Form mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade nützlich sein, aber man kann sie mit einer Substitution weiter vereinfachen. + +\subsubsection{Wichtige Substitution + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:WichtSubst}} +Wenn man beachtet, dass die Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers konstant und gleich 1 ist, dann kann man folgende Gleichung aufstellen: +\begin{equation} + \dot{x}^2 + \dot{y}^2 + = 1. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} +\end{equation} +Umformungen der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubst} können in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneWurzel} erkannt werden. Ersetzt führen sie zu folgendem Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + \dot{y}^2 \cdot x^2 +2x \left(t-y\right) \dot{x}\dot{y} + \dot{x}^2 \cdot \left(t-y\right)^2 + =0. + \label{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} +\end{equation} +Diese unscheinbare Substitution führt dazu, dass weitere Vereinfachungen durchgeführt werden können. + +\subsubsection{Binom erkennen und vereinfachen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:BinomVereinfach}} +Versteckt im Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqGeschwSubstituiert} befindet sich die erste binomische Formel, welche zu folgender Gleichung führt: +\begin{equation} + (x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x})^2 + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqAlgVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +Da der linke Term gleich Null ist, muss auch der Inhalt des Quadrates gleich Null sein, somit folgt eine weitere Vereinfachung, welche zu einer im Vergleich zu \eqref{lambertw:eqOhneSkalarprod} wesentlich einfacheren DGL führt: +\begin{equation} + x \dot{y} + (t-y) \dot{x} + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} +\end{equation} +Kompakt, ohne Wurzelterme und Quadrate, nur elementare Operationen und Ableitungen. Nun stellt sich die Frage wie es weiter gehen soll, bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} scheinen keine weiteren Vereinfachungen möglich zu sein. Wir brauchen einen neuen Ansatz, um unser Ziel einer möglichen Lösung zu verfolgen. + +\subsection{Zeitabhängigkeit loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsection:ZeitabhLoswerden}} +Der nächste logischer Schritt scheint irgendwie die Zeitabhängigkeit in der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} loszuwerden, aber wieso? Nun, wie am Anfang von Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:DGLvereinfach} beschrieben, suchen wir eine Lösung der Art \(y(x)\), dies ist natürlich erst möglich wenn wir die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) eliminieren können. + +\subsubsection{Zeitliche Ableitungen loswerden + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitAbleit}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur Funktion \(y(x)\), ist es die zeitlichen Ableitungen los zu werden, dafür wird \eqref{lambertw:eqGanzVerinfacht} beidseitig mit \(\dot{x}\) dividiert, was erlaubt ist, weil diese Änderung ungleich Null ist: +\begin{equation} + x \frac{\dot{y}}{\dot{x}} + (t-y) \frac{\dot{x}}{\dot{x}} + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +Der Grund dafür ist, dass +\begin{equation} + \frac{\displaystyle\dot{y}}{\displaystyle\dot{x}} + = \frac{\displaystyle\frac{dy}{dt}}{\displaystyle\frac{dx}{dt}} + = \frac{dy}{dx} + = y^{\prime}, + \label{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} +\end{equation} +und somit kann der Quotient dieser zeitlichen Ableitungen in eine Ableitung nach \(x\) umgewandelt werden. +Nach dem die Eigenschaft \eqref{lambertw:eqQuotZeitAbleit} in \eqref{lambertw:eqVorKeineZeitAbleit} eingesetzt wird und vereinfacht wurde, entsteht die neue Gleichung +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLmitT} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Variable \(t\) eliminieren + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitAbleit}} +Hier wäre es natürlich passend, wenn man die Abhängigkeit nach \(t\) komplett wegbringen könnte. Um dies zu erreichen, muss man auf die Definition der Bogenlänge zurückgreifen. +Die Strecke \(s\) entspricht +\begin{equation} + s + = + v \cdot t + = + 1 \cdot t + = + t + = + \int_{\displaystyle x_0}^{\displaystyle x_{\text{end}}}\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx. + \label{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} +\end{equation} + +Nicht gerade auffällig ist die Richtung, in welche hier integriert wird. Wenn der Verfolger sich wie vorgesehen am Anfang im ersten Quadranten befindet, dann muss sich dieser nach links bewegen, was nicht der üblichen Integrationsrichtung entspricht. Um eine Integration wie üblich von links nach rechts ausführen zu können, müssen die Integrationsgenerzen vertauscht werden, was in einem Vorzeichenwechsel resultiert. + +Wenn man nun \eqref{lambertw:eqZuBogenlaenge} in die DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT} einfügt, dann ergibt sich folgender Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} - \int\sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} \: dx - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLohneT} +\end{equation} +Um das Integral los zu werden, leitet man den vorherigen Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneT} nach \(x\) ab und erhaltet folgende DGL zweiter Ordnung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt}: +\begin{align} + y^{\prime}+ xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} - y^{\prime} + &= 0, \\ + xy^{\prime\prime} - \sqrt{1+y^{\prime\, 2}} + &= 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLohneInt} +\end{align} +Nun sind wir unserem Ziel einen weiteren Schritt näher. Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} mag auf den ersten Blick nicht gerade einfach sein, aber im Nächsten Abschnitt werden wir sehen, dass sie relativ einfach zu lösen ist. + +\subsection{Differentialgleichung lösen + \label{lambertw:subsection:DGLloes}} +Die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:DGLohneInt} ist eine DGL zweiter Ordnung, in der \(y\) nicht vorkommt. Sie kann mittels der Substitution \(y^{\prime} = u\) in eine DGL erster Ordnung umgewandelt werden: +\begin{equation} + xu^{\prime} - \sqrt{1+u^2} + = 0. + \label{lambertw:DGLmitU} +\end{equation} +Diese Gleichung ist separierbar, was sie viel handlicher macht. In der separierten Form +\begin{equation} + \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}\:du} + = + \int{\frac{1}{x}\:dx}, +\end{equation} +lässt sich die Gleichung mittels einer Integrationstabelle sehr rasch lösen. +Mit dem Ergebnis: +\begin{align} + \operatorname{arsinh}(u) + &= + \operatorname{ln}(x) + C, \\ + u + &= + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} +\end{align} +Wenn man in \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitU} die Substitution rückgängig macht, erhält man folgende DGL erster Ordnung, die bereits separiert ist: +\begin{equation} + y^{\prime} + = + \operatorname{sinh}(\operatorname{ln}(x) + C). + \label{lambertw:loesDGLmitY} +\end{equation} +Ersetzt man den \(\operatorname{sinh}\) mit seiner exponentiellen Definition \(\operatorname{sinh}(x)=\frac{1}{2}(e^x-e^{-x})\), so resultiert auf sehr einfache Art folgende Lösung für \eqref{lambertw:loesDGLmitY}: +\begin{equation} + y + = + C_1 + C_2 x^2 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x)}{8 \cdot C_2}. +\end{equation} +Nun haben wir eine Lösung, aber wie es immer mit Lösungen ist, stellt sich die Frage, ob sie überhaupt plausibel ist. Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. + +\subsection{Lösung analysieren + \label{lambertw:subsection:LoesAnalys}} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics{papers/lambertw/Bilder/VerfolgungskurveBsp.png} + \caption[Graph der Verfolgungskurve]{Graph der Verfolgungskurve wobei, ({\color{red}rot}) die Funktion \ensuremath{y(x)} ist, ({\color{darkgreen}grün}) der quadratische Teil und ({\color{blue}blau}) dem \ensuremath{\operatorname{ln}(x)}-Teil entspricht. + \label{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} + } +\end{figure} + +Das Resultat, wie ersichtlich, ist folgende Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} welche mittels Anfangsbedingungen parametrisiert werden kann: +\begin{equation} + {\color{red}{y(x)}} + = + C_1 + C_2 {\color{darkgreen}{x^2}} {\color{blue}{-}} \frac{\color{blue}{\operatorname{ln}(x)}}{8 \cdot C_2}. + \label{lambertw:funkLoes} +\end{equation} +Für die Koeffizienten \(C_1\) und \(C_2\) ergibt sich ein Anfangswertproblem, welches für deren Bestimmung gelöst werden muss. Zuerst soll aber eine qualitative Intuition oder Idee für das Aussehen der Funktion \(y(x)\) geschaffen werden: +\begin{itemize} + \item + Für grosse \(x\)-Werte, welche in der Regel in der Nähe von \(x_0\) sein sollten, ist der quadratisch Term in der Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} dominant. + \item + Für immer kleiner werdende \(x\) geht der Verfolger in Richtung \(y\)-Achse, wobei seine Steigung stetig sinkt, was Sinn macht wenn der Verfolgte entlang der \(y\)-Achse steigt. Irgendwann werden Verfolger und Ziel auf gleicher Höhe sein, also gleiche \(y\) aber verschiedene \(x\)-Koordinate besitzen. + \item + Für \(x\)-Werte in der Nähe von \(0\) ist das asymptotische Verhalten des Logarithmus dominant, dies macht auch Sinn, da sich der Verfolgte auf der \(y\)-Achse bewegt und der Verfolger ihm nachgeht. + \item + Aufgrund des Monotoniewechsels in der Kurve \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} muss diese auch ein Minimum aufweisen. Es stellt sich nun die Frage: Wo befindet sich dieser Punkt? + Eine Abschätzung darüber kann getroffen werden und zwar, dass dieser dann entsteht, wenn \(A\) und \(P\) die gleiche \(y\)-Koordinaten besitzen. In diesem Moment ändert die Richtung der \(y\)-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit des Verfolgers, somit auch sein Vorzeichen und dadurch entsteht auch das Minimum. +\end{itemize} +Alle diese Eigenschaften stimmen mit dem überein, was man von einer Kurve dieser Art erwarten würde, welche durch die Grafik \ref{lambertw:BildFunkLoes} repräsentiert wurde. + +\subsection{Anfangswertproblem + \label{lambertw:subsection:AllgLoes}} +In diesem Abschnitt soll eine Parameterfunktion hergeleitet werden, bei der jeder beliebige Anfangspunkt im ersten Quadranten eingesetzt werden kann, ausser der Ursprung im Koordinatensystem. Diese Aufgabe erfordert ein Anfangswertproblem. + +Das Lösen des Anfangswertproblems ist ein Problem aus der Algebra, auf welches hier nicht explizit eingegangen wird. Zur Vollständigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit, wird aber das Gleichungssystem präsentiert, welches notwendig ist, um das Anfangswertproblem zu lösen. + +\subsubsection{Anfangswerte bestimmen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:Anfangswerte}} +Der erste Schritt auf dem Weg zur gesuchten Parameterfunktion ist, die Anfangswerte \eqref{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} zu definieren. +Die Anfangswerte sind: +\begin{equation} + y(x)\big \vert_{t=0} + = + y(x_0) + = + y_0 + \label{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} + \frac{dy}{dx}\bigg \vert_{t=0} + = + y^{\prime}(x_0) + = + \frac{y_0}{x_0}. + \label{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} +\end{equation} +Der zweite Anfangswert \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} mag nicht grade offensichtlich sein. Die Erklärung dafür ist aber simpel: Der Verfolger wird sich zum Zeitpunkt \(t=0\) in Richtung Koordinatenursprung bewegen wollen, wo sich das Ziel befindet. Somit entsteht das Steigungsdreieck mit \(\Delta x = x_0\) und \(\Delta y = y_0\). + +\subsubsection{Gleichungssystem aufstellen und lösen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:GlSys}} +Wenn man die Anfangswerte \eqref{lambertw:eq1Anfangswert} und \eqref{lambertw:eq2Anfangswert} in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}(x)\) einsetzt, dann ergibt sich folgendes Gleichungssystem: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + y_0 + &= + C_1 + C_2 x^2_0 - \frac{\operatorname{ln}(x_0)}{8 \cdot C_2}, \\ + \frac{y_0}{x_0} + &= + 2 \cdot C_2 x_0 - \frac{1}{8 \cdot C_2 \cdot x_0}. + \end{align} + \label{lambertw:eqGleichungssystem} +\end{subequations} +Damit die gesuchte Funktion im ersten Quadranten bleibt, werden nur die positiven Lösungen des Gleichungssystems gewählt, welche wie folgt aussehen: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff1} + C_1 + &= + \frac{2\cdot\operatorname{ln}(x_0)\left(\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} - y_0 \right) - \sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + 3 y_0}{4}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqKoeff2} + C_2 + &= + \frac{\sqrt{x_0^2 + y_0^2} + y_0}{4x_0^2}. + \end{align} +\end{subequations} +\subsubsection{Gesuchte Parameterfunktion aufstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ParamFunk}} +Wenn man die Koeffizienten \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff1} und \eqref{lambertw:eqKoeff2} in die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} einsetzt, dann ergibt sich nach dem Vereinfachen die gesuchte Parameterfunktion: +\begin{equation} + y(x) + = + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right). + \label{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} +\end{equation} +Damit die Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} trotzdem übersichtlich bleibt, wurden Anfangssteigung \(\eta\) und Anfangsentfernung \(r_0\) wie folgt definiert: +\begin{equation} + \eta + = + \left(\frac{x}{x_0}\right)^2 + \:\:\text{und}\:\: + r_0 + = + \sqrt{x_0^2+y_0^2}. +\end{equation} +Diese neue allgemeine Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} weist immer noch die selbe Struktur wie die vorher hergeleitete Funktion \eqref{lambertw:funkLoes} auf. Sie enthält einerseits einen quadratischen Teil, der in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, anderseits den \(\operatorname{ln}\)-Teil. Aus dieser Ähnlichkeit kann geschlossen werden, dass sich \eqref{lambertw:eqAllgLoes} auf eine ähnliche Art verhalten wird. + +Nun sind wir soweit, dass wir eine \(y(x)\)-Beziehung für beliebige Anfangswerte darstellen können, unser erstes Ziel wurde erreicht. Wir können aber einen Schritt weiter gehen und uns Fragen: Ist es analytisch möglich herauszufinden, wo sich Verfolger und Ziel zu jedem Zeitpunkt befinden? Dieser Frage werden wir im nächsten Abschnitt nachgehen. + +\subsection{Funktion nach der Zeit + \label{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT}} +In diesem Abschnitt werden algebraischen Umformungen ein wenig detaillierter als zuvor beschrieben. Dies hat auch einen bestimmten Grund: Den Einsatz einer speziellen Funktion aufzeigen, sowie auch wann und wieso diese vorkommt. Welche spezielle Funktion? Fragst du dich wahrscheinlich in diesem Moment. Nun, um diese Frage kurz zu beantworten, es ist ``YouTube's favorite special function'' laut dem Mathematiker Michael Penn, die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) welche im Kapitel \ref{buch:section:lambertw} bereits beschrieben wurde. + +\subsubsection{Zeitabhängigkeit wiederherstellen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:ZeitabhWiederherst}} +Der erste Schritt ist es herauszufinden, wie die Zeitabhängigkeit wieder hineingebracht werden kann. Dafür greifen wir auf die letzte Gleichung zu, in welcher \(t\) noch enthalten war, und zwar DGL \eqref{lambertw:DGLmitT}, welche zur Übersichtlichkeit hier nochmals aufgeführt wird: +\begin{equation} + x y^{\prime} + t - y + = 0. + \label{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} +\end{equation} +Wie in \eqref{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} zu sehen ist, werden \(y\) und deren Ableitung \(y^{\prime}\) benötigt, diese sind: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + y + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right)-r_0+3y_0\right), \\ + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} + y^\prime + &= + \frac{1}{2}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\frac{x}{x_0^2}+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\frac{1}{x}\right). + \end{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} +\end{subequations} + +Wenn man diese Gleichungen \ref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit} in die DGL \label{lambertw:eqDGLmitTnochmals} einfügt, vereinfacht und nach \(t\) auflöst, dann ergibt sich folgenden Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + -4t + = + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\eta-1\right)+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} +\end{equation} + +\subsubsection{Umformungen die zur Funktion nach der Zeit führen + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:UmformBisZumZiel}} +Mit dem Ausdruck \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt}, welcher Terme mit \(x\) und \(t\) verbindet, kann nun nach der gesuchten Variable \(x\) aufgelöst werden. + + +In einem nächsten Schritt wird alles mit \(x\) auf die eine Seite gebracht, der Rest auf die andere Seite und anschliessend beidseitig exponentiert, was wie folgt aussieht: +\begin{align} + -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right) + &= + \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\eta\right), \\ + e^{\displaystyle -4t+\left(y_0+r_0\right)} + &= + e^{\displaystyle \left(y_0+r_0\right)\eta}\cdot\eta^{\displaystyle \left(r_0-y_0\right)}. + \label{lambertw:eqMitExp} +\end{align} +Auf dem rechten Term von \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} beginnen wir langsam eine ähnliche Struktur wie \(\eta e^\eta\) zu erkennen, dies schreit nach der Struktur die benötigt wird um \(\eta\) mittels der Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\) zu erhalten. Dies macht durchaus Sinn, wenn wir die Funktion \(x(t)\) finden wollen und \(W(x)\) die Umkehrfunktion von \(x e^x\) ist. + +Die erste Sache die uns in \eqref{lambertw:eqMitExp} stört ist, dass \(\eta\) als Potenz da steht. Dieses Problem können wir loswerden, indem wir beidseitig mit \(\:\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_0-y_0}\:\) potenzieren: +\begin{equation} + \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{-4t}{r_0-y_0}+\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\right) + = + \eta\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\eta\right). + \label{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} +\end{equation} +Das nächste Problem auf welches wir in \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} treffen ist, dass \(\eta\) nicht alleine im Exponent steht. Dies kann elegant mit folgender Substitution gelöst werden: +\begin{equation} + \chi + = + \frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}. + \label{lambertw:eqChiSubst} +\end{equation} +Es gäbe natürlich andere Substitutionen wie z.B. +\[\displaystyle \chi=\frac{y_0+r_0}{r_0-y_0}\cdot\eta,\] +die auf dasselbe Ergebnis führen würden, aber \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} liefert in einem Schritt die kompakteste Lösung. Also fahren wir mit der Substitution \eqref{lambertw:eqChiSubst} weiter, setzen diese in die Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqOhnePotenz} ein und multiplizieren beidseitig mit \(\chi\). Daraus erhalten wir folgende Gleichung: +\begin{equation} + \chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right) + = + \chi\eta\cdot e^{\displaystyle \chi\eta}. + \label{lambertw:eqNachSubst} +\end{equation} +Nun sind wir endlich soweit, dass wir die angedeutete Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion \(W(x)\)einsetzen können. Wenn wir beidseitig \(W(x)\) anwenden, dann erhalten wir folgenden Ausdruck: +\begin{equation} + W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right) + = + \chi\eta. +\end{equation} +Nach dem Auflösen nach \(x\) welches in \(\eta\) enthalten ist, erhalten wir die gesuchte \(x(t)\)-Funktion \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT}. Dieses \(x(t)\) in Kombination mit \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleit1} liefert die Position des Verfolgers zu jedem Zeitpunkt. Das Gleichungspaar \eqref{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT}, besteht aus folgenden Gleichungen: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunkXNachT} + x(t) + &= + x_0\cdot\sqrt{\frac{W\left(\chi\cdot \operatorname{exp}\left(\displaystyle \chi-\frac{4t}{r_0-y_0}\right)\right)}{\chi}}, \\ + \label{lambertw:eqFunkYNachT} + y(x(t)) + = + y(t) + &= + \frac{1}{4}\left(\left(y_0+r_0\right)\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2+\left(r_0-y_0\right)\operatorname{ln}\left(\left(\frac{x(t)}{x_0}\right)^2\right)-r_0+3y_0\right). + \end{align} + \label{lambertw:eqFunktionenNachT} +\end{subequations} +Nun haben wir unser letztes Ziel erreicht und sind in der Lage eine Verfolgung rechnerisch sowie graphisch zu repräsentieren. + +\subsubsection{Hinweise zur Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion + \label{lambertw:subsubsection:HinwLambertW}} +Wir sind aber noch nicht ganz fertig, eine Frage muss noch beantwortet werden. Und zwar wieso, dass man schon bei der Gleichung \eqref{lambertw:eqFunkUndAbleitEingefuegt} weiss, dass die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion zum Einsatz kommen wird. +Nun, der Grund dafür ist die Struktur +\begin{equation} + y + = + p(x) +\operatorname{ln}(x), + \label{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} +\end{equation} +bei welcher \(p(x)\) eine beliebige Potenz von \(x\) darstellt. + +Jedes Mal wenn \(x\) gesucht ist und in einer Struktur der Art \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} vorkommt, dann kann mit ein paar Umformungen die Struktur \(f(x)e^{f(x)}\) erzielt werden. Wie bereits in diesem Abschnitt \ref{lambertw:subsection:FunkNachT} gezeigt wurde, kann \(x\) nun mittels der \(W(x)\)-Funktion aufgelöst werden. Erstaunlicherweise ist \eqref{lambertw:eqEinsatzLambW} eine Struktur die oftmals vorkommt, was die Lambert-\(W\)-Funktion so wichtig macht.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/beispiel.txt b/buch/papers/nav/beispiel.txt index 853ae4e..b8716fc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/beispiel.txt +++ b/buch/papers/nav/beispiel.txt @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ Datum: 28. 5. 2022 Zeit: 15:29:49 UTC -Sternzeit: 7h 54m 26.593s +Sternzeit: 7h 54m 26.593s 7.90738694h Deneb -RA 20h 42m 12.14s 10.703372h +RA 20h 42m 12.14s 20.703372h DEC 45 21' 40.3" 45.361194 -H 50g 15' 17.1" 50.254750h +H 50g 15' 17.1" 50.254750 Azi 59g 36' 02.0" 59.600555 Spica diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/beispiele1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/beispiele1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f91809 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/beispiele1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/beispiele2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/beispiele2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b28f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/beispiele2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba7755f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3333dd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position3.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fae0b85 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position4.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position4.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac80c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position5.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position5.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..afe120e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/position5.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/sextant.jpg b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/sextant.jpg Binary files differindex 53dd784..472e61f 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/bilder/sextant.jpg +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bilder/sextant.jpg diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bsp.tex b/buch/papers/nav/bsp.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff01828 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bsp.tex @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +\section{Beispielrechnung} +\rhead{Beispielrechnung} + +\subsection{Einführung} +In diesem Abschnitt wird die Theorie vom Abschnitt 21.6 in einem Praxisbeispiel angewendet. +Wir haben die Deklination, Rektaszension, Höhe der beiden Planeten Deneb und Arktur und die Sternzeit von Greenwich als Ausgangslage. +Die Deklinationen und Rektaszensionen sind von einem vergangenen Datum und die Höhe der Gestirne und die Sternzeit wurden von unserem Dozenten digital in einer Stadt in Japan mit den Koordinaten 35.716672 N, 140.233336 E bestimmt. +Wir werden rechnerisch beweisen, dass wir mit diesen Ergebnissen genau auf diese Koordinaten kommen. +\subsection{Vorgehen} + +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{l l l} + 1. & Koordinaten der Bildpunkte der Gestirne bestimmen \\ + 2. & Dreiecke aufzeichnen und richtig beschriften\\ + 3. & Dreieck ABC bestimmmen\\ + 4. & Dreieck BPC bestimmen \\ + 5. & Dreieck ABP bestimmen \\ + 6. & Geographische Breite bestimmen \\ + 7. & Geographische Länge bestimmen \\ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} + +\subsection{Ausgangslage} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position1.pdf} + \caption{Ausgangslage} +\end{wrapfigure} +Die Rektaszension und die Sternzeit sind in der Regeln in Stunden angegeben. +Für die Umrechnung in Grad kann folgender Zusammenhang verwendet werden: +\[ Stunden \cdot 15 = Grad\]. +Dies wurde hier bereits gemacht. +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{l l l} + Sternzeit $s$ & $118.610804^\circ$ \\ + Deneb&\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{Deneb}$& $310.55058^\circ$ \\ + & Deklination $DEC_{Deneb}$& $45.361194^\circ$ \\ + & Höhe $h_c$ & $50.256027^\circ$ \\ + Arktur &\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{Arktur}$& $214.17558^\circ$ \\ + & Deklination $DEC_{Arktur}$& $19.063222^\circ$ \\ + & Höhe $h_b$ & $47.427444^\circ$ \\ + \end{tabular} +\end{center} +\subsection{Koordinaten der Bildpunkte} +Als erstes benötigen wir die Koordinaten der Bildpunkte von Arktur und Deneb. +$\delta$ ist die Breite, $\lambda$ die Länge. +\begin{align} +\delta_{Deneb}&=DEC_{Deneb} = \underline{\underline{45.361194^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{Deneb}&=RA_{Deneb} - s = 310.55058^\circ -118.610804^\circ =\underline{\underline{191.939776^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\delta_{Arktur}&=DEC_{Arktur} = \underline{\underline{19.063222^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{Arktur}&=RA_{Arktur} - s = 214.17558^\circ -118.610804^\circ = \underline{\underline{5.5647759^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + + +\subsection{Dreiecke definieren} +\begin{figure} + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele1.pdf} + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele2.pdf} + \caption{Arktur-Deneb; Spica-Altiar} +\end{center} +\end{figure} +Das Festlegen der Dreiecke ist essenziell für die korrekten Berechnungen. +Ein Problem, welches in der Theorie nicht berücksichtigt wurde ist, dass der Punkt $P$ nicht zwingend unterhalb der Seite $a$ sein muss. +Wenn man das nicht berücksichtigt, erhält man falsche oder keine Ergebnisse. +In der Realität weiss man jedoch ungefähr auf welchem Breitengrad man ist, so kann man relativ einfach entscheiden, ob der eigene Standort über $a$ ist oder nicht. +Beim unserem genutzten Paar Arktur-Deneb ist dies kein Problem, da der Punkt unterhalb der Seite $a$ liegt. +Würde man aber das Paar Altair-Spica nehmen, liegt $P$ über $a$ (vgl. Abbildung 21.11) und man müsste trigonometrisch anders vorgehen. + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABC$} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position2.pdf} + \caption{Dreieck ABC} +\end{wrapfigure} +Nun berechnen wir alle Seitenlängen $a$, $b$, $c$ und die Innnenwinkel $\alpha$, $\beta$ und $\gamma$ +Wir können $b$ und $c$ mit den geltenten Zusammenhängen des nautischen Dreiecks wie folgt bestimmen: +\begin{align} + b=90^\circ-DEC_{Deneb} = 90^\circ - 45.361194^\circ = \underline{\underline{44.638806^\circ}}\nonumber \\ + c=90^\circ-DEC_{Arktur} = 90^\circ - 19.063222^\circ = \underline{\underline{70.936778^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Um $a$ zu bestimmen, benötigen wir zuerst den Winkel \[\alpha= RA_{Deneb} - RA_{Arktur} = 310.55058^\circ -214.17558^\circ = \underline{\underline{96.375^\circ}}.\] +Danach nutzen wir den sphärischen Winkelkosinussatz, um $a$ zu berechnen: +\begin{align} + a &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(b) \cdot \cos(c) + \sin(b) \cdot \sin(c) \cdot \cos(\alpha)) \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(44.638806) \cdot \cos(70.936778) + \sin(44.638806) \cdot \sin(70.936778) \cdot \cos(96.375)) \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{80.8707801^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Für $\beta$ und $\gamma$ nutzen wir den sphärischen Seitenkosinussatz: +\begin{align} + \beta &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(c)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(44.638806)-\cos(80.8707801) \cdot \cos(70.936778)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(70.936778)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{45.0115314^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + + \begin{align} + \gamma &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(c)-\cos(b) \cdot \cos(a)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(b)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(70.936778)-\cos(44.638806) \cdot \cos(80.8707801)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(44.638806)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{72.0573328^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\subsection{Dreieck $BPC$} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position3.pdf} + \caption{Dreieck BPC} +\end{wrapfigure} +Als nächstes berechnen wir die Seiten $h_b$, $h_c$ und die Innenwinkel $\beta_1$ und $\gamma_1$. +\begin{align} + h_b&=90^\circ - h_b \nonumber \\ + &= 90^\circ - 47.42744^\circ \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{42.572556^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + h_c &= 90^\circ - h_c \nonumber \\ + &= 90^\circ - 50.256027^\circ \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{39.743973^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + \beta_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_c)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_b)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_b)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(39.743973)-\cos(80.8707801) \cdot \cos(42.572556)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(42.572556)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{12.5211127^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + \gamma_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_c)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556)-\cos(80.8707801) \cdot \cos(39.743973)}{\sin(80.8707801) \cdot \sin(39.743973)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{13.2618475^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABP$} +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} + \includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position4.pdf} + \caption{Dreieck ABP} +\end{wrapfigure} +Als erster müssen wir den Winkel $\beta_2$ berechnen: +\begin{align} + \beta_2 &= \beta + \beta_1 = 45.011513^\circ + 12.5211127^\circ \nonumber \\ + &=\underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Danach können wir mithilfe von $\beta_2$, $c$ und $h_b$ die Seite $l$ berechnen: +\begin{align} + l &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(c) \cdot \cos(h_b) + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(h_b) \cdot \cos(\beta_2)) \nonumber \\ + &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(70.936778) \cdot \cos(42.572556) + \sin(70.936778) \cdot \sin(42.572556) \cdot \cos(57.5326442)) \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{54.2833404^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Damit wir gleich den Längengrad berechnen können, benötigen wir noch den Winkel $\omega$: +\begin{align} + \omega &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_b)-\cos(c) \cdot \cos(l)}{\sin(c) \cdot \sin(l)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &=\cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556)-\cos(70.936778) \cdot \cos(54.2833404)}{\sin(70.936778) \cdot \sin(54.2833404)}\bigg] \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + +\subsection{Längengrad und Breitengrad bestimmen} + +\begin{align} + \delta &= 90^\circ - l \nonumber \\ + &= 90^\circ - 54.2833404 \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{35.7166596^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +\begin{align} + \lambda &= \lambda_{Arktur} + \omega \nonumber \\ + &= 95.5647759^\circ + 44.6687451^\circ \nonumber \\ + &= \underline{\underline{140.233521^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} +Wie wir sehen, stimmen die berechneten Koordinaten mit den Koordinaten des Punktes, an welchem gemessen wurde überein. + +\subsection{Fazit} +Die theoretische Anleitung im Abschnitt 21.6 scheint grundsätzlich zu funktionieren. +Allerdings gab es zwei interessante Probleme. + +Einerseits das Problem, ob der Punkt P sich oberhalb oder unterhalb von $a$ befindet. +Da wir eigentlich wussten, wo der gesuchte Punkt P ist, konnten wir das Dreieck anhand der Koordinaten der Bildpunkte richtig aufstellen. +In der Praxis muss man aber schon wissen, auf welchem Breitengrad man ungefähr ist. +Dies weis man in der Regeln aber, da die eigene Breite die Höhe des Polarsterns ist. +Diese Höhe wird mit dem Sextant gemessen. + +Andererseits ist da noch ein Problem mit dem Sinussatz. +Beim Sinussatz gibt es immer zwei Lösungen, weil \[ \sin(\pi-a)=\sin(a).\] +Da kann es sein (und war in unserem Fall auch so), dass man das falsche Ergebnis erwischt. +Durch diese Erkenntnis haben wir nur Kosinussätze verwendet und dies ebenfalls im Abschnitt 21.6 abgeändert, da es für den Leser auch relevant sein kann, wenn er es Probieren möchte. + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/bsp2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/bsp2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d9083b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/bsp2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +\section{Beispielrechnung} +\rhead{Beispielrechnung} + +\subsection{Einführung} +In diesem Abschnitt wird die Theorie vom Abschnitt \ref{sta} in einem Praxisbeispiel angewendet. +Wir haben die Deklination, Rektaszension, Höhe der beiden Planeten Deneb und Arktur und die Sternzeit von Greenwich als Ausgangslage. +Die Deklinationen und Rektaszensionen sind von einem vergangenen Datum und die Höhe der Gestirne und die Sternzeit wurden digital in einer Stadt in Japan mit den Koordinaten 35.716672 N, 140.233336 E bestimmt. +Wir werden nachrechnen, dass wir mit unserer Methode genau auf diese Koordinaten kommen. +\subsection{Vorgehen} +Unser Vorgehen erschliesst sich aus unserer Methode, die wir im Abschnitt \ref{p} theoretisch erklärt haben. +\begin{compactenum} +\item +Koordinaten der Bildpunkte der Gestirne bestimmen +\item +Dreiecke aufzeichnen und richtig beschriften +\item +Dreieck ABC bestimmmen +\item +Dreieck BPC bestimmen +\item +Dreieck ABP bestimmen +\item +Geographische Breite bestimmen +\item +Geographische Länge bestimmen +\end{compactenum} + +\subsection{Ausgangslage} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm} +Die Rektaszension und die Sternzeit sind in der Regel in Stunden angegeben. +Für die Umrechnung in Grad kann folgender Zusammenhang verwendet werden: +\[ +\text{Stunden} \cdot 15 = \text{Grad}. +\] +Dies wurde hier bereits gemacht. +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{l l >{$}l<{$}} +Sternzeit $s$ & $118.610804^\circ$ \\ +Deneb &\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{\text{Deneb}}$ & 310.55058^\circ\\ + & Deklination $DEC_{\text{Deneb}}$ & \phantom{0}45.361194^\circ \\ + & Höhe $h_c$ & \phantom{0}50.256027^\circ \\ +Arktur &\\ + & Rektaszension $RA_{\text{Arktur}}$& 214.17558^\circ \\ + & Deklination $DEC_{\text{Arktur}}$ & \phantom{0}19.063222^\circ \\ + & Höhe $h_b$ & \phantom{0}47.427444^\circ \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position1.pdf}}% +} +\medskip + +\subsection{Koordinaten der Bildpunkte} +Als erstes benötigen wir die Koordinaten der Bildpunkte von Arktur und Deneb. +$\delta$ ist die Breite, $\lambda$ die Länge. +\begin{align} +\delta_{\text{Deneb}}&=DEC_{\text{Deneb}} = \underline{\underline{45.361194^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{\text{Deneb}}&=RA_{\text{Deneb}} - s = 310.55058^\circ -118.610804^\circ =\underline{\underline{191.939776^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\delta_{\text{Arktur}}&=DEC_{\text{Arktur}} = \underline{\underline{19.063222^\circ}} \nonumber \\ +\lambda_{\text{Arktur}}&=RA_{\text{Arktur}} - s = 214.17558^\circ -118.610804^\circ = \underline{\underline{5.5647759^\circ}} \nonumber +\end{align} + + +\subsection{Dreiecke definieren} +\begin{figure} +\hbox{% +\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele1.pdf}% +\hfill% +\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/beispiele2.pdf}} +\caption{Arktur-Deneb; Spica-Altiar +\label{nav:beispiele}} +\end{figure} +Das Festlegen der Dreiecke ist essenziell für die korrekten Berechnungen. +Ein Problem, welches in der Theorie nicht berücksichtigt wurde ist, dass der Punkt $P$ nicht zwingend unterhalb der Seite $a$ sein muss. +Wenn man das nicht berücksichtigt, erhält man falsche oder keine Ergebnisse. +In der Realität weiss man jedoch ungefähr auf welchem Breitengrad man ist, so kann man relativ einfach entscheiden, ob der eigene Standort über $a$ ist oder nicht. +Beim unserem genutzten Paar Arktur-Deneb ist dies kein Problem, da der Punkt unterhalb der Seite $a$ liegt. +Würde man aber das Paar Altair-Spica nehmen, liegt $P$ über $a$ +(vgl. Abbildung\ref{nav:beispiele}) und man müsste trigonometrisch +anders vorgehen. + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABC$} +\vspace*{-3mm} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm}% +Nun berechnen wir alle Seitenlängen $a$, $b$, $c$ und die +Innnenwinkel $\alpha$, $\beta$ und $\gamma$. +Wir können $b$ und $c$ mit den geltenten Zusammenhängen des nautischen Dreiecks wie folgt bestimmen: +\begin{align*} +b +&= +90^\circ-DEC_{\text{Deneb}} += +90^\circ - 45.361194^\circ +\\ +&= +\underline{\underline{44.638806^\circ}} +\\ +c +&= +90^\circ-DEC_{\text{Arktur}} += +90^\circ - 19.063222^\circ +\\ +&= +\underline{\underline{70.936778^\circ}} +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2.4cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position2.pdf}}% +} +Um $a$ zu bestimmen, benötigen wir zuerst den Winkel +\begin{align*} +\alpha +&= +RA_{\text{Deneb}} - RA_{\text{Arktur}} += +310.55058^\circ -214.17558^\circ +\\ +&= +\underline{\underline{96.375^\circ}}. +\end{align*} +Danach nutzen wir den sphärischen Winkelkosinussatz, um $a$ zu berechnen: +\begin{align*} + a &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(b) \cdot \cos(c) + \sin(b) \cdot \sin(c) \cdot \cos(\alpha)) \\ + &= \cos^{-1}(\cos(44.638806^\circ) \cdot \cos(70.936778^\circ) + \sin(44.638806^\circ) \cdot \sin(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \cos(96.375^\circ)) \\ + &= \underline{\underline{80.8707801^\circ}} +\end{align*} +Für $\beta$ und $\gamma$ nutzen wir den sphärischen Seitenkosinussatz: +\begin{align*} + \beta &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(c)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(44.638806^\circ)-\cos(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \cos(70.936778^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(70.936778^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &= \underline{\underline{45.0115314^\circ}} +\\ +\gamma &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(c)-\cos(b) \cdot \cos(a)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(b)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(70.936778^\circ)-\cos(44.638806^\circ) \cdot \cos(80.8707801^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(44.638806^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &=\underline{\underline{72.0573328^\circ}} +\end{align*} + + + +\subsection{Dreieck $BPC$} +\vspace*{-4mm} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm}% +Als nächstes berechnen wir die Seiten $h_B$, $h_B$ und die Innenwinkel $\beta_1$ und $\gamma_1$. +\begin{align*} +h_B&=90^\circ - pbb + = 90^\circ - 47.42744^\circ \\ + &= \underline{\underline{42.572556^\circ}} +\\ + h_C &= 90^\circ - pc + = 90^\circ - 50.256027^\circ \\ + &= \underline{\underline{39.743973^\circ}} +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2.8cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position3.pdf}}% +} +\begin{align*} +\beta_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_c)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_B)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_B)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(39.743973^\circ)-\cos(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \cos(42.572556^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(42.572556^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &=\underline{\underline{12.5211127^\circ}} +\\ +\gamma_1 &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(h_C)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(h_C)}\bigg] \\ + &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556^\circ)-\cos(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \cos(39.743973^\circ)}{\sin(80.8707801^\circ) \cdot \sin(39.743973^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &=\underline{\underline{13.2618475^\circ}} +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Dreieck $ABP$} +\vspace*{-2mm} +\hbox to\textwidth{% +\begin{minipage}{8.4cm}% +Als erstes müssen wir den Winkel $\beta_2$ berechnen: +\begin{align*} + \beta_2 &= \beta + \beta_1 = 45.011513^\circ + 12.5211127^\circ \\ + &=\underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} +\end{align*} +Danach können wir mithilfe von $\beta_2$, $c$ und $h_B$ die Seite $l$ berechnen: +\begin{align*} +l +&= +\cos^{-1}(\cos(c) \cdot \cos(h_B) + + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(h_B) \cdot \cos(\beta_2)) \\ +&= +\cos^{-1}(\cos(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \cos(42.572556^\circ)\\ +&\qquad + \sin(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \sin(42.572556^\circ) \cdot \cos(57.5326442^\circ)) \\ +&= \underline{\underline{54.2833404^\circ}} +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}% +\hfill% +\raisebox{-2.0cm}{\includegraphics{papers/nav/bilder/position4.pdf}}% +} + +\medskip + +Damit wir gleich den Längengrad berechnen können, benötigen wir noch den Winkel $\omega$: +\begin{align*} + \omega &= \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(h_B)-\cos(c) \cdot \cos(l)}{\sin(c) \cdot \sin(l)}\bigg] \\ + &=\cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(42.572556^\circ)-\cos(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \cos(54.2833404^\circ)}{\sin(70.936778^\circ) \cdot \sin(54.2833404^\circ)}\bigg] \\ + &= \underline{\underline{44.6687451^\circ}} +\end{align*} + +\subsection{Längengrad und Breitengrad bestimmen} + +\begin{align*} +\delta &= 90^\circ - l & + \lambda &= \lambda_{\text{Arktur}} + \omega \\ +&= 90^\circ - 54.2833404 & + &= 95.5647759^\circ + 44.6687451^\circ \\ +&= \underline{\underline{35.7166596^\circ}} & + &= \underline{\underline{140.233521^\circ}} +\end{align*} +Wie wir sehen, stimmen die berechneten Koordinaten mit den Koordinaten des Punktes, an welchem gemessen wurde überein. + +\subsection{Fazit} +Die theoretische Anleitung im Abschnitt \ref{sta} scheint grundsätzlich zu funktionieren. +Allerdings gab es zwei interessante Probleme. + +Einerseits das Problem, ob der Punkt $P$ sich oberhalb oder unterhalb von $a$ befindet. +Da wir eigentlich wussten, wo der gesuchte Punkt $P$ ist, konnten wir das Dreieck anhand der Koordinaten der Bildpunkte richtig aufstellen. +In der Praxis muss man aber schon wissen, auf welchem Breitengrad man ungefähr ist. +Dies weis man in der Regeln aber, da die eigene Breite die Höhe des Polarsterns ist. +Diese Höhe wird mit dem Sextant gemessen. + +Andererseits ist da noch ein Problem mit dem Sinussatz. +Beim Sinussatz gibt es immer zwei Lösungen, weil \[ \sin(\pi-a)=\sin(a).\] +Da kann es sein (und war in unserem Fall auch so), dass man das falsche Ergebnis erwischt. +Wegen dieser Erkenntnis haben wir nur Kosinussätze verwendet und dies ebenfalls im Abschnitt \ref{sta} abgeändert, da es für den Leser auch relevant sein kann, wenn er es Probieren möchte. + + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/einleitung.tex b/buch/papers/nav/einleitung.tex index 8eb4481..c778d5c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/einleitung.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/einleitung.tex @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ \section{Einleitung} +\rhead{Einleitung} Heutzutage ist die Navigation ein Teil des Lebens. Man sendet dem Kollegen seinen eigenen Standort, um sich das ewige Erklären zu sparen oder gibt die Adresse des Ziels ein, damit man seinen Aufenthaltsort zum Beispiel auf einer riesigen Wiese am See findet. Dies wird durch Technologien wie Funknavigation, welches ein auf Laufzeitmessung beruhendes Hyperbelverfahren mit Langwellen ist, oder die verbreitete Satellitennavigation, welche vier Satelliten für eine Messung zur Standortbestimmung nutzt. diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/flatearth.tex b/buch/papers/nav/flatearth.tex index 3b08e8d..9745cdc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/flatearth.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/flatearth.tex @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ \section{Warum ist die Erde nicht flach?} - +\rhead{Warum ist die Erde nicht flach?} \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=10cm]{papers/nav/bilder/projektion.png} \caption[Mercator Projektion]{Mercator Projektion} + \label{merc} \end{center} \end{figure} @@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ Eratosthenes konnte etwa 100 Jahre später den Erdumfang berechnen. Er beobachtete, dass die Sonne in Syene mittags im Zenit steht und gleichzeitig in Alexandria unter einem Winkel einfällt. Mithilfe der Trigonometrie konnte er mit dem Abstand der Städte und dem Einfallswinkel den Umfang berechnen. -Der Kartograph Gerhard Mercator projizierte die Erdkugel wie in Abbildung 21.1 dargestellt auf ein Papier und erstellte so eine winkeltreue Karte. +Der Kartograph Gerhard Mercator projizierte die Erdkugel wie in Abbildung \ref{merc} dargestellt auf ein Papier und erstellte so eine winkeltreue Karte. Jedoch wurden die Länder, die einen grösseren Abstand zum Äquator haben vergrössert, damit die Winkel stimmen können. Wurde man also nun davon ausgehen, dass die Erde flach ist so würden wir nie dort ankommen wo wir es wollen. Dies sieht man zum Beispiel sehr gut, wenn man die Anwendung Google Earth und eine Weltkarte vergleicht. diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/2k_earth_daymap.png b/buch/papers/nav/images/2k_earth_daymap.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d55da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/2k_earth_daymap.png diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/Makefile b/buch/papers/nav/images/Makefile index da4defa..39bfbcf 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/Makefile +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/Makefile @@ -51,73 +51,80 @@ DREIECKE3D = \ dreieck3d5.pdf \ dreieck3d6.pdf \ dreieck3d7.pdf \ - dreieck3d8.pdf + dreieck3d8.pdf dreiecke3d: $(DREIECKE3D) POVRAYOPTIONS = -W1080 -H1080 #POVRAYOPTIONS = -W480 -H480 -dreieck3d1.png: dreieck3d1.pov common.inc +dreieck3d1.png: dreieck3d1.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d1.png dreieck3d1.pov dreieck3d1.jpg: dreieck3d1.png convert dreieck3d1.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d1.jpg dreieck3d1.pdf: dreieck3d1.tex dreieck3d1.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d1.tex -dreieck3d2.png: dreieck3d2.pov common.inc +dreieck3d2.png: dreieck3d2.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d2.png dreieck3d2.pov dreieck3d2.jpg: dreieck3d2.png convert dreieck3d2.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d2.jpg dreieck3d2.pdf: dreieck3d2.tex dreieck3d2.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d2.tex -dreieck3d3.png: dreieck3d3.pov common.inc +dreieck3d3.png: dreieck3d3.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d3.png dreieck3d3.pov dreieck3d3.jpg: dreieck3d3.png convert dreieck3d3.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d3.jpg dreieck3d3.pdf: dreieck3d3.tex dreieck3d3.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d3.tex -dreieck3d4.png: dreieck3d4.pov common.inc +dreieck3d4.png: dreieck3d4.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d4.png dreieck3d4.pov dreieck3d4.jpg: dreieck3d4.png convert dreieck3d4.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d4.jpg dreieck3d4.pdf: dreieck3d4.tex dreieck3d4.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d4.tex -dreieck3d5.png: dreieck3d5.pov common.inc +dreieck3d5.png: dreieck3d5.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d5.png dreieck3d5.pov dreieck3d5.jpg: dreieck3d5.png convert dreieck3d5.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d5.jpg dreieck3d5.pdf: dreieck3d5.tex dreieck3d5.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d5.tex -dreieck3d6.png: dreieck3d6.pov common.inc +dreieck3d6.png: dreieck3d6.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d6.png dreieck3d6.pov dreieck3d6.jpg: dreieck3d6.png convert dreieck3d6.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d6.jpg dreieck3d6.pdf: dreieck3d6.tex dreieck3d6.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d6.tex -dreieck3d7.png: dreieck3d7.pov common.inc +dreieck3d7.png: dreieck3d7.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d7.png dreieck3d7.pov dreieck3d7.jpg: dreieck3d7.png convert dreieck3d7.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d7.jpg dreieck3d7.pdf: dreieck3d7.tex dreieck3d7.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d7.tex -dreieck3d8.png: dreieck3d8.pov common.inc +dreieck3d8.png: dreieck3d8.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d8.png dreieck3d8.pov dreieck3d8.jpg: dreieck3d8.png convert dreieck3d8.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d8.jpg dreieck3d8.pdf: dreieck3d8.tex dreieck3d8.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d8.tex -dreieck3d9.png: dreieck3d9.pov common.inc +dreieck3d9.png: dreieck3d9.pov common.inc macros.inc povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d9.png dreieck3d9.pov dreieck3d9.jpg: dreieck3d9.png convert dreieck3d9.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d9.jpg dreieck3d9.pdf: dreieck3d9.tex dreieck3d9.jpg pdflatex dreieck3d9.tex +dreieck3d10.png: dreieck3d10.pov common.inc macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Odreieck3d10.png dreieck3d10.pov +dreieck3d10.jpg: dreieck3d10.png + convert dreieck3d10.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch dreieck3d10.jpg +dreieck3d10.pdf: dreieck3d10.tex dreieck3d10.jpg macros.inc + pdflatex dreieck3d10.tex + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/2k_earth_daymap.png b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/2k_earth_daymap.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d55da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/2k_earth_daymap.png diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/Makefile b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9546c8e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# +# Makefile to build images +# +# (c) 2022 +# +all: beispiele + +POSITION = \ + beispiele1.pdf \ + beispiele2.pdf \ + beispiele3.pdf + +beispiele: $(POSITION) + +POVRAYOPTIONS = -W1080 -H1080 +#POVRAYOPTIONS = -W480 -H480 + +beispiele1.png: beispiele1.pov common.inc geometrie.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Obeispiele1.png beispiele1.pov +beispiele1.jpg: beispiele1.png + convert beispiele1.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch beispiele1.jpg +beispiele1.pdf: beispiele1.tex common.tex beispiele1.jpg + pdflatex beispiele1.tex + +beispiele2.png: beispiele2.pov common.inc geometrie.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Obeispiele2.png beispiele2.pov +beispiele2.jpg: beispiele2.png + convert beispiele2.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch beispiele2.jpg +beispiele2.pdf: beispiele2.tex common.tex beispiele2.jpg + pdflatex beispiele2.tex + +beispiele3.png: beispiele3.pov common.inc geometrie.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Obeispiele3.png beispiele3.pov +beispiele3.jpg: beispiele3.png + convert beispiele3.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch beispiele3.jpg +beispiele3.pdf: beispiele3.tex common.tex beispiele3.jpg + pdflatex beispiele3.tex + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f91809 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7fb3de2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.pov @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// +// beispiele1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +#declare Stern1 = Deneb; +#declare Stern2 = Arktur; + +#include "geometrie.inc" + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dfae2f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +% +% beispiele1.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.8125] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{beispiele1.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelP +\labelDeneb +\labelArktur +\labelhDeneb +\labelhArktur +\labellone +\labeldDeneb +\labeldArktur + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b28f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b69f0f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.pov @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// +// beispiele1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +#declare Stern1 = Altair; +#declare Stern2 = Spica; + +#include "geometrie.inc" + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04c1e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% beispiele2.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.8125] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{beispiele2.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelP +\labelAltair +\labelSpica +\labelhAltair +\labelhSpica +\labelltwo +\labeldAltair +\labeldSpica + + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..049ccdf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af9a468 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.pov @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// +// beispiele1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +#declare Stern1 = Deneb; +#declare Stern2 = Altair; + +#include "geometrie.inc" + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2573199 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/beispiele3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +% +% beispiele3.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math,calc} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{beispiele3.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelP +\labelDeneb +\labelAltair +\labelhDeneb +\labelhAltair +\labellone +%\labeldDeneb +%\labeldAltair + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51fbd1f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.inc @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// +// common.inc -- 3d Darstellung +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" +#include "../macros.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.034; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <30, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +erde(0) +achse(fein, White) +koordinatennetz(gitterfarbe, 9, 0.001) + +union { + punkt(Sakura, fett) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81dc037 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/common.tex @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +% +% common.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% + +\def\labelA{\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$};} + +\def\labelSpica{ + \node at (-3.6,-2.8) {Spica}; +} +\def\labelAltair{ + \node at (3.0,-2.3) {Altair}; +} +\def\labelArktur{ + \node at (-3.3,-0.7) {Arktur}; +} +\def\labelDeneb{ + \node at (3.4,0.9) {Deneb}; +} + +\def\labelP{\node at (0,-0.2) {$P$};} + +\def\labellone{\node at (0.1,1.9) {$l$};} +\def\labelltwo{\node at (0.1,2.0) {$l$};} + +\def\labelhSpica{ + \coordinate (Spica) at (-1.8,-0.3); + \node at (Spica) {$h_{\text{Spica}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labelhAltair{ + \coordinate (Altair) at (1.1,-1.0); + \node at (Altair) {$h_{\text{Altair}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labelhArktur{ + \coordinate (Arktur) at (-1.3,-0.3); + \node at (Arktur) {$h_{\text{Arktur}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labelhDeneb{ + \coordinate (Deneb) at (1.6,0.45); + \node at (Deneb) {$h_{\text{Deneb}}\mathstrut$}; +} + +\def\labeldSpica{ + \coordinate (dSpica) at (-1.5,2.6); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dSpica)+(-1.8,0.13)$) + rectangle + ($(dSpica)+(-0.06,0.60)$); + \node at (dSpica) [above left] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Spica}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labeldAltair{ + \coordinate (dAltair) at (2.0,2.1); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dAltair)+(0.10,0.10)$) + rectangle + ($(dAltair)+(2.0,0.60)$); + \node at (dAltair) [above right] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Altair}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labeldArktur{ + \coordinate (dArktur) at (-1.2,2.5); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dArktur)+(-1.8,0.10)$) + rectangle + ($(dArktur)+(-0.06,0.55)$); + \node at (dArktur) [above left] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Arktur}}\mathstrut$}; +} +\def\labeldDeneb{ + \coordinate (dDeneb) at (2.0,2.8); + \fill[color=white,opacity=0.5] + ($(dDeneb)+(0.05,0.60)$) + rectangle + ($(dDeneb)+(1.87,0.10)$); + \node at (dDeneb) [above right] + {$90^\circ-\delta_{\text{Deneb}}\mathstrut$}; +} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/geometrie.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/geometrie.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f6084e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/beispiele/geometrie.inc @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(Stern1, fein) + punkt(Stern2, fein) + seite(Stern1, Stern2, fein) + pigment { + color kugelfarbe + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + +union { + seite(A, Stern1, fein) + seite(A, Stern2, fein) + seite(Stern1, Sakura, fein) + seite(Stern2, Sakura, fein) + winkel(A, Stern1, Stern2, 0.5*fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + +union { + seite(A, Sakura, fein) + winkel(A, Sakura, Stern1, 0.5*fett, klein) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.9 + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/common.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/common.inc index 2c0ae6e..7b861de 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/common.inc +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/common.inc @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ // #version 3.7; #include "colors.inc" +#include "macros.inc" global_settings { assumed_gamma 1 @@ -12,12 +13,6 @@ global_settings { #declare imagescale = 0.034; -#declare O = <0, 0, 0>; -#declare A = vnormalize(< 0, 1, 0>); -#declare B = vnormalize(< 1, 2, -8>); -#declare C = vnormalize(< 5, 1, 0>); -#declare P = vnormalize(< 5, -1, -7>); - camera { location <40, 20, -20> look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> @@ -26,7 +21,7 @@ camera { } light_source { - <10, 10, -40> color White + <30, 10, -40> color White area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 adaptive 1 jitter @@ -38,150 +33,3 @@ sky_sphere { } } -// -// draw an arrow from <from> to <to> with thickness <arrowthickness> with -// color <c> -// -#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c) -#declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from); -#declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from); -union { - sphere { - from, 1.1 * arrowthickness - } - cylinder { - from, - from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, - arrowthickness - } - cone { - from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, - 2 * arrowthickness, - to, - 0 - } - pigment { - color c - } - finish { - specular 0.9 - metallic - } -} -#end - -#macro grosskreis(normale, staerke) -union { - #declare v1 = vcross(normale, <normale.x, normale.z, normale.y>); - #declare v1 = vnormalize(v1); - #declare v2 = vnormalize(vcross(v1, normale)); - #declare phisteps = 100; - #declare phistep = pi / phisteps; - #declare phi = 0; - #declare p1 = v1; - #while (phi < 2 * pi - phistep/2) - sphere { p1, staerke } - #declare phi = phi + phistep; - #declare p2 = v1 * cos(phi) + v2 * sin(phi); - cylinder { p1, p2, staerke } - #declare p1 = p2; - #end -} -#end - -#macro seite(p, q, staerke) - #declare n = vcross(p, q); - intersection { - grosskreis(n, staerke) - plane { -vcross(n, q) * vdot(vcross(n, q), p), 0 } - plane { -vcross(n, p) * vdot(vcross(n, p), q), 0 } - } -#end - -#macro winkel(w, p, q, staerke, r) - #declare n = vnormalize(w); - #declare pp = vnormalize(p - vdot(n, p) * n); - #declare qq = vnormalize(q - vdot(n, q) * n); - intersection { - sphere { O, 1 + staerke } - cone { O, 0, 1.2 * vnormalize(w), r } - plane { -vcross(n, qq) * vdot(vcross(n, qq), pp), 0 } - plane { -vcross(n, pp) * vdot(vcross(n, pp), qq), 0 } - } -#end - -#macro punkt(p, staerke) - sphere { p, 1.5 * staerke } -#end - -#macro dreieck(p, q, r, farbe) - #declare n1 = vnormalize(vcross(p, q)); - #declare n2 = vnormalize(vcross(q, r)); - #declare n3 = vnormalize(vcross(r, p)); - intersection { - plane { n1, 0 } - plane { n2, 0 } - plane { n3, 0 } - sphere { <0, 0, 0>, 1 + 0.001 } - pigment { - color farbe - } - finish { - metallic - specular 0.4 - } - } -#end - -#macro ebenerwinkel(a, p, q, s, r, farbe) - #declare n = vnormalize(-vcross(p, q)); - #declare np = vnormalize(-vcross(p, n)); - #declare nq = -vnormalize(-vcross(q, n)); -// arrow(a, a + n, 0.02, White) -// arrow(a, a + np, 0.01, Red) -// arrow(a, a + nq, 0.01, Blue) - intersection { - cylinder { a - (s/2) * n, a + (s/2) * n, r } - plane { np, vdot(np, a) } - plane { nq, vdot(nq, a) } - pigment { - farbe - } - finish { - metallic - specular 0.5 - } - } -#end - -#macro komplement(a, p, q, s, r, farbe) - #declare n = vnormalize(-vcross(p, q)); -// arrow(a, a + n, 0.015, Orange) - #declare m = vnormalize(-vcross(q, n)); -// arrow(a, a + m, 0.015, Pink) - ebenerwinkel(a, p, m, s, r, farbe) -#end - -#declare fett = 0.015; -#declare fein = 0.010; - -#declare klein = 0.3; -#declare gross = 0.4; - -#declare dreieckfarbe = rgb<0.6,0.6,0.6>; -#declare rot = rgb<0.8,0.2,0.2>; -#declare gruen = rgb<0,0.6,0>; -#declare blau = rgb<0.2,0.2,0.8>; - -#declare kugelfarbe = rgb<0.8,0.8,0.8>; -#declare kugeltransparent = rgbt<0.8,0.8,0.8,0.5>; - -#macro kugel(farbe) -sphere { - <0, 0, 0>, 1 - pigment { - color farbe - } -} -#end - diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pdf Binary files differindex 015bce7..fecaece 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pov index e491075..336161c 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d1.pov @@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ // // (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule // +#version 3.7; #include "common.inc" +kugel(kugeldunkel) + union { seite(A, B, fett) seite(B, C, fett) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d10.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d10.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2dd7c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d10.pov @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// +// dreiecke3d10.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#include "common.inc" + +erde() + +#declare Stern1 = Deneb; +#declare Stern2 = Spica; + +koordinatennetz(gitterfarbe, 9, 0.001) + +union { + seite(A, Stern1, 0.5*fein) + seite(A, Stern2, 0.5*fein) + seite(A, Sakura, 0.5*fein) + seite(Stern1, Sakura, 0.5*fein) + seite(Stern2, Sakura, 0.5*fein) + seite(Stern1, Stern2, 0.5*fein) + + punkt(A, fein) + punkt(Sakura, fett) + punkt(Deneb, fein) + punkt(Spica, fein) + punkt(Altair, fein) + punkt(Arktur, fein) + pigment { + color Red + } +} + +//arrow(<-1.3,0,0>, <1.3,0,0>, fein, White) +arrow(<0,-1.3,0>, <0,1.3,0>, fein, White) +//arrow(<0,0,-1.3>, <0,0,1.3>, fein, White) + +#declare imagescale = 0.044; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pdf Binary files differindex 6b3f09d..28af5fe 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pov index c0625ce..9e57d22 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d2.pov @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ // #include "common.inc" +kugel(kugeldunkel) + union { seite(A, B, fett) seite(B, C, fett) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pdf Binary files differindex 7d79455..4fc4fc1 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pov index b6f64d5..bde780b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d3.pov @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ // #include "common.inc" +kugel(kugeldunkel) + union { seite(A, B, fett) seite(B, C, fett) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pdf Binary files differindex e1ea757..0d57fc2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pov index b6f17e3..08f266b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d4.pov @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ // #include "common.inc" +kugel(kugelfarbe) + union { seite(A, B, fein) seite(A, C, fein) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pdf Binary files differindex 0c86d36..a5dd0ae 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pov index 188f181..1aac0dc 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d5.pov @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ // #include "common.inc" +kugel(kugeldunkel) + union { seite(A, B, fein) seite(A, C, fein) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.pov index 191a1e7..6bbd1a9 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d6.pov @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ // #include "common.inc" +kugel(kugeldunkel) + union { seite(A, B, fett) seite(A, C, fett) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.pov index aae5c6c..45dc5d6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d7.pov @@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ // #include "common.inc" +kugel(kugeldunkel) + union { seite(A, C, fett) seite(A, P, fett) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.jpg b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.jpg Binary files differindex 52bd25e..f24ea33 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.jpg +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.jpg diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pdf Binary files differindex 9d630aa..da3b110 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pdf +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pov index 9e9921a..dae7f67 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pov +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/dreieck3d8.pov @@ -93,4 +93,5 @@ object { dreieck(A, B, C, White) +kugel(kugeldunkel) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20cb2ff --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/macros.inc @@ -0,0 +1,345 @@ +// +// macros.inc -- 3d Darstellung +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" + +// +// Dimensions +// +#declare fett = 0.015; +#declare fein = 0.010; + +#declare klein = 0.3; +#declare gross = 0.4; + +// +// colors +// +#declare dreieckfarbe = rgb<0.6,0.6,0.6>; +#declare rot = rgb<0.8,0.2,0.2>; +#declare gruen = rgb<0,0.6,0>; +#declare blau = rgb<0.2,0.2,0.8>; + +#declare bekannt = rgb<0.2,0.6,1>; +#declare unbekannt = rgb<1.0,0.6,0.8>; + +#declare kugelfarbe = rgb<0.8,0.8,0.8>; +#declare kugeldunkel = rgb<0.4,0.4,0.4>; +#declare kugeltransparent = rgbt<0.8,0.8,0.8,0.5>; + +#declare gitterfarbe = rgb<0.2,0.6,1>; +#declare gitterfarbe = rgb<1.0,0.8,0>; + +// +// Points Points +// +#declare O = <0, 0, 0>; +#declare Nordpol = vnormalize(< 0, 1, 0>); +#declare A = vnormalize(< 0, 1, 0>); +#declare B = vnormalize(< 1, 2, -8>); +#declare C = vnormalize(< 5, 1, 0>); +#declare P = vnormalize(< 5, -1, -7>); + +// +// \brief convert spherical coordinates to recctangular coordinates +// +// \param phi +// \param theta +// +#macro kugelpunkt(phi, theta) + < sin(theta) * cos(phi - pi), cos(theta), sin(theta) * sin(phi - pi) > +#end + +#declare Sakura = kugelpunkt(radians(140.2325498), radians(90 - 35.71548014)); +#declare Deneb = kugelpunkt(radians(191.9397759), radians(90 - 45.361194)); +#declare Spica = kugelpunkt(radians(82.9868559), radians(90 - (-11.279666))); +#declare Altair = kugelpunkt(radians(179.3616609), radians(90 - 8.928416)); +#declare Arktur = kugelpunkt(radians(95.5647759), radians(90 - 19.063222)); + +// +// draw an arrow from <from> to <to> with thickness <arrowthickness> with +// color <c> +// +#macro arrow(from, to, arrowthickness, c) +#declare arrowdirection = vnormalize(to - from); +#declare arrowlength = vlength(to - from); +union { + sphere { + from, 1.1 * arrowthickness + } + cylinder { + from, + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + arrowthickness + } + cone { + from + (arrowlength - 5 * arrowthickness) * arrowdirection, + 2 * arrowthickness, + to, + 0 + } + pigment { + color c + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +#end + +#declare ntsteps = 100; + +// +// \brief Draw a circle +// +// \param b1 basis vector for a coordinate system of the plane containing +// the circle +// \param b2 the other basis vector +// \param o center of the circle +// \param thick diameter of the circular tube +// +#macro kreis(b1, b2, o, thick, maxwinkel) + #declare tpstep = pi / ntsteps; + #declare tp = tpstep; + #declare p1 = b1 + o; + sphere { p1, thick } + #declare tpstep = pi/ntsteps; + #while (tp < (maxwinkel - tpstep/2)) + #declare p2 = cos(tp) * b1 + sin(tp) * b2 + o; + cylinder { p1, p2, thick } + sphere { p2, thick } + #declare p1 = p2; + #declare tp = tp + tpstep; + #end + #if ((tp - tpstep) < maxwinkel) + #declare p2 = cos(maxwinkel) * b1 + sin(maxwinkel) * b2 + o; + cylinder { p1, p2, thick } + sphere { p2, thick } + #end +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a great circle +// +// \param normale the normal of the plane containing the great circle +// \param thick diameter +// +#macro grosskreis(normale, thick) + #declare other = < normale.y, -normale.x, normale.z >; + #declare b1 = vnormalize(vcross(other, normale)); + #declare b2 = vnormalize(vcross(normale, b1)); + kreis(b1, b2, <0,0,0>, thick, 2*pi) +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a circle of latitude +// +// \param theta latitude +// \param thick diameter +// +#macro breitenkreis(theta, thick) + #declare b1 = sin(theta) * kugelpunkt(0, pi/2); + #declare b2 = sin(theta) * kugelpunkt(pi/2, pi/2); + #declare o = < 0, cos(theta), 0 >; + kreis(b1, b2, o, thick, 2*pi) +#end + +// +// \brief Draw the great circle connecting the two points +// +// \param p first point +// \param q second point +// \param staerke diameter +// + +#macro seite(p, q, staerke) + #declare s1 = vnormalize(p); + #declare s2 = vnormalize(q); + #declare w = acos(vdot(s1, s2)); + #declare n = vnormalize(vcross(p, q)); + #declare s2 = vnormalize(vcross(n, s1)); + kreis(s1, s2, O, staerke, w) +#end + +// +// \brief Draw an angle +// +// \param w the edge where the angle is located +// \param p point on the first leg +// \param q point on the second leg +// \param r diameter of the angle +// +#macro winkel(w, p, q, staerke, r) + #declare n = vnormalize(w); + #declare pp = vnormalize(p - vdot(n, p) * n); + #declare qq = vnormalize(q - vdot(n, q) * n); + intersection { + sphere { O, 1 + staerke } + cone { O, 0, 1.2 * vnormalize(w), r } + plane { -vcross(n, qq) * vdot(vcross(n, qq), pp), 0 } + plane { -vcross(n, pp) * vdot(vcross(n, pp), qq), 0 } + } +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a point on the sphere as a circle +// +// \param p the point +// \param staerke the diameter of the point +// +#macro punkt(p, staerke) + sphere { p, 1.5 * staerke } +#end + +// +// \brief Draw a circle as a part of the differently colored cutout from +// the sphere +// +// \param p first point of the triangle +// \param q second point of the triangle +// \param r third point of the triangle +// \param farbe color +// +#macro dreieck(p, q, r, farbe) + #declare n1 = vnormalize(vcross(p, q)); + #declare n2 = vnormalize(vcross(q, r)); + #declare n3 = vnormalize(vcross(r, p)); + intersection { + plane { n1, 0 } + plane { n2, 0 } + plane { n3, 0 } + sphere { <0, 0, 0>, 1 + 0.001 } + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.4 + } + } +#end + +// +// \brief +// +// \param a axis of the angle +// \param p first leg +// \param q second leg +// \param s thickness of the angle disk +// \param r radius of the angle disk +// \param farbe color +// +#macro ebenerwinkel(a, p, q, s, r, farbe) + #declare n = vnormalize(-vcross(p, q)); + #declare np = vnormalize(-vcross(p, n)); + #declare nq = -vnormalize(-vcross(q, n)); +// arrow(a, a + n, 0.02, White) +// arrow(a, a + np, 0.01, Red) +// arrow(a, a + nq, 0.01, Blue) + intersection { + cylinder { a - (s/2) * n, a + (s/2) * n, r } + plane { np, vdot(np, a) } + plane { nq, vdot(nq, a) } + pigment { + farbe + } + finish { + metallic + specular 0.5 + } + } +#end + +// +// \brief Show the complement angle +// +// +#macro komplement(a, p, q, s, r, farbe) + #declare n = vnormalize(-vcross(p, q)); +// arrow(a, a + n, 0.015, Orange) + #declare m = vnormalize(-vcross(q, n)); +// arrow(a, a + m, 0.015, Pink) + ebenerwinkel(a, p, m, s, r, farbe) +#end + +// +// \brief Show a coordinate grid on the sphere +// +// \param farbe the color of the grid +// \param thick the line thickness +// +#macro koordinatennetz(farbe, netzschritte, thick) +union { + // circles of latitude + #declare theta = pi/(2*netzschritte); + #declare thetastep = pi/(2*netzschritte); + #while (theta < pi - thetastep/2) + breitenkreis(theta, thick) + #declare theta = theta + thetastep; + #end + // cirles of longitude + #declare phi = 0; + #declare phistep = pi/(2*netzschritte); + #while (phi < pi-phistep/2) + grosskreis(kugelpunkt(phi, pi/2), thick) + #declare phi = phi + phistep; + #end + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } +} +#end + +// +// \brief Display a color of given color +// +// \param farbe the color +// +#macro kugel(farbe) +sphere { + <0, 0, 0>, 1 + pigment { + color farbe + } +} +#end + +// +// \brief Display the earth +// +#macro erde(winkel) +sphere { + <0, 0, 0>, 1 + pigment { + image_map { + png "2k_earth_daymap.png" gamma 1.0 + map_type 1 + } + } + rotate <0,winkel,0> +} +#end + +// +// achse +// +#macro achse(durchmesser, farbe) + cylinder { + < 0, -1.2, 0 >, <0, 1.2, 0 >, durchmesser + pigment { + color farbe + } + finish { + specular 0.9 + metallic + } + } +#end diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/2k_earth_daymap.png b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/2k_earth_daymap.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d55da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/2k_earth_daymap.png diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/Makefile b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eed2e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +# +# Makefile to build images +# +# (c) 2022 +# +all: position + +POSITION = \ + position1.pdf position1-small.pdf \ + position2.pdf position2-small.pdf \ + position3.pdf position3-small.pdf \ + position4.pdf position4-small.pdf \ + position5.pdf position5-small.pdf + +position: $(POSITION) + +POVRAYOPTIONS = -W1080 -H1080 +#POVRAYOPTIONS = -W480 -H480 + +position1.png: position1.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition1.png position1.pov +position1.jpg: position1.png + convert position1.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position1.jpg +position1.pdf: position1.tex common.tex position1.jpg + pdflatex position1.tex + +position2.png: position2.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition2.png position2.pov +position2.jpg: position2.png + convert position2.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position2.jpg +position2.pdf: position2.tex common.tex position2.jpg + pdflatex position2.tex + +position3.png: position3.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition3.png position3.pov +position3.jpg: position3.png + convert position3.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position3.jpg +position3.pdf: position3.tex common.tex position3.jpg + pdflatex position3.tex + +position4.png: position4.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition4.png position4.pov +position4.jpg: position4.png + convert position4.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position4.jpg +position4.pdf: position4.tex common.tex position4.jpg + pdflatex position4.tex + +position5.png: position5.pov common.inc ../macros.inc + povray +A0.1 $(POVRAYOPTIONS) -Oposition5.png position5.pov +position5.jpg: position5.png + convert position5.png -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch position5.jpg +position5.pdf: position5.tex common.tex position5.jpg + pdflatex position5.tex + +position1-small.pdf: position1-small.tex common.tex position1.jpg + pdflatex position1-small.tex +position2-small.pdf: position2-small.tex common.tex position2.jpg + pdflatex position2-small.tex +position3-small.pdf: position3-small.tex common.tex position3.jpg + pdflatex position3-small.tex +position4-small.pdf: position4-small.tex common.tex position4.jpg + pdflatex position4-small.tex +position5-small.pdf: position5-small.tex common.tex position5.jpg + pdflatex position5-small.tex + +test: test.pdf + +test.pdf: test.tex $(POSITION) + pdflatex test.tex diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9430608 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +% +% common.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% + +\def\labelA{\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$};} +\def\labelB{\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$};} +\def\labelC{\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$};} +\def\labelP{\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$};} + +\def\labelc{\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$};} +\def\labela{\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$};} +\def\labelb{\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$};} + +\def\labelhb{\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$h_B$};} +\def\labelhc{\node at (1,-2.9) {$h_C$};} +\def\labell{\node at (-0.7,0.3) {$l$};} + +\def\labelalpha{\node at (0.6,2.85) {$\alpha$};} +\def\labelbeta{\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$};} +\def\labelgamma{\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$};} +\def\labelomega{\node at (0.85,3.3) {$\omega$};} + +\def\labelgammaone{\node at (2.1,-2.0) {$\gamma_1$};} +\def\labelgammatwo{\node at (2.3,-1.3) {$\gamma_2$};} +\def\labelbetaone{\node at (-2.4,-1.4) {$\beta_1$};} +\def\labelbetatwo{\node at (-2.5,-0.8) {$\beta_2$};} + +\def\labelomegalinks{\node at (0.25,3.25) {$\omega$};} +\def\labelomegarechts{\node at (0.85,3.1) {$\omega$};} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.inc b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.inc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56e2836 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.inc @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// +// common.inc -- 3d Darstellung +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "colors.inc" +#include "../macros.inc" + +global_settings { + assumed_gamma 1 +} + +#declare imagescale = 0.034; + +camera { + location <40, 20, -20> + look_at <0, 0.24, -0.20> + right x * imagescale + up y * imagescale +} + +light_source { + <30, 10, -40> color White + area_light <1,0,0> <0,0,1>, 10, 10 + adaptive 1 + jitter +} + +sky_sphere { + pigment { + color rgb<1,1,1> + } +} + +//kugel(kugeldunkel) +erde(-100) +koordinatennetz(gitterfarbe, 9, 0.001) +achse(fein, White) diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9430608 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/common.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +% +% common.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% + +\def\labelA{\node at (0.7,3.8) {$A$};} +\def\labelB{\node at (-3.4,-0.8) {$B$};} +\def\labelC{\node at (3.3,-2.1) {$C$};} +\def\labelP{\node at (-1.4,-3.5) {$P$};} + +\def\labelc{\node at (-1.9,2.1) {$c$};} +\def\labela{\node at (-0.2,-1.2) {$a$};} +\def\labelb{\node at (2.6,1.5) {$b$};} + +\def\labelhb{\node at (-2.6,-2.2) {$h_B$};} +\def\labelhc{\node at (1,-2.9) {$h_C$};} +\def\labell{\node at (-0.7,0.3) {$l$};} + +\def\labelalpha{\node at (0.6,2.85) {$\alpha$};} +\def\labelbeta{\node at (-2.5,-0.5) {$\beta$};} +\def\labelgamma{\node at (2.3,-1.2) {$\gamma$};} +\def\labelomega{\node at (0.85,3.3) {$\omega$};} + +\def\labelgammaone{\node at (2.1,-2.0) {$\gamma_1$};} +\def\labelgammatwo{\node at (2.3,-1.3) {$\gamma_2$};} +\def\labelbetaone{\node at (-2.4,-1.4) {$\beta_1$};} +\def\labelbetatwo{\node at (-2.5,-0.8) {$\beta_2$};} + +\def\labelomegalinks{\node at (0.25,3.25) {$\omega$};} +\def\labelomegarechts{\node at (0.85,3.1) {$\omega$};} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba7755f --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05fad44 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +% +% position1-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position1.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb +\labell + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelalpha +\labelomega + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc4f760 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a79a9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.pov @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +// +// position1.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +union { + seite(B, C, fett) + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, P, fett) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, C, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, P, C, fett, klein) + pigment { + color rot + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6c21c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +% +% dreieck3d1.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position1.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb +\labell + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelalpha +\labelomega + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3333dd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5c33cf --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% position2-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position2.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb + +\begin{scope}[yshift=0.3cm,xshift=0.1cm] +\labelalpha +\end{scope} +\labelbeta +\labelgamma + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbd2ea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2abcd94 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.pov @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +// +// position3.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(A, B, C, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(A, C, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(B, C, fett) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, C, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + winkel(B, C, A, fein, gross) + winkel(C, A, B, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..339592c --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +% +% position2.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position2.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelC + +\labelc +\labela +\labelb + +\begin{scope}[yshift=0.3cm,xshift=0.1cm] +\labelalpha +\end{scope} +\labelbeta +\labelgamma + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fae0b85 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f7b0e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +% +% position3-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position3.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labela + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelbetaone +\labelgammaone + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c940d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6823eb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.pov @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// +// position3.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(B, P, C, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(B, C, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + winkel(B, P, C, fein, gross) + winkel(C, B, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5480da --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +% +% dreieck3d1.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position3.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelB +\labelC +\labelP + +\labela + +\labelhb +\labelhc + +\labelbetaone +\labelgammaone + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac80c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e06523b --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position4-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position4.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelP + +\labelc +\labell +\labelhb + +\labelomegalinks +\labelbetatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8eeeaac --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80628f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.pov @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +// +// position4.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(A, B, P, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(B, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, P, fett) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + +union { + seite(A, B, fett) + seite(B, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(B, P, A, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, B, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27c1757 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position4.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position4.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position4.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelB +\labelP + +\labelc +\labell +\labelhb + +\labelomegalinks +\labelbetatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..afe120e --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a0e229 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5-small.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position5-small.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common-small.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick,scale=0.625] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=5cm]{position5.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelb +\labell +\labelhc + +\labelomegarechts +\labelgammatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pdf b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..05a64cb --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pdf diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pov b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pov new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ed33c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.pov @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +// +// position5.pov +// +// (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +// +#version 3.7; +#include "common.inc" + +dreieck(A, P, C, kugelfarbe) + +union { + punkt(A, fett) + punkt(C, fett) + punkt(P, fett) + pigment { + color dreieckfarbe + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +union { + seite(A, P, fett) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + + +union { + seite(A, C, fett) + seite(C, P, fett) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(C, P, A, fein, gross) + pigment { + color bekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + +object { + winkel(A, C, P, fein, gross) + pigment { + color unbekannt + } + finish { + specular 0.95 + metallic + } +} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b234429 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/position5.tex @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +% +% position5.tex +% +% (c) 2021 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[tikz]{standalone} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{txfonts} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows,intersections,math} +\usepackage{ifthen} +\begin{document} + +\input{common.tex} + +\newboolean{showgrid} +\setboolean{showgrid}{false} +\def\breite{4} +\def\hoehe{4} + +\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,thick] + +% Povray Bild +\node at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=8cm]{position5.jpg}}; + +% Gitter +\ifthenelse{\boolean{showgrid}}{ +\draw[step=0.1,line width=0.1pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw[step=0.5,line width=0.4pt] (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\draw (-\breite,-\hoehe) grid (\breite, \hoehe); +\fill (0,0) circle[radius=0.05]; +}{} + +\labelA +\labelC +\labelP + +\labelb +\labell +\labelhc + +\labelomegarechts +\labelgammatwo + +\end{tikzpicture} + +\end{document} + diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/images/position/test.tex b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/test.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3247ed1 --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/nav/images/position/test.tex @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +% +% test.tex +% +% (c) 2022 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, OST Ostschweizer Fachhochschule +% +\documentclass[12pt]{article} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{etex} +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage{times} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amsthm} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{wrapfig} +\begin{document} + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.6cm} +\includegraphics{position1-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. +Aenean +commodo ligula eget dolor. +Aenean massa. +Cum sociis natoque penatibus +et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. +Donec quam +felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. +Nulla +consequat massa quis enim. +Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet +nec, vulputate eget, arcu. +In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, +venenatis vitae, justo. +Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. +Integer tincidunt. +Cras dapibus. +Vivamus elementum semper nisi. +Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. +Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, +consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. +Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, +viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position2-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper +libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, +blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec +odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis +faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus +tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec +sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, +augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce +vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, +mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras +ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum +primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; + +\pagebreak + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position3-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. +Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc +nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. +Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, +ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. +Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque +facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus +leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi. Curabitur +ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, +leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus +turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan +cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus +et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor +congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. +Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position4-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. +Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque +posuere. Praesent turpis. Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, +nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. +Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. +Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, +sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. +Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices +posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. +Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut +neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et +malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In dui magna, posuere eget, +vestibulum et, tempor auctor, justo. In ac felis quis tortor malesuada +pretium. Pellentesque auctor neque nec urna. + +\pagebreak + +\begin{wrapfigure}{R}{5.2cm} +\includegraphics{position5-small.pdf} +\end{wrapfigure} +Proin sapien ipsum, porta a, auctor quis, euismod ut, mi. Aenean +viverra rhoncus pede. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus +et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut non enim eleifend +felis pretium feugiat. Vivamus quis mi. Phasellus a est. Phasellus +magna. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit +ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. +Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. +Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt +eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, +augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada +velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, +dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc +nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. +Donec venenatis vulputate lorem. Morbi nec metus. Phasellus blandit +leo ut odio. Maecenas ullamcorper, dui et placerat feugiat, eros +pede varius nisi, condimentum viverra felis nunc et lorem. Sed magna +purus, fermentum eu, tincidunt eu, varius ut, felis. In auctor +lobortis lacus. Quisque libero metus, condimentum nec, tempor a, +commodo mollis, magna. Vestibulum ullamcorper mauris at ligula. +Fusce fermentum. Nullam cursus lacinia erat. Praesent blandit laoreet +nibh. Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque +egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend +augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt +tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus +nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas +neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam +ut purus mattis mauris + +\end{document} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/main.tex b/buch/papers/nav/main.tex index 4c52547..f993559 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/main.tex @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ \input{papers/nav/sincos.tex} \input{papers/nav/trigo.tex} \input{papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex} +\input{papers/nav/bsp2.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex b/buch/papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex index 36e9c99..32d1b8b 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/nautischesdreieck.tex @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ \section{Das Nautische Dreieck} +\rhead{Das nautische Dreieck} \subsection{Definition des Nautischen Dreiecks} Die Himmelskugel ist eine gedachte Kugel, welche die Erde und dessen Beobachter umgibt und als Rechenfläche für Koordinaten in der Astronomie und Geodäsie dient. Der Zenit ist jener Punkt, der vom Erdmittelpunkt durch denn eigenen Standort an die Himmelskugel verlängert wird. -Ein Gestirn ist ein Planet oder ein Fixstern, zu welchen es diverse Jahrbücher mit allen astronomischen Eigenschaften gibt. +Als Gestirne kommen Sterne und Planeten in Frage, zu welchen in diversen Jahrbüchern die für die Navigation nötigen Daten publiziert sind. Der Himmelspol ist der Nordpol an die Himmelskugel projiziert. -Das nautische Dreieck hat die Ecken Zenit, Gestirn und Himmelspol, wie man in der Abbildung 21.5 sehen kann. +Das nautische Dreieck hat die Ecken Zenit, Gestirn und Himmelspol, wie man in der Abbildung \ref{naut} sehen kann. Ursprünglich ist das nautische Dreieck ein Hilfsmittel der sphärischen Astronomie um die momentane Position eines Fixsterns oder Planeten an der Himmelskugel zu bestimmen. @@ -13,21 +14,24 @@ Ursprünglich ist das nautische Dreieck ein Hilfsmittel der sphärischen Astrono \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=8cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel3.png} \caption[Nautisches Dreieck]{Nautisches Dreieck} + \label{naut} \end{center} \end{figure} Man kann das nautische Dreieck auf die Erdkugel projizieren. Dieses Dreieck nennt man dann Bilddreieck. Als Bildpunkt wird in der astronomischen Navigation der Punkt bezeichnet, an dem eine gedachte Linie vom Mittelpunkt eines beobachteten Gestirns zum Mittelpunkt der Erde die Erdoberfläche schneidet. -Die Projektion auf der Erdkugel hat die Ecken Nordpol, Standort und Bildpunkt. +Die Projektion des nautischen Dreiecks auf die Erdkugel hat die Ecken Nordpol, Standort und Bildpunkt. \section{Standortbestimmung ohne elektronische Hilfsmittel} +\label{sta} Um den eigenen Standort herauszufinden, wird in diesem Kapitel die Projektion des nautische Dreiecks auf die Erdkugel zur Hilfe genommen. Mithilfe eines Sextanten, einem Jahrbuch und der sphärischen Trigonometrie kann man dann die Längen- und Breitengrade des eigenen Standortes bestimmen. -Was ein Sextant und ein Jahrbuch ist, wird im Abschnitt 21.6.3 erklärt. +Was ein Sextant und ein Jahrbuch ist, wird im Abschnitt \ref{ephe} erklärt. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=10cm]{papers/nav/bilder/dreieck.pdf} \caption[Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung]{Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung} + \label{d1} \end{center} \end{figure} @@ -39,15 +43,16 @@ Unser eigener Standort ist der gesuchte Ecke $P$ und die Ecke $A$ ist in unserem Der Vorteil an der Idee des nautischen Dreiecks ist, dass eine Ecke immer der Nordpol ist. Somit ist diese Ecke immer bekannt und nur deswegen sind die Zusammenhänge von Rektaszension, Sternzeit und Deklination so einfach. -\subsection{Ecke $B$ und $C$ - Bildpunkt $X$ und $Y$} +\subsection{Ecke $B$ und $C$ - Bildpunkt von $X$ und $Y$} Für die Standortermittlung benötigt man als weiteren Punkt ein Gestirn bzw. seinen Bildpunkt auf der Erdkugel. Damit das trigonometrische Rechnen einfacher wird, werden hier zwei Gestirne zur Hilfe genommen. Es gibt diverse Gestirne, die man nutzen kann wie zum Beispiel die Sonne, der Mond oder die vier Navigationsplaneten Venus, Mars, Jupiter und Saturn. -Die Bildpunkte von den beiden Gestirnen $X$ und $Y$ bilden die beiden Ecken $B$ und $C$ im Dreieck der Abbildung 21.5. +Die Bildpunkte von den beiden Gestirnen $X$ und $Y$ bilden die beiden Ecken $B$ und $C$ im Dreieck der Abbildung \ref{d1}. \subsection{Ephemeriden} -Zu all diesen Gestirnen gibt es Ephemeriden. -Diese enthalten die Rektaszensionen und Deklinationen in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit. +\label{ephe} +Zu all diesen Gestirnen gibt es Ephemeridentabellen. +Diese Tabellen enthalten die Rektaszensionen und Deklinationen in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit. \begin{figure} \begin{center} @@ -63,20 +68,19 @@ Die Deklination $\delta$ beschreibt den Winkel zwischen dem Himmelsäquator und Die Rektaszension $\alpha$ gibt an, in welchem Winkel das Gestirn zum Frühlingspunkt, welcher der Nullpunkt auf dem Himmelsäquator ist, steht und geht vom Koordinatensystem der Himmelskugel aus. Die Tatsache, dass sich die Himmelskugel ca. vier Minuten schneller um die eigene Achse dreht als die Erdkugel, stellt hier ein kleines Problem dar. -Die Lösung ist die Sternzeit. -Mit dieser können wir die schnellere Drehung der Himmelskugel ausgleichen und können die am Frühlingspunkt (21. März) 12:00 Uhr ist die Sternzeit $\theta = 0$. - -Die Sternzeit geht vom Frühlungspunkt aus, an welchem die Sonne den Himmelsäquator schneidet. +Die Lösung ist die Sternzeit $\theta$. +Mit dieser können wir die schnellere Drehung der Himmelskugel ausgleichen. +Die Sternzeit geht vom Frühlungspunkt aus, an welchem die Sonne den Himmelsäquator schneidet und $\theta=0$ ist. Für die Standortermittlung auf der Erdkugel ist es am einfachsten, wenn man die Sternzeit von Greenwich berechnet. Für die Sternzeit von Greenwich $\theta$ braucht man als erstes das Julianische Datum $T$ vom aktuellen Tag, welches sich leicht nachschlagen lässt. Im Anschluss berechnet man die Sternzeit von Greenwich -\[\theta = 6^h 41^m 50^s,54841 + 8640184^s,812866 \cdot T + 0^s,093104 \cdot T^2 - 0^s,0000062 \cdot T^3.\] +\[\theta = 6^h 41^m 50^s.54841 + 8640184^s.812866 \cdot T + 0^s.093104 \cdot T^2 - 0^s.0000062 \cdot T^3.\] Wenn man die Sternzeit von Greenwich ausgerechnet hat, kann man den Längengrad des Gestirns $\lambda = \theta - \alpha$ bestimmen, wobei $\alpha$ die Rektaszension und $\theta$ die Sternzeit von Greenwich ist. Dies gilt analog auch für das zweite Gestirn. \subsubsection{Sextant} -Ein Sextant ist ein nautisches Messinstrument, mit dem man den Winkel zwischen der Blickrichtung zu weit entfernten Objekten bestimmen kann. Es wird vor allem der Winkelabstand zu Gestirnen gemessen. +Ein Sextant ist ein nautisches Messinstrument, mit dem man den Winkel zwischen der Blickrichtung zu weit entfernten Objekten bestimmen kann. Es wird vor allem der Winkelabstand vom Horizont zum Gestirn gemessen. Man benutzt ihn vor allem für die astronomische Navigation auf See. \begin{figure} @@ -85,49 +89,24 @@ Man benutzt ihn vor allem für die astronomische Navigation auf See. \caption[Sextant]{Sextant} \end{center} \end{figure} -\subsubsection{Eingeschaften} -Für das nautische Dreieck gibt es folgende Eigenschaften: -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ l c l } - Legende && Name / Beziehung \\ - \hline - $\alpha$ && Rektaszension \\ - $\delta$ && Deklination \\ - $\theta$ && Sternzeit von Greenwich\\ - $\phi$ && Geographische Breite\\ - $\tau=\theta-\alpha$ && Stundenwinkel und Längengrad des Gestirns. \\ - $a$ && Azimut\\ - $h$ && Höhe - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -\begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ l c l } - Eigenschaften \\ - \hline - Seitenlänge Zenit zu Himmelspol= && $\frac{\pi}{2} - \phi$ \\ - Seitenlänge Himmelspol zu Gestirn= && $\frac{\pi}{2} - \delta$ \\ - Seitenlänge Himmelspol zu Gestirn= && $\frac{\pi}{2} - h$ \\ - Winkel von Zenit zu Himmelsnordpol zu Gestirn= && $\pi-\alpha$\\ - Winkel von Himmelsnordpol zu Zenit zu Gestirn= && $\tau$\\ - \end{tabular} -\end{center} -\subsection{Bestimmung des eigenen Standortes $P$} +\subsection{Bestimmung des eigenen Standortes $P$} \label{p} +Wir nehmen die Abbildung \ref{d2} zur Hilfe. Nun hat man die Koordinaten der beiden Gestirne und man weiss die Koordinaten des Nordpols. Damit wir unseren Standort bestimmen können, bilden wir zuerst das Dreieck $ABC$, dann das Dreieck $BPC$ und zum Schluss noch das Dreieck $ABP$. -Mithilfe dieser Dreiecken können wir die einfachen Sätze der sphärischen Trigonometrie anwenden und benötigen lediglich ein Ephemeride zu den Gestirnen und einen Sextant. +Auf diese Dreiecke können wir die einfachen Sätze der sphärischen Trigonometrie anwenden und benötigen lediglich ein Ephemeride zu den Gestirnen und einen Sextant. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=8cm]{papers/nav/bilder/dreieck.pdf} \caption[Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung]{Dreieck für die Standortbestimmung} + \label{d2} \end{center} \end{figure} - \subsubsection{Dreieck $ABC$} \begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ c c c } + \begin{tabular}{ l l l } Ecke && Name \\ \hline $A$ && Nordpol \\ @@ -137,19 +116,17 @@ Mithilfe dieser Dreiecken können wir die einfachen Sätze der sphärischen Trig \end{center} Mit unserem erlangten Wissen können wir nun alle Seiten des Dreiecks $ABC$ berechnen. +Dazu sind die folgenden vorbereiteten Berechnungen nötigt: -Die Seite vom Nordpol zum Bildpunkt $X$ sei $c$. -Dann ist $c = \frac{\pi}{2} - \delta_1$. - -Die Seite vom Nordpol zum Bildpunkt $Y$ sei $b$. -Dann ist $b = \frac{\pi}{2} - \delta_2$. - -Der Innenwinkel bei der Ecke, wo der Nordpol ist sei $\alpha$. -Dann ist $ \alpha = |\lambda_1 - \lambda_2|$. +\begin{enumerate} + \item Die Seite vom Nordpol zum Bildpunkt $X$ sei $c$, dann ist $c = \frac{\pi}{2} - \delta_1$. + \item Die Seite vom Nordpol zum Bildpunkt $Y$ sei $b$, dann ist $b = \frac{\pi}{2} - \delta_2$. + \item Der Innenwinkel bei der Ecke, wo der Nordpol ist sei $\alpha$, dann ist $ \alpha = |\lambda_1 - \lambda_2|$. +\end{enumerate} mit \begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ c c c } + \begin{tabular}{ l l l } Ecke && Name \\ \hline $\delta_1$ && Deklination vom Bildpunkt $X$ \\ @@ -166,12 +143,9 @@ können wir nun die dritte Seitenlänge bestimmen. Es ist darauf zu achten, dass hier natürlich die Seitenlängen in Bogenmass sind und dementsprechend der Kosinus und Sinus verwendet wird. Jetzt fehlen noch die beiden anderen Innenwinkel $\beta$ und\ $\gamma$. -Diese bestimmen wir mithilfe des Sinussatzes \[\frac{\sin (a)}{\sin (\alpha)} =\frac{\sin (b)}{\sin (\beta)} = \frac{\sin (c)}{\sin (\gamma)}.\] -Hier muss man aufpassen, dass man Seite von Winkel unterscheiden kann. -Im Zähler sind die Seiten, im Nenner die Winkel. -Somit ist \[\beta =\sin^{-1} [\sin(b) \cdot \frac{\sin(\alpha)}{\sin(a)}].\] +Diese bestimmen wir mithilfe des Kosinussatzes: \[\beta=\cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(b)-\cos(a) \cdot \cos(c)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(c)}\bigg]\] und \[\gamma = \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(c)-\cos(b) \cdot \cos(a)}{\sin(a) \cdot \sin(b)}\bigg]\]. -Schlussendlich haben wir die Seiten $a,b\ und \ c$, die Ecken A,B und C und die Winkel $\alpha$, $\beta$ und $\gamma$ bestimmt und somit das ganze Kugeldreieck $ABC$ berechnet. +Schlussendlich haben wir die Seiten $a$, $b$ und $c$, die Ecken $A$,$B$ und $C$ und die Winkel $\alpha$, $\beta$ und $\gamma$ bestimmt und somit das ganze Kugeldreieck $ABC$ berechnet. \subsubsection{Dreieck $BPC$} Wir bilden nun ein zweites Dreieck, welches die Ecken $B$ und $C$ des ersten Dreiecks besitzt. @@ -180,12 +154,11 @@ Unser Standort definiere sich aus einer geographischen Breite $\delta$ und einer Die Seite von $P$ zu $B$ sei $pb$ und die Seite von $P$ zu $C$ sei $pc$. Die beiden Seitenlängen kann man mit dem Sextant messen und durch eine einfache Formel bestimmen, nämlich $pb=\frac{\pi}{2} - h_{B}$ und $pc=\frac{\pi}{2} - h_{C}$ - mit $h_B=$ Höhe von Gestirn in $B$ und $h_C=$ Höhe von Gestirn in $C$ mit Sextant gemessen. Zum Schluss müssen wir noch den Winkel $\beta_1$ mithilfe des Seiten-Kosinussatzes \[\cos(pb)=\cos(pc)\cdot\cos(a)+\sin(pc)\cdot\sin(a)\cdot\cos(\beta_1)\] mit den bekannten Seiten $pc$, $pb$ und $a$ bestimmen. \subsubsection{Dreieck $ABP$} -Nun muss man eine Verbindungslinie ziehen zwischen $P$ und $A$. Die Länge $l$ dieser Linie entspricht der gesuchten geographischen Breite $\delta$. Diese lässt sich mithilfe des Dreiecks $ABP$, den bekannten Seiten $c$ und $pb$ und des Seiten-Kosinussatzes berechnen. +Nun muss man eine Verbindungslinie des Standorts zwischen $P$ und $A$ ziehen. Die Länge $l$ dieser Linie entspricht der gesuchten geographischen Breite $\delta$. Diese lässt sich mithilfe des Dreiecks $ABP$, den bekannten Seiten $c$ und $pb$ und des Seiten-Kosinussatzes berechnen. Für den Seiten-Kosinussatz benötigt es noch $\kappa=\beta + \beta_1$. Somit ist \[\cos(l) = \cos(c)\cdot \cos(pb) + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(pb) \cdot \cos(\kappa)\] und @@ -193,8 +166,7 @@ und \delta =\cos^{-1} [\cos(c) \cdot \cos(pb) + \sin(c) \cdot \sin(pb) \cdot \cos(\kappa)]. \] -Für die Geographische Länge $\lambda$ des eigenen Standortes muss man den Winkel $\omega$, welcher sich im Dreieck $ACP$ in der Ecke bei $A$ befindet. -Mithilfe des Sinussatzes \[\frac{\sin (a)}{\sin (\alpha)} =\frac{\sin (b)}{\sin (\beta)} = \frac{\sin (c)}{\sin (\gamma)}\] können wir das bestimmen. -Somit ist \[ \omega=\sin^{-1}[\sin(pc) \cdot \frac{\sin(\gamma)}{\sin(l)}] \]und unsere gesuchte geographische Länge schlussendlich -\[\lambda=\lambda_1 - \omega\] +Für die geographische Länge $\lambda$ des eigenen Standortes nutzt man den Winkel $\omega$, welcher sich im Dreieck $ACP$ in der Ecke bei $A$ befindet. +Mithilfe des Kosinussatzes können wir \[\omega = \cos^{-1} \bigg[\frac{\cos(pb)-\cos(c) \cdot \cos(l)}{\sin(c) \cdot \sin(l)}\bigg]\] berechnen und bekommen schlussendlich die geographische Länge +\[\lambda=\lambda_1 - \omega,\] wobei $\lambda_1$ die Länge des Bildpunktes $X$ von $C$ ist. diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex b/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex index f2e6132..bedaccd 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/packages.tex @@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ %\usepackage{packagename} \usepackage{amsmath} -\usepackage{cancel}
\ No newline at end of file +\usepackage{cancel} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/references.bib b/buch/papers/nav/references.bib index 236323b..c67aaac 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/references.bib +++ b/buch/papers/nav/references.bib @@ -32,4 +32,10 @@ pages = {607--627}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2017.11.004} } +@online{nav:winkel, + editor={Unbekannt}, + title = {Sphärische Trigonometrie}, + year={2022}, + url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphärische_Trigonometrie} +} diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/sincos.tex b/buch/papers/nav/sincos.tex index a1653e8..b64d100 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/sincos.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/sincos.tex @@ -2,18 +2,19 @@ \section{Sphärische Navigation und Winkelfunktionen} -Es gibt Hinweise, dass sich schon die Babylonier und Ägypter vor 4000 Jahren sich mit Problemen der sphärischen Trigonometrie beschäftigt haben um den Lauf von Gestirnen zu berechnen. +\rhead{Sphärische Navigation und Winkelfunktionen} +Es gibt Hinweise, dass sich schon die Babylonier und Ägypter vor 4000 Jahren mit Problemen der sphärischen Trigonometrie beschäftigt haben, um den Lauf von Gestirnen zu berechnen. Jedoch konnten sie dieses Problem nicht lösen. +Die Geschichte der sphärischen Trigonometrie ist daher eng mit der Astronomie verknüpft. Ca. 350 BCE dachten die Griechen über Kugelgeometrie nach, sie wurde damit zu einer Hilfswissenschaft der Astronomen. -Die Geschichte der sphärischen Trigonometrie ist daher eng mit der Astronomie verknüpft. Ca. 350 vor Christus dachten die Griechen über Kugelgeometrie nach und sie wurde zu einer Hilfswissenschaft der Astronomen. -Zwischen 190 v. Chr. und 120 v. Chr. lebte ein griechischer Astronom names Hipparchos. -Dieser entwickelte unter anderem die Chordentafeln, welche die Chord - Funktionen, auch Chord genannt, beinhalten und im Abschnitt 3.1.1 beschrieben sind. +Zwischen 190 v. Chr. und 120 v. Chr. lebte ein griechischer Astronom namens Hipparchos. +Dieser entwickelte unter anderem die Chordentafeln, welche die Chordfunktionen, auch Chord genannt, beinhalten. Chord ist der Vorgänger der Sinusfunktion und galt damals als wichtigste Grundlage der Trigonometrie. In dieser Zeit wurden auch die ersten Sternenkarten angefertigt. Damals kannte man die Sinusfunktionen noch nicht. +Die Definition der trigonometrischen Funktionen aus Griechenland ermöglicht nur, rechtwinklige Dreiecke zu berechnen. Aus Indien stammten die ersten Ansätze zu den Kosinussätzen. -Aufbauend auf den indischen und griechischen Forschungen entwickeln die Araber um das 9. Jahrhundert den Sinussatz. -Die Definition der trigonometrischen Funktionen ermöglicht nur, rechtwinklige Dreiecke zu berechnen. +Aufbauend auf den indischen und griechischen Forschungen entwickeln die Araber um das 9. Jahrhundert den Sinussatz. Die Beziehung zwischen Seiten und Winkeln sind komplizierter und als Sinus- und Kosinussätze bekannt. Doch ein paar weitere Jahrhunderte vergingen bis zu diesem Thema wieder verstärkt Forschung betrieben wurde, da im 15. Jahrhundert grosse Entdeckungsreisen, hauptsächlich per Schiff, erfolgten und die Orientierung mit Sternen vermehrt an Wichtigkeit gewann. Man nutzte für die Kartographie nun die Kugelgeometrie, um die Genauigkeit zu erhöhen. diff --git a/buch/papers/nav/trigo.tex b/buch/papers/nav/trigo.tex index aca8bd2..483b612 100644 --- a/buch/papers/nav/trigo.tex +++ b/buch/papers/nav/trigo.tex @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ \section{Sphärische Trigonometrie} +\rhead{Sphärische Trigonometrie} + \subsection{Das Kugeldreieck} Damit man die Definition des Kugeldreiecks versteht, müssen wir zuerst Begriffe wie Grosskreisebene und Grosskreisbögen verstehen. Ein Grosskreis ist ein grösstmöglicher Kreis auf einer Kugeloberfläche. @@ -7,46 +9,49 @@ Sein Mittelpunkt fällt immer mit dem Mittelpunkt der Kugel zusammen und ein Sch Da es unendlich viele Möglichkeiten gibt, eine Kugel so zu zerschneiden, dass die Schnittebene den Kugelmittelpunkt trifft, gibt es auch unendlich viele Grosskreise. Grosskreisbögen sind die kürzesten Verbindungslinien zwischen zwei Punkten auf der Kugel. -Werden drei voneinander verschiedene Punkte, die sich nicht auf derselben Grosskreisebene befinden, mit Grosskreisbögen verbunden werden, so entsteht ein Kugeldreieck $ABC$. -Für ein Kugeldreieck gilt, dass die Summe der drei Seiten kleiner als $2\pi$ aber grösser als 0 ist. -$A$, $B$ und $C$ sind die Ecken des Dreiecks und dessen Seiten sind die Grosskreisbögen zwischen den Eckpunkten (siehe Abbildung 21.2). - Da die Länge der Grosskreisbögen wegen der Abhängigkeit vom Kugelradius ungeeignet ist, wird die Grösse einer Seite mit dem zugehörigen Mittelpunktwinkel des Grosskreisbogens angegeben. Laut dieser Definition ist die Seite $c$ der Winkel $AMB$, wobei der Punkt $M$ die Erdmitte ist. Man kann bei Kugeldreiecken nicht so einfach unterscheiden, was Innen oder Aussen ist. Wenn man drei Eckpunkte miteinander verbindet, ergeben sich immer 16 Kugeldreiecke. +Werden drei voneinander verschiedene Punkte, die sich nicht auf derselben Grosskreisebene befinden, mit Grosskreisbögen verbunden werden, so entsteht ein Kugeldreieck $ABC$. +Für ein Kugeldreieck gilt, dass die Summe der drei Seiten kleiner als $3\pi$ aber grösser als 0 ist. +$A$, $B$ und $C$ sind die Ecken des Dreiecks und dessen Seiten sind die Grosskreisbögen zwischen den Eckpunkten (siehe Abbildung \ref{kugel}). + \begin{figure} \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=6cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel1.png} + \includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel1.png} \caption[Das Kugeldreieck]{Das Kugeldreieck} + \label{kugel} \end{center} \end{figure} \subsection{Rechtwinkliges Dreieck und rechtseitiges Dreieck} -In der sphärischen Trigonometrie gibt es eine Symetrie zwischen Seiten und Winkel, also zu jedem Satz über Seiten und Winkel gibt es einen entsprechenden Satz, mit dem man Winkel durch Seiten und Seiten durch Winkel ersetzt hat. +In der sphärischen Trigonometrie gibt es eine Symmetrie zwischen Seiten und Winkeln, also zu jedem Satz über Seiten und Winkel gibt es einen entsprechenden Satz, mit dem man Winkel durch Seiten und Seiten durch Winkel ersetzt hat. Wie auch im ebenen Dreieck gibt es beim Kugeldreieck auch ein rechtwinkliges Kugeldreieck, bei dem ein Winkel $\frac{\pi}{2}$ ist. -Ein Rechtseitiges Dreieck gibt es jedoch nur beim Kugeldreieck, weil dort eine Seitenlänge $\frac{\pi}{2}$ lang sein muss, wie man in der Abbildung 21.3 sehen kann. +Ein rechtseitiges Dreieck gibt es jedoch nur beim Kugeldreieck, weil dort eine Seitenlänge $\frac{\pi}{2}$ lang sein muss, wie man in der Abbildung \ref{recht} sehen kann. \begin{figure} \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=10cm]{papers/nav/bilder/recht.jpg} - \caption[Rechtseitiges Kugeldreieck]{Rechtseitiges Kugeldreieck} + \includegraphics[width=5cm]{papers/nav/bilder/recht.jpg} + \caption[Rechtseitiges und rechtwinkliges Kugeldreieck]{Rechtseitiges und rechtwinkliges Kugeldreieck} + \label{recht} \end{center} \end{figure} \subsection{Winkelsumme und Flächeninhalt} -\begin{figure} +\label{trigo} +%\begin{figure} ----- Brauche das Bild eigentlich nicht! - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=8cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel2.png} - \caption[Winkelangabe im Kugeldreieck]{Winkelangabe im Kugeldreieck} - \end{center} -\end{figure} +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=8cm]{papers/nav/bilder/kugel2.png} +% \caption[Winkelangabe im Kugeldreieck]{Winkelangabe im Kugeldreieck} +% \end{center} +%\end{figure} Die Winkel eines Kugeldreiecks sind die, welche die Halbtangenten in den Eckpunkten einschliessen. @@ -64,16 +69,17 @@ beschreibt die Abweichung der Innenwinkelsumme von $\pi$ und ist proportional zu \subsubsection{Flächeninnhalt} Mithilfe des Radius $r$ und dem sphärischen Exzess $\epsilon$ gilt für den Flächeninhalt -\[ F=\frac{\pi \cdot r^2}{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cdot \epsilon\]. +\[ F=\frac{\pi \cdot r^2}{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cdot \epsilon = 2 \cdot r^2 \cdot \epsilon.\] +In diesem Kapitel sind keine Begründungen für die erhaltenen Resultate im Abschnitt \ref{trigo} zu erwarten und können in der Referenz \cite{nav:winkel} nachgeschlagen werden. \subsection{Seiten und Winkelberechnung} Es gibt in der sphärischen Trigonometrie eigentlich gar keinen Satz des Pythagoras, wie man ihn aus der zweidimensionalen Geometrie kennt. -Es gibt aber auch einen Satz, der alle drei Seiten eines rechtwinkligen Kugeldreiecks, nicht aber für das rechtseitige Kugeldreieck, in eine Beziehung bringt und zum jetzigen Punkt noch unklar ist, weshalb dieser Satz so aussieht. -Die Approximation folgt noch. +Es gibt aber einen Satz, der alle drei Seiten eines rechtwinkligen Kugeldreiecks in eine Beziehung bringt. Dieser Satz gilt jedoch nicht für das rechtseitige Kugeldreieck. +Die Approximation im nächsten Abschnitt wird erklären, warum man dies als eine Form des Satzes des Pythagoras sehen kann. Es gilt nämlich: \begin{align} \cos c = \cos a \cdot \cos b \quad \text{wenn} \nonumber & - \quad \alpha = \frac{\pi}{2} \nonumber + \quad \alpha = \frac{\pi}{2}. \nonumber \end{align} \subsubsection{Approximation von kleinen Dreiecken} @@ -87,20 +93,22 @@ So kann mit dem Taylorpolynom 2. Grades den Sinus und den Kosinus vom Sphärisch Es gibt ebenfalls folgende Approximierung der Seiten von der Sphäre in die Ebene: \begin{align} a &\approx \sin(a) \nonumber \intertext{und} - a^2 &\approx 1-\cos(a). \nonumber + \frac{a^2}{2} &\approx 1-\cos(a). \nonumber \end{align} -Die Korrespondenzen zwischen der ebenen- und sphärischen Trigonometrie werden in den kommenden Abschnitten erläutert. +Die Korrespondenzen zwischen der ebenen und sphärischen Trigonometrie werden in den kommenden Abschnitten erläutert. \subsubsection{Sphärischer Satz des Pythagoras} -Die Korrespondenz \[ a^2 \approx 1-cos(a)\] liefert unter Anderem einen entsprechenden Satz des Pythagoras, nämlich +Die Korrespondenz \[ a^2 \approx 1- \cos(a)\] liefert unter anderem einen entsprechenden Satz des Pythagoras, nämlich -\begin{align} - \cos(a)\cdot \cos(b) &= \cos(c) \\ - \bigg[1-\frac{a^2}{2}\bigg] \cdot \bigg[1-\frac{b^2}{2}\bigg] &= 1-\frac{c^2}{2} \\ - \xcancel{1}- \frac{a^2}{2} - \frac{b^2}{2} + \xcancel{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}}&= \xcancel{1}- \frac{c^2}{2} \intertext{Höhere Potenzen vernachlässigen} +\begin{align*} + \cos(a)\cdot \cos(b) &= \cos(c), \\ + \bigg[1-\frac{a^2}{2}\bigg] \cdot \bigg[1-\frac{b^2}{2}\bigg] &= 1-\frac{c^2}{2}. + \intertext{Höhere Potenzen vernachlässigen:} + \xcancel{1}- \frac{a^2}{2} - \frac{b^2}{2} + \xcancel{\frac{a^2b^2}{4}}&= \xcancel{1}- \frac{c^2}{2} \\ -a^2-b^2 &=-c^2\\ - a^2+b^2&=c^2 -\end{align} + a^2+b^2&=c^2. +\end{align*} +Dies ist der wohlbekannte ebene Satz des Pythagoras. \subsubsection{Sphärischer Sinussatz} Den sphärischen Sinussatz @@ -116,7 +124,6 @@ In der sphärischen Trigonometrie gibt es den Seitenkosinussatz \cos \ a = \cos b \cdot \cos c + \sin b \cdot \sin c \cdot \cos \alpha \nonumber \end{align} %Seitenkosinussatz und den Winkelkosinussatz - \begin{align} \cos \gamma = -\cos \alpha \cdot \cos \beta + \sin \alpha \cdot \sin \beta \cdot \cos c, \nonumber \end{align} der nur in der sphärischen Trigonometrie vorhanden ist. @@ -124,9 +131,9 @@ und den Winkelkosinussatz Analog gibt es auch beim Seitenkosinussatz eine Korrespondenz zu \[ a^2 \leftrightarrow 1-\cos(a),\] die den ebenen Kosinussatz herleiten lässt, nämlich \begin{align} \cos(a)&= \cos(b)\cdot \cos(c) + \sin(b) \cdot \sin(c)\cdot \cos(\alpha) \\ - 1-\frac{a^2}{2} &= \bigg[1-\frac{b^2}{2}\bigg]\bigg[1-\frac{c^2}{2}\bigg]+bc\cdot\cos(\alpha) \\ - \xcancel{1}-\frac{a^2}{2} &= \xcancel{1}-\frac{b^2}{2}-\frac{c^2}{2} \xcancel{+\frac{b^2c^2}{4}}+bc \cdot \cos(\alpha)\intertext{Höhere Potenzen vernachlässigen} - a^2&=b^2+c^2-2bc \cdot \cos(\alpha) + 1-\frac{a^2}{2} &= \bigg[1-\frac{b^2}{2}\bigg]\bigg[1-\frac{c^2}{2}\bigg]+bc\cdot\cos(\alpha). \intertext{Höhere Potenzen vernachlässigen:} + \xcancel{1}-\frac{a^2}{2} &= \xcancel{1}-\frac{b^2}{2}-\frac{c^2}{2} \xcancel{+\frac{b^2c^2}{4}}+bc \cdot \cos(\alpha)\\ + a^2&=b^2+c^2-2bc \cdot \cos(\alpha). \end{align} diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ee582d --- /dev/null +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex index ff21c9f..528a2e2 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/main.tex @@ -8,29 +8,11 @@ \begin{refsection} \chapterauthor{Thierry Schwaller, Alain Keller} -Ein paar Hinweise für die korrekte Formatierung des Textes -\begin{itemize} -\item -Absätze werden gebildet, indem man eine Leerzeile einfügt. -Die Verwendung von \verb+\\+ ist nur in Tabellen und Arrays gestattet. -\item -Die explizite Platzierung von Bildern ist nicht erlaubt, entsprechende -Optionen werden gelöscht. -Verwenden Sie Labels und Verweise, um auf Bilder hinzuweisen. -\item -Beginnen Sie jeden Satz auf einer neuen Zeile. -Damit ermöglichen Sie dem Versionsverwaltungssysteme, Änderungen -in verschiedenen Sätzen von verschiedenen Autoren ohne Konflikt -anzuwenden. -\item -Bilden Sie auch für Formeln kurze Zeilen, einerseits der besseren -Übersicht wegen, aber auch um GIT die Arbeit zu erleichtern. -\end{itemize} + \input{papers/parzyl/teil0.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/teil1.tex} \input{papers/parzyl/teil2.tex} -\input{papers/parzyl/teil3.tex} \printbibliography[heading=subbibliography] \end{refsection} diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex index 09b4024..4b251db 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil0.tex @@ -3,20 +3,239 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 0\label{parzyl:section:teil0}} +\section{Einleitung\label{parzyl:section:teil0}} \rhead{Teil 0} -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua \cite{parzyl:bibtex}. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. -Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum -dolor sit amet. - -Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam -nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam -erat, sed diam voluptua. -At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita -kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit -amet. +Die Laplace-Gleichung ist eine wichtige Gleichung in der Physik. +Mit ihr lässt sich zum Beispiel das elektrische Feld in einem ladungsfreien Raum bestimmen. +In diesem Kapitel wird die Lösung der Laplace-Gleichung im +parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem genauer untersucht. +\subsection{Laplace Gleichung} +Die partielle Differentialgleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = 0 +\end{equation} +ist als Laplace-Gleichung bekannt. +Sie ist eine spezielle Form der Poisson-Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = g +\end{equation} +mit g als beliebige Funktion. +In der Physik hat die Laplace-Gleichung in verschieden Gebieten +verwendet, zum Beispiel im Elektromagnetismus. +Das Gaussche Gesetz in den Maxwellgleichungen +\begin{equation} + \nabla \cdot E = \frac{\varrho}{\epsilon_0} +\label{parzyl:eq:max1} +\end{equation} +besagt das die Divergenz eines Elektrischen Feldes an einem +Punkt gleich der Ladung an diesem Punkt ist. +Das elektrische Feld ist hierbei der Gradient des elektrischen +Potentials +\begin{equation} + \nabla \phi = E. +\end{equation} +Eingesetzt in \eqref{parzyl:eq:max1} resultiert +\begin{equation} + \nabla \cdot \nabla \phi = \Delta \phi = \frac{\varrho}{\epsilon_0}, +\end{equation} +was eine Possion-Gleichung ist. +An Ladungsfreien Stellen, ist der rechte Teil der Gleichung $0$. +\subsection{Parabolische Zylinderkoordinaten +\label{parzyl:subsection:finibus}} +Im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem bilden parabolische Zylinder die Koordinatenflächen. +Die Koordinate $(\sigma, \tau, z)$ sind in kartesischen Koordinaten ausgedrückt mit +\begin{align} + x & = \sigma \tau \\ + \label{parzyl:coordRelationsa} + y & = \frac{1}{2}\left(\tau^2 - \sigma^2\right) \\ + z & = z. + \label{parzyl:coordRelationse} +\end{align} +Wird $\tau$ oder $\sigma$ konstant gesetzt resultieren die Parabeln +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{x^2}{\sigma^2} - \sigma^2 \right) +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2} \left( -\frac{x^2}{\tau^2} + \tau^2 \right). +\end{equation} + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{papers/parzyl/img/koordinaten.png} + \caption{Das parabolische Koordinatensystem. Die roten Parabeln haben ein + konstantes $\sigma$ und die grünen ein konstantes $\tau$.} + \label{parzyl:fig:cordinates} +\end{figure} + +Abbildung \ref{parzyl:fig:cordinates} zeigt das Parabolische Koordinatensystem. +Das parabolische Zylinderkoordinatensystem entsteht wenn die Parabeln aus der +Ebene gezogen werden. + +Um in diesem Koordinatensystem integrieren und differenzieren zu +können braucht es die Skalierungsfaktoren $h_{\tau}$, $h_{\sigma}$ und $h_{z}$. + +\dots + +Wird eine infinitessimal kleine Distanz $ds$ zwischen zwei Punkten betrachtet +kann dies im kartesischen Koordinatensystem mit +\begin{equation} + \left(ds\right)^2 = \left(dx\right)^2 + \left(dy\right)^2 + + \left(dz\right)^2 + \label{parzyl:eq:ds} +\end{equation} +ausgedrückt werden. +Das Skalierungsfaktoren werden so bestimmt, dass +\begin{equation} + \left(ds\right)^2 = \left(h_{\sigma}d\sigma\right)^2 + + \left(h_{\tau}d\tau\right)^2 + \left(h_z dz\right)^2 +\label{parzyl:eq:dspara} +\end{equation} +gilt. +Dafür werden $dx$, $dy$, und $dz$ in \eqref{parzyl:eq:ds} mit den Beziehungen +von \eqref{parzyl:coordRelationsa} - \eqref{parzyl:coordRelationse} als +\begin{align} + dx &= \frac{\partial x }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial x }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial x }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = \tau d\sigma + \sigma d \tau \\ + dy &= \frac{\partial y }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial y }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial y }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = \tau d\tau - \sigma d \sigma \\ + dz &= \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \sigma} d\sigma + + \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \tau} d\tau + + \frac{\partial \tilde{z} }{\partial \tilde{z}} d \tilde{z} + = d \tilde{z} \\ +\end{align} +substituiert. +Wird diese Gleichung in der Form von \eqref{parzyl:eq:dspara} +geschrieben, resultiert +\begin{equation} + \left(d s\right)^2 = + \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right)\left(d\sigma\right)^2 + + \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right)\left(d\tau\right)^2 + + \left(d \tilde{z}\right)^2. +\end{equation} +Daraus ergeben sich die Skalierungsfaktoren +\begin{align} + h_{\sigma} &= \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}\\ + h_{\sigma} &= \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}\\ + h_{z} &= 1. +\end{align} +\subsection{Differentialgleichung} +Möchte man eine Differentialgleichung im parabolischen +Zylinderkoordinatensystem aufstellen müssen die Skalierungsfaktoren +mitgerechnet werden. +Der Laplace Operator ist dadurch gegeben als +\begin{equation} + \Delta f = \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} + \left( + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \sigma ^2} + + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \tau ^2} + \right) + + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial z}. + \label{parzyl:eq:laplaceInParZylCor} +\end{equation} +\subsubsection{Lösung der Helmholtz-Gleichung im parabolischen Zylinderfunktion} +Die Differentialgleichungen, welche zu den parabolischen Zylinderfunktionen führen, tauchen +%, wie bereits erwähnt, +dann auf, wenn die Helmholtz-Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(x,y,z) = \lambda f(x,y,z) +\end{equation} +im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(\sigma,\tau,z) = \lambda f(\sigma,\tau,z) +\end{equation} +gelöst wird. +%Wobei der Laplace Operator $\Delta$ im parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem gegeben ist als +%\begin{equation} +% \Delta +% = +% \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} +% \left ( +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \sigma^2} +% + +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \tau^2} +% \right ) +% + +% \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}. +%\end{equation} +Mit dem Laplace Operator aus \eqref{parzyl:eq:laplaceInParZylCor} lautet die Helmholtz Gleichung +\begin{equation} + \Delta f(\sigma, \tau, z) + = + \frac{1}{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} + \left ( + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial \sigma^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial \tau^2} + \right ) + + + \frac{\partial^2 f(\sigma,\tau,z)}{\partial z^2} + = + \lambda f(\sigma,\tau,z). +\end{equation} +Diese partielle Differentialgleichung kann mit Hilfe von Separation gelöst werden, dazu wird +\begin{equation} + f(\sigma,\tau,z) = g(\sigma)h(\tau)i(z) +\end{equation} +gesetzt. +Was dann schlussendlich zu den Differentialgleichungen +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} + g''(\sigma) + - + \left ( + \lambda\sigma^2 + + + \mu + \right ) + g(\sigma) + = + 0, +\end{equation} +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} + h''(\tau) + - + \left ( + \lambda\tau^2 + - + \mu + \right ) + h(\tau) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +und +\begin{equation}\label{parzyl:sep_dgl_3} + i''(z) + + + \left ( + \lambda + + + \mu + \right ) + i(\tau) + = + 0 +\end{equation} +führt. +Wobei die Lösung von \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_3} +\begin{equation} + i(z) + = + A\cos{ + \left ( + \sqrt{\lambda + \mu}z + \right )} + + + B\sin{ + \left ( + \sqrt{\lambda + \mu}z + \right )} +\end{equation} +ist und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} die sogenannten Weberschen Differentialgleichungen sind, welche die parabolischen Zylinder Funktionen als Lösung haben. + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex index 9ea60e2..f297189 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil1.tex @@ -3,53 +3,26 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 1 +\section{Lösung \label{parzyl:section:teil1}} \rhead{Problemstellung} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. -Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit -aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione -voluptatem sequi nesciunt -\begin{equation} -\int_a^b x^2\, dx -= -\left[ \frac13 x^3 \right]_a^b -= -\frac{b^3-a^3}3. -\label{parzyl:equation1} -\end{equation} -Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, -consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora -incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. +Die Differentialgleichungen \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_1} und \eqref{parzyl:sep_dgl_2} können mit einer Substitution +in die Whittaker Gleichung gelöst werden. +\begin{definition} + Die Funktion + \begin{equation*} + W_{k,m}(z) = + e^{-z/2} z^{m+1/2} \, + {}_{1} F_{1}(\frac{1}{2} + m - k, 1 + 2m; z) + \end{equation*} + heisst Whittaker Funktion und ist eine Lösung + von + \begin{equation} + \frac{d^2W}{d z^2} + + \left(-\frac{1}{4} + \frac{k}{z} + \frac{\frac{1}{4} - m^2}{z^2} \right) W = 0. + \end{equation} +\end{definition} -Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis -suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? -Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit -esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum -fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{parzyl:subsection:finibus}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga \eqref{000tempmlate:equation1}. - -Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio -\ref{parzyl:section:loesung}. -Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil -impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis -voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus -\ref{parzyl:section:folgerung}. -Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum -necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et -molestiae non recusandae. -Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis -voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus -asperiores repellat. +Lösung Folgt\dots diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex index 75ba259..3f890d0 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil2.tex @@ -3,38 +3,89 @@ % % (c) 2020 Prof Dr Andreas Müller, Hochschule Rapperswil % -\section{Teil 2 +\section{Anwendung in der Physik \label{parzyl:section:teil2}} \rhead{Teil 2} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum + +\subsection{Elektrisches Feld einer semi-infiniten Platte \label{parzyl:subsection:bonorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. +Die parabolischen Zylinderkoordinaten tauchen auf, wenn man das elektrische Feld einer semi-infiniten Platte finden will. +Das dies so ist kann im zwei Dimensionalen mit Hilfe von komplexen Funktionen gezeigt werden. Wobei die Platte dann nur eine Linie ist. +Jede komplexe Funktion $F(z)$ kann geschrieben werden als +\begin{equation} + F(z) = U(x,y) + iV(x,y) \qquad z \in \mathbb{C}; x,y \in \mathbb{R}. +\end{equation} +Dabei muss gelten, falls die Funktion differenzierbar ist, dass +\begin{equation} + \frac{\partial U(x,y)}{\partial x} + = + \frac{\partial V(x,y)}{\partial y} + \qquad + \frac{\partial V(x,y)}{\partial x} + = + -\frac{\partial U(x,y)}{\partial y}. +\end{equation} +Aus dieser Bedingung folgt +\begin{equation} + \label{parzyl_e_feld_zweite_ab} + \underbrace{ + \frac{\partial^2 U(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 U(x,y)}{\partial y^2} + = + 0 + }_{\nabla^2U(x,y)=0} + \qquad + \underbrace{ + \frac{\partial^2 V(x,y)}{\partial x^2} + + + \frac{\partial^2 V(x,y)}{\partial y^2} + = + 0 + }_{\nabla^2V(x,y) = 0}. +\end{equation} +Zusätzlich zeigen diese Bedingungen auch, dass die zwei Funktionen $U(x,y)$ und $V(x,y)$ orthogonal zueinander sind. +Der Zusammenhang zum elektrischen Feld ist jetzt, dass das Potential an einem quellenfreien Punkt gegeben ist als +\begin{equation} + \nabla^2\phi(x,y) = 0. +\end{equation} +Da dies bei komplexen differenzierbaren Funktionen gilt, wie Gleichung \ref{parzyl_e_feld_zweite_ab} zeigt, kann entweder $U(x,y)$ oder $V(x,y)$ von einer solchen Funktion als das Potential angesehen werden. Im weiteren wird für das Potential $U(x,y)$ verwendet. +Da die Funktion, welche nicht das Potential beschreibt, in weiteren angenommen als $V(x,y)$, orthogonal zum Potential ist, zeigt dies das Verhalten des elektrischen Feldes. +Um nun zu den parabolische Zylinderkoordinaten zu gelangen muss nur noch eine geeignete komplexe Funktion $F(z)$ gefunden werden, welche eine semi-infinite Platte beschreiben kann. Man könnte natürlich auch nach anderen Funktionen suchen, welche andere Bedingungen erfüllen und würde dann auf andere Koordinatensysteme stossen. Die gesuchte Funktion in diesem Fall ist +\begin{equation} + F(z) + = + \sqrt{z} + = + \sqrt{x + iy}. +\end{equation} +Dies kann umgeformt werden zu +\begin{equation} + F(z) + = + \underbrace{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} + x}{2}}}_{U(x,y)} + + + i\underbrace{\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} - x}{2}}}_{V(x,y)} + . +\end{equation} +Die Äquipotentialflächen können nun betrachtet werden, indem man die Funktion welche das Potential beschreibt gleich eine Konstante setzt, +\begin{equation} + \sigma = U(x,y) = \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} + x}{2}}, +\end{equation} +und die Flächen mit der gleichen elektrischen Feldstärke können als +\begin{equation} + \tau = V(x,y) = \sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} - x}{2}} +\end{equation} +beschrieben werden. Diese zwei Gleichungen zeigen nun wie man vom kartesischen Koordinatensystem ins parabolische Zylinderkoordinatensystem kommt. Werden diese Formeln nun nach x und y aufgelöst so beschreibe sie, wie man aus dem parabolischen Zylinderkoordinatensystem zurück ins kartesische rechnen kann +\begin{equation} + x = \sigma \tau, +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + y = \frac{1}{2}\left ( \tau^2 - \sigma^2 \right ) +\end{equation} + + + diff --git a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex index 72c23ca..4e44bd6 100644 --- a/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex +++ b/buch/papers/parzyl/teil3.tex @@ -6,35 +6,3 @@ \section{Teil 3 \label{parzyl:section:teil3}} \rhead{Teil 3} -Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem -accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa -quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae -dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit -aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores -eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam -est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci -velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore -et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima -veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, -nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure -reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae -consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla -pariatur? - -\subsection{De finibus bonorum et malorum -\label{parzyl:subsection:malorum}} -At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui -blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos -dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non -provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia -animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis -est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis -est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime -placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor -repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut -rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae -sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a -sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias -consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. - - |
